names of bones in the skeletal system

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INTRODUCTION   THERE ARE 206 BONES IN THE ADULT SKELETON THE SKELETON IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS   THE AXIAL SKELETON 80 BONES APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 BONES FUNCTIONS      SUPPORT AND OR PROVIDE FRAMEWORK PROTECTION MOVEMENT STORAGE OF CALCIUM HEMOPOIESIS—PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS AS AN INFANT, THE BODY IS PRIMARILY CARTILAGE. GRADUALLY IT IS REPLACED WITH CALCIFIED BONE MATRIX DUE TO THE OSTEOBLASTS. THE OSTEOBLASTS LAY DOWN THE CALCIUM SALTS THAT THEN CREATE THE GEL-LIKE MATRIX OF THE BONE. FORMATION    TYPES OF BONES   THE NAMES OF THE BONES, DESCRIBE BOTH THE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF BONES FOUR TYPES OF BONES; LONG SHORT, FLAT AND IRREGULAR STRUCTURE OF BONES    DIAPHYSIS—HOLLOW TUBE MADE OF HARD COMPACT BONE. MEDULLARY CAVITY—THE HOLLOW AREA INSIDE THE DIAPHYSIS, WHICH CONTAINS SOFT YELLOW BONE MARROW. EPIPHYSES—END OF BONE WHERE THE RED BONE MARROW FILLS IN SMALL SPACES  ARTICULAR CARTILAGE—THIN LAYER OF CARTILAGE COVERING   EACH FUNCTION LIKE A SMALL RUBBER CUSHION AT THE END OF THE BONE. PERIOSTEUM—FIBROUS MEMBRANE COVERING A LONG BONE, FOUND EVERYWHERE BUT AT ITS JOINT SURFACE. ENDOSTEUM—THE MEMBRANE LINING THE MARROW CAVITY OF A BONE. STRUCTURE OF THE BONE BONE TYPES  SPONGY    TEXTURE RESULTS FROM NEEDLE-LIKE THREADS OF BONE CALLED TRABECULAE SURROUNDED BY A NETWORK OF OPEN SPACES FOUND IN EPIPHYSES OF BONES SPACES CONTAIN RED BONE MARROW  COMPACT   STRUCTURAL UNIT OSTEON COMPOSED OF CONCENTRIC LAMELLA,LACUNAE CONTAINING OSTEOCYTED, AND CANALICULI, ALL COVERED BY PERIOSTEUM CARTILAGE    CONNECT BONE TO BONE CALIFIED FIBER EMBEDDED IN A GEL, BECAUSE OF THIS, CARTILAGE IS MORE FLEXIBLE THAN BONE. DOES NOT CONTAIN BLOOD VESSELS, THEREFORE HEALS MORE SLOWLY THEN BONE. TYPES OF CARTILAGE  ELASTIC CARTILAGE TENDONS  CONNECT BONES TO MUSCLES HEAD—ROUNDED END WHICH EXTENDS FROM A CONSTRICTED PORTION AND FITS INTO A JOINT CONDYLE—SLIGHTLY ROUNDED PROJECTION FOR ARTICULATION WITH ANOTHER BONE SPINE—RELATIVELY SHARP PROJECTION FOR MUSCLE DESCRIPTIVE TERMS    ATTACHEMENT    TUBERCLE—SMALL ROUNDED PROJECTION FOR MUSCLE ATTACHMENT TUBEROSITY—LARGE ROUGH PROJECTION TO WHICH MUSCLES ATTACH FORAMEN—HOLE IN BONE IN WHICH VESSELS PASS THROUGH    FOSSA—SHALLOW OR HOLLOW PLACE IN A BONE SINUS—AIR FILLED CAVITY IN A BONE MEATUS—TUBE SHAPED OPENING IN A BONE THAT ALLOWS PASSAGE TO THE OUTSIDE THE DIVISION OF THE SKELETON  DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN SECTIONS  AXIAL  SKULL  SPINE  THORAX  HYOID BONE  APPENDICULAR  UPPER EXTREMETIES  LOW ER EXTREMETIES THE AXIAL SKELETON  SPINE  CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF SEPARATE BONED CALLED VEREBRAE  DIVIDED INTO REGIONS  CERVICAL—SUPPORTS THE NECK  THORACIC—RIBS ARE ATTACHED TO THESE  LUMBAR—FORMS THE SMALL OF THE BACK  SACRUM—FIVE SEPARATE BONES AS A CHILD THEM FUSE AS W E MATURE  COCCYX—THREE SEPARATE BONES AS A CHILD THEN FUSE AS W E MATURE  IRREGULAR SMALL SHAPED BONES RIBS   PAIRED TWO TYPES  TRUE RIBS BONE.  