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Human distal sciatic nerve fascicular anatomy: Implications for ankle control using nerve-cuff electrodes

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The design of neural prostheses to restore standing balance, prevent foot drop, or provide active propulsion during ambulation requires detailed knowledge of the distal sciatic nerve anatomy. Three complete sciatic nerves and branches were dissected from the piriformis to each muscle entry point to characterize the branching patterns and diameters. Fascicle maps were created from serial sections of each distal terminus below the knee through the anastomosis of the tibial and common fibular nerves above the knee. Similar branching patterns and fascicle maps were observed across specimens. Fascicles innervating primary plantar flexors, dorsiflexors, invertors, and evertors were distinctly separate and functionally organized in the proximal tibial, common fibular, and distal sciatic nerves; however, fascicles from individual muscles were not apparent at these levels. The fascicular organization is conducive to selective stimulation for isolated and/or balanced dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion, and inversion through a single multicontact nerve-cuff electrode. These neuroanatomical data are being used to design nerve-cuff electrodes for selective control of ankle movement and improve current lower-limb neural prostheses. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Do diabetic neuropathy patients benefit from balance training?

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Peripheral neuropathy is a common complaint of diabetes. Peripheral neural damage in turn will cause balance impairments in diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of balance exercises on sway indices in diabetic patients with neuropathy. In this clinical trial study, 10 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy were recruited through simple nonprobability sampling along with 10 nondisabled aged-matched subjects. Participants in both groups were examined for balance abilities with the Biodex Balance System before intervention. The experimental group was tested again after intervention. Intervention consisted of progressive Biodex stability and rocker and wobble-board training for 10 sessions. All tests were done in eyes open and closed conditions with bilateral standing. After intervention, the experimental group was re-examined in the same way. Student and paired t-tests were used for data analysis. The overall stability index and anterior-posterior stability index were significantly decreased after treatment in the experimental group during different conditions. Balance indices in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group before treatment. There was no significant difference in indices between the two groupsafter treatment. The results show that balance training can improve stability indices in diabetic patients with neuropathy. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Mental health assessment in rehabilitation research

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Assessment in mental health research has evolved from focusing on symptoms and diagnosis to addressing a broad range of change, including psychosocial functioning. This is consistent with developments in the areas of psychosocial rehabilitation and the increase in recovery-oriented intervention models for mental disorders. We reviewed the status of assessment in mental health research, providing an overview of symptom and diagnostic assessment that is the cornerstone of most mental health research assessment. We then focused on measurement that can be applied across diagnostic groups and on functioning as a key mental health outcome. We reviewed the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health and its implications for improvements in assessment. We provided an example of a new assessment, the Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning, which highlights key issues in the measurement of functioning. We then addressed improving research assessment, including issues of assessment in diverse populations and the need to capitalize on new data sources and new assessment technologies to advance assessment in mental health research. Finally, we reviewed and discussed areas for research and quality improvement, drawing on examples from the Department of Veterans Affairs to illustrate potential opportunities. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
New portable tool to screen vestibular and visual function-National Institutes of Health Toolbox initiative

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As part of the National Institutes of Health Toolbox initiative, we developed a low-cost, easy-to-administer, and time-efficient test of vestibular and visual function. A computerized test of dynamic visual acuity (cDVA) was used to measure the difference in visual acuity between head still and moving in yaw. Participants included 318 individuals, aged 3 to 85 years (301 without and 17 with vestibular pathology). Adults used Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) optotypes; children used ETDRS, Lea, and HOTV optotypes. Bithermal calorics, rotational chair, and light box testing were used to validate the cDVA. Analysis revealed that the cDVA test is reliable for static (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] /= 0.64) and dynamic (ICC /= 0.43-0.75) visual acuity. Children younger than 6 years old were more likely to complete cDVA with Lea optotypes, but reliability and correlation with ETDRS was better using HOTV optotypes. The high correlation between static acuity and light box test scores (r = 0.795), significant difference of cDVA scores between those with and without pathology (p /= 0.04), and the good to excellent sensitivity (73%) and specificity (69%) establish that the cDVA is a valid and reliable measure of visual acuity when the head is still and moving, as well as a good proxy of vestibular function to yaw rotation. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Determining a Legitimate Target: The Dilemma of the Decision-Maker

