綠色科技簡介
于樹偉 國立中央大學環工所
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國立中央大學環工所
國際環境問題的演變
環保工作及運動走向國際化 －後冷戰時期的國際重點工作
－全球性的利害互動關係
－國際間利益團體的重新組合
環保成為經濟不可或缺的條件
－永續發展是經濟活動的重點
－環保對貿易的影響日漸重要 －綠色成為品質與競爭的優勢
環保意識日漸擴張
－環保運動的逐漸落實 －從污染防治進展到資源保育
國立中央大學環工所
ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS DDT
CFCs
Cuyahoga River
Love Canal
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國立中央大學環工所
ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS
Became rallying points for environmental laws of the US
• Cuyahoga River- 1972 Clean Water Act • Love Canal- 1980 Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act, better known as Superfund. Emergency Planning & Community Right-toKnow Act, requires that industries report toxic releases.
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國立中央大學環工所
Risk Due to a Hazardous Substance
Risk = f(Hazard, Exposure)
environmental laws attempt to control exposure
Controlling Exposure = “end of the
pipe solution” “Command and control” laws
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THE POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT OF 1990
Risk = f(HAZARD, Exposure) Eliminate the hazard, no need to worry about the exposure!
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國立中央大學環工所
GREEN CHEMISTRY
Green Chemistry or environmentally benign chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce of eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances Minimize:
• • •
waste energy use resource use (maximize efficiency)
utilize renewable resources
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國立中央大學環工所
The Twelve Principles of GREEN CHEMISTRY
1. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is
formed. 2. Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. 3. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. 4. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity. 5. The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and, innocuous when used. 6. Energy requirements should recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
國立中央大學環工所
The Twelve Principles of GREEN CHEMISTRY
7.A raw material feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practical. 8. Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided whenever possible. 9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. 10. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products. 11. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for realtime in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances. 12. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.
國立中央大學環工所
Categories of Energy
There are two main categories of energy: potential and kinetic. Potential energy is stored energy that has not been used. A piece of wood in a woodpile has potential energy so does a cookie on a plate. These objects have the potential to “do work” but their energy has not yet been released. Once that piece of wood is thrown onto the fire, its potential energy gets converted into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
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國立中央大學環工所
Forms of Kinetic Energy
There are different forms of kinetic energy. When we flip a switch, electrical energy gives us light. When we turn the ignition on a car, mechanical energy takes us from one place to another. When we start a camp fire, heat energy warms our cold hands. When we eat breakfast, the chemical energy from carbonhydrates fuels our bodies. Different forms of kinetic energy can be changed or converted into other forms. For example, gasoline contains chemical energy. But once a car starts, the chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy, which causes the car to move. The problem of conversion is pollution and efficiency. 國立中央大學環工所 1-11
Energy and Electricity
Large power companies convert different forms of energy into electrical energy, or electricity. In most cases utilities burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas and convert their chemical energy into electricity. Coal generates more than half of the electricity produced in the US. Petroleum, or crude oil, is a liquid fuel found in large pools deep underground. Gasoline and kerosene are two of the chemicals made from petroleum. The third fossil fuel, natural gas, is almost always found with petroleum. Since it is lighter in weight, it usually sits on top of petroleum.
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Energy and Electricity (cont‟d )
We rely heavily on fossil fuels to drive our household and economic activities. However, we don‟t have endless supply of fossil fuels because they are nonrenewable.
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國立中央大學環工所
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy sources can be converted into electricity, just like fossil fuels. Some can even be made into liquid fuels that power cars and trucks. Solar energy is the heat from the sun. We can capture the sun energy in two ways. First, we can use its heat to warm rooms or heat water. Second, the sun heat energy can be converted into electricity using photovoltaic systems. The wind mechanical energy comes from changes in barometric pressure in our atmosphere. Winds blow when temperature differences cause layers of air to shift and move around. We can capture the wind energy with windmills and convert it into electricity.
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國立中央大學環工所
Renewable Energy (cont‟d 1)
Water by itself is not an energy source. However, if it moves fast, its mechanical energy can be converted into electricity. So, hydroelectric power plants are often built on rushing rivers or channels of water. There are thousands of hydroelectric dams in the world. Geothermal energy comes from deep inside the earth. The geysers, hot springs, and steam vents from the earth are examples of geothermal energy source. They were created by volcanic activity that took place long time ago. Like solar energy, geothermal energy can be used two ways. Its heat can be used for warming and geothermal steam can be used to generate electricity.
