liberate_htmlref

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Overview . . . Variations Attributes . . . align . . layer . . style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 . 37 . 37 . 37 . 37 . 38

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Overview . . . Font Sizing Variations . Attributes . . . color . . face . . . size . . . Overview . . . Variations . Attributes . . . action . . enctype . method . name . . target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 41 43 43 43 43 44 44 46 46 46 47 47 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 52 53 53 53 54 55 56 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Overview . . . . . . . . . . Variations . . . . . . . . Attributes . . . . . . . . . . bordercolor, frameborder . . marginheight, marginwidth . name . . . . . . . . . noresize . . . . . . . . scrolling . . . . . . . . src . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . Variations . . . . . . . . . . Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . background . . . . . . . . . border, bordercolor, frameborder . cols . . . . . . . . . . . . overscan . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS JANUARY 2002 Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 align . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Overview . . . Attributes . . . align . . noshade . size . . width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 . 58 . 58 . 58 . 58 . 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Overview . . . . . . Transparency . . Images as Buttons Variations . . . Attributes . . . . . . align . . . . . alt . . . . . . border . . . . height, width . . hspace, vspace . ismap . . . . . layer . . . . . lowsrc . . . . name . . . . . src . . . . . . usemap . . . . Overview . . . . . . Variations . . . Input Types . . . . . type="button". . type="checkbox" type="file" . . . type="hidden" . type="image" . . type="password" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 . 60 . 60 . 61 . 61 . 61 . 62 . 63 . 63 . 63 . 64 . 64 . 65 . 65 . 65 . 66 . 67 . 68 . 68 . 68 . 69 . 70 . 70 . 71 . 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM vii type="radio" type="reset" . type="submit" type="text" . Attributes . . . . align . . . bgcolor . . border . . . checked . . disabled . . maxlength . name . . . nocursor . . readonly . . size . . . . src . . . . value . . . Overview . . . Variations . Attributes . . . prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 76 76 76 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Overview . Attributes . type value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 83 83 83 84 84 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Overview . . . Variations . Attributes . . . charset . href . . . rel . . . rev . . . type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii TABLE OF CONTENTS JANUARY 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 compact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Overview . . . Variations Attributes . . . content . history . http-equiv initialfocus name . . scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 . 86 . 87 . 87 . 87 . 87 . 91 . 92 . 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 <noscript> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 <ol> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Overview . . . Attributes . . . compact . start . . type . . Overview . . . Attributes . . . disabled . selected . value . . Overview . . . Variations Attributes . . . align . . layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 . 97 . 97 . 97 . 98 . 98 . 99 . 99 . 99 . 99 . 99 100 100 100 100 <option> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 <p>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM ix <param> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Overview . . . Variations . Attributes . . . name . . value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 101 101 101 101 <plaintext> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 <pre> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Overview . . . Variations . Attributes . . . wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 103 103 103 <s> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 <samp> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 <script> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Overview . . . Variations . Attributes . . . language . src . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 104 105 105 105 <scrollstop> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 <select> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Overview . . . . . . . . . . TV Navigator Enhancements Variations . . . . . . . . Attributes . . . . . . . . . . align . . . . . . . . . background . . . . . . . bgcolor . . . . . . . . disabled . . . . . . . . multiple . . . . . . . . name . . . . . . . . . popupbg . . . . . . . . popupdirection . . . . . selbgcolor . . . . . . . seltext . . . . . . . . . size . . . . . . . . . . text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 107 108 109 109 109 109 109 109 110 110 110 111 111 111 111 <small> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 x TABLE OF CONTENTS JANUARY 2002 <spacer> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Overview . . . . Variations . Attributes . . . . align . . . height, width size . . . type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 113 113 113 113 113 113 <strike> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 <strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 <sub> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 <sup> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 <table> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . Table Structure . . . . . . Table Position and Size . . . Color Layering in Tables . . . HTML Error Correction . . . Variations . . . . . . . . Dynamic Tables . . . . . . . . Limitations on Content . . . Font Attributes of Cells . . . Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . align . . . . . . . . . . background . . . . . . . bgcolor . . . . . . . . . border, cellpadding, cellspacing cols . . . . . . . . . . dynamiccols . . . . . . . frame . . . . . . . . . . height, width . . . . . . . highlightable . . . . . . . hspace, vspace . . . . . . layer . . . . . . . . . . name . . . . . . . . . . rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 117 117 119 120 120 120 120 121 122 122 122 122 122 124 124 125 126 126 126 127 127 128 <td> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM xi Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . align . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . behavior, direction, loop, scrollamount, scrolldelay bgcolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . colspan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . focusable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . height, width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . highlightable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nowrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rowspan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scrollamount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scrolldelay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . valign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . Variations . Attributes . . . bgcolor . cols . . . disabled . focusable . name . . rows . . wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 130 130 131 132 132 133 133 133 134 135 135 135 136 136 136 137 138 138 138 139 139 139 139 140 140 <textarea> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <title> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 <tr> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Overview . . Attributes . . align . bgcolor valign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 141 141 141 142 <tt> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 <u> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 <ul> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Overview . . . Variations . Attributes . . . compact . type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 144 145 145 145 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS JANUARY 2002 <var> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 <wbr> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 <xmp> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Chapter 3: Event Handlers 147 Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Attributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 onabort . . . onblur . . . onchange . . onclick . . . onerror . . . onfocus . . . onkeyout . . onload . . . onmouseout . onmouseover . onnavigate . . onreset . . . onselect . . . onsubmit . . onunload . . onvisible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 148 148 148 148 148 149 149 149 149 149 150 150 150 150 150 Chapter 4: Using Color link, alink, vlink bgcolor . . . color . . . . text . . . . 151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 152 152 152 Color Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 . . . . . . . . . . . . Hexadecimal RGB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Color Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Transparent Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM xiii Chapter 5: Content Data Types Text Formats 159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 text/plain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 text/html . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 audio/aiff, audio/x-aiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 audio/basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 audio/wav, audio/x-wav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Audio Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Image and Video Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 image/gif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 image/jpeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 image/png . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Other Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 application/x-javascript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 application/x-shockwave-flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Chapter 6: Protocols 165 Protocols for TV and Broadcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 tv: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 mcast: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 goto: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Standard Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 http: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 https: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 javascript: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Unsupported Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Chapter 7: Playing Sounds Chapter 8: Playing Flash Movies Attributes . . . . base . . . bgcolor . . highlightable loop . . . name . . . 173 175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 176 176 177 177 177 <embed> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS JANUARY 2002 play . . . pluginspage quality . . salign . . . scale . . . src . . . . ui . . . . width, height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 178 178 178 179 179 179 180 Chapter 9: Character Sets 181 Basic HTML Character Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM xv xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS JANUARY 2002 Introduction CHAPTERS 1 Liberate uses the standards of the Internet to deliver interactive capabilities to a variety of information appliances, all of which have three things in common: they’re inexpensive; they’re easy to use; and they perform just a few functions superbly. These three characteristics will change the way people think about the Internet. LIBERATE TV NAVIGATOR Liberate TV Navigator™ is not something you can buy on a store shelf. It is middleware that service providers, like cable and satellite operators, customize and then provide on STBs (settop boxes) for their customers. Liberate makes several versions of TV Navigator: • Liberate TV Navigator Standard, versions 1.2 and 1.3 (high-performance STBs with HTML 3.2 and JavaScript 1.1) • Liberate TV Navigator Standard, version 1.5 (double-byte capability for Asian languages with HTML 3.2 and JavaScript 1.1) • Liberate TV Navigator Compact, version 3.0 (basic STB’s with HTML “microBrowser” and “microVM” for Java™ applications) The version of TV Navigator you develop for depends on the architecture of the service provider’s network and the type of set-top box your audience uses. This book serves as a guide and a reference to HTML-based content for the Liberate TV Navigator Platform. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Liberate TV Navigator 1 ANATOMY OF AN HTML ELEMENT Figure 1 shows an HTML element as it is presented in this book: Element name Element usage Supported versions <body> USAGE: s1 yes <body attributes>...[</body>] background="URL" bgcolor="color" layer=["background" | "foreground"] link="color" text="color" overscan=["left" | "top" | "right" | "bottom" | "all" | "none"] onfocus="JavaScript" onblur="JavaScript" onerror="JavaScript" onload="JavaScript" onunload="JavaScript" onkeyout="JavaScript" onvisible="JavaScript" c3 yes Available attributes (documented in a following section) Event-handler attributes (documented as a group in a later chapter) ATTRIBUTES: EVENT HANDLERS: General discussion Overview The BODY element holds the content that will be displayed on the TV screen. In TV Navigator, BODY has the additional attribute OVERSCAN that lets you specify if and how content spreads into the background of the page. The event-handling attributes of the BODY element actually apply to the window object associated with the document. Those attributes are not documented here. For more information, refer to “Event Handlers” on page 161. Implementation details Attribute reference for this element Variations The event-handling attributes of BODY are not supported by TV Navigator Compact. Attributes Figure 1: HTML Element The book uses the following method to describe HTML elements. • The element name, in this case “<body>” appears in the heading, surrounded by left- and right-angle brackets. In text, the element appears as “BODY.” • To the far right of the element name, on the same line, is a shorthand reference to the versions of TV Navigator that support this element: — “s1” indicates TV Navigator Standard 1.2, 1.3, and 1.5. — “c3” indicates TV Navigator Compact 3.0 microBrowser. 2 Anatomy of an HTML Element CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION JANUARY 2002 After the version code is a statement indicating the level of support: — — — — “yes” indicates full support for this element. “no” indicates no support for this element. “only” indicates only the named version supports this element. “partial” indicates partial support for this element. • “USAGE” provides a shorthand description of how to use the element in HTML code. Optional components are shown in italic. For example: “attributes”. If an attribute is required, it will (generally) be shown inside the opening tag. Otherwise, the required attribute is mentioned in the “Overview” section. Some HTML elements require end tags, some forbid end tags, while others have optional end tags. Proper usage is as follows: — No end tag shown means an end tag is forbidden — An end tag shown means an end tag is required (for example: “</strong>”). — An end tag in square brackets means an end tag is optional, (for example: “[</body>]”). • “ATTRIBUTES” provides a list of the attributes unique to this element, and a shorthand description of how to use the attribute in HTML code. In online versions of this document, a blue attribute name indicates a hyperlink to the description of that attribute. All attributes listed under this heading are described thoroughly in a following section. • “EVENT HANDLERS” provides a list of event-handling attributes that may be used with this element. These attributes apply only to versions of TV Navigator Standard, not to TV Navigator Compact nor to TV Navigator Micro Edition. All event handlers listed under this heading are described thoroughly in a later chapter. • “Overview” gives a complete description of how and why to use the element, often with code samples, and references to related elements and attributes. This section may include optional subsections. • “Variations” is a subsection of “Overview,” and notes how the different releases of TV Navigator implement the HTML element. • “Attributes” provides a complete description of the unique attributes for this element. Some elements may refer to attributes in other element descriptions. Refer to the following section for how to read the attribute descriptions. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Anatomy of an HTML Element 3 ANATOMY OF AN HTML ATTRIBUTE Figure 2 shows a sample of an HTML attribute as it is presented in this book. Attribute name(s) Italics indicate a parameter name A vertical bar (“|”) indicates a choice of values border, bordercolor, frameborder Attribute usage General discussion SYNOPSIS: border="pixels" bordercolor="color" frameborder=["yes" | "no"] DESCRIPTION: For clarity, adjacent frames usually need to be separated by a border, so TV Navigator honors the BORDER attribute of the FRAMESET element. However, to keep the border from taking up too much room, its width is limited to a maximum of 5 pixels. If the BORDER attribute is set to a value greater than 5, a border 5 pixels wide will be displayed. ... Implementation details VARIATIONS: These attributes are not supported in TV Navigator Compact. Figure 2: HTML Attribute The book uses the following method to describe the attributes of HTML elements: • The attribute name, in this case “border,” appears in the heading. In text, the attribute appears as “BORDER.” If the description applies to more than one attribute, the applicable attributes are listed in the heading. • “SYNOPSIS” provides a shorthand description of how to use the attribute in HTML code. These are the conventions used in this section: "pixels" Italic text in quotes indicates a parameter. "yes" Plain text in quotes indicates a literal string. ["yes" | "no"] Separation of literal strings and/or parameters by a vertical bar (“|”) indicates a choice of values. • “DESCRIPTION” gives a complete description of how and why to use the attribute(s), often with code samples, and references to related elements and attributes. 4 Anatomy of an HTML Attribute CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION JANUARY 2002 • “VARIATIONS” (optional) notes how the different releases of TV Navigator implement the HTML element. • “SEE ALSO” (optional) provide a direct reference to another element or attribute description. FONT CONVENTIONS This book uses the following additional font conventions in text: Category HTML elements and attributes Literal strings Type Style fixed-width, small caps (blue for hyperlinks) plain text in quotation marks Examples BODY BGCOLOR “640” “darkcyan” “audio/wav” “#00FFFF” findChannel() true Document MimeType ProgramStream TvChannel setName(string name, boolean flag) max-age=seconds <body bgcolor="color" . . .> send(object netEvent, string options) var netter = new NetRequest(); <td focusable="true"> for ( i=0; i < length; i++ ) <a name="marker"></a> Java and JavaScript API elements Object classes bold and sans-serif (but plain text and sansserif in tables) plain text and capitalized Arguments to JavaScript functions and other variables Code examples italic and sans-serif fixed-width font File and path names, URLs, protocol names, and key names italic waterfalls.jpg /food/dairy/cheese/italian.html tv: http://www.somesite.com/dir Enter, Control+J, Escape JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Font Conventions 5 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL This book is divided into topic-based chapters. Chapters devoted strictly to reference material are presented alphabetically. The chapters and appendixes are as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction The chapter that you’re now reading. Chapter 2: HTML Reference A complete alphabetical reference to all HTML elements used by the different versions of TV Navigator. Each element contains an alphabetical reference of its unique attributes. Chapter 3: Event Handlers An alphabetical reference to all event-handler attributes used by TV Navigator Standard. Chapter 4: Using Color A reference to methods for specifying color in TV Navigator. This chapter includes a color chart showing the 140 named Netscape colors supported by TV Navigator. Chapter 5: Content Data Types A listing of all the MIME media types that TV Navigator handles. Chapter 6: Protocols The protocol section references all public protocols that can be used in URLs understood by TV Navigator, including tv: and mcast:. Chapter 7: Playing Sounds A brief overview of using sound in TV Navigator. Chapter 8: Playing Flash Movies A brief overview of using Macromedia Flash movies in TV Navigator. This chapter discusses only HTML features of Flash movies. JavaScript features are discussed in the Liberate JavaScript API Reference. Chapter 9: Character Sets A reference to supported character sets. 6 Organization of This Manual CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION JANUARY 2002 HTML Reference CHAPTERS 2 This chapter provides a complete reference to HTML elements and attributes supported by the current versions of Liberate TV Navigator. Additional attributes that are common to many elements are presented in other chapters: • Event Handling Attributes, Chapter 3 • Color Attributes, Chapter 4 Refer to the previous chapter for a guide to how these element and attribute descriptions are presented. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 7 <a> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <a href="URL" attributes>...</a> <a name="name" attributes>...</a> highlightable=["true" | "false"] href="URL" left="name"; right="name"; up="name"; down="name" name="string" target="frameName" rel="relationship" rev="relationship" onclick="JavaScript" onmouseover="JavaScript" onmouseout="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview The A anchor element creates hyperlink pointers and destinations. Create an anchor by surrounding content (text and/or images) with opening and closing <a> tags. To make the anchor a link, add an HREF attribute to the opening tag. For example, the following code inserts a hyperlink into a section of text: To learn more <a href="http://www.river.com/index.htm">click here.</a> To create a destination for a link, name the anchor with a NAME attribute. For example, this code in index.htm creates a named anchor: <a name="anc_01">Information for visitors arriving from the other page...</a> Link to this named anchor by adding a hashmark (#) plus the NAME attribute of the anchor to the HREF attribute URL parameter. For example: To learn more <a href="http://www.river.com/index.htm#anc_01"> click here.</a> If you are linking to a destination in the same document, you can omit the URL portion before the hashmark. The A anchor element can accept both HREF and NAME attributes on the same opening tag, and can therefore function as both a link and a destination. 8 <a> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Link Appearance The default color of hyperlinks is “blue” unless you change the LINK attribute of BODY to use a different color. Links are not underlined in TV Navigator, contrary to the behavior of PC browsers. Variations TV Navigator Compact supports additional attributes that can alter the behavior of the focus rectangle as it moves from link to link. For more information, refer to the LEFT attribute of the A element. Attributes highlightable SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: highlightable=["true" | "false"] Indicates whether or not the focus rectangle will automatically highlight a link anchor when it’s the focus of the user’s attention. Only anchors with HREF attributes—link sources, not destinations—are focusable and can be highlighted. If the HIGHLIGHTABLE attribute is omitted, listed without a value, or set to “true”, the link can be highlighted. However, if set to “false”, the focus rectangle will not be drawn. For example, you could use highlightable="false" to display a “bug” over the TV picture without a distracting highlight. A “bug” is a small, semitransparent graphic that overlays the full-screen TV image and generally resides in one corner of the screen. Pressing the Enter key selects the link associated with the bug. This kind of display can be used to notify the viewer of an incoming mail message, or to signal the presence of an enhanced television (eTV or ATVEF) program enhancement. The “bug” should be the only focusable element the user sees. In other words, a page that sets highlightable="false" should contain only one focusable element so that highlighting is not needed to indicate where the focus lies. The HIGHLIGHTABLE attribute can also be set dynamically from JavaScript as a property of the Link object. For more information, refer to the Content Developer’s Reference. AVAILABILITY: Not available in TV Navigator Compact. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <a> 9 href SYNOPSIS: href="URL" href="[URL]+[#]+[name]" The HREF attribute makes the anchor a hypertext link. It points to a document at the destination URL parameter. To specify an anchor as the destination of the link, use the second form above, which appends a hashmark and the name of the anchor to the URL parameter. If no HREF is specified, the A anchor element can only function as an anchor. Additionally, for those platforms that support JavaScript, the URL parameter can use the javascript: protocol to execute a JavaScript statement. For example: <a href=javascript:alert("Clicked")>Click Me</a> DESCRIPTION: VARIATIONS: In TV Navigator Compact, the URL must be fully qualified, with http: protocol and document name. For example, this A element will not work: <a href="www.liberate.com">Liberate</a> This is the correct, fully-qualified version: <a href="http://www.liberate.com/index.html">Liberate</a> left, right, up, down SYNOPSIS: left="name" right="name" up="name" down="name" These attributes explicitly define the behavior of the focus rectangle when it is on an A anchor element. For the name parameter, use the NAME of another A anchor element (or AREA element in an image map) on the page. When the left, right, up, or down key is pressed on the remote or the keyboard, the focus rectangle moves onto the named link for the direction. Available in TV Navigator Compact only. DESCRIPTION: AVAILABILITY: 10 <a> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="string" Provides a name for the A anchor element so that it can serve as a destination for a hyperlink. It also provides a way to identify the element in JavaScript. rel SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: AVAILABILITY: rel="relationship" Refer to the attribute descriptions of the LINK element. Not available in TV Navigator Compact. rev SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: AVAILABILITY: rev="relationship" Refer to the attribute descriptions of the LINK element. Not available in TV Navigator Compact. target SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: target="frameName" The TARGET attribute designates the name of the frame where the content named in the HREF attribute will be loaded. For information about identifying frames by name, refer to the FRAME element. TV Navigator gives the following TARGET values special meaning: _blank TV Navigator loads the content into the current window. Therefore, "_blank" is equivalent to "_top". This is different from the common behavior on PC browsers, which will load the content into a new window. _parent TV Navigator loads the content into the space defined by the current frame’s FRAMESET parent. This is effective only if the current frameset has been loaded inside another document’s frameset. Otherwise, the behavior is identical to "_top". JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <a> 11 _self TV Navigator replaces the content in the current frame with the new content. This is the default value of the TARGET attribute. _top TV Navigator replaces the current window (and any existing nested framesets) with the content. AVAILABILITY: Not available in TV Navigator Compact. <abbr> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 no c3 no <abbr>...