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[...]the threat to innocent human life that terrorism poses must not be underestimated. Because terrorist organizations have defined the innocent civilian population as legitimate targets, the state must develop and implement aggressive counterterrorism measures. The Russian experience in Chechnya presents a particularly stark example of maximum force with questionable results.5 Conversely, Spain's experience in the aftermath of the Madrid train bombing reflects a different paradigm, one implementing minimum force and maximum restraint.6 Seven years after 191 people found their deaths at the hands of Islamic extremists, Spain- as these lines are written- has not experienced a second attack by Islamic extremists.7 China's policy regarding Uyghurs in Xinxiang Province is best captured in its name: the "Strike Hard" campaign.8 India, largely in the face of Pakistani-supported and -facilitated terrorism, has adopted a policy of restraint predicated, largely, on mutually assured deterrence.9 Colombia's policy, in the face of twin threats posed by drug cartels and terrorists, is aggressive, not unlike China's.10 Israel and the United States have largely, but certainly not consistently, sought to implement person-specific counterterrorism policies."
President-Prime Minister Relations, Party Systems, and Democratic Stability in Semipresidential Regimes: Comparing the French and Russian Models

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[...]this check against the president's power requires the president to resort to democratic processes to resolve political conflict, rather than rule as an autocrat. [...]the balance of power between the president, prime minister, and parliament is strengthened by and also encourages strong party coalitions, which are necessary to safeguard democratic preferences. Without support of a majority coalition in parliament, the president has no other choice. [...]because premier-presidentialism forces democratic resolution of conflict in light of both the strong party system and the president's lack of formal dismissal power over the prime minister, it is better suited for sustainment of democratic stability in new democracies.
Drones and the Boundaries of the Battlefield

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While drones have been criticized for causing a disproportionate number of civilian casualties8 or for merely sending the wrong message about American power,9 the most serious legal challenges to the use of drones in the modern combat environment involve questions of where such unmanned aircraft may be legally employed.10 It is contended that drone strikes in places like Yemen and Pakistan violate international law because there is currently no armed conflict occurring in these nations.11 Although theoretically the limitations imposed by this view of the boundaries of the battlefield are not specifically directed at the use of drones and apply with equal force to any use of the tools of armed conflict, from a practical standpoint the view that the boundaries of the battlefield are strictly defined by geopolitical lines has a particularly significant impact on the use of drones. Like other forms of aircraft they may be lawfully used to target enemy forces, whether specifically identifiable individuals or armed formations, if they comply with IHL's requirements of proportionality, necessity, and distinction. Because drones are only able to operate effectively in permissive environments, the most significant legal challenges facing their development and employment have been based upon where they may be employed.
Can the 1954 Hague Convention Apply to Non-state Actors?: A Study of Iraq and Libya

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If the Hague Convention binds only state parties, it would have provided no protection for Libya's cultural property against destruction by the rebel forces. Because the rebel group was not a party to the Hague Convention, it would have had no obligations to protect cultural property during the conflict. [...]the rebel forces in Libya were obliged to avoid destroying Libya's cultural property, even though the rebel group is not a formal party to the Hague Convention.
Law of War Manuals and Warfighting: A Perspective

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A global leader in serving libraries of all types, ProQuest LLC (“ProQuest”) supports the breadth of the information community with innovative discovery solutions that power the business of books and the best in research experience. More than a content provider or aggregator, ProQuest is an information partner, creating indispensable research solutions that connect people and information. Through innovative, user-centered discovery technology, ProQuest offers billions of pages of global content that includes historical newspapers, dissertations, and uniquely relevant resources for researchers of any age and sophistication—including content not likely to be digitized by others.
The Law of Operational Targeting: Viewing the LOAC Through an Operational Lens

