Added Sugars Sugars and syrups that are added to foods during processing or preparation. Added sugars do not include naturally occurring sugars, such as those that occur in milk and fruits. Beginning Stocks Existing supplies of a farm commodity that are the remaining stock carried over from the previous year’s production. Boneless, Trimmed-Weight Equivalent This series puts red meat (beef, veal, pork, lamb, and mutton), poultry (chicken and turkey), and fish on a fairly comparable basis. For most of these products, the measure excludes bones, edible offals, and game consumption. The exception is for boneless, trimmed poultry, which includes skin, neck, and giblets and excludes the use of chicken for commercially prepared pet food. Broilers Mature, young chicken of either sex produced for meat. The terms "broilers," "fryers," and "young chickens" are interchangeable. Bushel A unit of measure containing 2,150.42 cubic inches. Carcass-Weight Equivalent (CWE) The weight of meat cuts and meat products converted to an equivalent weight of a dressed carcass. Includes bone, fat, tendons, ligaments, and inedible trimmings (whereas product weight may or may not). Cereals Generic name for certain grasses that produce edible seeds. Term also used for certain products made from the seeds. Cereals include wheat, rice, and coarse grains, such as oats, barley, rye, millet, corn, and sorghum grain. Consumption In economics, consumption is the using up of goods or services or the amount used up. In common usage, consumption can also mean the ingestion of food by eating or drinking. In ERS’s Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System, the food and nutrient availability series provide estimates of the amount of food and nutrients used up; the loss-adjusted food availability series provides estimates of food intake, or the amount of food eaten or ingested. Conversion Factors Conversion factors can be categorized into different types. One type of conversion factor is used to convert raw agricultural commodities into consumer products, such as when converting beef from a carcass weight to a boneless weight, or when converting a dozen shell eggs to kilograms of dried egg. These factors may change over time with changes in agricultural production and marketing practices. In contrast, conversion factors for weights and measures for agricultural commodities and their products are constant over time. For example, 2 pints of liquid always equal 1 quart. Copra Dried coconut meat used in extraction of coconut oil. Corn Gluten The byproduct of wet milling of corn. Crop Year The year in which a crop is harvested, as opposed to the marketing year. For wheat, barley, and oats, the crop year is from June 1 to May 31. For corn, sorghum, and soybeans, it is from October 1 to September 30. For cotton, peanuts, and rice, it is from August 1 to July 31. Crush The process of extracting oil from oilseeds using solvents. Dextrose A sugar found in plant and animal tissue and derived synthetically from starch. Dietary Fiber Nonstarch polysaccharide and lignin that are not digested by enzymes in the small intestine. Dietary fiber typically refers to nondigestible carbohydrates from plant foods. Dietary Guidelines Guidelines developed by USDA and the Department of Health and Human Services, emphasizing variety, balance, and moderation in the total diet without making recommendations regarding specific foods to include or to eliminate. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans provides recommendations based on gender, age, and level of physical activity. Ending Stocks The part of a current crop production carried over into the next crop year. Endive A variety of chicory that is used in salads. Also called escarole. Escarole A variety of chicory that is used in salads. Also called endive. Farm Weight The weight of a commodity as measured on the farm before further conditioning and processing. Farmhouse Cheese Cheese made by whoever produced the milk. Commonly made from raw/unpasteurized milk because of pasteurization costs for relatively small quantities. Filberts Also called hazelnuts. Fresh-Weight Equivalent The weight of processed fruit and vegetables converted to an equivalent weight of the fresh produce. Varies widely from season to season and among localities. Grain-Equivalent Basis Because data for grain, flour, and selected grain products are reported in different measures (e.g., metric tons for grain exports and kilograms for flour), it is often necessary to convert these to a common measure when calculating total use or making comparisons. For example, the flour and selected products are first converted to grain-equivalent kilograms (i.e., the quantity of wheat grain that would have to be milled to produce 1 kilogram of that flour or wheat product). Then the grain-equivalent data are converted to bushels. The factors for the conversion are 2.204622 pounds per kilogram and 60 pounds per bushel. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) A corn sweetener derived from the wet milling of corn. Corn starch is converted to a syrup that is nearly all dextrose. HFCS is found in numerous foods and beverages on the grocery store shelves. Hundredweight One hundred pounds. Kiwifruit The small, fuzzy fruit of a vine native to Asia. A type of berry. Landings Quantities of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic plants and animals brought ashore and sold. Commercial landings of fish may be in terms of round (live) weight or dressed weight. Landings of crustaceans are generally on a live-weight basis except for shrimp, which may be on a headson or heads-off basis. Mollusks are generally landed with the shell on, but for some species only the meats are landed, such as sea scallops. Data for all mollusks are published on a meat-weight basis. Leading Cheeses In this data product, leading cheeses refer to Cheddar, Mozzarella, Swiss, cream, and Neufchâtel. Leading Meat In this data product, leading meat refers to beef, pork, and chicken. Legumes A family of plants including many valuable food and forage species, such as peas, beans, soybeans, peanuts, clovers, alfalfas, and sweetclovers. Legumes can convert nitrogen from the air to nitrates in the soil through a process known as nitrogen fixation. In this data system, we used the term "legumes" to include pinto beans, navy beans, great northern beans, red kidney beans, dry lima beans, black beans, and other beans (blackeye, garbanzo, small white, small red, pink, cranberry, and other beans not elsewhere classified), plus dry peas and lentils. Liveweight The weight of an animal before it is slaughtered. Long Ton A measure of weight equal to 2,240 pounds or 1,016 kilograms. See also metric ton and short ton. Marketing Year The 12-month period following harvest during which a commodity may be sold domestically, exported, or put into reserve stocks. Varies by country and commodity. Meal The coarsely ground and sifted grains of a serial grass; the solid residue left after extracting oil from oilseeds (e.g., cornmeal). Measurement Ton A measure of volume generally equal to 40 cubic feet (1 cubic meter). Also known as cargo or freight ton. Metric Ton A measure of weight equal to 2,204.6 pounds or 1,000 kilograms. See also long ton or short ton. Milo U.S. term for grain sorghum. Nonfat Dry Milk (NDM) Dried skim milk containing no more than 1.5 percent fat and 5 percent moisture. Includes buttermilk powder but not whey powder. Per Capita Per person. Product Weight See retail weight. Prune A dried plum. Pulses The edible seeds of various leguminous crops, such as peas, beans, and lentils. Also called legumes. Ready-To-Cook (RTC) Dressed poultry, without feathers, head, feet, and most internal organs. Includes neck and giblets. Red Meat In this data product, red meat refers to beef, veal, pork, lamb, and mutton. See also leading meat. Render To extract fat or oil from livestock or poultry by melting down or reprocessing meat, bone, feathers, or other byproducts. Resident Population Includes all residents (both civilian and armed forces) living in the United States. The geographic universe for the resident population is the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Population Plus Armed Forces Overseas Includes residents of the United States and members of the armed forces on active duty stationed outside the United States. Military dependents and other U.S. citizens living abroad are not included. Retail Weight The weight of a product as it is sold at the retail level. In the meat trade, retail weight is differentiated from carcass-weight equivalent, and may or may not include the weight of bone, fat, or additional water. Also called product weight. Serving Size A standardized amount of a food, such as a cup or an ounce, used in providing dietary guidance or in making comparisons among similar foods. Short Ton A measure of weight equal to 2,000 pounds or 907 kilograms. See also long ton and metric ton. Sorghum Also called milo. Tallow Edible and inedible rendered bovine and sheep fat, and inedible rendered hog fat. Food uses include salad or cooking oils and margarine. Ton A measure of weight equal to 2,000 pounds or 907 kilograms. Also called short ton. See also long ton and metric ton. A "ton" is also a measure of volume (see measurement ton). Ton is the standard unit of measurement in this data series. Utilized Production Utilized production refers to production that is actually sold (i.e., production minus own-farm uses for seed, feed, food, and loss). Value Added Increased value of a good by further processing. Value-added products include soybean meal and oil, frozen vegetables for retail consumption, and processed meats. Whey The liquid part of milk remaining after separation of the curd in cheesemaking. Types: fluid, condensed, and dry.