</abbr> none The ABBR element marks abbreviations in document text. This element is ignored by TV Navigator. <acronym> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 no c3 no <acronym attributes>...</acronym> none The ACRONYM element marks acronyms in document text. This element is ignored by TV Navigator. <address> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <address>...</address> none The ADDRESS element marks a block of text as contact information. TV Navigator italicizes text enclosed in the ADDRESS element to distinguish it visually from surrounding text. Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. 12 <abbr> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <applet> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 no c3 yes <applet code="filename.class" attributes>...</applet> align="value" alt="text" archive="URL" code="filename.class" codebase="path" height="pixels" hspace="pixels" name="name" vspace="pixels" width="pixels" Overview The APPLET element embeds Java and Liberate microVM applets in Web pages (only for versions of TV Navigator with microVM). The APPLET element can contain 0 or more PARAM elements. Before the applet runs, TV Navigator passes the name/value pairs of the PARAM elements to the applet. The applet must be programmed to accept these values, otherwise the values are ignored. For example, this applet places a menu on the page, sets the background color, and turns off an optional animation feature: <applet code="menu.class"> <param name="bgcolor" value="black"> <param name="animation" value="off"> </applet> Variations • The APPLET element is not supported in TV Navigator Standard 1.x. • TV Navigator Compact 3.x supports only the CODE attribute. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <applet> 13 Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align="value" The ALIGN attribute dictates the position of the applet in relation to its surrounding text. The acceptable values for the ALIGN attribute of the APPLET element are identical to those for the ALIGN attribute of the IMG element. This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. AVAILABILITY: alt SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: alt="text" Text assigned to the ALT attribute displays only if the version of TV Navigator does not support Java applets. Those versions of TV Navigator that do not support Java applets will also display any text that is placed between the opening and closing <applet> tags. This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. AVAILABILITY: archive SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: AVAILABILITY: archive="URL" This attribute is not supported. This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. code, codebase SYNOPSIS: code="filename.class" codebase="path" These two attributes provide the directory path and name of the main class file. For example, the following HTML embeds an applet from the directory ../java/tictactoe named tictactoe.class: <applet code="tictactoe.class" codebase="../java/tictactoe/" width="120" height="120"></applet> DESCRIPTION: The CODE attribute is required for the APPLET element. AVAILABILITY: The CODEBASE attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. 14 <applet> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 height, width SYNOPSIS: height="pixels" width="pixels" Use the HEIGHT and WIDTH attributes to specify the size of the applet on the page. You cannot use zero or negative numbers. If the dimensions of the applet exceed the available space on the page, TV Navigator will automatically (and uniformly) scale the applet to prevent horizontal scrolling. This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. DESCRIPTION: AVAILABILITY: hspace, vspace SYNOPSIS: hspace="pixels" vspace="pixels" Use the HSPACE and VSPACE attributes to add a margin of empty (backgroundcolored) space between the applet and adjacent content. HSPACE adds a margin to the left and right of the applet; VSPACE does the same for the top and bottom of the applet. This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. DESCRIPTION: AVAILABILITY: name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="name" The NAME attribute identifies the applet for reference from JavaScript. For more information, refer to “Event Handlers” on page 147. This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. AVAILABILITY: vspace see hspace width see height JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <applet> 15 <area> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <area attributes eventhandlers> alt="text" coords="coordinates" href="URL" left="name"; right="name"; up="name"; down="name" name="string" nohref shape=["default" | "circle" | "poly" | "rect"] target="frameName" onclick="JavaScript" onmouseover="JavaScript" onmouseout="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview Use the AREA element in conjunction with IMG and MAP to create a selectable client-side image map. Each AREA element defines a “hotspot” with a shape type, size, and position, and a hypertext link for launching URLs or JavaScript statements. All the AREA elements for a particular image are enclosed by a MAP element with a defined NAME attribute. The image map is then associated with the image by defining the USEMAP attribute of the IMG element. The following code creates an image map over sheep.gif using three <area> tags with a circle, a rectangle, and a polygon: <img src="sheep.gif" width="144" height="119" usemap="#sheepmap"> <map name="sheepmap"> <area shape="circle" coords="33,36,40" href="sheephead.htm" target="bframe" alt="sheep head"> <area shape="rect" coords="46,78,120,117" href="sheeplegs.htm" alt="sheep legs" target="bframe"> <area shape="poly" coords="108,14,140,23,127,69" href="sheepdip.htm" target="bframe" alt="sheep dip"> </map> Figure 3 shows how the code applies the image map to sheep.gif. 16 <area> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <area shape="circle" coords="33,36,40" href="sheephead.htm"…> <area shape="poly" coords="108,14,140,23,127,69" href="sheepdip.htm"…> <area shape="rect" coords="46,78,120,117" href="sheeplegs.htm"…> <img src="sheep.gif"… usemap="#sheepmap"> Figure 3: Defining an Image Map Because TV is a mouseless environment, image maps should be used sparingly in TV Navigator. Users navigate pages by moving the yellow focus rectangle with the cursor keys, or by jumping the rectangle from link to link with the Tab key. When navigating this way, the entire image map is treated as though it were a single link. To activate the image map, the user must select the image (with the Enter key). The focus rectangle turns blue, and a mouse pointer appears on the image. The user moves the pointer pixel-bypixel with the cursor keys. If the pointer is over a hotspot when Enter is pressed, the link is launched. If the pointer is not over a hotspot when Enter is pressed, the image map is exited, the focus rectangle turns yellow, and link-to-link navigation returns. Variations TV Navigator Compact supports additional attributes that can alter the behavior of the focus rectangle as it moves from area to area. For more information, refer to the LEFT attribute of the AREA element. Attributes alt SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: alt="text" The ALT attribute provides a description of the image map’s hotspots for browsers that do not display graphics, or for browsers for the visually impaired. If your page will be viewed in environments other than TV Navigator, you should always provide ALT descriptions of the hotspots. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <area> 17 coords SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: coords="coordinates" The COORDS attribute defines the size and position of the AREA hotspots. Distances are measured in pixels from the upper-left corner of the image. When the SHAPE attribute is undefined or set to "rect" (the default value), it is a rectangle defined by the distance of the edges from the upper-left corner: <area shape="rect" coords="left,top,right,bottom"...> When the SHAPE attribute is set to "circle", you specify the x and y coordinates of the circle center, and the radius of the circle: <area shape="circle" coords="center-x,center-y,radius"...> When the SHAPE attribute is set to "poly" (polygon) , you specify the x and y coordinates of each point of the polygon: <area shape="poly" coords="x1,y1,x2,y2,...xn,yn"...> href, nohref SYNOPSIS: href="URL" nohref The HREF attribute associates a URL link with the defined area. You can use any TV Navigator-compatible URL, including javascript: pseudo-URLs. The NOHREF attribute deactivates the area. In TV Navigator Compact, the URL must be fully qualified, with http: protocol and document name. For example, this AREA element will not work: <area ... href="www.liberate.com">Liberate</a> DESCRIPTION: VARIATIONS: This is the correct, fully-qualified version: <area ... href="http://www.liberate.com/index.html">Liberate</a> 18 <area> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 left, right, up, down SYNOPSIS: left="name" right="name" up="name" down="name" These attributes explicitly define the behavior of the focus rectangle when it is on an AREA element. For the name parameter, use the NAME of another AREA or A element on the page. When the left, right, up, or down key is pressed on the remote or the keyboard, the focus rectangle moves onto the named link for the direction. Available in TV Navigator Compact only. DESCRIPTION: AVAILABILITY: name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="string" Provides a name for the AREA element, when identifying it as a destination from a LEFT, RIGHT, UP, or DOWN attribute. This attribute is not accessible from JavaScript. Available in TV Navigator Compact only. AVAILABILITY: shape SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: shape=["default" | "circle" | "poly" | "rect"] This attribute defines the shape of the hotspot. See the ALT attribute for more information. If no value is specified, TV Navigator assumes shape="rect". target SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: target="frameName" The TARGET attribute specifies which named frame will hold the content specified in the HREF attribute. For more information, refer to the NAME attribute of the FRAME element. Not available in TV Navigator Compact. AVAILABILITY: JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <area> 19 <b> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <b>...</b> none This text-formatting element renders enclosed text bold. If no bold variation exists for the font, or if the font is already bold, the element has no effect. Variation Bold is not supported on foreground layers in TV Navigator Compact. <base> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <base attributes> href="URL" target="frame" Overview The BASE element tells the browser where to find relative URLs with the HREF attribute. TV Navigator automatically determines the base of relative URLs from the URL of the currently loaded document, so this element is typically superfluous. You can override a document-wide TARGET setting by specifying TARGET for the individual A links. Use the BASE element inside the document HEAD. For example: <head> <base href="http://www.liberate.com/index.html" target="mainframe"> </head> Clicking a link to menu.htm on this page automatically retrieves the document at the full path http://www.liberate.com/menu.htm, and the document will load into the frame named “mainframe”. 20 <b> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Attributes href SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: href="URL" Defines the server path that will be used as the base URL. You must include a complete URL, with document filename. target SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: target="frame" Optionally, you can specify the destination frame for all links in the document with the TARGET attribute. <basefont> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <basefont attributes> color="color" face="fontname1, fontname2,..." size=["1"–"7" | "small" | "medium" | "large"] Overview The BASEFONT element sets the default font behavior for all text items in the document that follow it. It also affects the behavior of local formatting elements, such as FONT, B, and I. The BASEFONT element can appear as many times as necessary in a document, and can either replace or augment previously defined attributes. For example, a SIZE attribute can be declared in one <basefont> tag, and then a COLOR attribute can be declared later in the document: <body> Text... <basefont size="3"> Text... <basefont color="blue"> Text... </body> JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <basefont> 21 Variation The BASEFONT element is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. Attributes color SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: color="color" Declares the color of the following text. For more information about the COLOR attribute, refer to Chapter 4, “Using Color.” face SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: face="fontname1, fontname2,..." Declares a list of suggested fonts, in order of preference, to use for the following text. For more information about FACE, refer to the FACE attribute of FONT. size SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: size=["1"–"7" | "small" | "medium" | "large"] Declares the relative point size to use for the following text. For more information about SIZE, refer to the SIZE attribute of FONT. <bgsound> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <bgsound src="URL" attributes> loop=["infinite" | "number"] src="URL" Overview The BGSOUND element provides a way to play a sound file while the page is displayed. BGSOUND is an optional subelement of the HEAD element. For example: <head> <title>Annoying sound page</head> <bgsound src="mysounds/kaboom.wav"> </head> 22 <bgsound> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 When placed without the LOOP attribute, the sound is played only once. Background sounds have no visual presence on the page. For more information on sound, refer to Chapter 7, “Playing Sounds.” Variations The BGSOUND element is not supported by TV Navigator Compact. Additionally, sound playback is limited by the capabilities of the set-top box. If you plan on using the BGSOUND element, you must test the results on the target hardware. Attributes loop SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: loop=["infinite" | "number"] Sets the number of times to play the BGSOUND element. A value of "infinite" or "-1" repeats the sound indefinitely as long as the page is displayed. A value of "0" or "1", or no LOOP attribute (the default) plays the sound once. Any other positive integer for number causes the sound to be played the number of times, or until another page is displayed. src SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: src="URL" Sets the URL of the sound file. The file must be in one of the supported audio formats listed in Chapter 7, “Playing Sounds.” <big> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <big>...</big> none Increases the size of the enclosed text by moving up one value in the 1-7 scale. BIG elements can be nested for a cumulative effect. For more information on font sizing, refer to the SIZE attribute of FONT. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <big> 23 <blink> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 no c3 no <blink>...</blink> none The BLINK element is not supported by any version of TV Navigator. <blockquote> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <blockquote attributes>...</blockquote> cite="URL" Overview BLOCKQUOTE is a body-structuring element that marks a block of text as an extended quote. To visually distinguish blockquotes from the surrounding text, TV Navigator adds a 30 pixel margin to the left, top, and bottom of the block. It is important to note that because BLOCKQUOTE generates a carriage return to start a new line for the quote, it automatically terminates the opening tag of a P paragraph element. Attributes cite SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: cite="URL" The CITE attribute is not yet implemented in any version of TV Navigator. The intention of this attribute is to provide a reference to the source of the quoted material. 24 <blink> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <body> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <body attributes>...[</body>] background="URL" bgcolor="color" layer=["background" | "foreground"] link="color" text="color" overscan=["left" | "top" | "right" | "bottom" | "all" | "none"] onfocus="JavaScript" onblur="JavaScript" onerror="JavaScript" onload="JavaScript" onunload="JavaScript" onkeyout="JavaScript" onvisible="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview The BODY element holds the content that will be displayed on the TV screen. In TV Navigator, BODY has the additional attribute OVERSCAN that lets you specify if and how content spreads into the background of the page. The event-handling attributes of the BODY element actually apply to the window object associated with the document. Those attributes are not documented here. For more information, refer to “Event Handlers” on page 147. Variations The event-handling attributes of BODY, and the OVERSCAN attribute are not supported by TV Navigator Compact. TV Navigator Compact supports the nonstandard LAYER attribute, which specifies the default rendering layer for all elements on the page. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <body> 25 Attributes alink SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: alink="color" Specifies the color of links that are being clicked. This is not supported in any version of TV Navigator. background SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: background="URL" The BACKGROUND attribute specifies an image file to use as a page background. The URL parameter can point to any .jpg, .png, or .gif image file. If the image is smaller than the page, the image will be tiled. GIF images with transparent areas will display the BGCOLOR of the BODY through the transparent areas. You can put television in the background of any window or frame by assigning the tv: URL to the BACKGROUND attribute. <body background="tv:"... > So that the same syntax can be used for a window that has been subdivided into frames (or a frame subdivided into other frames), the FRAMESET element has been extended to use the same BACKGROUND attribute as BODY. The only difference is that television is the only image that can be assigned to a frameset background: <frameset cols="52, *" background="tv:"> <frame src="leftframe.html"> <frame src="rightframe.html"> </frameset> Then, if the BODY element for any document in a frame specifies a transparent background color, as discussed in “Transparent Backgrounds” on page 156, the TV image will show though. VARIATIONS: TV Navigator Compact renders the background image (and any other content assigned layer="background") to an MPEG I-frame. bgcolor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: bgcolor="color" The background of a page can be set to a color, or to "transparent". Refer to Chapter 4, “Using Color” for information on color specifications. 26 <body> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 VARIATIONS: In TV Navigator Compact, the default background color is "#C0C0C0". In TV Navigator Standard 1.x, the default background color is "#C6C6CE". layer SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: layer=["background" | "foreground"] Specifies the rendering layer for all elements on the page. By default, layer="background" means that all content is combined with the BACKGROUND image and rendered to an MPEG I-frame using background colors and fonts. If you set layer="foreground", the contents of the BODY element are sent to the set-top box to be rendered above the I-frame. Foreground text elements can appear only as plain text, and with size restrictions. For more information about layering in Compact, refer to the LAYER attribute of the DIV, H1, IMG, P, and TABLE elements, and the font size restrictions of the FONT element. AVAILABILITY: Available in TV Navigator Compact only. link SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: link="color" Specifies the color of hypertext links on the page. The default value of color is "blue". Refer to Chapter 4, “Using Color” for information on color specifications. overscan SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: overscan=["left" | "top" | "right" | "bottom" | "all" | "none"] Generally, it’s a good idea to confine all content to the safe area of the screen so that everything is sure to be visible to the user. (The safe area is discussed in the Content Developer’s Guide.) However, even as you keep text, foreground images, and other Web content within the safe area, you may want background colors and images to fill the whole screen, or perhaps one corner or one or two sides of the screen. The OVERSCAN attribute lets you accomplish this effect. It allows backgrounds, including background TV, to spill outside the boundaries of a window. It takes a list of comma-separated values that name the affected edges of the window. These ar the possible values of the OVERSCAN attribute: JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <body> 27 left Lets background colors and images spill from the left side of the window to the left edge of the screen. top Lets background colors and images spill from the top of the window to the top edge of the screen. right Lets background colors and images spill from the right side of the window to the right edge of the screen. bottom Lets background colors and images spill from the bottom of the window to the bottom edge of the screen. all Lets background colors and images spill from all sides of the window to all edges of the screen. If the OVERSCAN attribute is mentioned but isn’t assigned a value, "all" is assumed. none Confines background colors and images to the window itself. This is the default value if the OVERSCAN attribute isn’t mentioned at all. Figure 4 shows the areas of the screen that are controlled by each of these values. To put a background color or image in a corner of the screen, both of the adjacent sides must be specified. r left & top top right & top left window right left & bottom bottom right & bottom Figure 4: Overscan Regions 28 <body> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 For example, the following HTML would cover the window, the area above the window, and the areas to its left and right with a maroon background, leaving only the bottom strip untouched: <body bgcolor="maroon" overscan="left,top,right" . . . > The following example would place an image in a band as wide as the window from the top to the bottom of the screen, excluding only the left and right sides: <body background="image.jpg" overscan="top,bottom" . . . > Finally, this example would place TV in the lower right corner of the screen: <body background="tv:" overscan="right,bottom" . . . > A background TV picture is scaled, not cropped. If it’s confined to a window, it’s scaled to the size of the window. If it spills outside the window, it’s scaled to the section of the screen where it’s displayed. In the example above, it would be scaled to fill the area from the left edge of the window to the right edge of the screen and from the top of the window to the bottom of the screen. Background images other than TV are not scaled. They’re first placed in the window and then extended into the overscan area: • In the window: If the image is larger than the window, it’s cropped to fit. If it’s smaller than the window, it’s tiled to fill the space within the window itself. • In the overscan area: The image may be tiled into the overscan area (possibly showing parts of it that otherwise would have been cropped at the window’s edge), or it may be smeared. Smearing means that the column or row of background pixels lying along the edge of the window is repeated in the area between the window and the edge of the screen; corners are filled with the background color of the pixel at the corner of the window. Currently, TV Navigator decides whether or not to smear by comparing each background pixel at the edge of the window to the adjacent background pixel one step in from the edge. If each pair of pixels along an edge to be overscanned matches, those pixel values are extended into the overscan area. Otherwise, the image is tiled along that edge. For example, if the column of background pixels along the right edge of the window is identical to the column immediately to its left, that same column will be repeated from the right edge of the window to the right edge of the screen. Diagrammatically, smearing along the right and bottom edges of a window might look something like Figure 5 (where the small squares represent pixels in the window): JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <body> 29 Overscan Region Pixels (enlarged to show detail) Window Window border expands by smearing Figure 5: Smearing the Window Border into the Overscan Region Therefore, if a background image fits the window and has a well-defined border, the border will be expanded into the overscan area; the image won’t be tiled. Note: In some deployments, a flicker filter and a chroma filter are applied to images before the images are delivered to the set-top box. These filters alter pixel values to reduce visual artifacts on the TV screen. For example, the filter that minimizes flickering may modify a row of pixels to reduce the contrast with the preceding and following rows. Where these filters are used, an image may require three (not two) identical rows at the top and bottom to ensure smearing and up to seven identical columns at the right and left. Because it affects the window in its relation to the screen, the OVERSCAN attribute is valid only for BODY and FRAMESET elements in the topmost window, not in a FRAME. AVAILABILITY: The OVERSCAN attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. text SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: text="color" This attribute sets the base color for text on the page. Refer to Chapter 4, “Using Color” for information on color specifications. The default value of color is "black". 