functions of the digestive system

Medical Health Pathway & Science @ West Hills High School Anatomy & PHYSIOLOGY Digestive System List and define the functions of the digestive system. Describe where chemical and physical digestion occurs. Describe the layers of the alimentary tube wall (the tunics), note the composition of each. Explain how food moves through the alimentary tube (or canal). (peristalsis & segmentation & excretion) Describe the swallowing reflex. (buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal phases) Know the functions & location of the major salivary glands. Name the components and functions of gastric juice. Define the following terms: Mastication mucins peristalsis Bolus chyme emulsification Understand the functions and secretions of the following cell types: Serous cells parietal cells enteroendocrine cells Mucous cell chief cells Goblet cell epithelial cells Understand the functions of the following enzymes and where each come from: Amylase nucleases lactase Lipase peptidases sucrase trypsin(ogen) chymotrypsin maltase Pepsin(ogen) (pro)carboxypeptidase Explain how the structure of the small intestines helps in absorption. Explain how the duodenum gets help in digestion from the liver, gall bladder & pancreas. Explain why the digestive enzymes do not digest the cells that secrete them. List and understand the major functions of the liver. Explain how the liver “cleans” the blood of the microorganisms and worn out RBC’s. List and understand the functions of the major components of bile. Describe the following disorders of the digestive system: Peritonitis gallstones vomiting (emisis) nausea Heart burn jaudice ulcer (peptic, gastric & duodenal) Hepatitis (A & B,C,D,E) anorexia (a. nervosa) bulimia dyspepsia Medical Health Pathway & Science @ West Hills High School Urinary System Be able to describe the functions of the urinary system. Describe the path of flow of urine through the urinary system. Be able to describe the blood supply to, within and from the kidneys. Describe the structure and function of the nephron. Be able to trace filtrate through the nephron. Describe and differentiate the renal medulla and the renal cortex. Explain how ADH regulates the blood composition by affecting the kidneys. Explain the functions of rennin. Explain how urine is formed. Identify the components of the urinary system and the kidney from cat*, model or diagram: Kidney* capsule* Minor & major calyx Hilus* cortex* papilla of pyramid Medulla* pelvis* lobe Renal pyramids nephron renal column Identify the components of the nephron from models and diagrams. Glomerulus distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct Bowmans capsule loop of Henle Identify the components of the bladder* and urethra*. Ureter* detrusor muscle Internal & external sphincter trigone Transitional epithelium (slide) rugae Identify the main branches of arteries and veins in the kidney: Renal (vein/artery) afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries Segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular arteries Interlobular, arcuate, interlobar veins Medical Health Pathway & Science @ West Hills High School Endocrine Describe the different types of hormones. Be able to give examples of each. Be able to describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. Its structure and how it functions. Explain, in general, how these hormones work and are transported. Compare exocrine and endocrine glands. For each of the following glands: 1) name all major hormones produced (see last page) 2) give a brief function of each hormone 3) know, identify the gland’s location (*on cat) hypothalamus ovary* parathyroid thyroid* thymus* adrenal cortex* pancreas* testes* anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) pineal gland Describe the following health applications: Type I diabetes mellitus Type II diabetes mellitus Grave’s disease hypo- / hyperthyroidism diabetes insipidus goiter Medical Health Pathway & Science @ West Hills High School Reproductive System Know the hormones involves with reproduction and where they are produced. Understand the general hormonal and anatomical changes that occur during pregnancy. Identify the following structures from a model, diagram, or cat* and know their general functions: Male Testis* Scrotum Seminiferous tubule Epididymis Ductus deferens (vas deferens)* Seminal vesicle Bulbourethral gland Penis Glans penis Inguinal ring Prostrate gland Ejaculatory cord* Spermatic cord* Corpora cavernosum Corpus spongiosum Female infundibulum ovary* vagina fimbriae uterine (fallopian) tube* cervix broad ligament labium majora labium minora clitoris uterus* mons pubis vulva vaginal and urethral orifices hymen Mammary glands Understand the functions and be able to identify these structures from slides or modles. Testes: seminiferour tubules, intersititial cells, sertoli cells Spermatids Sperm: spermatocyte, head, acrosome, midpiece, tail Ovary: follicles (primary, secondary, Graafian), oocyte, corpus luteum, corpus albicans Corona radiata Uterine wall: endometrium, myometrium, serosa (perimetrium) Placenta Medical Health Pathway & Science @ West Hills High School Gland Pineal Gland – Melatonin Hormones Hypothalamus – releasing & inhibiting hormones for anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) 1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 2. Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) 3. Leutinizing hormone (LH) 4. Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) 5. Growth hormone 6. Prolactin (PRL) 7. Melanocyte Stimulating hormone (MSH) 1. Oxytocin 2. vasopressin or Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) Parathyroid – Parathyroid hormone Thyroid – The thyroid hormones (TH): 1. Triiodothyronine (T3) 2. Tetraiodothyronine (T4) Thymus – Thymosin (combo of several different hormones) Adrenal cortex 1. Glucocorticoids (dominant = cortisol) 2. Mineralocorticoids (dominant = aldosterone) 3. Sex Hormones (especially androgens) 1. Insulin 2. Glucagon 3. Somatostatin Sex hormones – dominated by androgens, especially testosterone Pancreas - Testes - Ovary - 1. Sex hormones – dominated by estrogens, especially estradiol- 17 Chorion – Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) – first maternal- fetal connection Placenta - 1. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) – the 1 st trimester 2. Progesterone – the 2 nd & 3rd trimesters