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According to U.S. doctrine, joint targeting involves: creating specific effects to achieve the joint force commander's (JFC's) objectives or the subordinate component commander's supporting objectives. Ultimately, the Trial Chamber accepted the defense position that the apartment qualified as a lawful object of attack because General Gotovina expected Martic to be located there.202 However, the Chamber then concluded that because General Gotovina knew civilians resided in that area, the attack was inherently indiscriminate.201 This aspect of the judgment is a focal point of the pending appeal,2"4 and for good reason. Because the Trial Chamber failed to articulate its view of the military value General Gotovina anticipated when he chose to attack the building and failed to consider how disrupting Martic's ability to influence the battle would impact overall operational execution, the judgment is difficult to understand.
Introduction

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Neither doctrinal work, nor a proper technical assessment of general practice and opinion juris of states, the rules of the AMW Manual do not amount to a recognized source of international law as listed under the Statute of the International Court of Justice.1 They represent the best opinion of a group of leading experts about the existing rules of international law applicable to air and missile warfare, as gathered and reviewed by its members from a vast array of national and international sources. [...]Professor Geoffrey Corn & Lieutenant Colonel Gary Corn examine the process of targeting in military operations and the challenges of operationalizing the iaw of armed conflict (LOAC) rules in such environments.8 Their article draws from the ICTY Golovina jurisprudence to discuss the relevance of the rules applicable to indirect targeting and how such rules should inform the decision-making process of military commanders in practice.
Consideratii privind cercetarea contabila normativa si normalizarea contabila - trecut, prezent si viitor

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A global leader in serving libraries of all types, ProQuest LLC (“ProQuest”) supports the breadth of the information community with innovative discovery solutions that power the business of books and the best in research experience. More than a content provider or aggregator, ProQuest is an information partner, creating indispensable research solutions that connect people and information. Through innovative, user-centered discovery technology, ProQuest offers billions of pages of global content that includes historical newspapers, dissertations, and uniquely relevant resources for researchers of any age and sophistication—including content not likely to be digitized by others.
Aspecte teoretice privind auditarea capitalului intelectual

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A global leader in serving libraries of all types, ProQuest LLC (“ProQuest”) supports the breadth of the information community with innovative discovery solutions that power the business of books and the best in research experience. More than a content provider or aggregator, ProQuest is an information partner, creating indispensable research solutions that connect people and information. Through innovative, user-centered discovery technology, ProQuest offers billions of pages of global content that includes historical newspapers, dissertations, and uniquely relevant resources for researchers of any age and sophistication—including content not likely to be digitized by others.
Studiu privind controlul si auditarea informatiilor de mediu

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Document Overview:

A global leader in serving libraries of all types, ProQuest LLC (“ProQuest”) supports the breadth of the information community with innovative discovery solutions that power the business of books and the best in research experience. More than a content provider or aggregator, ProQuest is an information partner, creating indispensable research solutions that connect people and information. Through innovative, user-centered discovery technology, ProQuest offers billions of pages of global content that includes historical newspapers, dissertations, and uniquely relevant resources for researchers of any age and sophistication—including content not likely to be digitized by others.
Conferinta anuala a Camerie Auditorilor Financiari din Romnia

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A global leader in serving libraries of all types, ProQuest LLC (“ProQuest”) supports the breadth of the information community with innovative discovery solutions that power the business of books and the best in research experience. More than a content provider or aggregator, ProQuest is an information partner, creating indispensable research solutions that connect people and information. Through innovative, user-centered discovery technology, ProQuest offers billions of pages of global content that includes historical newspapers, dissertations, and uniquely relevant resources for researchers of any age and sophistication—including content not likely to be digitized by others.