30 <body> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 vlink SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: vlink="color" Specifies the color of links that have been visited. Not supported in any version of TV Navigator. <br> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <br attributes> clear=["all" | "left" | "right" | "none"] Overview The BR element forces text to start on the next line, without generating a carriage return. This effect is created in most text editors and authoring tools by holding down the Shift key while pressing Enter. Attributes clear SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: clear=["all" | "left" | "right" | "none"] The CLEAR attribute determines the behavior of the next line of text relative to an inline graphic (applet, image, iframe, embed, object or spacer) after the <br> tag. When text wraps around a graphic, a <br> in the text normally causes the text to start a new line, and continue wrapping the image. This default behavior is equivalent to clear="none". Instead, you can force the next line to start below the graphic, depending on which side of the graphic the text is flowing. Figure 6 illustrates an example of CLEAR in TV Navigator Standard. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <br> 31 clear="left" clear="none" Figure 6: Behavior of the BR Element CLEAR Attribute <caption> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <caption attributes>...</caption> align=["top" | "bottom"] Overview The CAPTION element provides a caption for a table, and must occur directly after the opening tag of a TABLE element. For example: <table> <caption align="top">caption text</caption> ... </table> Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align=["top" | "bottom"] The ALIGN attribute of CAPTION determines the position of the caption in relation to the table. TV Navigator generally accepts only "top" and "bottom" as 32 <caption> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 valid settings for ALIGN. HTML 4.0 accepts a broader range of values, but these are ignored and treated as "top" (the default value). See Figure 7 for a summary of ALIGN values. Figure 7: CAPTION Element Behavior The "right" and "left" values of ALIGN can be simulated in versions of TV Navigator that do not support them. To do this, enclose the caption text in a P element with the desired alignment: <caption><p align="left">caption text</p></caption> You can also apply local formatting to the caption with FONT. <center> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <center>...</center> none The CENTER element provides a way to create a block of centered text on the page. CENTER is deprecated in HTML 4.0, and its use is generally discouraged in TV Navigator in preference for other centering methods. For example, each of the following three lines of code create centered text: <center>This text is centered, but poorly</center> <p align="center">This is a better way to center</p> <div align="center"><p>And this is too!</p></div> For more information on proper centering techniques, refer to DIV and P. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <center> 33 <cite> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <cite>...</cite> none The CITE element assigns a source to any block of text. For example: <p>"...knowledge does not come to us by detail, but in flashes of light from heaven..." Thoreau, <cite>Life Without Principle</cite> </p> TV Navigator italicizes the text “Life Without Principle”. The CITE element serves no other function in TV Navigator. Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. <code> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <code>...</code> none To show a coding example on your page, you can use the CODE element as follows: <code> <script> function doFocus(fruits, nuts) { updateRow(fruits); updateColumn(nuts); } </script> </code> TV Navigator renders text enclosed with CODE in a monospaced font if one is available on the system. The CODE element is not very useful in TV Navigator, as it is highly unlikely that viewers will want to see coding examples on their televisions screens. If you absolutely must display a coding example, you may prefer to use the PRE element instead, because it does not “collapse” whitespace (see Figure 8). 34 <cite> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <code><script> function doFocus(fruits, nuts) { updateRow(fruits); updateColumn(nuts); } </script></code> <pre><script> function doFocus(fruits, nuts) { updateRow(fruits); updateColumn(nuts); } </script></pre> Figure 8: Comparing the CODE and PRE Elements Note in these examples that < and > (left and right brackets) are created with character entities "&lt" and "&gt". This prevents the browser from recognizing code example tags as valid HTML. For information on using character entities, refer to Chapter 9 “Character Sets.” Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. <dd> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <dd>...</dd> none The DD element is used to mark a definition item in a definition list. For more information, refer to the DL element. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <dd> 35 <dfn> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 no c3 no <dfn>...</dfn> none The DFN element marks the first occurrence of a word in a document, which is generally where that term is defined. For example: <p>Move the <dfn>focus ring</dfn> (the yellow highlight box in the upper left corner of the screen) by using the arrow keys on the remote control.</p> The common convention among browsers is to italicize the contents of the DFN element. <dir> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <dir attributes>...</dir> compact Overview The DIR element creates a directory list in the document. Use DIR to enclose the definition list, and LI elements to mark each list item. For example: <dir> <li>DO, <li>RE, <li>ME, <li>FA, </dir> a a a a deer, a female deer drop of golden sun name I call myself long, long way to run The DIR element is deprecated in HTML 4.0. You should use the UL element to create lists instead. Attributes compact SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: compact The COMPACT attribute is intended to compress the appearance of a directory list. In TV Navigator, this attribute has no visible effect. 36 <dfn> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <div> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <div attributes>...</div> align=["left" | "center" | "right"] layer=["background" | "foreground"] style="cssDeclaration" Overview To assign properties to content on a block level, use the DIV element. A DIV can span multiple blocks of text, as opposed to P and other elements that operate on only a single block. All versions of TV Navigator support the ALIGN attribute. For example, the following code aligns a block of paragraphs to the right: <div align="right"> <p>This paragraph is right-aligned <p>and this one is too </div> <p>but this paragraph reverts to default alignment. Variations TV Navigator Compact supports the nonstandard LAYER attribute, which specifies the default rendering layer for all content inside the DIV element. Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align=["left" | "center" | "right"] Sets the alignment of all text contained by the DIV element. layer SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: layer=["background" | "foreground"] Specifies the rendering layer for all elements inside the DIV element. By default, the DIV element inherits its layer setting from the BODY element. If layer="background" (the default setting for BODY), all elements inside the DIV and the BODY are combined with the BACKGROUND image and rendered to an MPEG I-frame using background colors and fonts. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <div> 37 If you set layer="foreground", the contents of the DIV element are sent to the settop box to be rendered above the I-frame. Foreground text elements can appear as plain text only. As a rule, if the BODY element is in the foreground, any contained DIV elements must be in the foreground as well, regardless of the LAYER attribute. AVAILABILITY: Available in TV Navigator Compact only. style SYNOPSIS: style="position:absolute; left:x; top:y;" specific form for TV Navigator Compact TV Navigator Compact supports only one style declaration: "position: absolute; left:x; top;y". This feature allows content developers to specify an explicit position for elements on the page, where x and y define the location of the topleft corner of the content inside the DIV element. This makes it easier to align foreground elements with the background of the page. In this example, a block of text is positioned 72 pixels over, and 96 pixels down from the top left corner of the screen: <div style="position:absolute; left:72; top:96;"> <p>A block of text</p> </div> DESCRIPTION: When using the absolute positioning technique in TV Navigator Compact, a number of restrictions apply: • Positions are always calculated from the top-left corner of the page, even for nested DIV elements. • Nested DIV elements are partially supported, but should be avoided. • If one coordinate is omitted, it is assumed to be "0", and the contents are then positioned 0 pixels from the top-left corner of the page, not the normal flow. • If you use the STYLE attribute for absolute positioning, do not use the ALIGN attribute on the same DIV element. • Use only pixels as the unit of measurement. If no unit is specified, pixels are assumed. If another unit of measurement is specified, the coordinate is ignored and therefore assumed to be "0". VARIATIONS: The STYLE attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Standard 1.x. 38 <div> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <dl> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <dl attributes>...</dl> compact Overview The DL element creates a definition list, which is a glossary-type list of terms and definitions. Use DL to enclose the definition list, DT elements to mark the terms, and DD elements to mark the definitions. Only the DL element requires an end tag; end tags for DD and DT are not necessary, because these elements terminate automatically at the start of any other definition list element. For example: <dl> <dt>DO<dd>A <dt>RE<dd>A <dt>ME<dd>A <dt>FA<dd>A </dl> deer, a female deer drop of golden sun name I call myself long, long way to run TV Navigator renders the DT element as plain text, and then indents the associated DD element on the next line. Attributes compact SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: compact The COMPACT attribute is intended to compress the appearance of a DL definition list. In Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator, this attribute forces the DD element to start on the same line immediately after the DT element, if space is available. In TV Navigator, this attribute has no visible effect. <dt> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <dt>...[</dt>] none The DT element is used to mark a definition term in a definition list. For more information, refer to the DL element. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <dl> 39 <em> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <em>...</em> none The purpose of EM is to mark a section of text as “emphasized.” TV Navigator renders this text as italic, and therefore its behavior is visually identical to the I element. Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. <embed> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 optional c3 no <embed attributes>...</embed> Refer to specific media type description. The EMBED element lets you place certain non-HTML elements on the page to be rendered by TV Navigator. Some versions of TV Navigator let you place items such as sounds, videos, or Flash movies on the page using EMBED. • To play sounds using EMBED, refer to Chapter 7, “Playing Sounds.” • To play Flash movies using EMBED, refer to Chapter 8, “Playing Flash Movies.” <font> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <font attributes>...</font> color="color" face="fontname1, fontname2,..." size=["1"–"7" | "+number" | "-number"] Overview The FONT element lets you specify the display characteristics of the enclosed text by assigning properties to the available attributes. FONT elements can be nested, as in the following example: <font size="6" color="blue">A bunch of large, blue content... 40 <em> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <font color="red">some large, red content...</font> more large, blue content.. </font> This assigns size="6" and color="blue" to the whole section, and color="red" to a subsection. Because of the limitations imposed by the television display, you will find that the FONT element works differently in TV Navigator than it does in a PC browser. For more information about these limitations, refer to the descriptions of the COLOR, FACE, and SIZE attributes. Font Sizing When text is shown on a TV screen, it needs to be larger than when it’s displayed on a monitor for a personal computer. The increased size takes into account the characteristics of TV monitors and the much greater distance between the user and the screen. In standard HTML, the font size for body text is set by a number in the range 1 (smallest) through 7 (largest), with size 3 as the default. TV Navigator keeps the same default, but maps all seven font sizes to larger fonts. The actual size of a font as it appears on the TV screen depends on a number of factors—the font family, the rendering mechanism, the video format, and the platform. TV Navigator Standard 1.x, for example, lets each deployment determine the actual font sizes that correspond to the relative sizes set in HTML. Although actual font sizes may vary from platform to platform, you can get a general idea of how font sizes are increased for the TV screen by noting that the default font (medium, size 3) is 12 points for Netscape Navigator but typically translates to about an 18-point font for TV Navigator on an NTSC display. For an example of how HTML font sizes map to actual points sizes, see Figure 9. Note: Sizes shown are approximate, and will vary between deployments. Point size estimates are based on a 72-dpi (dot-per-inch) display JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <font> 41 Typical display in Standard 1.x 16 points 16 points 18 points 20 points 22 points 24 points 27 points Typical display in Compact 3.x (background layer) 18 points 18 points 18 points 19 points 21 points 22 points 25 points Typical display in Compact 3.x (foreground layer) 21 points 21 points 21 points 27 points 27 points 27 points 27 points Figure 9: Typical HTML Font Size Mapping Some platforms provide a user interface that permits users to choose a scale—small, medium, or large—for all fonts. The scale determines what FONT and BASEFONT size settings in the range 1 through 7 mean. As you’d expect, a given font size—say, size 3—in the large scale is bigger than it would be in the medium scale, and bigger in the medium scale than it would be in the small scale. In the absence of a user preference, the medium scale is the default. The font scale also affects the size of headings (H1-H6). Web pages can establish a scale that’s different from the user’s preference by setting the BASEFONT size to "small", "medium", or "large" as shown here: <basefont size="small"> <basefont size="medium"> <basefont size="large"> 42 <font> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 These settings affect only the current page; the user’s preference remains in place for all other pages. You might want to set the scale to "medium" or "large", for example, if you have material that won’t lay out well with small-scale fonts. (You can also use these settings during development to test what your page will look like in all three scales.) You should override the user’s preference only when absolutely necessary. In general, the "small" scale should never be set except as a user preference, because it could make your text illegible on the user’s TV screen. Variations The available font sizes (and styles) in TV Navigator Compact depend on whether the content is in the foreground or background layer. Text in the foreground layer can only be plain, and is restricted to two sizes: 18 points and 27 points (approximately). Refer to Figure 9 to see an example of how font sizes display for the foreground and background layers. For more information about layering in Compact, refer to the LAYER attribute of the BODY, DIV, H1, IMG, P, and TABLE elements. Attributes color SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: color="color" Declares the color of the enclosed text. Refer to Chapter 4, “Using Color” for information on color specifications. face SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: face="fontname1, fontname2,..." Declares a list of suggested fonts, in order of preference, to use for the enclosed text. As a developer, you will typically not have control over the font used to render your content. To provide the best possible display on television, the actual font used will be determined by the service provider. In general, the font displayed on the screen will be a sans-serif font. If you declare a font name using the FACE attribute, TV Navigator will ignore your setting and use the default font. Some deployments will provide at least one size of monospace (fixed-width) font. To display content using the monospace font, you must use either the CODE or PRE elements. You cannot force the monospace font (if installed) to display with the FACE attribute. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <font> 43 size SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: size=["1"–"7" | "+number" | "-number"] The SIZE attribute can be specified as an integer ranging from "1" to "7" for an absolute size, or as a relative size (based on a previous FONT element) with a signed integer value such as "-2" or "+4". For more information about sizing, refer to the previous section, “Font Sizing” on page 41. <form> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <form attributes>...</form> action=["serverURL" | "mailURL" | none] enctype="mimeType" method=["post" | "get"] name="string" target="frameName" onreset="JavaScript" onsubmit="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview The FORM element is used to define an HTML form. Forms provide a way for the user to supply information which will then be processed by a server script, or passed to a JavaScript function in the same document. You can have more than one form in the same document, but forms cannot be nested. Forms can contain a wide range of other elements, including single and multi-line text fields, radio button groups, checkboxes, and menus. As an example, the following code is a simplified version of the form Liberate uses to sign up new members to our PopTV program; you can see the full version of the form at http://partners.liberate.com/overview/partner_application.html: <form name="NewPartner" action="/cgi-bin/pop.pl" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="recipient" value="poptvpartners@liberate.com"> <input type="hidden" name="required" value="apply_partner_type,first_name,last_name..."> <input type="hidden" name="redirect" value="http://partners.liberate.com/thanks.html"> <input type="hidden" name="already_reg_redirect" value="http://partners.liberate.com/alreadyapplied.html"> <input type="hidden" name="subject" value="new partner submission"> <br> type of partnership <select name="apply_partner_type"> 44 <form> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <option value="none"><select> <option value="partnertype_content">content partner <option value="partnertype_device">device partner <option value="partnertype_infra">infrastructure partner <option value="partnertype_notsure">i'm not sure </select><br> first name <input type="text" name="first_name" size="16"><br> last name <input type="text" name="last_name" size="16"><br> e-mail address <input type="text" name="email" size="16"><br> your company's URL <input type="text" name="company_URL" size="16"><br> please describe your interest in becoming a partner. <br> <textarea name="interest" cols="32" rows="3"></textarea><br> <input type="checkbox" name="emailme" value="emailme" checked> please contact me about poptv news and events. <br> <a href="http://corporate.liberate.com/privacy.html" target="_blank">privacy statement</a> <input name="apply" type="submit" value="apply"> <input type="reset" value="reset form"> </form> In TV Navigator, the form would look like Figure 10: <select> <input type="text"> <textarea> <input type="reset"> <a> <input type="submit"> <input type="submit"> Figure 10: FORM Element in TV Navigator Standard JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <form> 45 The first group of INPUT elements in the form are type="hidden" and therefore do not appear on the screen. You can use hidden inputs to submit additional data to the server. For more information about the other elements in the form, refer to A, INPUT, SELECT, and TEXTAREA. Variations TV Navigator Compact does not support the FORM element or its subelements. Attributes action SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: action="URL" When the user submits a form, a sequence of events happens, depending on the value of ACTION. Four cases are possible: • URL points to a server-side script • URL points to an e-mail address • URL points to a JavaScript statement • URL is null, or ACTION is omitted If URL points to a server-side script, TV Navigator sends the form’s data to the script for processing. In the previous example (under FORM), a Perl script named pop.pl processes the data. This particular Perl script returns one of the URLs named in the hidden input elements, depending on the script outcome (for example, thanks.html or alreadyapplied.html). If the script returns a URL, you may want to direct the output to a frame or window name specified by the TARGET attribute. If URL points to an e-mail address, you must use the mailto: protocol. For example, the opening FORM tag from the previous example could read: <form name="NewPartner" action="mailto:fstelter@liberate.com" enctype="text/plain" method="post"> Then the form’s data would be mailed to the recipient, with the data in the message body. The mailto: protocol is generally not supported on the TV Navigator platform. If you cannot be certain that all users of the form support this protocol, you should avoid using this method. If URL points to a JavaScript statement, you must use the javascript: protocol. Typically, you would use the statement to launch a client-side script. Because 46 <form> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 the data submission is local, you would not specify a METHOD attribute in the FORM element. If URL is null, or you omit ACTION from the FORM element, the page reloads and the form returns to its initial state. Normally, this would render the form useless, because data could not be submitted. However, you could specify an action for the onsubmit event handler. This event handler triggers before the page reloads, allowing a script on the page to run. The end result is similar to specifying a javascript: URL. For example: <form name="NewPartner" action="" onsubmit="processnewpartner()"> enctype SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: enctype="mimeType" The ENCTYPE attribute sets the MIME type of the data sent from the form. TV Navigator supports the following encoding types: "application/x-www-form-URLencoded" "multipart/form-data" "text/plain" If you use the mailto: protocol in the ACTION attribute, and do not specify enctype="text/plain", then TV Navigator attaches the form data to the e-mail message as a document. method SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: method=["post" | "get"] The METHOD you specify to send form data will depend on how the server-side script is written. METHOD has three possible settings: • If you specify method="get", the data is appended to the ACTION URL, after a question mark (“?”). • If you specify method="post", the data is encoded in the message body using the ENCTYPE MIME type. • If you specify method="" (null), or leave it out of the FORM element, no data will be sent when the user submits the form. For more information about this condition, refer to the ACTION attribute. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <form> 47 name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="string" The NAME attribute assigns an identifier to the form so that it can be referenced in JavaScript. If you use more than one FORM element in a document, the NAME attributes for each must be unique. target SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: target="frameName" The TARGET attribute specifies which named frame (or window) will show the content specified in the URL returned from the server-side script. <frame> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <frame attributes> bordercolor="color" frameborder=["yes" | "no"] marginheight="pixels" marginwidth="pixels" name="string" noresize scrolling=["yes" | "no" | "auto"] src="URL" Overview You use FRAME elements to divide the visible portion of a document into subdocuments, each with its own unique URL. All the frames in a document are contained in a single FRAMESET element. For more information about arranging FRAME elements in a document, refer to the FRAMESET element. Frames behave somewhat differently in TV Navigator than they do in a typical PC browser. For example, frame borders are never displayed because they take up valuable screen space, and resizing is not permitted. Variations Frames and framesets are not supported in TV Navigator Compact. 48 <frame> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Attributes bordercolor, frameborder SYNOPSIS: bordercolor="color" frameborder=["yes" | "no"] TV Navigator does not allow you to set border attributes on individual frames within a frameset. For more information about borders, refer to the FRAMESET element. DESCRIPTION: marginheight, marginwidth SYNOPSIS: marginheight="pixels" marginwidth="pixels" These attributes set the amount of space between the frame border and the frame contents. MARGINHEIGHT sets the margin from the top and bottom of the content, while MARGINWIDTH sets the margin on the left and right sides of the content. When a frame is adjacent to a window edge (for most content, this will be the screen safe area boundary), the margin is measured from the window edge. For example: <frame src="chanlogo.htm" name="brand" marginheight="6" marginwidth="4"> DESCRIPTION: frameborder see bordercolor name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="string" The name of a frame serves two purposes: • It identifies the frame so that it can be controlled from JavaScript • It identifies the frame so it can receive content identified by an A element hyperlink. The following names are reserved, and must not be used: "_blank", "_parent", "_self", and "_top". For more information about these reserved names, refer to the TARGET attribute of the A element. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <frame> 49 noresize SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: noresize In a PC browser, this attribute prevents the frame from being resized by the user. In TV Navigator, frames are never resizeable, and therefore NORESIZE is ignored. scrolling SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: scrolling=["yes" | "no" | "auto"] When TV Navigator cannot fit a document’s content into the space allotted for the frame, it automatically generates vertical scroll bars. This is the default behavior, equivalent to setting scrolling="auto". The "yes" setting is equivalent to "auto" (scroll bars won’t appear if they are not needed), while the "no" setting prevents scrolling. src SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: src="URL" Specifies the URL of the frame’s content. The URL can take any of the following forms: • Complete URL with a path that specifies any supported content type • Relative URL based on the framesetting document’s established path • JavaScript pseudo-URL (javascript:) While SRC is not considered a required attribute of the FRAME element, if you do not specify a URL, TV Navigator will display an error dialog when the frame is loaded. 