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Introduction

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[...] in his research projects Silink focused not only on the thyroid gland but also implemented the use of radioisotopes, enzymology and even cybernetics (in those times a discipline which was heavily frowned upon) in endocrinology. Modern endocrinology represents a much broader discipline which includes not only the classical endocrine glands but also several other organs and tissues which produce hormones, such as brain, heart, stomach, intestine, adipose tissue etc.
Potential of Molecular Markers in Plant Biotechnology

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During the last few decades, the use of molecular markers, revealing polymorphism at the DNA level, has been playing an increasing part in plant biotechnology and their genetics studies. There are different types of markers viz. morphological, biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. These DNA based markers are differentiates in two types first non PCR based (RFLP) and second is PCR based markers (RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP etc.), amongst others, the microsatellite DNA marker has been the most widely used, due to its easy use by simple PCR, followed by a denaturing gel electrophoresis for allele size determination, and to the high degree of information provided by its large number of alleles per locus. Despite this, a new marker type, named SNP, for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, is now on the scene and has gained high popularity, even though it is only a bi-allelic type of marker. Day by day development of such new and specific types of markers makes their importance in understanding the genomic variability and the diversity between the same as well as different species of the plants. In this review, we will discuss about the biochemical and molecular markers their Advantages, disadvantages and the applications of the marker in comparison with other markers types. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae): An East Asian pest of elms (Ulmus spp.) invading Europe

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An invasive sawfly Aproceros leucopoda Takeuchi, 1939, which originates from East Asia, has colonized elms (Ulmus spp.) in Austria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and the Ukraine, at least since 2003. In Europe, the larvae can completely defoliate native and non-native elm trees and may cause at least partial dieback. Field observations indicate that elms are infested independent of their age and site characteristics. The life cycle of A. leucopoda is described based on material reared in Hokkaido, Japan. Parthenogenetic reproduction, short life cycle of summer generations and the ability to produce four generations per year result in the production of numerous progeny. The evolution of a seasonal dimorphism in head morphology, a simple cocoon that is attached directly to the host plant and a short period spent in the cocoon stage during summer, are putative apomorphies shared by Aproceros Takeuchi, 1939 and Aprosthema Konow, 1899. These traits reduce developmental costs and contribute to the proliferation of A. leucopoda. No specialized parasitoid, that can effectively reduce outbreaks of this species, is known. It is likely that this pest will spread into central and south-western Europe. Further monitoring of A. leucopoda is required to assess future range extensions in Europe, its exacerbating effect on Dutch elm disease and to find a suitable biocontrol agent. Concise keys to imaginal and larval stages are presented that will facilitate the identification of A. leucopoda. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
METT-10, A Putative Methyltransferase, Inhibits Germ Cell Proliferative Fate in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Germ-line stem cells are unique because they either self-renew through mitosis or, at a certain frequency, switch to meiosis and produce gametes. The switch from proliferation to meiosis is tightly regulated, and aberrations in switching result in either too little or too much proliferation. To understand the genetic basis of this regulation, we characterized loss-of-function mutations and a novel tumorous allele of Caenorhabditis elegans mett-10, which encodes a conserved putative methyltransferase. We show that METT-10 is a nuclear protein that acts in the germ line to inhibit the specification of germ-cell proliferative fate. METT-10 also promotes vulva, somatic gonad, and embryo development and ensures meiotic development of those germ cells that do differentiate. In addition, phenotypic analysis of a mett-10 null allele reveals that METT-10 enables mitotic cell cycle progression. The finding that METT-10 functions to inhibit germ-cell proliferative fate, despite promoting mitotic cell cycle progression of those germ cells that do proliferate, separates the specification of proliferative fate from its execution. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Phylogeny and nomenclature of the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., which was recently introduced into Europe (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae)

