Biology Final Test

TEA CHI NG SI LEARNI NG Biology Final Exam Study Outlines - Skeleton and Complete By the end of the semester, your students should be able to create a skeleton outline from their integrated class notes/text notes and then complete the outline with details, preferably from memory. Semester Topics for Final (Skeleton Outline) First Exam Topics – Chapters 1, 2, 3 I. Macromolecules A. B. C. D. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids II. Properties of Water A. Polarity/solvent B. Important in rxns C. Composition in cells III. pH A. Acidic B. Basic C. Neutral IV. Metabolism A. Anabolic 1. Dehydration 2. Reduction 3. Endergonic B. Catabolic 1. Hydrolysis 2. Oxidation 3. Exergonic IV. Cell Membrane A. Structure B. Function of various components V. Drawings UT Learning Center www.utexas.edu/student/utlc Survive. Succeed. Excel. 512.471.3614 TEA CHI NG SI LEARNI NG VI. Microscopy A. Definitions B. e- dense vs. e- transparent Second Exam Topics – Ch. 4, 5, 9 VII. Protein Structure A. B. C. D. Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary VIII. Protein Synthesis A. Transcription B. Translation IX. Cell structure/cell theory A. B. C. D. E. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Organelle functions Endosymbiotic theory – evidence and organelles involved Osmosis vs. Diffusion Types of transport 1. Active 2. Passive 3. Facilitated 4. Endocytosis 5. Exocytosis X. Mitosis XI. Meiosis XII. Drawings Topics for Third Exam – Ch 6, 7, 8 XIII. Enzymes A. Structure B. Function UT Learning Center www.utexas.edu/student/utlc Survive. Succeed. Excel. 512.471.3614 TEA CHI NG SI LEARNI NG C. Specificity XIV. Photosynthesis A. Light Reactions – H20 B. Dark Reactions – CO2 C. Location XV. Cellular Respiration A. B. C. D. E. Glycolysis - C6H12O6 pyruvate Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP production- net yield O2 C6H12O6 XVI. Drawings XVII. Anything else she decides to put on the exam UT Learning Center www.utexas.edu/student/utlc Survive. Succeed. Excel. 512.471.3614 TEA CHI NG SI LEARNI NG Biology Final Exam Study Outline Semester Topics for Final (Complete Outline) First Exam Topics – Chapters 1, 2, 3 I. Macromolecules E. F. G. H. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids II. Properties of Water D. Polarity/solvent Dissolves other polar molecules Intramolecular bonds – covalent; Intermolecular bonds - hydrogen E. Important in rxns Hydrolysis – add water to break bonds Condensation – remove water to form bonds F. Composition in cells 80% of volume in some cells in the human body Moves though cell membrane Osmosis Other – water most dense at 4 C, loses density as water moves from 4 OC - high heat capacity – can absorb and lose heat easily making it an efficient cooling mechanism. ** See Chapter 1 and 2 test questions, test and discussion notes. III. pH D. Acidic E. Basic F. Neutral IV. Metabolism C. Anabolic – larger molecules are formed from smaller molecules 1. Dehydration – removal of water and formation of covalent bond 2. Reduction – Addition of e- that leads to the storage of energy CO2 Glucose 3. Endergonic – a reaction in which the products contain more energy than the reactants. UT Learning Center www.utexas.edu/student/utlc Survive. Succeed. Excel. 512.471.3614 TEA CHI NG SI LEARNI NG D. Catabolic – degradational rxns of metabolism in which complex molecules are broken down to smaller, less complex molecules. 1. Hydrolysis – add water to break a bond Ex: Sucrose Glucose + Fructose 2. Oxidation – loss of e- in a chemical rxn Ex: Glucose CO2 3. Exergonic – free energy is released Ex: Glucose CO2 IV. Cell Membrane C. Structure Phospholipid bilayer Cholesterol Proteins Glyco - groups D. Function of various components Overall function of the membrane V. Drawings VI. Microscopy C. Definitions – LM, TEM, SEM, 1.s., x.s., Microtome D. e- dense vs. e- transparent dense – nucleolus, phospholipid heads transparent – hydrocarbon tails Second Exam Topics – Ch. 4, 5, 9 VII. Protein Structure E. Primary – sequence of amino acids laid down from N – terminal to C – terminal. - maintained by peptide bonds (covalent) F. Secondary – alpha helix and beta pleated sheet - determined by primary structure - near neighbors – (alpha helix) - distant neighbor – beta pleated sheet G. Tertiary – irregularly folding of regions - determined by primary and secondary structure - maintained by side group interactions within polypeptide chain - H+ bonding between R group - hydrophobic interaction within R groups - ionic bonds between R groups UT Learning Center www.utexas.edu/student/utlc Survive. Succeed. Excel. 512.471.3614 TEA CHI NG SI LEARNI NG - covalent disulfide bonds between R groups H. Quaternary – proteins composed of more than one polypeptide chains - determined by primary, secondary, tertiary structures - maintained by side group interactions between separate polypeptide chains - H+ bonding between R groups on separate chains - hydrophobic interactions on separate chains - ionic bonds between R groups on separate chains - covalent disulfide bonds between R groups on separate chains VIII. Protein Synthesis C. Transcription – DNA transcribed by RNA polymerase in the interphase nucleus; forms mRNA. MRNA – moves to cytoplasm D. Translation – small ribosome subunit locates start codon at 5’ end of mRNA and guides large ribosomal subunit to it. Peptidyl transferase in large subunit translates information in the codons (on mRNA) into the amino acids that they code for. Importance of signal sequences IX. Cell structure/cell theory F. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Presence of nucleus DNA structure Ribosomes Use/production of O2 Cell wall composition Nuclear division mechanisms G. Organelle functions Mitochondria Plastids ER GA Lysosomes Vacuoles Cytoskeleton H. Endosymbiotic theory – evidence and organelles involved; involved chloroplasts and mitochondria Evidence: DNA structure, ribosomes, double membrane I. Osmosis vs. Diffusion Osmosis – movement of water through a membrane from areas of high to low concentration of water. UT Learning Center www.utexas.edu/student/utlc Survive. Succeed. Excel. 512.471.3614 TEA CHI NG SI LEARNI NG Diffusion – movement of solutes from areas of high to low concentration of solutes. J. Types of transport 1. Active – carrier molecules; against concentration gradient; requires ATP 2. Passive – along concentration gradient; pass through phospholipid bilayer; doesn’t require ATP 3. Facilitated – along concentration gradient; requires carriers molecules; no ATP 4. Endocytosis – a process by which liquids and solids are taken up by a cell through invagination 5. Exocytosis – liquids and solids released by the cell X. Mitosis XI. Meiosis XII. Drawings Topics for Third Exam – Ch 6, 7, 8 XIII. Enzymes D. Structure E. Function F. Specificity XIV. Photosynthesis D. Light Reactions – H20 E. Dark Reactions – CO2 F. Location XV. Cellular Respiration F. G. H. I. J. Glycolysis - C6H12O6 pyruvate Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP production- net yield O2 C6H12O6 XVI. Drawings XVII. Anything else she decides to put on the exam UT Learning Center www.utexas.edu/student/utlc Survive. Succeed. Excel. 512.471.3614