50 <frame> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <frameset> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <frameset attributes>...</frameset> background="tv:" cols="columnSizeList" rows="rowSizeList" border="pixels" bordercolor="color" frameborder=["yes" | "no"] overscan=["top" | "right" | "bottom" | "left" | "all" | "none"] onfocus="JavaScript" onblur="JavaScript" onload="JavaScript" onunload="JavaScript" onkeyout="JavaScript" onvisible="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview Use the FRAMESET element to create a page layout with FRAME elements. An HTML page that contains a frameset uses the FRAMESET element in place of a BODY element, and this page is then referred to as the “framesetting document.” The framesetting document can contain scripts that can be accessed from all pages in the frameset. The framesetting document must not contain any HTML that would normally go inside a BODY element, unless that content is placed inside a NOFRAMES element to be displayed in browsers that do not support frames. The FRAMESET element uses the COLS or ROWS attributes to create layouts with columns or rows, respectively. To create a layout that uses both rows and columns, you can nest FRAMESET elements. For example, the following HTML framesetting document creates a narrow left-side frame where a menu would reside, a narrow top-side frame where a logo or banner would reside, and a main frame whose content changes depending on the user’s selections in the main frame: <html> <head> ...standard head content: title, scripts, meta declarations, etc... </head> <frameset cols="100,*"> <frame name="menuFrame" src="menu.htm"> <frameset rows="25%,*"> <frame name="headFrame" src="head.htm"> <frame name="bodyFrame" src="bodyframe.htm"> </frameset> JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <frameset> 51 </frameset> <noframes> <body> ...content to be displayed by browsers that do not support frames... </body> The framesetting document looks like Figure 11 when displayed in TV Navigator. 25% of the available height remaining available space 100 pixels wide remaining available space Figure 11: Document with Nested Frames Variations Frames and framesets are not supported in TV Navigator Compact. 52 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Attributes background SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: background="tv:" Provides a similar function as the BACKGROUND attribute of the BODY element, however, television is the only kind of image that can be assigned to a frameset background. The background image shows through all frames of the FRAMESET element, as long as the frames have transparent backgrounds. border, bordercolor, frameborder SYNOPSIS: border="pixels" bordercolor="color" frameborder=["yes" | "no"] For clarity, adjacent frames usually need to be separated by a border, so TV Navigator honors the BORDER attribute of the FRAMESET element. However, to keep the border from taking up too much room, its width is limited to a maximum of 5 pixels. If the BORDER attribute is set to a value greater than 5, a border 5 pixels wide will be displayed. Similarly, to prevent the display problems associated with 1-pixel-wide lines, the minimum border width is 2. If the BORDER attribute is set to 1, a border 2 pixels wide is displayed. Therefore the choices for a frame border are no border (when the border attribute is set to 0) or a border 2, 3, 4, or 5 pixels wide. The default is a 2-pixel-wide border. TV Navigator simulates a 3-D (three-dimensional) effect on borders by placing 1-pixel-wide lines in various shades of grey around a solid central border. The total width of the border including the 3-D effect always equals the value of the BORDER attribute. See Figure 12 for an illustration of this effect. DESCRIPTION: JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 53 Vertical Border pixels Central borders are a default grey color. In Standard 4.0, set with the BORDERCOLOR attribute. Horizontal Border Central border is surrounded by 1-pixel-wide lines that simulate a “3-D” effect. Total width equals the value of the BORDER attribute. Figure 12: Frame Borders in TV Navigator The BORDERCOLOR attribute will be supported in a future version of TV Navigator. The FRAMEBORDER attribute controls whether or not a border appears between frames in a frameset. For predictable results, you should avoid this attribute and set a BORDER value instead. bordercolor see border cols SYNOPSIS: cols="columnSizeList" rows="rowSizeList" The COLS and ROWS attributes are lists of columns widths and row heights to create. There are three ways to define a list item: • Size in pixels. For example: cols="280,280" DESCRIPTION: • Size in percent. For example: cols="50%,50%" 54 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 • An asterisk (*), a wildcard that represents the remaining space. For example: cols="280,*" The previous three items each define two equal-sized columns on an NTSC screen in TV Navigator 1.x. The advantage of using the asterisk is that you can create layouts that will work on multiple browsers and resolutions. You can also mix pixels and percents in a list. For example: If you use both ROWS and COLS as attributes on a single FRAMESET element, you create a grid of frames. For example: This creates four equally-sized frames on the page. To create asymmetrical layouts, you will have to nest FRAMESET elements (see the example in Figure 11). frameborder see border overscan SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: overscan=["top" | "right" | "bottom" | "left" | "all" | "none"] The OVERSCAN attribute of FRAMESET determines how backgrounds from the safe area spill into the boundaries of the viewing area. For more information, refer to the discussion of the OVERSCAN attribute for the BODY element. rows see cols JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 55 - USAGE: s1 yes c3 yes ... ... ... ... ... ... align=["left" | "center" | "right"] layer=["background" | "foreground"] ATTRIBUTES: Overview The H1-H6 elements define a set of heading levels for the document, with H1 being the most important, and H6 the least. In TV Navigator, headings H1 through H6 match font sizes 6 though 1, but invert the order. Refer to FONT for a description of how font sizing works on TV Navigator. One consequence of font sizing on TV Navigator is that on some deployments, there may be very little, if any, visual distinction between heading levels. Also, on platforms that support the BASEFONT element, the scale that’s chosen for the base font size—“small,” “medium,” or “large”—affects the size of headings just as it affects the size of body text. For example, the following HTML defines two headings: Really Big Heading This is some body text. Somewhat Smaller Heading, Centered And some more body text Variations TV Navigator Compact supports the nonstandard LAYER attribute. Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align=["left" | "center" | "right"] The ALIGN attribute determines the position of the text within the heading. 56 - CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 layer SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: AVAILABILITY: layer=["background" | "foreground"] For more information, refer to the LAYER attribute of the DIV element. Available only in TV Navigator Compact. USAGE: s1 yes c3 yes ... Overview The HEAD element contains information that provides instruction to the browser about the document. The contents of HEAD are not displayed to the user. TV Navigator supports the following elements inside the HEAD element: BASE, BASEFONT, ISINDEX, LINK, META, SCRIPT, and TITLE. Variations TV Navigator Compact supports only the META and TITLE elements inside the HEAD element. BASE, BASEFONT, ISINDEX, LINK, and SCRIPT are ignored. USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes align=["left" | "center" | "right"] noshade size="pixels" width=["pixels" | "percent"] Overview The HR element draws a horizontal rule. If no attributes are specified, TV Navigator draws a solid, 2-pixel grey line across the width of the content container. Lines thicker than 2 pixels will have softened or antialiased edges (drawn in an intermediate shade of grey) to reduce screen flicker. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 57 To create custom lines with colors or three-dimensional effects, you should insert a GIF or JPEG image to simulate the desired appearance. Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align=["left" | "center" | "right"] Sets the alignment of the HR element. This has an effect only if the WIDTH of the line is narrower than the content container. The default alignment is "center". noshade SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: noshade TV Navigator always draws the line in a solid color, without any shading, as if the NOSHADE attribute was always specified. size SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: size="pixels" Sets the thickness of the HR element. Because the TV display is interlaced, a horizontal line that’s just one pixel wide will visibly flicker on a TV screen (or will be blurred by a flicker filter). To prevent this problem, TV Navigator disallows 1-pixel lines in a number of contexts—such as frameset and table borders and the spacing between cells in a table. One of those contexts is a horizontal rule, the HR element. If you set the SIZE attribute of HR to 0 or 1, the rule will nevertheless be 2 pixels wide. The default size is also 2. TV Navigator Compact do not support the SIZE attribute. All HR elements are 2 pixels thick. VARIATIONS: width SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: width=["pixels" | "percent"] Sets the size of the HR element in pixels (absolute) or in a percentage of the content container width. For example, in TV Navigator Standard 1.x on an NTSC screen, the following two HR elements have the same width: 58 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes ... none The HTML element contains the entire HTML document, typically with the opening tag on the first line, and the closing tag on the last line. TV Navigator does not require the use of this element, but it should be included as part of good coding practice. In a well-formed HTML document, the HTML element contains one (optional) HEAD element and one (required) BODY element. For example: ...elements providing information about the document, as well as style sheets and/or scripts, when supported... ...elements to be displayed including text, images, and forms... Framesetting documents typically place the FRAMESET element between the closing tag and the opening tag. These documents must not contain any viewable content. For more information, refer to the FRAMESET element. USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes ... none This text-formatting element renders enclosed text italic. If no italic variation exists for the font, or if the font is already italic, the I element has no effect. Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 59 USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes align="value" alt="text" border height=["pixels" | "percent"] hspace="pixels" ismap layer=["background" | "middle" | "foreground" | "transparent"] lowsrc="URL" name="string" src="URL" usemap="[#]+[mapname]" vspace="pixels" width=["pixels" | "percent"] onabort="JavaScript" onerror="JavaScript" onload="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview Use the IMG element to display a graphics file located at the SRC attribute URL. In TV Navigator, the HEIGHT and WIDTH attributes are strongly recommended for optimal performance. The image occupies space that, depending on the value of the ALIGN attribute, is treated like a text character. An image placed in text increases the line height of the text to accommodate the size of the image. Transparency TV Navigator supports image transparency. Transparent images (generally GIFs) can show the background color, a background image, or even video (depending on the design of the page) through the transparent regions. Partial or “alpha” transparency (where the image appears “ghosted” over the background) is only possible on platforms that support alpha transparency, and then only for the entire page, not for individual images. For more information about transparency, refer to the Content Developer’s Guide for your release. Images as Buttons A common use of image elements is to create buttons which function as active hyperlinks. To do this, surround the image element with an A element: 60 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 You can also create client-side and server-side image maps to accompany the IMG element. For more information about this topic, refer to the AREA element. Variations TV Navigator Compact supports the nonstandard LAYER attribute of IMG. Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align="value" The ALIGN attribute dictates the position of the IMG element’s container in relation to the text on the page. TV Navigator accepts the following values for the ALIGN attribute: absbottom The container appears in the text at the insertion point. The bottom of the container aligns with the absolute bottom of the text at the insertion point. If there is not enough room to display the image on the same line, the container starts the next line, and text continues after it. absmiddle The container appears in the text at the insertion point. The vertical middle of the container aligns with the vertical middle of the text at the insertion point. If there is not enough room to display the image on the same line, the container starts the next line, and text continues after it. baseline The container appears in the text at the insertion point. The bottom of the container aligns with the baseline of the text at the insertion point. If there is not enough room to display the container on the same line, the container starts the next line, and text continues after it. bottom Same as "baseline". left The container is aligned to the left side of the text container, and starts on the next line below the insertion point. Text after the container continues JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 61 after the insertion point and then wraps around the container on successive lines. middle The container appears in the text at the insertion point. The vertical middle of the container aligns with the baseline of the text at the insertion point. If there is not enough room to display the container on the same line, the container starts the next line, and text continues after it. right The container is aligned to the right side of the text container, and starts on the next line below the insertion point. Text after the container continues after the insertion point and then wraps around the image on successive lines. top The container appears in the text at the insertion point. The top of the container aligns with the top of the text line at the insertion point. If there is not enough room to display the container on the same line, the container starts the next line, and text continues after it. The following example displays the small image raw.gif inline with the text: ...text more text... The bottom of the image aligns with the baseline of the surrounding text. VARIATIONS: TV Navigator Compact does not support the values "absbottom", "absmiddle", or "baseline". alt SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: alt="text" The ALT attribute displays a text string in place of the image for browsers that cannot display graphical images. You may use this attribute with TV Navigator, but it will have no effect. For example: 62 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 border SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: border="pixels" A border can take up valuable space on the television screen. Moreover, the sharply contrasting vertical and horizontal lines of a border can create unwanted visual artifacts when displayed on TV, especially if the border is narrow. For this reason, TV Navigator does not display borders around images; it ignores the border attribute of the IMG element. If an image absolutely requires a border, you can include it as part of the image. height, width SYNOPSIS: height=["pixels" | "percent"] width=["pixels" | "percent"] These attributes set the dimensions of the IMG element. Although HEIGHT and WIDTH are not required, you should always set them. If you do not, TV Navigator has to calculate the size of the image before performing the page layout. If the image has a different size than that specified by HEIGHT and WIDTH, TV Navigator scales the image (unevenly, if specified) to fit the defined area. If an image is too wide to fit the available screen area, it’s scaled to fit. The scaling retains the original proportion of WIDTH to HEIGHT; in other words, the image isn’t distorted, just made smaller. If a table contains nothing but images and spacers (no text), all of them are resized proportionally. DESCRIPTION: hspace, vspace SYNOPSIS: hspace="pixels" vspace="pixels" The HSPACE attribute of the IMG element puts space between the image and any text to its left or right. The default, if a more explicit value is not specified, is 3 pixels if the image is aligned left or right; otherwise the default is 0 pixels. This matches the behavior of Netscape Navigator. For instance, this line of HTML automatically gives you a 3-pixel space between the right edge of the image and the “H” of “Here.” DESCRIPTION: JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 63 Here is text. This can present problems if you’re trying to get a left- or right-aligned image to fit in a table cell or line up with other images. To explicitly set the image to display without the 3 pixels of space, set HSPACE to 0: Here is text. The line above displays the image with no pixels between the image and the “H.” ismap SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: ismap The ISMAP attribute tells TV Navigator that the IMG element has a server-side image map. The use of server-side image maps is not recommended in TV Navigator, which supports client-side image maps with the USEMAP attribute. To create a server-side image map, you must place the IMG element inside an A element with a link to the server-side program. For example: For information about client-side image maps, refer to the AREA element. layer SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: layer=["background" | "middle" | "foreground" | "transparent"] Specifies the rendering layer for the IMG element. background If layer="background" (the default setting), the image is rendered as part of the background to an MPEG I-frame. middle If layer="middle", the contents of the IMG element are sent to the set-top box to be rendered as a P-frame above the background I-frame. The P-frame is built from 16-pixel macroblocks that contain the image and any background pixels around the image if the image is not exactly aligned on 16-pixel boundaries (which is true in most cases). foreground If layer="foreground", the behavior is identical to layer="middle". 64 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 transparent If layer="transparent", the IMG element is not rendered, but its spacing is retained. This creates an effect similar to that of the spacer element. If the BODY element is in the foreground, any contained IMG elements must be in the foreground as well, and will be rendered as P-frames above the background I-frame. Care must be taken to avoid overlapping P-frames. Use the Compact Layout Tool to check for overlapping P-frames. If overlapping is detected, the content must be corrected accordingly. AVAILABILITY: Available in TV Navigator Compact only. lowsrc SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: lowsrc="URL" The LOWSRC attribute is used by PC browsers to retrieve a low-resolution image that can be displayed temporarily while a higher-resolution image (specified by the SRC attribute) is downloaded. TV Navigator ignores this attribute and downloads only the image specified by SRC. Not available in any version of TV Navigator. AVAILABILITY: name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="string" The NAME attribute provides a way to reference the image from JavaScript. For example: src SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: src="URL" Points to the URL for the image. The image must be a format supported by TV Navigator, such as GIF, JPEG, or PNG. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 65 usemap SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: usemap="[#]+[mapname]" Provides a link to a client-side image map. For example: ... For information on creating client-side image maps, refer to the AREA element. vspace see hspace width see height 66 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 USAGE: INPUT TYPES: s1 yes c3 no type="button" type="checkbox" type="file" type="hidden" type="image" type="password" type="radio" type="reset" type="submit" type="text" align=["left" | "right" | "top" | "middle" | "bottom"] bgcolor="color" border="pixels" checked disabled maxlength="maxChars" name="string" nocursor readonly size="numChars" src="URL" value="text" onblur="JavaScript" onchange="JavaScript" onclick="JavaScript" onfocus="JavaScript" onmouseout="JavaScript" onmouseover="JavaScript" onselect="JavaScript" ATTRIBUTES: EVENT HANDLERS: Overview The INPUT element creates a control inside an HTML form. These controls provide a way for the user to interact with client-side or server-side scripts, generally for the purpose of gathering data. TV Navigator requires that all INPUT elements be inside a FORM element. (See FORM for more information on using forms.) Inside the FORM element, INPUT elements can be organized and presented inside other elements, such as TD table cells or paragraphs. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 67 The most important attribute of INPUT is TYPE. The settings of TYPE create different kinds of controls, each with a unique behavior, appearance, and set of attributes. The following section, “Input Types,” describes the different controls. Variations The INPUT element is not supported in TV Navigator Compact, because the FORM element is not supported. Input Types type="button" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: disabled name="string" value="text" onclick="JavaScript" Creates a button inside the FORM element that the user clicks to execute an action specified by the onclick event handling attribute. The text of the VALUE attribute is displayed on the face of the button, and the number of characters in the text determines the width of the button. The string assigned to the NAME attribute is only used to identify the control in JavaScript—it is not submitted as part of a name-value pair to the server. The following HTML creates a control like the one shown in Figure 13: DESCRIPTION: Standard 1.x Figure 13: INPUT Element, Button Type To create a custom button using a graphic image, you can surround an IMG element with an A element. Refer to IMG and A for more information. 68 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 type="checkbox" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: checked disabled name="string" value="text" Creates a checkbox inside the FORM element that the user clicks to mark a desired value. The text of the VALUE is not displayed, but instead is sent to the server as part of the name-value pair. The name-value pair is only sent if the checkbox is checked by the user, or if the control has been prechecked using the CHECKED attribute. Labels for checkboxes must be created in the HTML surrounding the INPUT element. The following HTML creates a control like the one shown in Figure 14: Toppings: Cheese Onions Bacon DESCRIPTION: Standard 1.x Figure 14: INPUT Element, Checkbox Type When a group of checkboxes shares the same NAME attribute (like this example) the number of name-value pairs sent to the server equals the number of boxes checked. This is different from the behavior of type="radio" INPUT elements, which create a mutually-exclusive group when they share the same NAME attribute. The DISABLED attribute prevents the user from selecting and altering the state of the checkbox. This attribute is settable from JavaScript (for those platforms that support scripting), so changing the state of DISABLED can be useful for automating text entry. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 69 type="file" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: disabled name="string" value="text" In a PC browser, this control lets the user select a file to upload to the server. This feature is not available in TV Navigator. DESCRIPTION: type="hidden" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: disabled name="string" value="text" Creates a name-value data pair that is uploaded to the server when the FORM is submitted. No portion of the control is visible to the user. Web authors typically use the type="hidden" input to transmit data that is required by the server-side script, but is otherwise meaningless to the user. For example: Pizza Order Form: Size: Large Medium Toppings: Cheese ... DESCRIPTION: 70 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 type="image" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: align=["left" | "right" | "top" | "middle" | "bottom"] border disabled name="string" nocursor src="URL" value="text" Creates a button inside the FORM element from an image. When the button is clicked, the form is submitted and the x-y value of the mouse-pointer is submitted as two name-value pairs. In a PC browser, the x-y values can be used like an image map to return a variable user selection. In TV Navigator, there is no mouse pointer, so the type="image" input control should only be used to submit forms. For more information, refer to the NOCURSOR attribute. The following form uses the image input type to create a variable rating system: What kind of pizza did you purchase? Carnivore Special Vegetarian How did you like your pizza? (click a spot on the bar) DESCRIPTION: This looks like Figure 15 in TV Navigator: Standard 4.0 Figure 15: INPUT Element, Image Type JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 71 Clicking on the image input in TV Navigator submits the form, and returns the following values to the server: pizza=veggie rating.x=143 rating.y=%2D195 type="password" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: bgcolor="color" disabled maxlength="maxChars" name="string" readonly size="numChars" value="text" Creates a text-entry field inside the FORM element for the sole purpose of entering a password or other secure information. When the user types into the field, only asterisks are displayed. When the form is submitted, data from the type="password" control is sent as a standard name-value pair. For example: Username: Password: DESCRIPTION: type="radio" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: checked disabled name="string" value="text" Creates a control inside the FORM element that changes state when clicked. In TV Navigator, the radio button looks like a circle. The control has two states: • Hollow by default (unchecked: the name-value pair is not submitted) • Solid after being clicked (checked: the name-value pair is submitted) DESCRIPTION: 72 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 The CHECKED attribute can be used to set the checked state of the radio button automatically. When a group of radio buttons share the same value for NAME, the buttons form a mutually exclusive group. In other words, checking one radio button automatically unchecks the other buttons in the group. For example, the following HTML creates a control like the one shown in Figure 16: Title: Mr Mrs Miss Dr Ms Standard 1.x Figure 16: INPUT Element, Radio Type type="reset" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: disabled name="string" value="text" Creates a button that resets the FORM to its initial state. The text displayed on the face of the button is set by the VALUE attribute. No data is sent to the server from this INPUT element when the form is submitted. For example: ... ... DESCRIPTION: JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 73 type="submit" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: disabled name="string" value="text" Creates a button that submits the form via the METHOD element specified inside the FORM element. The text displayed on the face of the button is set by the VALUE attribute. No data is sent to the server from this INPUT element when the form is submitted. For example: ... ... DESCRIPTION: type="text" SYNOPSIS: ATTRIBUTES: bgcolor="color" maxlength="maxChars" name="string" readonly size="numChars" value="text" Creates a text input control inside the FORM element. Unlike the TEXTAREA element (which allows multiple lines of text), only one line of text may be entered into the control. You can preassign a value to the text field by setting the VALUE attribute in HTML. The text of VALUE appears in the field when the form is displayed. The following HTML creates a control like the one shown in Figure 16): First Name: Last Name: ... DESCRIPTION: 74 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Standard 1.x Figure 17: INPUT Element, Text Type The size of the input area is determined by the SIZE attribute, while the number of characters entered by the user can be limited with the MAXLENGTH attribute. The width set by SIZE is determined by fitting the widest character (generally “W”) into the space. Therefore, it is generally desirable to set SIZE less than MAXLENGTH. When TV Navigator displays the text field to the user, it follows an algorithm that lets the user navigate the FORM and also edit text in the type="text" control, as follows: 1. First, the user navigates the entire page and the different elements inside the FORM by using the cursor keys or the Tab key to jump from element to element. 