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The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., is native to India, China, Korea, Japan and the Russian Far East. Its larvae are a serious pest of different species of Buxus. Recently, C. perspectalis was introduced into Europe and first recorded from Germany in 2006. This species has been placed in various spilomeline genera including Palpita Hbner, 1808, Diaphania Hbner, 1818, Glyphodes Guene, 1854 and the monotypic Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008. In order to solve this nomenclatural confusion and to find a reasonable and verifiable generic placement for the box tree moth, the morphology of the above mentioned and some additional spilomeline taxa was investigated and their phylogeny analysed. The results show that C. perspectalis belongs to a monophylum that includes three of the genera in which it was previously placed: Glyphodes, Diaphania and Palpita. Within this monophylum, it is closely related to the Asian Cydalima Lederer, 1863. As a result of this analysis, Sisyrophora Lederer, 1863 syn. rev. and Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008 syn. n. are synonymised with Cydalima Lederer, 1863, and five species are transferred to this genus: Cydalima capriniodes (Hampson, 1912) (Glyphodes) comb. n., Cydalima decipiens (Hampson, 1912) (Glyphodes) comb. n., Cydalima joiceyi (Janse, 1924) (Margaronia) comb. n., Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Phakellura) comb. n. and Cydalima pfeifferae (Lederer, 1863) (Sisyrophora) comb. rev. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Dairy-Free Analogue Cheese Production

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Cargill (Stand 88L5) has launched a unique breakthrough innovation that enables the cost-effective production of a 100% non-dairy cheese analogue for pizza and other prepared food applications. LygommeACH Optimum functional system (patent pending) replicates the functionality of dairy protein and fully replaces it at an outstanding cost advantage for the manufacturer.
Indirect organogenesis and plant regeneration in Helicteres isora L., an important medicinal plant

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Helicteres isora is a medicinal plant effective against asthma, diabetes, hypolipidemia, HIV, polio besides a good source of diosgenin. Seed dormancy and low natural fruit production rate make this plant a perfect candidate for developing an in vitro regeneration method. However, to date, no such work has been procured in this plant. An efficient method for plant regeneration via shoot organogenesis from callus cultures has been developed using nodal explants in H. isora. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media counting 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 2.26 to 13.57 M), Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 2.85 to 17.13 M), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA, 2.46 to 14.70 M), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA, 2.22 to 13.32 M) and Kinetin (Kin, 2.32 to 13.92 M) either singly or in the following combinations (IAA + BA; IAA + Kin, and BA + Kin) produced granular callus except BA + Kin which resulted in compact, hard, greenish-white (CHGW) callus. The optimum CHGW callus (2.62 g fresh weight/ explant) was produced on MS media with 13.32 M BA + 2.32 M Kin with over 93% callus induction frequency. Optimum shoot organogenesis (67% frequency) was achieved in CHGW callus with lower level of BA (2.22 M) and Kin (2.32 M) and produced 3.2 shoots/0.5 g callus within 35 d of culture. Microshoots were rooted successfully (62% frequency) after 35 d of culture on 1/2MS containing 4.90 M IBA and hardened off. Antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and biochemical parameters viz. hydrogen peroxide, reducing and nonreducing sugars, starch, proteins, phenols, and proline contents were studied in regenerating and nonregenerating CHGW calluses to establish a correlation between these parameters and shoot morphogenesis. All the enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were found more in regenerating callus than in nonregenerating except phenols. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Germination of mature seeds of Calanthe tricarinata Lindl., an endangered terrestrial orchid, by asymbiotic culture in vitro

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The effects of culture conditions on the asymbiotic germination of mature seeds of Calanthe tricarinata Lindl., an endangered terrestrial cool-climate orchid, were examined. Specifically, conditions such as illumination, temperature, and the addition of plant growth regulators to the medium were studied. Mature seeds were harvested from plants that had been collected in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, and maintained at the Botanic Gardens of Toyama. Solidified "New Dogashima" medium was used as the basal medium, and it was supplemented with 6-benzyladenopurine (BA) or α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). White light at 40 mol m^sup -2^ s^sup -1^, with a 16-h photoperiod, inhibited the germination of seeds by 53-80%, as compared to dark controls in genotypes examined. The optimal temperature for the germination of seeds in darkness was 20C and the germination frequency reached 60%, whereas it was only 28% at 25C. While both NAA and BA stimulated germination, BA was more effective than NAA. After storage for 18 mo at 5C, seeds incubated on medium that contained 0.2 mg l^sup -1^ BA germinated at a frequency of 36%, which was twice that of seeds grown without any plant growth regulators. The frequency of subsequent germination decreased during storage of seeds at 5C for approximately 2 yr, dropping from 61% to 13%. The protocorms obtained in this study were developed to plantlets readily after transferring to fresh 1/2 MS medium without any plant growth regulators. They were successfully acclimatized in green house after two to three subcultures in vitro. The significant role of a reproducible protocol for the germination of mature seeds is discussed in terms of the ex situ conservation of endangered orchid species. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
In vitro tuberization in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