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Renewable Energy (cont‟d 2)
Biomass is the energy comes from plants. Corn, wood, garbage, animal wastes, and other farm crops can be converted into different energy sources.
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國立中央大學環工所
Oil Consumption of Leading World Economies
2002 US/Canada 19.7 2030 26.3
EU (25)
Japan/Korea China
13.0
7.1 4.9
14.9
7.9 12.7
India
(millions of barrels per day)
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52.4
5.3
國立中央大學環工所
Oil Consumption Per Capita
2002 US/Canada 22.8 2030 23.8
Japan/Korea
EU (25)
15.0
10.4
16.9
11.6
(in barrels of oil per capita/year)
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國立中央大學環工所
EU Energy Consumption Mix
2002 Oil 38.4 2030 33.8
Gas
Solid fuels Nuclear
22.8
18.5 14.4
27.3
15.5 12.2
Renewables
(percent of total)
5.8
12.2
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國立中央大學環工所
Future R&D Priorities - Photovoltaics
Cost reductions:
Crystalline silicon-based cells, thin-film approaches, alternative cell concepts, modules and system electronics/storage.
Materials that are environmentally justifiable.
PV power plants with optical concentration and stacked solar cells. Module encapsulation technologies for longer module lifetime.
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國立中央大學環工所
Future R&D Priorities – Solar Thermal Power
Advances in materials for parabolic troughs turbine and receiver technology for solar towers. Materials suitable for high temperature phase change for energy storage. Fresnel principle as alternative line-focusing technology. Use of solar thermal waste heat for seawater desalination.
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國立中央大學環工所
Future R&D Priorities – Biomass/Biofuels
Biopower: Combustion including co-firing of biomass and fossil fuels and small-scale Stirling CHP systems Gasification/pyrolysis for gas turbines and fuel cells Biofuels:
Advanced processes for conversion of cellulosic crops (grass, wood) and wastes (crop, forestry, municipal)
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國立中央大學環工所
Future R&D Priorities – Geothermal
Adaptation of drilling and reservoir management for hydrothermal and exploration of hot dry rock technology
Different thermal-dynamical cycles for generating engines
More efficient heat exchangers to handle low temperature geothermal energy
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國立中央大學環工所
The Techno-economic Development Strategy
Progress through R&D – improvements related to materials, processes, designs and products leading to cost reduction
Economy of scale – up scaling of components size and up scaling power plant size
Up scaling of manufacturing volume – reduce manufacturing through higher manufacturing volumes, production series or larger manufacturing plants and platforms
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國立中央大學環工所
Average Wind Turbine Size at Market Introduction
1985: 20 kW
1990: 170 kW
1995: 473 kW 1999: 919 kW 2002: 1395 kW
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國立中央大學環工所
The Color Change of Wal-Mart
The Company the world‟s largest retailer 6,700 stores worldwide 176 million customers/week
1.9 million associates with 1.3 million in the US
annual sales around $345 billion 60,000 suppliers
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國立中央大學環工所
The Color Change of Wal-Mart (cont‟d)
The footprint
each of its supercenters uses an average of 1.5 million kilowatts per year
has the second largest fleet of trucks in the US, and its vehicles travel a billion miles per year The worries cheap goods built on the back of cheap labor
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國立中央大學環工所
The Color Change of Wal-Mart (cont‟d)
The Green Machine to increase the efficiency of its vehicle fleet by 25% in 3 years, and double efficiency in 10 years to reduce 30% of the energy used in stores to reduce solid waste from US stores by 25% in 3 years to invest $500 million in sustainability projects (has become the biggest seller of organic milk and the biggest buyer of organic cotton in the world)
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國立中央大學環工所
The Rap on the World‟s Largest Retailer
The nation‟s largest employer pays so little that a family of four can‟t live on the $9.68per-hour wage of an average Wal-Mart associate, which, at $17,600 a year, is below the poverty line.
Fewer than half of Wal-Wart‟s employees are insured, meaning that taxpayers are shouldering the cost of health care for WalMart‟s enormous labor force.
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The Rap on the World‟s Largest Retailer (cont‟d)
In a 2001 class-action suit, 1.6 million current and former female employees alleged that WalMart systematically favored men over women in pay and promotion.
Wal-Mart steamrolls local businesses and drives down wages at other stores.
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國立中央大學環工所
The Green Corporate Citizens
Dupont - Since promising to reduce its greenhouse-gas
emissions 65% by 2010, the life-sciences company has already brought them down 72% from 1990 levels. It has also reduced its global energy use 7%, saving more than $3 billion.
GE - As part of the new “Eco-imagination” initiative,
Immelt has promised to double GE‟s investment in environmental technologies to $1.5 billion by 2010. Immelt also says that GE will reduce the company‟s greenhouse-gas emissions by 1% by 2012; without any action, emissions would have gone up 40%.
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The Green Corporate Citizens (cont‟d)
Goldman Sachs - Wall Street‟s most prestigious investment bank is putting $1 billion into cleanenergy investments. Intel - The PFC chemicals used in chip-making are also a dangerous greenhouse gas. By 2010, Intel has promised to reduce emissions by 10% from 1995 levels.
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國立中央大學環工所
Definitions of Innovation
3M - New ideas, plus action or implementation, which result in an improvement, a gain, or a profit. Innovation Network - People creating value through the implementation of new ideas.
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國立中央大學環工所
The Ten Faces of Innovation
The Anthropologist (人類學家) The Experimenter (實騐家) The Cross-Pollinator (花粉傳播者) The Hurdler (跨欄者) The Collaborator (合作著) The Director (導演) The Experience Architect (經驗建構者) The Set Designer (場景設計者) The Caregiver (關懷者)
The Storyteller (說故事的人)
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The Learning Personas
The Anthropologist (人類學家)
The Anthropologist brings new learning and insights into the organization by observing human behavior and developing a deep understanding of how people interact physically and emotionally with products, services, and spaces.
The Experimenter (實騐家)
The Experimenter takes calculated risks to achieve success through a state of “experimentation as implementation.”
The Cross-Pollinator (花粉傳播者)
The Cross-Pollinator explores other industries and cultures, then translates those findings and revelations to fit the unique needs of your enterprise.
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國立中央大學環工所
The Organizing Personas
The Hurdler (跨欄者)
The Hurdler knows the path to innovation is strewn with obstacles and develops a knack for overcoming or outsmarting those roadblocks.
The Collaborator (合作著)
The Collaborator helps bring eclectic groups together, and often leads from the middle of the pack to create new combinations and multidisciplinary solutions.
The Director (導演)
The Director not only gathers together a talented cast and crew but also helps to spark their creative talents.
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國立中央大學環工所
The Building Personas
The Experience Architect (經驗建構者)
The Experience Architect designs compelling experiences that go beyond mere functionality to connect at a deeper level with customers‟ latent or expressed needs.
The Set Designer (場景設計者)
The Set Designer creates a stage on which innovation team members can do their best work, transforming physical environments into powerful tools to influence behavior and attitude.
The Caregiver (關懷者)
Good Caregivers anticipate customer needs and are ready to look after them.
The Storyteller (說故事的人)
The Storyteller builds both internal morale and external awareness through compelling narratives that communicate a fundamental human value.
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The Essence of Innovation
“Innovation is now recognized as the single most important ingredient in any modern economy.” - The Economists “People who seem to have a new idea have often just stopped having an old idea.”
- Edwin Land
“The personas of the Ten Faces of Innovation are about „being innovation‟ rather than merely „doing innovation‟.”
- Tom Kelley
國立中央大學環工所
Four Principles of Natural Capitalism
In the First Industrial Revolution, people were scarce and nature was abundant. However, in the next Industrial Revolution, people are abundant and nature is scarce. To embrace the “Systems Thinking and the Practice of Sustainability” philosophy of the Rocky Mountain Institute, one needs to follow the four principles of natural capitalism such as:
Radically increase resource productivity Biomimicry: closed loops, no waste, no toxicity
Shift to a solutions based economy: from product to service
Reinvest in natural and human capital
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綠色消費主義下的創新思維
The Green Economy
The Learning Personas
The Green Consumerism
The Green Technology
The Green House of Innovation
The Organizing Personas
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The Building Personas
國立中央大學環工所