2. When the highlight rectangle lands on a INPUT element, the user presses Enter or any alphanumeric key to begin typing. 3. If the user hits the text limit defined by the MAXLENGTH attribute, no more text can be entered. 4. The user can edit text already typed by using the cursor keys and the Backspace key. The entire field is cleared if the user presses the Delete key. 5. The user exits the text field by pressing the Tab key, or by moving the cursor beyond text already entered. If the text area is reentered during navigation, typing and editing begins after the last character. Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align=["left" | "right" | "top" | "middle" | "bottom"] Applies only to the INPUT element type="image". The image follows the general rules for aligning inline containers. For more information, refer to the ALIGN attribute of IMG. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 75 bgcolor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: bgcolor="color" This is a Liberate extension of the INPUT element. Though it can be set for a variety of input types, the most common use is for text input fields (text and password). If you will be setting the BGCOLOR attribute dynamically from JavaScript, you must use hexadecimal RBG specification. For more information, refer to Chapter 4, “Using Color.” Not available in TV Navigator Compact. AVAILABILITY: border SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: border="pixels" Applies only to the INPUT element type="image". The image follows the general rules for image borders. For more information, refer to the BORDER attribute of IMG. checked SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: checked A Boolean that applies to the INPUT elements type="checkbox" and type="radio". When the CHECKED attribute is present, the checkbox or radio button appears checked when the FORM is loaded. The default value is off (CHECKED not present). disabled SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: disabled A Boolean that applies to all INPUT element types. When the DISABLED attribute is present, the control cannot be focused or changed. In some versions of TV Navigator, the control will also appear greyed-out. The default value is enabled (DISABLED not present). maxlength SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: maxlength="maxChars" Applies to INPUT elements type="password" and type="text". This attribute sets the maximum number of characters that will be accepted for the control. Once 76 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 the limit is reached, no more character input is accepted. For more information, refer to the INPUT element type="text". name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="string" Applies to all INPUT element types. The NAME attribute is required for any input type that has a VALUE that will be read by the server. The attribute also provides a way to reference the element in JavaScript, for those platforms that support JavaScript. nocursor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: nocursor A Boolean that applies only to the INPUT element type="image". Images in forms are typically image maps; different parts of the image are mapped to different actions. An on-screen cursor is required for the user to navigate within the image. The presence of the NOCURSOR attribute indicates that the image should not behave like an image map and that a cursor is, therefore, not needed. Logically, an image map requires three user actions—one to navigate to the image, another to select a part of the image, and a finally an action to invoke (or “click”) that part. On a personal computer with a mouse, users can move to the image and select a part of it in a single gesture. However, it’s not that easy in the generally cursorless environment of Interactive TV. After focusing on the image, they must take a separate action to select part of it, typically by maneuvering a temporary cursor with the arrow keys. The NOCURSOR attribute eliminates this cumbersome step if it’s not necessary. If NOCURSOR is not specified, the form is submitted along with the coordinates of the cursor when the user clicks the image. If NOCURSOR is specified, the coordinates are not submitted (because there’s no cursor). readonly SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: readonly Applies to INPUT element type="password" and type="text". The READONLY attribute prevents the value of the control from being changed by the user. The control also cannot receive focus. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 77 size SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: size="numChars" Applies to type="password" and type="text". The SIZE attribute sets the width of the control by the number of the widest character that will fit into the space. For more information, refer to the INPUT element type="text". src SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: src="URL" Applies only to the INPUT element type="image". The image follows the general rules for image sources. For more information, refer to the SRC attribute of the IMG element. value SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: value="text" The VALUE attribute is required for the INPUT elements type="checkbox" and type="checkbox". For any other INPUT that will have a name-value pair submitted to the server, the VALUE attribute may be preset. These preset values will be presented to the user when the form is displayed, and can be changed. For type="button", type="reset", and type="checkbox", the VALUE attribute sets the text on the face of the button. USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no prompt="text" Overview The ISINDEX element provides a simple way to send a single text string to a server for processing. To use this feature, place the single ISINDEX opening tag inside the HEAD element, and assign a request for data to the PROMPT attribute. 78 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 For example, the following HTML provides a simple age-verification form: The data transaction follows these steps: 1. TV Navigator downloads a page with the ISINDEX element from a URL. 2. The text string of the PROMPT attribute displays on the screen. 3. The user enters a response and presses Return. 4. TV Navigator sends a response to the same URL of the current page. 5. The server-side program processes the response and returns an HTML page for TV Navigator to display. The ISINDEX element is deprecated in HTML 4.0, and therefore you should avoid using it. The INPUT element should be used instead. Variations Not available in TV Navigator Compact. Attributes prompt SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: prompt="text" The PROMPT attribute sets the text string that appears when TV Navigator processes the ISINDEX element. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 79 USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes ... none The KBD element marks text that the user will type on the keyboard. It usually appears in onscreen instructions or help screens presented to the user. For example: Welcome to pizzasoft! Press the ENTER key to continue. TV Navigator renders text enclosed with the KBD element in a fixed-width font, if one is available. Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. USAGE: s1 no c3 no ... The LAYER element is a Netscape-Navigator-only feature that controls the positioning, sizing, and stacking of elements in the Navigator object model. This element is not supported in any version of TV Navigator. Do not confuse the unsupported LAYER element with the LAYER attribute of BODY, DIV, IMG, and other elements. The LAYER attribute of these elements controls MPEG I-frame rendering in TV Navigator Compact. 80 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes ...[] type=["A" | "a" | "I" | "i" | "1"] value="number" Overview The LI element marks list items contained inside OL (ordered list) and UL (unordered list) elements. For more information on using LI, refer to the OL and UL element descriptions. Attributes type SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: type=["A" | "a" | "I" | "i" | "1"] The TYPE attribute determines the sequence behavior for individual LI elements contained inside the OL or UL element. The different values of TYPE produce the following kinds of list items: Value "A" "a" "I" "i" "1" "circle" "disc" "square" List Type ordered alphabetical, uppercase ordered alphabetical, lowercase ordered roman, uppercase ordered roman, lowercase ordered numeric unordered circles unordered discs unordered squares Example A,B,C,D,... a,b,c,d,... I,II,III,IV,... i,ii,iii,iv,... 1,2,3,4,... , , , ,... , , , ,... , , , ,... Typically, TYPE would be set for the entire list. It is not possible to change a list item from an ordered type to an unordered type or vice-versa. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 81 Setting the type and value for a list item also sets it for subsequent items. For example: shades of green mint chartreuse shades of blue sky navy VARIATIONS: TV Navigator Standard 1.x only supports type="1" (default) for ordered lists, and type="disc" for unordered lists. value SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: value="number" The VALUE attribute sets the value for individual LI list items in OL ordered lists. The value of number is always an integer, regardless of the TYPE of list. For example: Green The list item "Green" is assigned the marker "F". USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no charset="characterset" href="URL" rel="relationship" rev="relationship" type="encoding" Overview The LINK element establishes a relationship between the current HTML document and another document at the location specified by the HREF attribute. The LINK element can only exist inside the HEAD element, and the end tag is forbidden. 82 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Variations TV Navigator Compact does not support the LINK element. Attributes charset SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: charset="characterset" The CHARSET attribute is not functional in TV Navigator. href SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: href="URL" Specifies the URI or URL of the linked document. rel SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: rel="relationship" Defines the relationship between the current document and the linked document. If you specify rel="next", TV Navigator automatically prefetches the content of the linked document. This can improve performance significantly. For example: When it prefetches the HREF document, TV Navigator follows as many links in the document as memory allows. Any user request to fetch another document aborts the prefetch. rev SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: rev="relationship" Defines the relationship between the current document and the document that linked to it. This is the reverse of the REL attribute. The REV attribute has no current function in TV Navigator. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 83 type SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: type="encoding" The TYPE attribute specifies the MIME type of the linked document. USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no ... none Overview The LISTING element is intended to display a block of computer code. Although this element is supported in TV Navigator, you should use the PRE element instead. Variations TV Navigator Compact does not support the LISTING element. USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes ... name="identifier" Overview Use the MAP element in conjunction with IMG and AREA to create a selectable client-side image map. Each AREA element defines a “hotspot” with a shape type, size, and position, and a hypertext link for launching URLs or JavaScript statements. All the AREA elements for a particular image are enclosed by a MAP element with a defined NAME attribute. The image map is then associated with the image by defining the USEMAP attribute of the IMG element. For more information, and an example of using the MAP element, refer to the AREA element. 84 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Attributes name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="identifier" Names the MAP element so it can be referred to from the associated IMG element. USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes ... compact Overview The MENU element creates an unordered list of items, also called a “bulleted list.” Use the MENU element to enclose the list, and LI elements to mark each list item. Only the MENU element requires an end tag; end tags for LI items are not necessary, because these elements terminate automatically at the start of any other list element. For example: Toyota Nissan Honda Subaru The MENU element is deprecated in HTML 4.0. You should use the UL element (type="list") instead. Attributes compact SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: compact The COMPACT attribute is intended to compress the appearance of a MENU list. In TV Navigator, lists are already rendered as compactly as possible, so this attribute has no visible effect. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 85 USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes content="fieldValue" history="transient" http-equiv="fieldName" initialfocus=["name" | "notme"] name="name" scheme="scheme" Overview The META element provides information about the document to the TV Navigator client and the Liberate Connect servers. The META element resides inside the HEAD element, and you can use as many META elements as necessary. Use the META element to perform the following specific tasks: • Set the initial focus of a page (INITIALFOCUS attribute) • Prevent a document from appearing in the history list (HISTORY attribute) • Prevent the document from being cached (HTTP-EQUIV attribute) • Set a time limit on caching (HTTP-EQUIV attribute) • Advise the client about the content type and character set of the document (HTTP-EQUIV attribute) • Automatically refresh the page on a defined interval (HTTP-EQUIV attribute), or redirect it to another URL to prevent screen burn-in • Assign keywords for search engines (NAME attribute) • Embed authoring, copyright, or other document-specific information (NAME attribute) Variations • TV Navigator Compact does not support the HISTORY attribute of the META element. • TV Navigator Compact supports an additional feature of the NAME attribute that should be used on the first page of broadcast content. Refer to the NAME attribute for more information. 86 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Attributes content SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: content="fieldValue" The content attribute provides value(s) to accompany other attributes of the META element. When necessary, the fieldValue parameter can accept a list of comma-separated values. history SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: history="transient" TV Navigator accepts a unique HISTORY attribute (not available in PC browsers), which has a single value of "transient": By setting the HISTORY attribute, the page is only transiently added to the history list; it’s in the list only while it’s the current page, but is removed from the list when the user leaves the page. This prevents auxiliary and peripheral pages—for example, a help page—from contaminating the user’s history list. The user will skip those pages when navigator backward or forward in the list. AVAILABILITY: Not supported in TV Navigator Compact. http-equiv SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: http-equiv="fieldName" Working together, the META element’s HTTP-EQUIV and CONTENT attributes supply TV Navigator with directives that are normally contained in HTTP response headers. The directives are name-value pairs where HTTP-EQUIV provides the name and CONTENT the value. This is standard HTML. TV Navigator doesn’t define any special name-value pairs for these attributes; it simply responds to some of the standard settings that Web pages commonly use. These META attributes are useful if you cannot configure the source HTTP server (the server where your document resides) to send the desired HTTP response JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 87 headers, or if you’re not prepared to write a cgi-bin script to generate the headers. However, there are some disadvantages, including the following: • Not all browsers honor HTTP-EQUIV and CONTENT settings, and the ones that do don’t all honor the same set of directives. The set that works for TV Navigator is presented under “Client behavior.” • Servers typically don’t parse HTML, so they’re generally not affected by the META element. HTML content is intended for the client only. However, transcoded content for TV Navigator is a partial exception to this general rule. The way that these attributes may affect server behavior is discussed later, in the “Caching on the server” section. • The META element can be inserted only in HTML files, so it cannot govern how the client treats other kinds of content, such as images and JavaScript files. To include these other types of data, the source server must set an actual header. Client behavior. All but one of the HTTP-EQUIV directives that TV Navigator responds to affect whether the client will cache the requested document and, if so, for how long. These fields are especially useful while developing content— particularly if you’re repeatedly editing a page, downloading the revised version, and then editing and downloading it again. Because they can prevent TV Navigator from keeping a copy of the page, they force it to fetch a new version—the one with your latest changes—each time you reload or revisit the URL. The following table summarizes the cache-related HTTP-EQUIV and CONTENT combinations that TV Navigator supports: 88 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 HTTP-EQUIV CONTENT Description Prevents the document from being cached. Similar to “no-cache”. Sets the number of seconds the document should remain in the cache before expiring. Indicates that the document is shared and therefore can be cached, even if it would normally not be cacheable. For example, documents that are delivered with cookies are not cached unless (a) they’re marked “public” and (b) another header indicates how long they should stay in the cache. Indicates that the document is intended for just one user and should be removed from the cache when the user changes. Prevents the document from being cached. This header is an older (HTTP 1.0) form of “cache-control: no-cache”. Sets the date when the cache for the document should expire. Indicates when the document was last modified. TV Navigator considers the age of the document when determining how long to keep it in the cache. “cache-control” “no-cache” “no-store” “max-age=seconds” “public” “cache-control” “private” (continued) “pragma” “no-cache” “expires” “last-modified” “date” “date” Documents without any of these settings, either in the META element or as HTTP headers, are not cached. Typically, the originating server supplies at least one caching directive as an HTTP header. If there are multiple directives and they are in conflict with each other, TV Navigator honors them in the following order: “cache-control: no-cache” (and its “pragma: no-cache” equivalent) “cache-control: max-age=seconds” “expires: date” “last-modified: date” JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 89 If there’s a META setting and a true header for the same directive—“expires”, for example—the META setting will override the header when the document reaches the client. You can also control the cache on the client from JavaScript. The Cache.remove() method deletes specific items from the cache. Another HTTP-EQUIV value that TV Navigator honors—one not related to caching—is “refresh”: HTTP-EQUIV CONTENT Description Sets the number of seconds separating automatic downloads of the page. For example, if seconds is “7”, TV Navigator will download the page every seven seconds, presumedly getting a slightly different version each time (provided the old version is not cached). Names the URL that should be used to refresh the document. “refresh” “seconds” “seconds;url=URL” Caching on the server. HTTP requests from the set-top box pass through a proxy server and the Liberate Transcode™ server before going out to the Internet. The response to a request retraces this route, so the Transcode server sees the response before the proxy does. As part of its transcoding operations, the Transcode server translates caching-related HTTP-EQUIV and CONTENT settings to true HTTP headers and adds them to the response. The purpose is to simplify the work of the client, so that it can just look at the HTTP headers to determine how to cache the document and not bother with the HTML. However, there’s a side effect: Because the proxy server stands between the Transcode server and the client, it will be affected by any HTTP-EQUIV fields that the Transcode server turns into true HTTP headers. This makes it possible to turn caching off on both the client and the proxy with the same HTTP-EQUIV directive. If you want to use this trick, here are some considerations to keep in mind: • Current releases of TV Navigator rely on the Transcode server to lay out HTML pages. However, in the future, on some set-top boxes, TV Navigator will be able to do the work itself. At that time, the trick will no longer work. Only the client will be affected by HTTP-EQUIV directives. 90 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 • All proxy servers do not respond to the caching headers in the same way. If you want to prevent caching on both the proxy and the client, it’s generally safest to use an “expires” header, rather than “cache-control”, because it’s compatible with a wider range of servers. For example: The 0 in this construction indicates that the document has already expired (as would any date in the past), which should prevent it from being cached. • The document may be cached by intermediate servers before it reaches the Transcode server. For example, HTTP-EQUIV settings are unlikely to affect a Liberate parental proxy server. The best way to prevent these servers from caching the document is to have the source server set the “expires: 0” header. initialfocus SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: initialfocus=["name" | "notme"] When a new page is displayed in a window, and the page has focusable elements, the system picks one of the elements to have the initial focus—it chooses an element to mark with the focus rectangle. It’s often a good idea to take that decision into your own hands by setting the focus in an onload() handler for the page. If you don’t use JavaScript, you can still influence the decision through the INITIALFOCUS attribute of the META element. For example: ...... The name can designate anything the user can focus on—a FORM element, an A anchor element, or a TABLE with focusable cells. The initial focus is assigned to the named element. Only one element can be in focus on-screen at a time. If documents in two or more frames each specify an initial focus, one of them will win and the others will be ignored. Similarly, if an element in one frame has the focus and another frame loads a document that specifies an initial focus, the focus won’t change. If the name assigned to INITIALFOCUS designates a table, one of its cells will be marked with the focus rectangle—typically a cell close to the upper-left corner JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 91 of the table. You can also designate a particular cell by enclosing its row and column (in that order) within parentheses. For example, the following assignment specifies the third cell in the top row: If the name assigned to INITIALFOCUS designates an anchor, it should be the source, not the destination, of a link. It’s customary to give names to A anchor elements when they’re used to mark the destination: Section G: Legal Ramifications However, the INITIALFOCUS attribute means that some link sources also need names, because those are the anchors that users will want to select and activate. For example: This has legal ramifications that you need to be aware of. This link could be assigned the initial focus as follows: You can also use the special name "notme" to indicate that nothing in a particular document, typically a document in one frame of a frameset, should receive the initial focus: The "notme" value means that the initial focus should not be located anywhere within the frame. VARIATIONS: TV Navigator Compact does not support the "notme" value. name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="name" The NAME attribute is used with the CONTENT attribute to provide additional, hidden information about the document. These name-value pairs are not used directly by TV Navigator, but may be used by search engines or for archiving and identification purposes. For example, the following set of META declarations appears at the top of the Liberate corporate Web site (edited to reduce length): VARIATIONS: In TV Navigator Compact only, the first page of broadcast content should include the following meta declaration: This ensures proper content updating after power outage. scheme SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: scheme="scheme" An author-defined field for META data. TV Navigator has no special use for this data. USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no ... none In a typical PC browser, text surrounded by the NOBR element does not wrap on the screen. If the line of text is wider than the screen, the user must scroll horizontally to see all the text. In TV Navigator, however, horizontal scrolling is not possible. Therefore, NOBR elements are usually ignored. There are two exceptions: • Text that has been marked with WBR tags. Refer to WBR for more information. • Adjacent IMG elements that are surrounded by a NOBR element. The remainder of this NOBR description applies to this situation. Use NOBR elements to keep a group of images on the same line. Images that display side-by-side in a computer-oriented browser don’t necessarily appear side-by-side on TV. Wherever possible, TV Navigator splits groups of images, displaying them on separate lines, rather than shrink individual images. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 93 Figure 18 shows the differences between how a computer browser handles sequential images in HTML and how TV Navigator handles them—and then how to fix what goes wrong. Web page with two GIF images placed side-by-side, displayed in a computer browser. The same page displayed in TV Navigator. The images break on separate lines. Two GIF images Fix the page by bracketing the images with a NOBR element. Figure 18: Scaling Adjacent Images with the NOBR Element In TV Navigator, the two images are too large to appear on the same line, so they appear one above the other. (Even in a PC browser, with a narrow window, these images might also display one on top of the other.) To rectify this situation, bracket the two images with a NOBR element. This forces TV Navigator to scale the images so they fit on the same line. If the images were separated by a SPACER, the SPACER would also be scaled. 94 CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Variations TV Navigator Compact does not support the NOBR element. USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 no c3 no <noframes>... none The NOFRAMES element encloses content that will be displayed by browsers incapable of displaying frames. This element is ignored by TV Navigator. none The NOSCRIPT element encloses content that will be displayed by browsers that do not support scripting. In TV Navigator, scripting always implies JavaScript. Therefore, the NOSCRIPT element is functional only in versions that do not support JavaScript. For example: Variations The NOSCRIPT element is only supported in TV Navigator Compact. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 95 <ol> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <ol>...</ol> compact start="number" type=["A" | "a" | "I" | "i" | "1"] Overview The OL element creates an ordered list of items, where each item begins with a letter or number. Each successive item is one number or letter further in the sequence than the previous item. Use the OL element to enclose the list, and LI elements to mark each list item. Only the OL element requires an end tag; end tags for LI items are not necessary, because these elements terminate automatically at the start of any other list element. For example: <body> <p>Louisiana Tribes <ol type="i"> <li>Chitmacha<li>Choctaw<li>Choushatta </ol> <p>Massachussetts Tribes <ol type="i" start="4"> <li>Mashpee<li>Naragansett<li>Wampanoag </ol> </body> 96 <ol> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 In TV Navigator, the ordered list looks like Figure 19 (note variation between versions): Standard 1.x Compact 3.x (background) Figure 19: Ordered Lists in TV Navigator TV Navigator lets you set the type of sequence with the TYPE attribute, and set the starting value with the START attribute. To distinguish the list from the surrounding text, the entire list is typically indented 20 pixels to the right, and 30 pixels down from the previous line. Attributes compact SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: compact The COMPACT attribute is intended to compress the appearance of an ordered list. In TV Navigator, lists are already rendered as compactly as possible, so this attribute has no visible effect. start SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: start="number" The START attribute sets the initial value of the first item in the OL ordered list. The value of number is always an integer, regardless of the TYPE of list. In this example, list item "Green" is assigned the marker "F": <ol type="A" start="6"> <li>Green </ol> JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <ol> 97 type SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: type=["A" | "a" | "I" | "i" | "1"] The TYPE attribute determines the sequence behavior for the OL element. The different values of TYPE produce the following kinds of lists: Value "A" "a" "I" "i" "1" VARIATIONS: List Type alphabetical, uppercase alphabetical, lowercase roman, uppercase roman, lowercase numeric (arabic), default Example A,B,C,D,... a,b,c,d,... I,II,III,IV,... i,ii,iii,iv,... 1,2,3,4,... TV Navigator Standard 1.x only supports type="1" (default). <option> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <option>...[</option>] disabled selected value="text" Overview The OPTION element is a subelement of the SELECT element. For information on using OPTION, refer to the SELECT element. The VALUE attribute of OPTION is required—this is the value submitted (when selected) to the server as part of the name-value pair. The SELECTED attribute preselects the OPTION, and is similar in function to the CHECKED attribute of the INPUT element. The end tag for the OPTION element is optional. 98 <option> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Attributes disabled SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: disabled When the DISABLED Boolean is present, the OPTION cannot receive focus. The item appears greyed out. selected SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: selected The SELECTED Boolean preselects the OPTION element, and is similar in function to the CHECKED attribute of the INPUT element. value SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: value="text" The value that is submitted (when selected) to the server as part of the namevalue pair. <p> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <p>...[</p>] align=["center" | "left" | "right"] layer=["background" | "foreground"] Overview The P paragraph element provides a basic container for text on the page. P is a block-level element, meaning that its opening tag starts a new block of text (starting the paragraph on a new line), and is terminated by the start of other block-level elements. P takes a single attribute, ALIGN, which determines the alignment of the paragraph relative to the next outermost container. No end tag is required. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <p> 99 Variations TV Navigator Compact supports the nonstandard LAYER attribute, which determines the rendering level of the P element. Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align=["center" | "left" | "right"] Determines the alignment of text within the P paragraph element. layer SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: layer=["background" | "foreground"] Specifies the rendering layer for the content of the P paragraph element. By default, the P element inherits its layer setting from the BODY element. background If layer="background" (the default setting for BODY and its contents), all content inside the P paragraph element is combined with the BACKGROUND image and rendered to an MPEG I-frame using background colors and fonts. Note that because P is a block-level element, the value of the LAYER attribute will revert to its default value at the next paragraph, or the opening tag of any other block-level element. foreground If you set layer="foreground", all content inside the P paragraph element is sent to the set-top box to be rendered above the I-frame. Foreground text elements can appear as plain text only. AVAILABILITY: Available in TV Navigator Compact only. 100 <p> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <param> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 no c3 yes <param> name="name" value="string" Overview The PARAM element provides a way to pass name-value pairs to an APPLET or OBJECT element. PARAM elements must be contained by the opening and closing tags of the applet or object, and you can use as many as necessary. Using external values allows the HTML author to tailor the applet or object to the needs of the document. For example: <applet code="Blink.class" width=300 height=100> <param name="lbl" value="This is the next best thing to sliced bread!"> <param name="speed" value="4"> </applet> The format and content of the PARAM element is entirely dependent on the way the APPLET or OBJECT was programmed. Variations TV Navigator Standard 1.x does not support the PARAM, APPLET and OBJECT elements. Attributes name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="name" Provides the name portion of the name-value pair passed from the PARAM element to the APPLET or OBJECT. value SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: value="string" Provides the value portion of the name-value pair passed from the PARAM element to the APPLET or OBJECT. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <param> 101 <plaintext> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <plaintext>...[</plaintext>] none The PLAINTEXT element renders enclosed content in a monospace font, if one is available. This element is no longer a part of the HTML specification, so you should use the CODE element or PRE element instead. Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. <pre> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <pre>...</pre> wrap Overview The PRE element marks a block of text as "preformatted". In TV Navigator, this means that the text is rendered in a monospace font (if one is available), and that all spacing is preserved. This makes PRE a common way to render code samples. For a comparison of PRE and CODE, refer to the description of the CODE element. For example: <pre> <script> function doFocus(fruits, nuts) { updateRow(fruits); updateColumn(nuts); } </script> </pre> Note in this example that < and > (left and right angle brackets) are created with character entities &lt and &gt. This prevents the browser from recognizing example tags as valid HTML. For a complete list of supported character entities, refer to Chapter 9, “Character Sets.” 102 <plaintext> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. Attributes wrap SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: wrap The WRAP attribute tells the browser to automatically word-wrap the contents of the PRE element. Wrapping is the default behavior in TV Navigator (and therefore, the WRAP attribute is ignored) because horizontal scrolling is never allowed. For example: <pre wrap> Long code sample here... </pre> <s> See the STRIKE element for a complete description. <samp> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <samp>...</samp> none The SAMP element marks text that is the output of a computer program. For example: <body> <samp> Your search yielded 23,536 matches. </samp> </body> TV Navigator renders SAMP elements in a monospace font, if one is available. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <s> 103 Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. <script> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <script attributes>...</script> language="Javascript" src="URL" Overview Use the SCRIPT element as a container for coded scripts. TV Navigator Standard is the only version that support scripting, and it supports only the JavaScript language. Multiple script elements can appear in a document, and/or the script can be located in an external document that is linked via the SRC attribute. For example: <head> <script src="my_scripts.js"></script> </head> <body> <table name="myTable">... </table> <script> function doFocus(cabbage, brusselsSprouts) { updateRow(cabbage); updateColumn(brusselsSprouts); } document.myTable.onfocus = doFocus </script> <body> If you insert a script inside a framesetting document (refer to the FRAMESET element), the functions defined by the script are available to all of the subdocuments defined by the contained FRAME elements. Variations The SCRIPT element is only supported in TV Navigator Standard 1.x. 104 <script> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Attributes language SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: language="lang" Since TV Navigator recognizes only JavaScript as a scripting language, the LANGUAGE attribute is unnecessary. The default value is always "javascript". src SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: src="URL" The SRC attribute loads the JavaScript code from an external .js file into the current document. For example: <script src="my_scripts.js"></script> <scrollstop> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <scrollstop> none Marks targets for scrolling. By default, a document scrolls in frame-sized chunks, but the SCROLLSTOP element can be used to split it into smaller pieces. Each time the user scrolls up or down, another successive portion of the document is brought into view. Scrolling stops when either one of the following occurs: • One or two lines that used to be at the top of the viewing frame are at the bottom, or one or two lines that used to be at the bottom of the frame are at the top. • The contents of the document immediately following a SCROLLSTOP element are flush with the top of the viewing frame. For example, SCROLLSTOP could be inserted before each TR element in a table so that the table would scroll one row at a time. Note that scrolling never skips over any of the document. The SCROLLSTOP tag cannot be used to force scrolling in chunks larger than the frame where the document is displayed. Variations The SCROLLSTOP element is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <scrollstop> 105 <select> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <select>...</select> align="position" background="url" bgcolor="color" disabled multiple name="string" popupbg="url" popupdirection=["up" | "down" | "auto"] selbgcolor="color" seltext="color" size="rows" text="color" onblur="JavaScript" onfocus="JavaScript" onchange="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview The SELECT element creates a pop-up menu of OPTION elements. The OPTION elements are nested inside the opening and closing tags of SELECT. SELECT appears inside the FORM element, and its NAME attribute is part of the name-value pair submitted with the form. The submitted value comes from the VALUE attribute of the selected OPTION element. For example: <form> Color: <select name="user_color_choice"> <option value="none"><Select One> <option value="color_red">Red <option value="color_orange">Orange <option value="color_yelow">Yellow <option value="color_green">Green </select> </form> In TV Navigator, this example would look like Figure 20: 106 <select> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Before Focus During Focus Figure 20: SELECT Element in TV Navigator, Default Attributes When the SELECT element allows users to select more than one option (the MULTIPLE attribute is set) or if it displays more than one option (the SIZE attribute is set to a value greater than 1), there is no pop-up. The SELECT element displays all the options, scrolling them if necessary. TV Navigator Enhancements The TEXT, BGCOLOR, and BACKGROUND attributes affect both the SELECT element itself and its popup list, if there is one. The TEXT, BGCOLOR, and BACKGROUND attributes work just like their counterparts for the BODY element: • The TEXT attribute specifies the color used to draw OPTION element text. It applies to all text in the SELECT display and the pop-up list. If not set, the color defaults to black. • The BGCOLOR attribute specifies a color to display in the background of the SELECT element and the pop-up list it controls. Currently, the color cannot be “transparent”. If a background color isn’t set, it defaults to light grey. • The BACKGROUND attribute can be set to a URL for an image to display in the background of the SELECT element. It applies only to that element, not the pop-up list. To put a background image in a pop-up list, use the POPUPBG attribute instead of BACKGROUND. In both cases, the image is tiled to fill the entire area displayed and cropped to fit. The height of the SELECT element is determined by the SIZE attribute, which defaults to 1. The height of the pop-up list is determined by the number of options. A maximum of six items are displayed; if there are over six items, the list scrolls. The widths of both the element and its pop-up list are determined by the width of the widest option (the widest text string). If a background color (BGCOLOR) and a background image (BACKGROUND or POPUPBG) are both set, the color is drawn first and the image is placed on top, so that transparency in the image lets the background color show through. For example, this HTML code would show the background color in the SELECT display and an image, possibly against that color, in the pop-up list: <select bgcolor="olive" popupbg="images/optionsBg.gif"> JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <select> 107 The SELTEXT and SELBGCOLOR attributes are similar to TEXT and BGCOLOR, except that they specify the colors used to highlight an option when it’s selected: • The SELTEXT attribute sets the color used to display the text of a selected option. The default color is white. • The SELBGCOLOR attribute specifies a background color for the selected option. It defaults to a dark grey. This example is a modification of the SELECT element from the previous example: ...<select name="user_color_choice" size="5" multiple seltext="white" selbgcolor="green"> <option value="none"><Select Two> ... The result is a selection list (not a pop-up menu) with multiple selections and a green background for the selected items, as shown in Figure 21: Before Focus During Focus Figure 21: SELECT Element in TV Navigator, Advanced Attributes Variations • The SELECT element is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. • The POPUPDIRECTION attribute of the select element is only supported by TV Navigator Standard 1.2.7.3 and above. It is not supported by 1.3 or 1.5. 108 <select> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align="position" The ALIGN attribute determines the position of the SELECT element in relation to its surrounding text. The values of position are identical to those for the ALIGN attribute of the IMG element. For example: <select name="sel_01" size="4" align=”middle”> background SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: background="URL" Sets the URL for an image to display in the background of the SELECT element. To put a background image in a pop-up list, use the POPUPBG attribute instead of BACKGROUND. bgcolor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: bgcolor="color" Specifies a color to display in the background of the SELECT element and the pop-up list it controls. Currently, the color cannot be "transparent". If a background color isn’t set, it defaults to light grey. disabled SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: disabled Disables the SELECT element, and prevents it from receiving focus. multiple SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: multiple If the MULTIPLE attribute is set, TV Navigator renders the SELECT element as a list box instead of a pop-up list. If necessary, TV Navigator will scroll the list to display all options. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <select> 109 name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="string" Sets the name portion of the name-value pair submitted with the FORM data. popupbg SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: popupbg="url" Places a background image in a SELECT pop-up list. popupdirection SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: popupdirection=["up" | "down" | "auto"] TV Navigator uses a fixed algorithm to determine the pop-up direction of a SELECT element. If the SELECT element is located in the top half of the window, the pop-up is drawn downwards, if possible. In the bottom half of the window, the pop-up is drawn upwards. An additional attribute of the SELECT element specifies the preferred drawing direction of the pop-up. The POPUPDIRECTION attribute supports the following values: up The pop-up is drawn upwards from the SELECT element, if there is enough space to do so. down The pop-up is drawn downwards from the SELECT element, if there is enough space to do so. auto This is the default behavior of the SELECT element. If the SELECT element is located in the top half of the window, the pop-up is drawn downwards, if possible. In the bottom half of the window, the pop-up is drawn upwards. AVAILABILITY: Introduced in TV Navigator Standard 1.2.7.3. Not available in TV Navigator 1.3 or TV Navigator 1.5. 110 <select> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 selbgcolor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: selbgcolor="color" Specifies the color to use as a background for selected options. The default value is a dark grey. seltext SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: seltext="color" Specifies the color of the text for selected options. The default value is black. size SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: size="rows" Sets the number of rows to display. If SIZE is set to greater than 1, the SELECT element changes from a pop-up menu to a list box. text SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: text="color" Specifies the color used to draw the OPTION element text. It applies to all text in the SELECT element and the pop-up list. If TEXT is not set, the color defaults to black. <small> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <small>...</small> none The SMALL element decreases the size of the enclosed text by moving down one value in the 1-7 scale. SMALL elements can be nested for a cumulative effect. For more information on font sizing, refer to the SIZE attribute of the FONT element. For example: <body> <p>This is normal text.<small>This is one size smaller.</small> This is normal text again.</p> </body> JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <small> 111 <spacer> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <spacer attributes> align="position" height="pixels"; width="pixels" size="pixels" type=["block" | "horizontal" | "vertical"] Overview The SPACER element creates a block of background-colored (invisible) space that can help position elements on the page. The TYPE attribute lets you define three kinds of spacers: • type="block". This is a rectangular spacer that moves subsequent elements vertically and horizontally. • type="horizontal". This spacer adds a block of horizontal space on the same line of text. • type="vertical". This spacer adds a block of vertical space between lines of text. Figure 22 shows a block of text containing the three spacer types (spacers are shown colored and outlined for illustrative purposes). <spacer type="horizontal" size="45"> <spacer type="vertical" size="45"> <spacer type="vertical" width="60" height="60" align="left"> Figure 22: SPACER Elements in TV Navigator Standard 112 <spacer> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Variations The SPACER element is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align="position" The ALIGN attribute determines the position of block-type SPACER elements in relation to surrounding text. The values of position are identical to those for the ALIGN attribute of the IMG element. height, width SYNOPSIS: height="pixels" width="pixels" The HEIGHT and WIDTH attributes control the size of type="block" SPACER elements. TV Navigator may find it necessary to alter the size of SPACER elements to make content fit. For more information, refer to the NOBR element. DESCRIPTION: size SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: size="pixels" The SIZE attribute sets the width of type="vertical" SPACER elements and the height of type="vertical" spacer elements. type SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: type=["block" | "horizontal" | "vertical"] Sets the behavior of the SPACER element. If you set type="block", you must specify both HEIGHT and WIDTH attributes. If you set type="horizontal" or type="vertical", you must specify the SIZE attribute. There is no default setting. For example: <spacer type=”horizontal” size=”122”> JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <spacer> 113 <strike> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <strike>...</strike> <s>...</s> none The STRIKE element renders all text contained between the opening and closing tags with a strikethrough line. It is identical to the S element. For example: <p>Tonight’s menu features ginger-pineapple cous-cous served on a bed of <strike>organic</strike> wilted dandelions.</p> Variations The S and STRIKE elements are not supported in TV Navigator Compact. <strong> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <strong>...</strong> none The STRONG element renders all text contained between the opening and closing tags as bold. It is similar to the EM element. For example: <p>The rain in Spain falls <strong>mainly</strong> on the plains.</p> Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. 114 <strike> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <sub> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <sub>...</sup> none The SUB element renders all text contained between the opening and closing tags as subscript. Variations The SUB element is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. <sup> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <sup>...</sup> none The SUP element renders all text contained between the opening and closing tags as superscript. Variations The SUB element is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <sub> 115 <table> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <table attributes>...</table> align=["left" | "center" | "right"] background="URL" bgcolor="color" border="pixels" cellpadding="pixels" cellspacing="pixels" cols="number" dynamiccols="number" frame=["above" | "below" | "border" | "box" | "hsides" | "lhs" | "rhs" | "void" | "vsides"] height=["pixels" | "percent"]; width=["pixels" | "percent"] highlightable hspace="pixels"; vspace="pixels" layer=["background" | "middle" | "foreground"] name="string" rules=["all" | "cols" | "groups" | "none" | "rows"] onblur="JavaScript" onclick="JavaScript" onfocus="JavaScript" onnavigate="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview Tables allow you to arrange data into rows and columns of cells, and also perform basic layout tasks. Table cells in TV Navigator can hold any content that a BODY element can hold: text, images, forms, and even the television picture. TV Navigator Standard (all versions) also supports dynamic tables—tables the user can navigate, and that JavaScript can modify at run time. Dynamic table cells, however, are limited to plain text. No images, hypertext links, embedded tables, or other HTML elements are allowed. For more information, refer to “Dynamic Tables” on page 120. 