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In vitro microtuber formation potentiality of potato was investigated to establish a rapid disease free seed production system in potato. MS medium supplemented with 4 mg/L of KIN showed best performance in respect of multiple shoot regeneration and microtuber formation. Simple MS medium was not able to produce any micro tuber under in vitro condition. Dark condition better responded to tuberization than light condition. Among the three different explants (nodal segment, sprout and shoot apex) nodal cutting showed the best performance on days to microtuber formation and average weight of microtuber. MS + 6% sucrose + 4 mg/L KIN combination of treatment was best for in vitro tuberization among the parameters under study. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Genetic variability, character association and genetic divergence in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

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Genotypic and phenotypic variance, coefficient of variance, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path coefficient were evaluated for yield and its contributing characters in 26 Mungbean genotypes. Significant variations among the genotypes were observed for all the characters. High heritability (broad) along with high genetic advance in percent of mean was observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant indicating these characters would be best for phenotypic selection. The number of pods per plant, panicle length and number of seeds per pod are positively correlated with grain yield. Based on path coefficient parameter, the number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod are the important characters. Twenty six genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters. Maximum number of genotypes (12) was grouped into cluster II. The maximum range of variability was observed for number of pods per plant (12.22 - 20.55) among all the characters in 3 clusters. Crosses involving cluster I and III may exhibit high heterosis for yield as well as earliness. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Psoriasis vulgaris and digestive system disorders: Is there a linkage?

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Psoriasis is well-known immune-mediated skin disease often associated with co-morbidities, including dyslipidaemia and obesity. Few reports imply that the disease might be also related to pathology of mucosal surfaces, especially that of the digestive system. The authors present a case of psoriasis and concurrent digestive system abnormalities, and review the literature regarding the topic. A 40-year-old man suffered from an exacerbation of exudative psoriasis for about 6 months. Topical antipsoriatics proved ineffective and the disease gradually progressed to a severe disseminated form. Subsequent detailed examinations revealed persistent gastroduodenitis due to H. pylori infection, pancreatic dysfunction and fatty change of the liver, although the patient denied any gastrointestinal symptoms. As a result appropriate treatment of the diagnosed digestive system disorders was added to topical antipsoriatic therapy. Within 2 weeks of treatment clinical symptoms and laboratory signs showed a marked trend to normalisation. The presented medical history seems to suggest that there may be some kind of interplay between psoriasis and digestive system disorders.
Endogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone levels in the haemolymph of non-diapause-destined and diapause-destined generations of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta (Lepidoptera

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A complete profile of the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) titer, development and endocrine events from 1st instar to pupation of the larvae of non-diapause-destined (NDD) and diapause-destined (DD) tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was studied. Diapause is induced by short days of 11 hr photophase coupled with ≤ 24C prevailing in September-November. Diapausing pupae produce adults in July (≥ 12h light, ≥ 26C) and one generation is completed by August. The growth rate during the course of development of larval instars decreases and instar durations are inversely related to the body weight at the time of initiation of a larval instar. A growth compensation mechanism operates during the development of the larval instars. The growth rate was higher in early instars (1st to 4th) in both generations. The DD larvae complete the final instar in 16 days followed by a spinning stage of 13 days. The NDD larvae complete the final larval instar in 9 days followed by spinning stage of 6 days and spend 14 days in the pupal stage. The signal to release the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is related to critical body weight of larvae. From 1st to 4th instar, pre-ecdysial peaks of 20-HE were recorded in both NDD and DD generations. The programme for undergoing diapause was initiated during 3rd instar and induced by a sudden decrease in the level of 20-HE in the DD generation. Two peaks of 20-HE are required for the larval-pupal transformation, first at the wandering stage and the second at cuticle formation. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
BIOPESTICIDES OF PLANT ORIGIN

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An important prerequisite for the development and practical application of biopesticides are not only advances in analytical chemistry and molecular biology but also a better understanding of the interactions between plants (allelopathy) and between plants and pests (attractants, repellents and toxins). Chapter 8 - Idioblast oil cells as a source of new botanical products with biological activity (by C.R. Rodriguez-Saona, J.G. Millar and J.T. Trumble) covers recent advances in the identification of lipophilic materials secreted by oil cells of some Dicotyledons (terpenes, alkaloids, sesquiterpene hydroperoxides) and discusses the chemistry and potential defensive role of idioblast oil from avocado against herbivores.
Micropropagation of Embelia ribes Burm f. through proliferation of adult plant axillary shoots