TRUE RIBS ARE ATTACHED TO THE STERNUM  THE STERNUM IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE BREAST  FLOATING OR FALSE RIBS  NOT ATTACHED TO THE STERNUM  ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE RIBS THE SKULL  DIVIDED INTO THREE SECTIONS    THE CRANIUM THE FACE THE EAR THE EAR      CONSISTS OF THREE BONES THE MALLEUS  A HAMMER SHAPED BONE INCUS OR ANVIL STAPES  A STIRRUP SHAPED BONE WHAT DO YOU THINK THE FUNCTION IS OF THESE BONES? PARTS OF THE EAR  THE ANSWERS  anvil - (also called the incus) a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup. cochlea - a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure; it is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause a nerve impulse to form. eardrum - (also called the tympanic membrane) a thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it. Eustachian tube - a tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. When you "pop" your ears as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear. hammer - (also called the malleus) a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil. nerves - these carry electro-chemical signals from the inner ear (the cochlea) to the brain. outer ear canal - the tube through which sound travels to the eardrum. pinna - (also called the auricle) the visible part of the outer ear. It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal semicircular canals - three loops of fluid-filled tubes that are attached to the cochlea in the inner ear. They help us maintain our sense of balance. stirrup - (also called the stapes) a tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long). THE CRANIUM   CONSISTS OF EIGHT BONES FRONTAL   1 BONE FORMS THE FOREHEAD  PARIETAL   2 BONES LOCATED ON THE TOP SIDE OF THE HEAD  OCCIPITAL    1 BONE FORMS THE BASE OF THE SKULL FORAMEN MAGNUM IS LOCATED HERE. THIS FORAMEN ALLOWS THE SPINAL COLUMN TO ENTER THE SKULL  TEMPORAL  2 BONES  LOCATED ON THE LOWER  LANDMARKS  MASTOID PROCESS  EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL  STYLOID PROCESS SIDES OF THE CRANIUM  SPHENOID    1 BONE FORMS THE CENTRAL PART OF THE CRANIUM OFTEN REFERED TO AS BAT WINGS    ETHMOID 1 BONE FORMS THE FLOOR OF CRANIUM, SIDEWALLS AND ROOF OF THE NOSE. LATERAL VIEW BONES OF THE FACE   14 BONES TOTAL—6 PAIRS AND 2 SINGLE BONES NASAL   2 BONES FORMS THE UPPER PART OF THE BRIDGE OF THE NOSE 2 BONES FORMS THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE UPPER JAW  MAXILLA    ZYGOMA OR ZYGOMATIC ARCH         2 BONES FORMS THE ORBIT ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE CHECK BONE 1 BONE “U” SHAPED FORMS THE LOWER JAW ONLY MOVABLE BONE IN THE SKULL MANDIBLE  LACRIMAL    2 SMALL BONES FORMS THE MEDIAL WALL OF THE EYE SOCKET THE SHAPE OF A SMALL FINGER NAIL 2 BONES FORMS THE POSTERIOR SECTION OF THE PALATE IF THE MAXILLA AND PALATINE BONES DON’T JOIN TOGETHER, THEN THE RESULT IS A CLEFT PALATE  PALATINE     INFERIOR CONCHA   2 BONES FORMS THE LEDGE ALONG THE SIDE WALL OF THE NOSE 1 BONE FORMS THE BACK PORTION OF THE SEPTUM  VOMER   LANDMARKS OF THE MAXILLARY ARCH        INCISIVE FORAMEN—LOCATED BEHIND