116 <table> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Table Structure The structure of a table is highly specific. At minimum, a TABLE element holds a set of TR row elements, which in turn hold a set of TD cell elements. Optionally, the TABLE element can also include a row of TH heading cells and/or a CAPTION. For example, the following code creates a table like the one shown in Figure 23: <table width=80% bgcolor="lemonchiffon" border> <caption align="bottom">This is the caption</caption> <tr align="center"> <th>Head 1<th>Head 2<th>Head 3 <tr align="center"> <td>cell 1<td>cell 2<td>cell 3 <tr align="center"> <td>cell 4<td colspan="2">merged cells <tr align="center"> <td>cell 7<td>cell 8<td>cell 9 </table> default border is 2 pixels wide Figure 23: Basic Table Structure Note that end tags are not required for any of the table subelements. Row elements terminate automatically at the start of another row element, and cell elements terminate at the start of another cell or a row element. Table Position and Size The position of a TABLE element on the page is determined by the ALIGN, HSPACE, and VSPACE attributes. If these attributes are not specified, the table assumes the position a paragraph element would have in the same spot in the document. Figure 24 shows how the HSPACE and VSPACE attributes affect spacing from adjacent page elements. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <table> 117 Paragraph element above... vspace cell 1 hspace cell 4 cell 2 cellspacing cellpadding cell 3 cell body cell margin merged cells table margin table caption vspace Paragraph element below... Figure 24: Table and Cell Positioning Several factors determine the size of the TABLE element and its subelements in TV Navigator: • First and foremost are the values of the HEIGHT and WIDTH attributes. You specify values for these in pixels (absolute size) or in a percentage of the visible container. The “container” can be the entire safe area of the screen, part of the screen defined by a FRAME element, or even another TD table cell. The values of height and width are taken as suggestions only— TV Navigator makes automatic adjustments to tables to ensure proper layout on the television screen. For more information, refer to the HEIGHT attribute of TABLE. • The number of rows in the table, and the number of cells in each row. Because horizontal scrolling is not allowed, TV Navigator will squeeze wide tables to fit in the allowable space. However, vertical scrolling is allowed, and long tables with many rows will be split into multiple screens. • The size of individual TD cell elements. TV Navigator establishes a minimum size for the cell—generally the smallest size possible while preserving legibility. The setting of the cell TD HEIGHT attribute can only increase the size of the cell; the height of the cell cannot be made smaller than the automatic minimum size. Cell size is also affected by the value of the TABLE CELLPADDING attribute (see Figure 24), which adds additional space between the cell body and the cell margin. • The value of the TABLE attribute CELLSPACING (see Figure 24), which inserts additional space between cell margins. The BORDER, CELLSPACING, and CELLPADDING attributes interact in TV Navigator. For more information, refer to the description of the BORDER attribute. 118 <table> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Color Layering in Tables Color in TV Navigator tables works differently than you may expect. Tables, rows and cells are arranged in layers, each with a settable BGCOLOR attribute. By default, the BGCOLOR of all table components is transparent, allowing any color or image defined in a lower layer to show through to upper layers as shown in Figure 25. <td background="URL"> <td bgcolor="color"> <tr bgcolor="color"> <table bgcolor="color"> <table background="URL"> <body bgcolor="color"> <body background="URL"> <frameset background="tv:"> direction of transparency Figure 25: Layering of Background Colors in Tables Thus, if you set the table background color (for example, <table bgcolor="red">), you cannot make a single TD cell transparent to the TV image in the BODY background. The only way to achieve this effect would be to leave the table transparent, and then set the BGCOLOR of each cell in the table explicitly. For more information about transparency, refer to “Transparent Backgrounds” on page 156. It is also possible to simultaneously set the background image and the background color for both tables and table cells. In the TV Navigator layering model, the TABLE BGCOLOR is in a layer above the BACKGROUND image for the table. If you set both TABLE BACKGROUND and BGCOLOR, you will see the background image peeking out from the spaces created by the CELLSPACING attribute. The opposite is true in table cells. When both TD (or TH) BGCOLOR and BACKGROUND are set, the background image for the cell appears in a layer above the background color. If the image in the cell is partially transparent, the background color for the cell will show through the transparent areas. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <table> 119 HTML Error Correction According to strict HTML syntax, all table content must be placed inside TD or TH elements. If any content is outside these elements, but inside the TABLE element, TV Navigator automatically adds a TD element to contain the misplaced content. Variations TV Navigator Compact supports the nonstandard LAYER attribute, which determines the rendering level of the table and its contents. TV Navigator Compact does not support any dynamic table features. Dynamic Tables The information in this section applies only to the HTML aspects of dynamic tables. To fully explore the possibilities of dynamic tables you must use JavaScript. Refer to the Table object and Cell object descriptions Content Developer’s Reference (or the Liberate JavaScript Reference, when available). The following attribute descriptions in this reference also provide helpful information: • Dynamic table attributes: DYNAMICCOLS, HIGHLIGHTABLE, and NAME • Dynamic TD cell attributes: BEHAVIOR, FOCUSABLE, and HIGHLIGHTABLE Limitations on Content As it’s set up in HTML, a dynamic table is indistinguishable from any other table (except that it has a name). It can contain anything that any other table can—images, multiple fonts in one cell, and even other tables. However, the dynamic content that JavaScript can place in a table cell is limited to plain text. No images, forms, hypertext links, embedded tables, or other HTML elements are allowed. JavaScript can place new text in a cell, but the new text cannot contain any HTML tags. Even character entities (like   and &") and elements that format the text (like TT and BR) are not permitted. At present, TV Navigator doesn’t have dynamic access to the static content of a cell (the content assigned in HTML), even if that content is plain text. For example, it can change the color of text that JavaScript puts in a cell, but it can’t modify the color of text assigned with the TD element. Similarly, JavaScript cannot scroll any text placed in cells when the table was set up 120 <table> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 in HTML. A cell’s static content is wiped away when the cell is first dynamically modified in any way. If you intend a table to be dynamic, you generally would not assign it images and other elements that would be very different from the contents it can display dynamically. It usually makes the most sense to simply lay out the table and assign font characteristics in HTML, but provide all the content through JavaScript. Even the initial content the user sees can be set dynamically, in an onload() handler. Font Attributes of Cells Because JavaScript disallows even HTML elements that format text (such as B and TT), it cannot modify the font used to display text in table cells. Each cell retains the font characteristics that it was assigned when it was set up in HTML. You can use any of the following elements to format content in a cell when you define the table: B BIG CITE CODE EM FONT I KBD S SAMP SMALL STRIKE STRONG TT U VAR However, these elements set cell formats only if they appear before the first character of text in the cell. For example, the following code sets up a row in a dynamic table: <tr> <td><b>first</td> <td>second</td> <td><u><i>third</td> . . . </tr> In this example, whatever text JavaScript places in these cells will adopt the specified font characteristics—bold in the first cell, plain text in the second, and both underlined and italic in the third. These attributes stay with the cell and cannot be changed. However, if the font elements appear after the first character, they format the static text that HTML puts in the table, but don’t affect any text subsequently written to the cell. The only font attribute that escapes this restriction is the color of the text. It can be modified at any time through JavaScript. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <table> 121 Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align=["left" | "center" | "right"] The ALIGN attribute sets the horizontal alignment of the table relative to its container (BODY element or TD/TH table cell). background SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: background="URL" Allows you to specify an image to use as the background of the TABLE element. For example: <table background="../sheep.gif" ...> TV Navigator positions the image in the upper left corner of the table and tiles the image to fill the space. The image is never scaled. If both BACKGROUND and BGCOLOR are set for the table, the background image appears below the apparent background color—the image only appears if the CELLSPACING attribute is large enough to separate the cells. The value of URL can also take the color: protocol, and when used that way it functions exactly like the BGCOLOR attribute. For example: <table background="color:#C357A6" ...> bgcolor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: bgcolor="color" Sets the background color of the TABLE element. This is equivalent to setting the background color for all of the cells of the table. The value of color can be any valid color name or hexadecimal value. Also see the BACKGROUND attribute. border, cellpadding, cellspacing SYNOPSIS: border="pixels" cellpadding="pixels" cellspacing="pixels" The BORDER and CELLSPACING attributes of the TABLE element interact to some extent, due to TV Navigator’s policy of avoiding horizontal lines that are DESCRIPTION: 122 <table> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 1-pixel-wide whenever possible. The policy is aimed at reducing on-screen flicker. The BORDER attribute specifies grid lines around each cell, around the CAPTION if there is one, and around the entire table. For TV Navigator, these lines are either 1 pixel wide or they don’t exist. You have no control over border width. Add a border by giving the TABLE element a BORDER attribute without a value, or by using any value other than 0: <table border> <table border="1"> Eliminate the border by removing the BORDER attribute or setting it to 0: <table> <table border="0"> The CELLSPACING attribute is the amount of space (in pixels) lying between the cells in a table, and between the edge of the table and the cells. The space is transparent, so it lets the background behind the table (not the table background) show through. If a table has a border, TV Navigator doesn’t display any space between cells, no matter what the CELLSPACING setting is. This forces the grid lines around adjacent cells (and around the caption and the whole table) to lie right next to each other, without any intervening space. The grid lines are 1 pixel wide, so the cell borders appear to be 2 pixels wide (1 pixel contributed by each cell). In effect, if you choose a bordered table, you’re choosing a 2-pixel-wide border with no space between the cells. If a table does not have a border, CELLSPACING can be set to any value, including 0. For the TV Navigator Standard, the default value is 2 pixels. However, in its attempt to avoid 1-pixel-wide lines, TV Navigator Standard doesn’t honor a CELLSPACING setting of 1. If cells could be separated by a single pixel, the separation might appear as a line 1 pixel wide. Imagine, for example, cells with a red background displayed over a green page. Thin green lines would separate the red cells. Therefore, if CELLSPACING is set to 1, TV Navigator increases the space to 2 pixels. The CELLPADDING attribute determines the width of the margin (in pixels) that separates the contents of a cell from the cell’s edge. Here, again, TV Navigator will not honor a setting of 1. If a 1-pixel margin is specified, 2 pixels are used. This prevents the margin from appearing as a 1-pixel-wide line when, for example, the cell has a background color and the content of the cell is a rectangular image. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <table> 123 VARIATIONS: In TV Navigator Compact, the border does not render if the table is in the foreground layer of the page. cellpadding see border cellspacing see border cols SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: cols="number" The intent of this attribute is to inform TV Navigator how many columns there are in the table. In a long table this may accelerate the layout time. If the table is dynamic (has the NAME attribute set), you must use the DYNAMICCOLS attribute instead. dynamiccols SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: dynamiccols="number" TV Navigator ensures that each row in a dynamic table will have at least the DYNAMICCOLS number of TableCell objects. A row has one TableCell object for each TD or TH element assigned to the row in HTML, or the number of objects specified by DYNAMICCOLS, whichever is greater. The number of TableCells for the row is fixed when the table is set up; TV Navigator currently cannot produce new TableCell objects on the fly. This attribute therefore permits you to set up a dynamic table with cells spanning more than one column, like the one in Figure 26. For example: <table name="myTable" border dynamicCols="3" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <td colspan="2">one plus two</td> <td>three</td> </tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td colspan="2">two plus three</td> </tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td>two</td> <td>three</td> </tr> 124 <table> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 </table> one plus two one one two three three two plus three Figure 26: Spanning in a Dynamic Table When the column spans are reduced and more cells are needed in the first two rows, the TableCell objects will be available, because the TABLE element specified a minimum of three cells per row. The DYNAMICCOLS attribute has second purpose: It lets JavaScript know the minimum number of cells to scroll. If this attribute is not set, table scrolling will not work. Therefore, it should be set whether or not any cells span more than one column in the initial table. AVAILABILITY: Not available in TV Navigator Compact. frame SYNOPSIS: frame=["above" | "below" | "border" | "box" | "hsides" | "lhs" | "rhs" | "void" | "vsides"] The FRAME attribute determines which outside borders are drawn (see Figure 27). This attribute is planned for a future release of TV Navigator. default above below border box DESCRIPTION: hsides lhs rhs void vsides For clarity, inner borders are not shown, but are present by default. Figure 27: Behavior of the FRAME Attribute JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <table> 125 height, width SYNOPSIS: height=["pixels" | "percent"] width=["pixels" | "percent"] The WIDTH attribute of the TABLE element is taken only as a suggestion. TV Navigator usually respects it as a minimum, but may find it necessary to make the table wider or narrower, as follows: • Tables that are too wide for the screen are reduced in size so they fit, regardless of the WIDTH specified. • Because the default font size is larger for TV Navigator than for other browsers, it sometimes takes more space to display a table than the WIDTH specification allows. If necessary, the table is resized, ignoring the requested table width. If a table is located in a document, percentage specifications of its WIDTH and HEIGHT are relative to the frame that contains the document. However, if a table is embedded within another table, the percentages are relative to the size of the cell where it’s located. If the size of that cell isn’t explicitly given in HTML, the percent size of the inner table is completely ignored. Note that the table border (the BORDER attribute), the spacing between cells (the CELLSPACING attribute), and the padding within a cell (the CELLPADDING attribute) all take space from the specified WIDTH and HEIGHT. DESCRIPTION: highlightable SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: highlightable=["true" | "false"] The HIGHLIGHTABLE attribute for the TABLE element is merely a convenient way to set HIGHLIGHTABLE for all cells in the table. The settings for individual cells override the TABLE setting. For more information, refer to the TD HIGHLIGHTABLE attribute. Not available in TV Navigator Compact. AVAILABILITY: hspace, vspace SYNOPSIS: hspace="pixels" vspace="pixels" Use the HSPACE and VSPACE attributes to add a margin of empty (backgroundcolored) space between the table and adjacent content (see Figure 24). HSPACE DESCRIPTION: 126 <table> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 adds a margin to the left and right of the table; VSPACE does the same for the top and bottom of the table. layer SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: layer=["background" | "middle" | "foreground"] Specifies the rendering layer for the TABLE element. Any setting for the table applies to all of its contents, except for nested tables, which may have a higher layer setting. background The table is rendered as part of the background to an MPEG I-frame. middle The contents of the TABLE element are sent to the set-top box as MPEG P-frames (images) and overlays (text). The P-frame is built from 16-pixel macroblocks that contain the image and any background pixels around the image if the image is not exactly aligned on 16-pixel boundaries (which is true for most cases). foreground If layer="foreground", the behavior is identical to layer="middle". Note that this behavior may change in futures versions of the client. If the BODY element is in the foreground, any contained TABLE elements must be in the foreground as well, and will be rendered as P-frames (for images) and overlays (for text) above the background I-frame. Care must be taken to avoid overlapping P-frames. Use the Compact Layout Tool to check for overlapping P-frames. If overlapping is detected, the content must be corrected accordingly. AVAILABILITY: Available in TV Navigator Compact. name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="string" The NAME attribute assigns a name to the JavaScript object for the table: <table name="name" ...> This also signals that you want the table to have dynamic behavior. VARIATIONS: Previously, tables in TV Navigator Standard 1.x without NAME attributes were not dynamic. Now all tables in Standard 1.x are dynamic (excluding Standard JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <table> 127 1.1). Tables in TV Navigator Compact are not dynamic, and do not support the NAME attribute. rules SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: rules=["all" | "cols" | "groups" | "none" | "rows"] The RULES attribute determines which interior borders are drawn, as shown in Figure 28. This attribute is planned for a future release of TV Navigator. default all cols groups <thead> <tbody> <tfoot> none rows Figure 28: Behavior of the RULES attribute vspace see hspace width see height 128 <table> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <td> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <td attributes>...</td> <th attributes>...</th> align=["center" | "char" | "justify" | "left" | "right"] background="URL" behavior=["scroll" | "slide" | "alternate"] bgcolor="color" colspan="number" direction=["left" | "right"] focusable=["true" | "false"] height="pixels"; width="pixels" highlightable=["true" | "false"] loop=["number" | "-1" | "infinite"] nowrap rowspan="number" scrollamount="pixels" scrolldelay="milliseconds" valign=["bottom" | "middle" | "top" | "baseline"] onblur="JavaScript" onclick="JavaScript" onfocus="JavaScript" onnavigate="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview The TD element represents a table cell, and as such it is a subelement of the table row TR element, which in turn is a subelement of the TABLE element. The TH element is a special kind of table cell that functions as a table header. For more information about the placement of TD and TH cells in the overall table structure, refer to the TABLE element. Both TD and TH elements can contain any content that can be held by the BODY element, including text, images, hyperlinks, and embedded objects (when supported). While end tags are not required because a TD cell terminates at the start of any other TABLE element, they are recommended. The attributes of TD and TH are identical, and include a number of Liberate-only extensions. The first group of extended attributes creates animated effects. For more information about these animation attributes, refer to the complete description under the BEHAVIOR attribute. The second group of attributes makes table cells dynamic, allowing them to accept user focus JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <td> 129 (FOCUSABLE) and be highlighted by the focus ring (HIGHLIGHTABLE). These dynamic attributes only work on versions of TV Navigator that have dynamic table abilities. Variations TV Navigator Compact does not support dynamic table elements. Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align=["center" | "left" | "right"] Sets the horizontal alignment of content for the TD cell. background SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: background="URL" The BACKGROUND attribute specifies an image file to use as a page background. The URL parameter can point to any .jpg, .png, or .gif image file. If the image is smaller than the cell, the image will be tiled. GIF images with transparent areas will display the BGCOLOR of the cell through the transparent areas. You can put the television image in the background of a cell by assigning the tv: URL to the BACKGROUND attribute. <td background="tv:"... > TV Navigator also allows the URL to be assigned using the color: protocol. For example: <td background="color:#EF90A2"> This is identical to the following: <td bgcolor="#EF90A2"> 130 <td> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 behavior, direction, loop, scrollamount, scrolldelay SYNOPSIS: behavior=["scroll" | "slide" | "alternate"] direction=["left" | "right"] loop=["number" | "-1" | "infinite"] scrollamount="pixels" scrolldelay="milliseconds" These five attributes animate text within a cell. The presence of any one of them is sufficient to cause cell text to move; a default value is used for any of the five that isn’t explicitly set. However, if none of the five attributes is set, the text in the cell won’t be animated. Text can be assigned to the cell in HTML or with the JavaScript TableCell.write() method. It’s limited to a maximum of 4 kilobytes. The BEHAVIOR attribute says how the text is to move. There are three sanctioned values: <td behavior="scroll"...> <td behavior="slide"...> <td behavior="alternate"...> DESCRIPTION: • For "scroll", the cell starts out empty. Text scrolls into view from one side, moves through the cell, and exits on the other side. It then begins over again. This is the default setting of BEHAVIOR. • For "slide", the text also begins off to one side. It scrolls into view and stops before the first character can exit the other side. • For "alternate", the text bounces from one side of the cell to the other and back again. The DIRECTION attribute indicates the direction the text should scroll, slide, or move before its first bounce. It can be either "left" or "right": <td behavior="scroll" direction="right" ...> The default is "left". The LOOP attribute is the number of times the text will scroll past the user, slide into place, or bounce from side to side. It can be set to a specific number or, for continuous animation, to either "-1" or "infinite": <td behavior="scroll" loop="infinite" . . .> <td behavior="slide" direction="right" loop="20" ...> The default LOOP is "infinite". JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <td> 131 The SCROLLAMOUNT attribute is the number of pixels the text should move horizontally each time it’s redrawn, and SCROLLDELAY is the number of milliseconds separating one redraw from the next. Together they determine how smoothly and how fast the text moves. <td behavior="slide" scrollamount="3" scrolldelay="50" ...> The default SCROLLAMOUNT is 4 pixels, and the default SCROLLDELAY is 66 milliseconds. VARIATIONS: These attributes are not supported in TV Navigator Compact. bgcolor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: bgcolor="color" Sets the background color for the cell. A setting of "transparent" (the default) allows the BGCOLOR attribute of the TABLE or TR element to show through to the cell in the row. For more information about setting the color parameter, refer to Chapter 4, “Using Color.” SEE ALSO: BACKGROUND attribute. colspan SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: colspan="number" The COLSPAN attribute indicates the number of columns that the current TD cell should merge to the right. Every row that contains a COLSPAN merged cell from above will need (number - 1) fewer TD cells. For example, the following table: <table> <tr><td><td<td> <tr><td><td colspan="2">merged cells <tr><td><td><td> </table> The resulting table looks like this: merged cells 132 <td> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 direction SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: direction=["left" | "right"] This attribute is part of a TV Navigator feature for animating text within a cell. For more information, refer to the complete description of the table cell BEHAVIOR attribute on page 131. focusable SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: focusable=["true" | "false"] A cell in a dynamic table can take input focus and be selected by the user—if the cell’s FOCUSABLE attribute is set to "true" or is simply present without an assigned value. If the attribute is absent or set to "false", the cell cannot take the focus. As the user navigates from cell to cell, the focus will jump over it. To see the standard focus rectangle around the cell, you must also set the HIGHLIGHTABLE attribute for the cell or the table. To create a custom highlighting effect, you can use the onfocus and onblur event handlers for the cell. The focusability of a cell can be changed dynamically through a JavaScript TableCell property that matches this attribute. VARIATIONS: This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. height, width SYNOPSIS: height="pixels" width="pixels" To make tables fit within the width of the screen, TV Navigator may reduce the size of cells, ignoring the values set for the WIDTH attribute. Normally, WIDTH is taken as a minimum. Computer-oriented browsers widen a cell beyond the width specified if it’s necessary to display the contents of any cell in the same column (because all cells in a column have the same width). However, they don’t reduce a cell below the requested WIDTH and HEIGHT. TV Navigator tries to honor the requested WIDTH, but will reduce it if that’s the only way to keep everything in view and avoid horizontal scrolling. This can especially affect empty cells. For example, to add whitespace to a table, some content developers use empty cells with a specific WIDTH or HEIGHT. For DESCRIPTION: JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <td> 133 instance, if a table has 12 rows of cells and you want a left gutter of 20 pixels wide before each row, the first cell in the table could have this form: <td width="20" rowspan="12"></td> However, if table cells with content require more space than is available, TV Navigator tries to find the best fit, even if it means ignoring specified cell sizes. This can result in a loss of the 20 pixels of whitespace. To ensure that some whitespace exists in this worst case, add a SPACER element or a nonbreaking space as the only content in the cell: <td width="20" rowspan="12"> </td> In this case, even if there isn’t enough room for the 20 pixels you asked for, at least the cells get the width of a space character in the default font setting. highlightable SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: highlightable=["true" | "false"] The HIGHLIGHTABLE attribute determines whether the focus rectangle will be drawn around the cell when it’s the focus of user attention. Setting it to "false" prevents the rectangle from being drawn. In all other cases—setting it to "true", mentioning it with no value set, or not mentioning it at all—highlighting is automatic. This attribute gives you a way to turn off automatic highlighting if you have an alternative way of marking the cell when it’s in focus. For example, in JavaScript, you could implement TableCell.onfocus() and onblur() handlers that would change the background image or color of the cell. You can dynamically determine whether or not a cell will be highlighted with the focus rectangle through a JavaScript TableCell property that matches this attribute. The HIGHLIGHTABLE attribute for the TABLE element is merely a convenient way to set this behavior for all cells in the table. The settings for individual cells override the TABLE setting. VARIATIONS: This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. 