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Micropropagation of Embelia ribes was achieved through proliferation of axillary shoots obtained from mature plants. Nodal shoot segments, collected March-May, exhibited high-frequency (75%) shoot initiation when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ) at 1.13 M and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 0.49 M. Subculture of sprouted shoots from the original explants on medium containing TDZ (1.13 and 0.45 M) during the first and second subcultures was found essential for further shoot proliferation, while inhibition of shoot elongation by TDZ could be overcome by transferring shoot cultures onto MS medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 11.10 M) for the third subculture. Treating the explants with an antioxidant mixture of 568 M ascorbic acid, 119 M citric acid, and 307 M glutathione prior to inoculation, coupled with subculture at 2-wk intervals onto fresh medium, both helped to reduce browning of the explants and facilitated production of five to six shoots/explant. MS medium supplemented with BAP (4.44 M) and IBA (0.49 M) induced shoot multiplication, producing five to six shoots/explant with a shoot length of 3 to 4 cm over a 4-wk culture period. Shoots of 3 to 4 cm in length exhibited 100% rooting within 4 wk after transfer to media containing half the nutrient salt concentration of MS medium with 3.69 M IBA. Ex vitro rooting in the greenhouse from the in vitro shoots treated with 4.93 M IBA for 30 min exhibited 95% rooting in soilrite(TM) medium in a 4-wk period. About 85% of micropropagated plants were established successfully in root trainers. Three-month-old, hardened plants could further be successfully established in the field. In 1 yr, by using the above protocol, 3,200 plants could be produced from a single shoot and 2,700 could be established in the field. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
An efficient protocol for micropropagation of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel

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Melaleuca alternifolia is cultivated for the production of an essential oil useful in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Despite the economic importance of this species, there is little knowledge about its in vitro propagation. The aim of this study was to establish an efficient protocol for micropropagation of M. alternifolia. With the goal of in vitro multiplication by axillary shoot proliferation, both solid and liquid MS and WPM media were tested with supplementation with BA at 0, 0.55, 1.11, 2.22, 3.33, and 4.44 M. The best result for shoot multiplication was obtained when either 0.55 M BA was added into solid MS medium or 1.11 M BA was added into liquid MS medium, with 5.6 and 11.8 shoots per explant generated, respectively. On solid or liquid WPM medium supplemented with 0.55 M BA, the proliferation rates were 5.5 and 4.7, respectively. Three auxins (NAA, IAA, and IBA) were tested at 0.53 and 2.64 M during the rooting stage. Several sucrose concentrations (15, 30, and 45 gL^sup -1^) were compared to a sucrose-free medium. Rooting performances on four culture media were then compared: MS, half-strength MS (MS/2), MS+activated charcoal (AC), and MS/2+AC. The results showed that auxin addition to culture medium is not necessary for in vitro rooting. Rooted microcuttings from different culture media were acclimatized in a greenhouse, and the survival percentage was evaluated. All shoots cultured in an auxin-free MS medium supplemented with sucrose (30 gL^sup -1^) produced roots, and all plants survived during acclimatization. Activated charcoal added in rooting medium reduced rooting rates. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

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Introduction

Potential of Molecular Markers in Plant Biotechnology

Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae): An East Asian pest of elms (Ulmus spp.) invading Europe

METT-10, A Putative Methyltransferase, Inhibits Germ Cell Proliferative Fate in Caenorhabditis elegans

Phylogeny and nomenclature of the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., which was recently introduced into Europe (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae)

Dairy-Free Analogue Cheese Production

Indirect organogenesis and plant regeneration in Helicteres isora L., an important medicinal plant

Germination of mature seeds of Calanthe tricarinata Lindl., an endangered terrestrial orchid, by asymbiotic culture in vitro

In vitro tuberization in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Genetic variability, character association and genetic divergence in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

Psoriasis vulgaris and digestive system disorders: Is there a linkage?

Endogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone levels in the haemolymph of non-diapause-destined and diapause-destined generations of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta (Lepidoptera

BIOPESTICIDES OF PLANT ORIGIN

Micropropagation of Embelia ribes Burm f. through proliferation of adult plant axillary shoots

An efficient protocol for micropropagation of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel