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DENSIFICATION OF DIGESTED SOLIDS

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A global leader in serving libraries of all types, ProQuest LLC (“ProQuest”) supports the breadth of the information community with innovative discovery solutions that power the business of books and the best in research experience. More than a content provider or aggregator, ProQuest is an information partner, creating indispensable research solutions that connect people and information. Through innovative, user-centered discovery technology, ProQuest offers billions of pages of global content that includes historical newspapers, dissertations, and uniquely relevant resources for researchers of any age and sophistication—including content not likely to be digitized by others.
FOOD SCRAPS PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES

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A recently completed comprehensive study of food scraps programs in the US surveyed existing and discontinued food scraps composting programs to explore best practices. Conducted under an USEPA Region 5 grant, the research assessed the "state of the reunion" and the state-of-the-art for current food scraps programs and analyzed the underlying success factors and best management practices. This article is the first in a two-part series on this research study. Ultimately, a total of 183 food scraps composting programs currently operating in the US, were identified. More than 80% of the food scraps programs nationally are located in three states -- Washington, Minnesota and California. An economically driven program -- one in which the tip fees for trash are higher than the fees to tip organics -- tends to be the most common and successful model for implementation of a food scraps composting program. Program attributes were as varied as the communities in which they were located.
COMPOSTING IN RURAL ALASKA

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Alaska is two and a half times larger than the largest state in the lower 48 states. Over half of the entire state's population lives within the municipality of Anchorage. A common misperception is that composting cannot happen in Alaska, as it is too cold. It is cold, but composting does work. The idea of using organic waste products as feedstocks for compost is still a new concept, but those who are successful composters have overcome many obstacles of climate and wildlife disturbances and prevail with great products. Home composting is found all around Alaska. Innovation abounds among home composters, especially when it comes to the backyard bins. Fish waste is a common by-product of fish processing whether in commercial facilities or in fish camps during subsistence harvests. The challenge to composters in Alaska is inadequate sources of carbon. Research is ongoing at the Matanuska Experiment Farm in Palmer on using local carbon sources and fish waste for compost.
RECYCLING MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE

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Laurel Valley Farms represents a consortium of seven large, commercial mushroom growers who joined forces in 1979 near Avondale in southeastern Pennsylvania -- a region widely regarded as the mushroom growing capital of the world -- to produce growing media for their industry. The soil-like material remaining after the mushrooms are all harvested is rich in organic matter. From a marketing standpoint they faced the same problems all other businesses did that were selling compost, being that very few people really understood the long-term benefits. That's when the idea of starting a soils division to recycle the spent substrate and produce value-added soil amendments took root. Founded in 2001, Laurel Valley Soils now serves as the soil amendment production, distribution and marketing arm of the parent company, Laurel Valley Farms. The compost pad now encompasses 10 acres and houses two buildings dedicated to drying finished material for sale to landscapers, nurseries and resale-supply companies.
ZERO WASTE ON SAN FRANCISCO'S HORIZON

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San Francisco was the first major US city to implement a three-stream sorting system for residential MSW that included food waste. Financial incentives for diversion, including "pay-as-you-throw" trash metering, date back decades and include favorable tip fees at the Alameda County's Altamont Landfill that will have to be renegotiated once 15 million tons of trash have been tossed. The Commercial Recycling Discount now recycles nearly 220,000 tons of organics annually, producing compost utilized by area farms, vineyards and residents. Their ultimate goal is "zero waste" or "waste zero." The partnership between the San Francisco and waste hauler Recology hinges upon an ethical bottom line that includes people and planet as well as profit. Their focus is recycling. This past spring, Recology reported having composted more than 907,000 tons of food scraps and vegetative waste from San Francisco residences and businesses since launching its pilot program in 1996.
LOCAL FOOD ACCESS CULTIVATED AT FERRY BUILDING FARMERS' MARKET

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The Ferry Plaza Farmers Market, in front of the bustling Ferry Building, is managed by the Center for Urban Education about Sustainable Agriculture (CUESA), a non-profit dedicated to cultivating a sustainable food system by setting an example and educating customers. This includes themed celebrations once a month on Saturdays, when the market is at its busiest. Its one way to engage with the public, says CUESA Executive Director Dave Stockdale. Their vision is about supporting sustainable agriculture, not just about farming practices like certified organic and certified humane.
CELEBRATING COMPOST WEEK

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Composters and compost associations around the world celebrate International Compost Awareness Week (ICAW) the first week in May each year. The ICAW program is grassroots in nature and creates an opportunity to teach young and old about compost's ability to conserve water protect groundwater and build beautiful landscapes. Multimedia publicity and education events showcase composting and compost products. Engel & Gray in Santa Maria CA, manufacturers and purveyors of Harvest Blend Compost, celebrated ICAW with an all-day ProAm Garden Series: Lawn & Garden Workshop. Keep Roswell Beautiful along with the cities of Roswell GA and Alpharetta GA, held their 3rd annual Rain Barrel and Compost Bin Truck Load Sale a week after the official ICAW. In Van Dyne WI, Compost Joe's hosted a composting basics class and provided students with a facility tour and bags of compost.
WHAT'S HAPPENING IN THE WINDROW WORLD

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The Biocycle article, "Evolution Of The Compost Windrow Turner" described a mechanical stirrer built by an Oregon farmer to replace the slower method of stirring by hand. Windrow turning equipment has come a long way since that time. Transform Compost Systems, in response to increased interest in food waste composting and the associated environmental factors regarding odor, air and water quality, has been developing a new continuous aerated windrow composting process since 2009. Since SCARAB Manufacturing introduced its belt-driven drum turner two years ago, sales have overtaken its hydraulic-driven drum turners, says Mike Winter of SCARAB. Research done by the Penn State Poultry Science Department showed benefits of mechanical composting as part of an Integrated Pest Management plan. Mechanical composting also reduces beetle and rodent populations by eliminating nesting possibilities. Earlier this year, the British company CompostManager began marketing its CMS2010 monitoring system to optimize the composting process.
DIGESTER DEVELOPERS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

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The first part of a two-part series that examines a new breed of commercial project developers in the anaerobic digestion industry is presented. As the anaerobic digestion industry matures, a new breed of commercial project developers is focusing on the agricultural and regional mixed organic waste substrate sectors. Part I of this article profiles four developers of farm-based digester projects. In these examples, power purchase agreements with utilities are the lion's share of the revenues. Another commonality is taking advantage of federal financing incentives, such as the US Treasury Departments Section 1603 funds and grants under the US Department of Agriculture's REAP program, while they are available. The companies are: 1. AGPower Group, 2. The New Energy Co, 3. R-Qubed Energy, and 4. Cargill Inc.
GREENHOUSE PACKS A POWER PUNCH

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Michael Smith is supervising the first commercial-scale Green Power House at the F.H. Stoltze Land & Lumber Co near Columbia Falls, MT. A tour of the pilot-scale greenhouse at the F.H. Stoltze Mill where Smith developed the system begins outside with what he terms the Organic Carbon Engine (OCE). The OCE takes waste wood from the mill and uses a gasification process to create biochar, a bio-oil, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide to fuel algae growth, and thermal heat to keep other components of the system at desired temperatures. A local strain of algae is grown in photo-bioreactors inside the greenhouse, controlled by a computer-written code that balances sunlight, CO2 and heat to keep the tank at optimum growing conditions. Smith will see his work magnified by 64 times with completion of a 5,000-square-foot Green Power House at the F.H. Stoltze Land & Lumber Co this fall.
KEEP TALKING

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Sometimes in this discussion on residuals and climate change it seems like people are focusing so intently on the single leaf that they fail to realize that there is a forest all around us. In the author's mind this is the fault of the arborists (scientists) as well as the public and politicians with the fixed focus. In fact, climate change is one issue where scientists can say black or white, with no gray even mentioned. There is consensus, certainty, within the scientific community on climate change -- manmade climate change. For the general public though, more are worried about that part per trillion in the reclaimed water than the catastrophic flooding, droughts, and so on.
UNPAVED WAY TO BIOMASS UTILIZATION

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One fact that makes the author uncomfortable is the limit people place on potential biomass. But his universe of yet-uncounted biomass from highway right-of-ways (ROW) has just expanded by millions of acres. One nugget of data he found was the May 2010 US Department of Transportation (DOT) final report on the National Highway System's (NHS) "Carbon Sequestration Pilot Program." The DOT estimates there are 5 million acres of NHS ROW of which 3.5 million acres is unpaved and growing biomass sector to harvest this biomass for use in local energy projects would create jobs, generate local revenue and reduce the public cost of mowing and maintaining the ROW. It may well be that the road to a bioeconomy is paved with good intentions, but the right of ways are full of biomass!
ZERO LANDFILL IS NOT ZERO WASTE

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The Zero Waste movement is more than just a vision. It is a movement that is actually changing the world. Zero Waste is about making the best choice with the natural resources from extraction to production to consumption to disposal. It involves a constant evaluation about their materials choices and a strong commitment to eliminating waste, not just treating it. Some businesses are embracing true Zero Waste as a guiding principle and doing great work. Today the challenge they have in creating Zero Waste Communities is that it takes time. Eco-Cycle believes communities can transition to Zero Waste within 10 years, and has created a generic 10-year bridge strategy to do so. The true goal of Zero Waste is not just zero waste to landfill or zero waste to energy, but redesigning the entire cycle of resource extraction, consumption and discard management so no resources are wasted at any point along the way.
HRE PARTNERS WITH ACHOR ANAEROBIC

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A global leader in serving libraries of all types, ProQuest LLC (“ProQuest”) supports the breadth of the information community with innovative discovery solutions that power the business of books and the best in research experience. More than a content provider or aggregator, ProQuest is an information partner, creating indispensable research solutions that connect people and information. Through innovative, user-centered discovery technology, ProQuest offers billions of pages of global content that includes historical newspapers, dissertations, and uniquely relevant resources for researchers of any age and sophistication—including content not likely to be digitized by others.
PARTNERSHIP BRINGS BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY TO CANADA

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A global leader in serving libraries of all types, ProQuest LLC (“ProQuest”) supports the breadth of the information community with innovative discovery solutions that power the business of books and the best in research experience. More than a content provider or aggregator, ProQuest is an information partner, creating indispensable research solutions that connect people and information. Through innovative, user-centered discovery technology, ProQuest offers billions of pages of global content that includes historical newspapers, dissertations, and uniquely relevant resources for researchers of any age and sophistication—including content not likely to be digitized by others.