TEETH NUMBERS 8 AND 9 PALATINE PROCESS OF THE MAXILLA MIDPALATINE SUTURE TRANSVERSE PALATINE SUTURE GREATER PALATINE FROAMINA LESSER PALATINE FORAMINA PALATINE BONE  MAXILLA BONE INFERIOR VIEW OF THE SKULL LANDMARKS OF THE MANDIBLE            SIGMOID NOTCH CONDYLOID PROCESS RAMUS—FORMS THE VERTICAL PORTION OF THE MANDIBLE ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE EXTERNAL OBLIQUE RIDGE BORDER OF THE MANDIBLE MENTAL FORAMEN CORONOID PROCESS MANDIBULAR FORAMEN RETROMOLAR AREA INTERNAL OBLIQUE RIDGE THE MANDIBLE   CONSISTS OF 126 BONES SCAPULA AND CLAVICLE   THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON SHOULDER BLADE AND THE COLLAR BONE SERVES AS “JOINTS FOR THE ARMS   HUMERUS RADIUS—THUMB SIDE OF THE LOWER ARM ULNA—”PINKIE” SIDE OF ARM FEMUR—LONGEST BONE IN THE BODY TIBIA—LOWER LEG FIBULA—SMALLER OF THE TWO BONES IN THE LOWER LEG PHLANGES—FINGERS AND TOES THE ONLY UNATTACHED BONE IN THE BODY DOES NOT OCCLUDE WITH ANOTHER BONE LOCATED IN THE NECK REGION SERVES AS A MUSCLE ATTACHMENT.      THE HYOID BONE       THREE MAIN TYPES SYNARTHROSES  JOINTS NO MOVEMENT  FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWS BETWEEN ARTICULATING BONES  PREVIOUSLY REFERRED TO AS SUTURES  AMPHIARTHROSES  SLIGHT MOVEMENT  CARTILAGE CONNECTS ARTICULATING BONES  EXAMPLES INCLUDES THE PELVIC JOINT  DIARTHROSES    AND SOCKET  HINGE  PIVOT  SADDLE  GLIDING  CONDYLOID  BALL FREE MOVEMENT MOST JOINTS BELONG TO THIS CLASSIFICATION 6 MAIN TYPES OF DIARTHROSES     JOINT CAPSULE AND LIGAMENTS HOLD ADJOINING BONES TOGETHER BUT PERMIT MOVEMENT AT JOINT ARTICULAR CARTILAGE—COVERS JOINT ENDS OF BONES AND ABSORBS JOLTS SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE –LINES JOINT CAPSULE AND SEVRETED LUBRICATING FLUID JOINT CAVITY—SPACE BETWEEN JOINT ENDS OF BONES STRUCTURES OF FREELY MOVING JOINTS THE TEMPORAMANDIBULAR JOINT   ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE TMJ THIS JOINT IS THE ARTICULATION BETWEEN THE TEMPORAL   AND MANDIBLE BONES CONSISTS OF 2 JOINTS THAT FUNCTION AS ONE FUNCTIONS OPEN AND CLOSING OF THE MOUTH  SIDE TO SIDE MOVEMENT    GLENOID FOSSA—LOCATED ON THE TEMPORAL BONE ARTICULAR DISC—SMALL CARTILAGE-LIKE PAD MADE OF COLLAGEN TISSUE LANDMARKS OF THE TMJ SYNOVIAL CAVITIES—SURROUNDS THE ARTICULARDISC. THIS IS COVERED WITH EPITHELIUM TISSUE THAT SECRETES SYNOVIAL FLUID. THIS ALLOWS THE SURFCES TO RUB OVER ONE ANOTHER WITHOUT IRRITATION  THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENTTHEN SURROUNDS THE ENTIRE AREA. THIS LIGAMENT PREVENTS THE MANDIBLE FROM SLIPPING EITHER LATERALLY OR OUT OF THE JOINT  ARTICULAR EMINENCE—FINAL LANDMARK. ONCE THE CONDYLE MOVES PAST THIS LANDMARK, A DISLOCATION HAS OCCURRED.  