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I'll See That When I Believe It: A Dialogue on Epistemological Difference and Rural Literacies

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Why read? We take a turn in the conversation initiated by Jean Stockard's article, "Increasing Reading Skills in Rural Areas: An Analysis of Three School Districts" (2011a), with a dialog in which we engage the epistemological positions at play within this debate. We understand the different positions as representations of each author's ideas about what reading is and what reading is for. These ideas evoke productive questions of power and ideology which we argue should be positioned squarely at the center of this debate. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Latin Lessons: How South America Stopped Listening to the United States and Started Prospering

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[...]this raises doubts about the sustainability of current social policies, Weitzman observes. [...]the Andean countries are all enjoying a commodity bonanza, thanks to high export prices and to policies that shift a greater share of commodity revenues into the public sector, through either high taxation or nationalization.
Technology: E-COMMERCE REGULATION IN BRAZIL

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The rapid growth in e-commerce, particularly among fi rst-time, middle- class consumers is also leading to a rise in complaints against online retailers, which spiked by nearly 200 percent from 2010 to 2011 in the state of Rio de Janeiro alone. Bills pending in congress would provide greater certainty for e-commerce and update the landmark Consumer Protection Code (CDC) established in 1991.
Protecting Our Heritage

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A global leader in serving libraries of all types, ProQuest LLC (“ProQuest”) supports the breadth of the information community with innovative discovery solutions that power the business of books and the best in research experience. More than a content provider or aggregator, ProQuest is an information partner, creating indispensable research solutions that connect people and information. Through innovative, user-centered discovery technology, ProQuest offers billions of pages of global content that includes historical newspapers, dissertations, and uniquely relevant resources for researchers of any age and sophistication—including content not likely to be digitized by others.
THE NEXT STEP IN IMPROVING EQUITY: TAX REFORM

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[...]within the category of direct taxes, personal income tax typically has a more salutary effect on redistribution than corporate income tax, because corporations often transfer the tax burden to consumers through the prices of the goods or services. [...]when analyzing the equity impact, it is important to distinguish between horizontal equity (equal treatment to those who are in similar circumstances) and vertical equity (up and down the income line). The direct tax burden is more than 10 points higher in OECD countries (14.7 percent of GDP) and the EU (16.1 percent of GDP) than in Latin America, where it represents a meager 5.4 percent of GDP.\n3 Low levels of tax compliance and high rates of evasion are also signifi cant obstacles to achieving more redistributive tax policies in the region.
Como o eleitor escolhe seu prefeito: campanha e voto nas eleies municipais

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Scholarly debates about Brazilian parties and elections mostly focus on presidential elections and on the roles of partisanship and ideology, with retrospective assessments of the economy and administration. People reporting no partisan affi liations at the beginning of a campaign come to like a candidate and share that candidate's party preference. [...]Brazilian partisanship, unlike U.S. partisanship, can be endogenous.
THE DREAM DEFERRED

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[...]shortly after the 2008 recession, undocumented immigration to the U.S. had come to a virtual standstill and unauthorized crossings reversed: there were more unauthorized immigrants leaving than entering the country.2 Much of the rhetoric on this issue has focused on the supposed impact of undocumented immigration on security and public safety. According to the Case-Shiller Index, home prices in the Greater Phoenix area declined by 55.9 percent from 2006 to 2011.3 Second, there is a deepening demographic asymmetry between older, whiter, wealthier, native citizens, and a rapidly growing younger, darker, poorer, immigrant population.
Energy: ARGENTINA'S SHALE GAS REVOLUTION

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The price environment is a top concern. Since 2002, the government has kept natural gas prices frozen. The government is attempting to improve the country's external position through import restrictions, establishing barriers to dividend repatriation and implementing a requirement that energy companies cash in export revenues through the Central Bank.
THE DIGITAL DIVIDE AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

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To see why, it's worth reviewing OLPC's record to date, focusing on two middle-income (Peru and Uruguay) and one high-income (U.S.) country. Since OLPC efforts in different countries are organized independently of one another and take a variety of approaches, a look at several programs can shed light on how implementation strategies may affect outcomes.\n In each of these districts, Hispanic and low-income learners benefi ted substantially from the interventions, helping to reduce literacy gaps. Implementation is ongoing and the effects are often indirect. [...]social repercussions are unpredictable.
RACE AND ETHNICITY: BY THE NUMBERS

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In a 2005 report based on an assessment of health protocols in rural areas of the country by Barber, Bertozzi and Gertler, Indigenous peoples in higher income brackets were only able to access quality health care at a level equivalent to the poorest quintile of non-Indigenous peoples.5 BRAZIL SHOWS THE WAY AND WHY IT'S IMPORTANT Despite challenges, several countries in the region have made advances in data collection. The involvement of local organizations and leaders increases the levels of self-identifi cation-especially because there is still a strong social stigma associated with identifying as Afro-descendant or Indigenous. [...]making information from data collection readily available to these communities-for example electronically-increases the transparency of the process and the level of participation by local communities, and can lead to increased participation in future data collection exercises.
POLITICAL REPRESENTATION, POLICY & INCLUSION

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[...]low levels of meaningful political representation persist. [...]by the time constitutional reforms were implemented in a number of countries, their Indigenous peoples had already mobilized suffi ciently to participate in the constituent assemblies and help shape the resulting constitutions.
LGBT RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS

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In March 2011, on behalf of 85 signatory countries, Colombia delivered a joint statement during the UN General Debate that called on states to end violence and establish criminal sanctions for human rights violations linked to sexual orientation and gender identity, and urged the Human Rights Council to address these important human rights issues. [...]there is an air of inhospitality even when the legal environment is hospitable. Argentina thus replicated the path taken by Massachusetts, where gay marriage was approved fi rst through a court ruling, and then by legislative vote against the wishes of Governor Mitt Romney, who wanted a referendum, and avoided the California and Florida models, which relied on popular vote to disastrous results.
GENERATION NI/NI: LATIN AMERICA'S LOST YOUTH

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According to International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates for 2011, youth represent 23.5 percent of the world's total working poor population.1 This generation has a powerful impact on the larger society. According to the Youth Employment Inventory-a database of information on youth employment programs supported by the German government, the Youth Employment Network and multilateral donors-mismatches in non-technical skills, such as numeracy, literacy, soft and life skills, play an important role and were cited by employers from numerous countries as a major constraint to hiring young workers.5 In fact, a recent study by the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) in Argentina, Brazil and Chile found that many employers value soft skills as much as, or more than, technical skills.6 Skills mismatches are directly linked to defi ciencies in education systems.
Indigenous Institutional Reformer

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MRTKL's efforts helped lead to the reform of districts and election laws that increased the participation and representation of Indigenous peoples, education reform, decentralization, and the recognition of Indigenous territorial rights.
Defending the Rights of Afro-Colombians

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What remains will be the footprints of women who are autonomous, with their special identity, ethnicity and culture, and who are strong enough to demand rights-women's rights.