SKELETAL DISORDERS  BONE CANCERS   MAY BE EITHER BENIGN OR MALIGNANT WILL BE FOUND IN THE BONE, CARTILAGE OR FIBROUD TISSUE  METABOLIC BONE DISEASES  OSTEOPOROSIS  ONE OF THE MOST COMMON AND SERIOUS BONE DISEASES  CAUSED BY AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF CALCIUM AND COLLAGEN  MORE COMMON IN WOMEN THEN MEN SHORTLY AFTER MENOPAUSE. AS BOTH GROUPS AGE, THEN IT IS SEEN AS FREQUENTLY IN BOTH GROUPS  MORE FREQUENTLY SEEN IN OLDER WHITE WOMEN WHO ARE SLENDER OR OF SLIGHT BUILT  CREATES A DANGEROUS PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION RESULTING IN SPONTANEOUS FRACTURES THE LOOK OF OSTEOPOROSIS  OSTEOMALACIA   SOFTENING OF BONE FROM LOSS OF MINERAL BUT NOT VOLUME IN BONE MATRIX IN CHILDREN IT IS CALLED RICKETS OSTEITIS DEFORMANS ABNORAML BONE REMODELING IN WHICH SPONGY BONE IS REPLACED BY DISORGANIZED, EXCESSIVE MATRIX  PAGET DISEASE   OSTEOMALACIA BONE INFECTION  OSTEOMYELITIS      INFECTION IN THE BONE USUALLY CAUSED BY THE STAPHYLOCOCCUS BACTERIA. MAY ALSO BE CAUSED BY VIRUSES, FUNGI AND OTHER PATHOGENS TREATED WITH I & D OF THE INFECTION SITE ALONG WITH ANTIBIOTICS CAN BE LIFE THREATENING BONE FRACTURES   THE BREAKING OR RUPTURING OF A BONE FOUR MAIN TYPES   OPEN OR COMPOUND-THE BONE PIERCES THE SKIN INCITING THE POSSIBILITY OF AN INFECTION CLOSED OR SIMPLE FRACTURES DO NOT PIERCE THE SKIN. COMPLETE FRACTURES-THE BONE FRAGMENT SEPARATES COMPLETELY INCOMPLETE FRACTURES-THE FRAGMENT ARE STILL PARTIALLY JOINED    FRACTURE LINES   LINEAR  TRANSVERSE  OBLIQUE CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR ANGLE RELATIVE TO A BONE’S AXIS   NONINFLAMMATORY JOINT DISEASE DOES NOT USUALLY INVOLVE INFLAMMATION OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE TWO TYPES   FRACTURE OF THE ANKLE JOINT DISORDERS OSTEOARTHRITIS-DEGENERATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE TRAUMATIC INJURIES:DISLOCATION OF ARTICULAR SURFACES OFTEN REFERRED TO AS SUBLUXATION; DAMAGE INVOLVING LIGAMENTS IS REFERRED TO AS A SPRAIN. KNEE JOINT DISLOCATION TMJ DISLOCATION  Posterior Disc Dislocation - Usually no noise - Can't close fully - Teeth don't meet in posterior - May "lock" half open - Painful to open and close fully    INFLAMMANTORY JOINT DISEASE (ARTHRITIS) INFLAMMATION OF SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE WITH SYSTEMIC SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS. THREE TYPES  RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS-AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATION OF SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE AND OTHER STRUCTURES; JUVENILE FORM IS ESPECIALLY SEVERE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS GOUTY ARTHRITIS-SYNOVIAL INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY GOUT, A CONDITION IN WHICH SODIUM URATE CRYSTALS FORM IN JOINTS AND OTHER TISSUES  INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS-RESULTING FROM INFECTION BY A  PATHOGEN, AS IN LYME ARTHRITIS CAUSED BY THE LYME DISEASE BACTERIUM TMJ DISORDERS  A patient may experience a disease process associated with one or both of the TMJs or a temporomandibular disorder (TMD). TMD is a complex disorder involving Many factors such as:  Stress  Clenching  Bruxism THE SINUSES  FUNCTIONS      WARMS THE AIR WE BREATHE FILTERS THE AIR WE BREATHE HUMIDIFIES THE AIR WE BREATHE MAKES SPEECH POSSIBLE BY ADDING TONES MAKES THE HEAD LIGHTER  LOCATION     FRONTAL MAXILLARY SPHENOIDAL ETHMOIDAL SINUSITIS MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE IF IT IS A PERIAPICAL INFECTION OR SINUSITIS  DISEASE OF CONCERN  