134 <td> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 loop SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: loop=["number" | "-1" | "infinite"] This attribute is part of a TV Navigator feature for animating text within a cell. For more information, refer to the complete description of the table cell BEHAVIOR attribute. This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. VARIATIONS: nowrap SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: nowrap If NOWRAP is specified for a TD cell, TV Navigator tries not to scale images or wrap text within the cell. Because horizontal scrolling is not allowed, TV Navigator will ignore NOWRAP if other cells in the table have to be squeezed, making their contents unreadable or too small. rowspan SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: rowspan="number" The ROWSPAN attribute indicates the number of rows that the current TD cell should merge from below. Every TR row that contains a merged cell from above will need one less TD cell. For example: <table> <tr><td><td rowspan="2">merged cells<td> <tr><td><td> <tr><td><td><td> </table> The resulting table looks like this: merged cells JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <td> 135 scrollamount SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: scrollamount="pixels" This attribute is part of a TV Navigator feature for animating text within a cell. For more information, refer to the complete description of the TD table cell BEHAVIOR attribute. This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. VARIATIONS: scrolldelay SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: scrolldelay="milliseconds" This attribute is part of a TV Navigator feature for animating text within a cell. For more information, refer to the complete description of the TD table cell BEHAVIOR attribute. This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. VARIATIONS: valign SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: valign=["bottom" | "middle" | "top" | "baseline"] The VALIGN attribute sets the vertical alignment of the cell contents. The "top" and "bottom" settings align the cell contents to the top and bottom edges of the cell, respectively. A setting of "baseline" aligns the first line of text in the cell to a common baseline for the row. The default value of VALIGN is "middle", which centers the contents vertically in the cell. width see height 136 <td> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <textarea> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <textarea attributes>...optionaltext...</textarea> bgcolor="color" cols="numChars" disabled focusable=["true" | "false"] name="string" rows="numLines" wrap=["off" | "hard" | "soft"] onblur="JavaScript" onchange=JavaScript" onfocus="JavaScript" onselect="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview The TEXTAREA element creates a text input control inside a FORM element. The TEXTAREA element is different from the INPUT type="text" element because it allows the user to input multiple lines of wrapped text. You can set the size and appearance of the text area and control its behavior inside the form. Liberate has extended the TEXTAREA element with two attributes. The first lets you set the BGCOLOR of the element. The second attribute, FOCUSABLE lets you designate a text area as readonly—by setting focusable="false"—for the purpose of displaying text. The end tag is required for the TEXTAREA element, and in a typical form the end tag appears directly after the opening tag. However, you can choose to display text in the text area by inserting it between the opening and closing tags. Figure 29 shows an example of a TEXTAREA in a form with a background color and some initial text. cols="20" rows="2" bgcolor="papayawhip" Figure 29: TEXTAREA Element in TV Navigator JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <textarea> 137 This is the code that created the text area: <form name="form1" method="post" action=""> <p>Symptoms: <textarea name="textfield" bgcolor="papayawhip" cols="20" rows="2">Type here</textarea> </form> When TV Navigator displays the text area to the user, it follows an algorithm that lets the user navigate the FORM and also edit text in the TEXTAREA: • First, the user navigates the entire page and the different elements inside the FORM by using the cursor keys or the Tab key to jump from element to element. • When the highlight rectangle lands on a TEXTAREA element, the user presses Enter or any alphanumeric key to begin typing. • The user can enter carriage returns in the text by pressing the Enter key. By default, text automatically wraps inside the TEXTAREA. Carriage returns entered by the user are submitted with the form data as line feeds. • The user can edit text already typed by using the cursor keys and the Backspace key. The entire field is cleared if the user presses the Delete key. • The user exits the text area by pressing the Tab key, or by moving the cursor beyond text already entered. If the text area is reentered during navigation, typing and editing begins after the last character. Variations The TEXTAREA element is not supported in TV Navigator Compact, because the FORM element is not supported. Attributes bgcolor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: bgcolor="color" Sets the background color for the TEXTAREA element. A setting of "transparent" (the default) allows the BGCOLOR attribute of the BODY element to show through to the background. For more information about setting the color parameter, refer to Chapter 4, “Using Color.” 138 <textarea> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 cols SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: cols="numChars" Sets the width of the element. The unit of measurement is a single character of the available monospace font. Thus, a value of "40" sets the width of the TEXTAREA to hold 40 characters. If no value is specified, the text area expands horizontally to fit the maximum space available. disabled SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: disabled The DISABLED attribute prevents the user from focusing on the TEXTAREA element. No name-value pair will be sent to the server upon submission of the form. Compare this with the behavior of the READONLY attribute. This attribute is not yet supported in any version of TV Navigator. To prevent focus, use the FOCUSABLE attribute. VARIATIONS: focusable SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: focusable=["true" | "false"] TEXTAREA elements are focusable by default. However, you may want to use a text area to simply display information to the user, rather than display what the user types. The FOCUSABLE attribute gives you a choice. If it is set to "true", listed without a value, or not listed at all, the text area can become the focus for user input. However, if it is set to "false", it cannot become the focus and will not display any characters the user types. In JavaScript, there is a matching Textarea object with the same property. With it, you can dynamically determine when the text field should accept input from the user. VARIATIONS: This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="string" The NAME attribute of any form control, including TEXTAREA, is used for two functions. The first function of NAME is to identify the control for manipulation from JavaScript. The second function is to provide the “name” in the name- JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <textarea> 139 value pair of data that is submitted to the server. Although NAME is not a required attribute, the text area serves little purpose without it. VARIATIONS: This attribute is not supported in TV Navigator Compact. rows SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: rows="numLines" Sets the vertical height of the TEXTAREA element, in the number of lines of text to accommodate. If no value is specified, the default is 10 lines. wrap SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: wrap=["off" | "hard" | "soft"] The "hard" and "soft" settings (the default is "soft") of the WRAP attribute produce automatic text wrapping. The user can also enter carriage returns in the text area by pressing the Enter key. If the WRAP attribute is set to "hard", carriage returns generated by automatic wrapping are sent as line feeds. The "soft" setting only sends carriage returns typed by the user. If WRAP is set to "off", any text that overflows the width setting of the TEXTAREA forces previously typed text to scroll off the text area to the left. This does not erase any previously typed text. To move down to the next line, the user must press a carriage return. All manually entered carriage returns are submitted as part of the form data. A one-row text area with WRAP set to "off" behaves just like an INPUT type="text" element. <title> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <title>...text...</title> none The TITLE element is required by the HTML specification. The text enclosed by the TITLE element defines the string displayed in history and favorites lists. In a PC browser, the content of the TITLE element is displayed as the label for the browser window. TV Navigator has no parallel function. 140 <title> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <tr> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <tr attributes>...</tr> align=["left" | "center" | "right"] bgcolor="color" valign=["top" | "middle" | "bottom" | "baseline"] onblur="JavaScript" onclick="JavaScript" onfocus="JavaScript" onnavigate="JavaScript" EVENT HANDLERS: Overview The TR element defines a table row, and is therefore a subelement of the TABLE element, and a container for table cells (TD elements). The TR element accepts a limited number of attributes that determine alignment and color. These attributes can be overridden by local declarations in each table cell. TV Navigator does not require an end tag for TR. For more information about TR, refer to the complete description of the TABLE element. Attributes align SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: align=["left" | "center" | "right"] Sets the horizontal alignment of content for all the cells in the TR row. The ALIGN attribute of a TR row can be overridden by local declarations of ALIGN for each TD cell in the row. bgcolor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: bgcolor=["color" | "transparent"] Sets the background color for all the cells in the TR row. A setting of "transparent" (the default) allows the BGCOLOR attribute of the TABLE element to show through to the cells in the row. The BGCOLOR attribute of a TR row can be overridden by local declarations of BGCOLOR for each TD cell in the row. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <tr> 141 For more information about setting the color parameter, refer to Chapter 4, “Using Color.” valign SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: valign=["top" | "middle" | "bottom" | "baseline"] The VALIGN attribute sets the vertical alignment of cell content in the TR row. The "top" and "bottom" settings align the cell contents to the top and bottom edges of the row, respectively. A setting of "baseline" aligns the first line of text in each cell to a common baseline for the row. The default value of VALIGN is "middle", which centers the contents vertically in the cell. The VALIGN attribute of a TR row can be overridden by local declarations of VALIGN for each TD cell in the row. <tt> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <tt>...</tt> none The TT element, along with the related CODE and PRE elements, serves little purpose in a television environment. The intent of TT is to display teletype output. In TV Navigator, TT elements look exactly like CODE elements. Refer to CODE for more information. Variations TV Navigator Compact does not support the TT element in the foreground layer. 142 <tt> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 <u> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <u>...</u> none The U element creates an underline effect for the text it surrounds. The underline is 2-3 pixels wide (depending on the size of the text), and rendered in the same color as the text. To prevent visual artifacts, some versions of TV Navigator may “antialias” the underline—that is, paint either the top and/or bottom row of pixels in a lighter shade of the text color. Generally, the underline effect should be avoided, as most users expect underlined text to be a hyperlink. <ul> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <ul attributes>...</ul> compact type=["circle" | "disc" | "square"] Overview The UL element creates an unordered list of items, also called a “bulleted list.” Use the UL element to enclose the list, and LI elements to mark each list item. Only the UL element requires an end tag; end tags for LI items are not necessary, because these elements terminate automatically at the start of any other list element. For example: <ul type="circle"> <li>Red <li>Orange <li>Yellow <li>Green </ul> In TV Navigator, the unordered list looks like (Figure 30). JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <u> 143 default Unordered Lists in Standard 1.x Red Orange Yellow Green type="circle" Red Orange Yellow Green type="disc" Red Orange Yellow Green type="square" Red Orange Yellow Green default Unordered Lists in Compact 3.x type="circle" type="disc" type="square" Red Orange Yellow Green Red Orange Yellow Green Red Orange Yellow Green Red Orange Yellow Green Figure 30: Unordered Lists in TV Navigator As Figure 30 shows, TV Navigator Compact lets you control the appearance of the list with the TYPE attribute. This behavior applies to TV Navigator Micro Edition as well. To distinguish the list from the surrounding text, the entire list is typically indented 20 pixels to the right, and 30 pixels down from the previous line. For versions supporting the TYPE attribute, TV Navigator distinguishes levels of indentation (lists within lists) by altering the bullet type as follows: • Disc (first-level indent) • Square (second-level indent) • Circle (third-level indent) Variations TV Navigator Standard 1.x does not support the TYPE attribute. 144 <ul> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Attributes compact SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: compact The COMPACT attribute is intended to compress the appearance of an unordered list. In TV Navigator, lists are already rendered as compactly as possible, so this attribute has no visible effect. type SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: type=["circle" | "disc" | "square"] Determines the appearance of the “bullet” at the start of each list item. The default value is "disc" (see Figure 30). Not supported in TV Navigator Standard 1.x. AVAILABILITY: <var> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <var>programvariable</var> none The VAR element marks a character or word as a variable in a computer program or mathematical description. TV Navigator renders VAR in an italic version of the surrounding font. Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <var> 145 <wbr> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 no <nobr>...<wbr>...</nobr> none The WBR element can reside inside any section of text surrounded by a NOBR element. It allows the browser to insert a line break in the specified location if the window is not wide enough to fit the entire NOBR section. For example: <nobr>JavaScript variables are marked <wbr>read-only, write-only, or read/write <wbr>to indicate whether they can be, respectively, examined but not modified, <wbr>modified but not examined, or both examined and modified.</nobr> In this example, TV Navigator breaks the passage after the word “marked” but not after “read/write”. Why is this so? If a WBR element occurs in a line following a line break generated by a previous WBR element, it is considered to be an optional line break for the same line, and is ignored. See the NOBR element for more information. Variations TV Navigator Compact does not support the WBR element. <xmp> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 yes c3 yes <xmp>...</xmp> none The XMP element is intended to display a block of computer code. Although this element is supported in TV Navigator, you should use the PRE element instead. Variations In TV Navigator Compact, this element does not change the appearance of text in the foreground layer. It is only supported in the background layer. 146 <wbr> CHAPTER 2: HTML REFERENCE JANUARY 2002 Event Handlers CHAPTERS 3 Typically, the body of an event-handler function is defined in HTML. But handlers can also be defined in JavaScript. In some cases, they must be defined in JavaScript because they belong to objects (like NetRequest and User Manager) that don’t have HTML counterparts. In HTML, event handlers are defined as strings of JavaScript code. However, in JavaScript, they should be defined as functions. For more information, refer to “Defining Event Handlers” in the Content Developer’s Guide. Note: To conform to the HTML specification, event handler names used as tag attributes are case-insensitive. However, to maintain consistency with the Liberate JavaScript implementation, all event handlers defined here are lowercase only. AVAILABILITY The event-handler attributes listed here apply only to TV Navigator Standard 1.2 (and higher) . Versions of TV Navigator that use a microBrowser application, such as TV Navigator 3.x (and higher), will ignore the event-handlers and any associated JavaScript. ATTRIBUTES onabort SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onabort="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onabort triggers when the transfer of an image to the client has been interrupted. Typically, the ELEMENT is IMG. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Availability 147 onblur SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onblur="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onblur triggers when the ELEMENT loses the input focus. onchange SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onchange="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onchange triggers when the ELEMENT loses focus and its contents changed while it had focus. The most common use for the onchange attribute is on the form elements INPUT, SELECT, and TEXTAREA. onclick SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onclick="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onclick triggers when the user has pressed a key on the remote or keyboard to invoke the ELEMENT that’s currently in focus. onerror SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onerror="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onerror executes its JavaScript statement when an error is detected in the document. For example, the onerror event handler would fire if there was an error following a link or loading an image. The most common ELEMENTs for onerror are the IMG element and the BODY element. On the BODY element, onerror refers to the entire window object, not just the document object. onfocus SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onfocus="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onfocus triggers when the ELEMENT receives the input focus. 148 Attributes CHAPTER 3: EVENT HANDLERS JANUARY 2002 onkeyout SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onkeyout="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onkeyout is a Liberate extension to the HTML specification. This method belongs to the JavaScript Input object, and is designed to handle cases where user input does not apply to the context of the current page. For example, the onkeyout event handler would fire if the user changed channels, but the current HTML document has no object to process channel changing. For more information, refer to the “Input Object” topic in the Content Developer’s Reference. onload SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onload="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onload triggers when the document specified by ELEMENT completes downloading into TV Navigator. The most common ELEMENTs for onload are BODY, FRAMESET and IMG. onmouseout SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onmouseout="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onmouseout triggers when the user input focus leaves ELEMENT after landing on it. Because there is no mouse present in the TV environment, TV Navigator treats onmouseout the same as onblur. onmouseover SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onmouseover="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onmouseover triggers when the user input focus lands on ELEMENT. Because there is no mouse present in the TV environment, TV Navigator treats onmouseover the same as onfocus. onnavigate SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onnavigate="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onnavigate is a Liberate extension to the HTML specification. onnavigate is called once if the user attempts to move the focus rectangle in any direction from the cell that’s currently in focus. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Attributes 149 onreset SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <form name="name" onreset="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onreset triggers when the user selects the Reset button in a form. onreset applies only to FORM elements. onselect SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onselect="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onselect triggers when the user selects text in an INPUT or TEXTAREA element. Note that TV Navigator does not support user selection of text. onsubmit SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <form name="name" onsubmit="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onsubmit triggers when the user selects the Submit button in a form. onsubmit applies only to FORM elements. onunload SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onunload="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onunload triggers when a document is about to be unloaded from a window or frame. To apply onunload to a window, it must be an attribute of the BODY element in the affected document. Alternatively, onunload can apply to a FRAME element. onvisible SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <element name="name" onvisible="JavaScript" …> The event-handling attribute onvisible triggers when the visibility of the ELEMENT changes. When defined as the attribute of a BODY element, the document must be in the topmost window, not a frame. For example: <body … onvisible="doupdate();" … > onvisible can also be defined as an attribute of the FRAMESET element, provided that it’s the topmost frameset. 150 Attributes CHAPTER 3: EVENT HANDLERS JANUARY 2002 Using Color CHAPTERS 4 Television is an inherently colorful medium. Viewers expect content on the TV screen to not only be colorful, but to use color in specific ways. For example, the Yahoo! Web site (http://www.yahoo.com) uses a black and blue over white color scheme that is both efficient and familiar to computer users. On a television screen, however, such a color scheme would rarely be seen. By using the standards of the Web, TV Navigator lets you specify color schemes for your content that are effective and attractive on a TV screen. For more information about designing with color, refer to the Content Developer’s Guide. This chapter provides a description of all HTML attributes that specify color, and how to specify color using hexadecimal RGB codes or predefined color names. COLOR ATTRIBUTES Refer to Chapter 2, “HTML Reference,” for a complete description of the HTML elements mentioned here. Note: In TV Navigator Compact, color attributes are limited if they are located in the foreground layer of the page. For more information about layering, refer to the DIV, BODY, and FONT elements in Chapter 2. link, alink, vlink SYNOPSIS: <body link="color" …> <body alink="color" …> <body vlink="color" …> These attributes determine the color of links (LINK), selected links (ALINK), and visited links (VLINK) in the BODY element of your HTML document. You can DESCRIPTION: JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Color Attributes 151 specify color using either a color name or a hexadecimal RGB value. Refer to “Color Names” on page 153, or “Hexadecimal RGB” on page 153. For example, both of these opening body tags (not in the same document, of course), specify a greyish-blue color for links on the page: <body link="cornflowerblue"> <body link="#6495ED"> VARIATIONS: TV Navigator does not support the ALINK or VLINK attributes. bgcolor SYNOPSIS: <body bgcolor="color" …> <table bgcolor="color" …> <tr bgcolor="color" …> <td bgcolor="color" …> <th bgcolor="color" …> This attribute determines the background color of the document or the background color of tables, rows, and cells. You can specify colorspec using either a color name or a hexadecimal RGB value. Refer to “Color Names” on page 153, or “Hexadecimal RGB” on page 153. DESCRIPTION: color SYNOPSIS: <font color="color" …> <basefont color="color" …> The COLOR attribute determines the color of text enclosed by the FONT element. Alternatively, the color of all text following a BASEFONT element can be set with the COLOR attribute. You can specify colorspec using either a color name or a hexadecimal RGB value. Refer to “Color Names” on page 153, or “Hexadecimal RGB” on page 153. DESCRIPTION: text SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: <body text="color" …> The TEXT attribute of the BODY element sets the global color of text in the document. The FONT and BASEFONT elements can override this global attribute with local declarations of text color. You can specify colorspec using either a color name or a hexadecimal RGB value. Refer to “Color Names” on page 153, or “Hexadecimal RGB” on page 153. 152 Color Attributes CHAPTER 4: USING COLOR JANUARY 2002 HEXADECIMAL RGB Hexadecimal RGB is the most common (and compatible) method for specifying color as an attribute. “RGB” refers to a triplet of values for red, green, and blue. Each of the three colors is represented by a two-digit hexadecimal (“hex” for short) number. The hex number 00 (decimal 0) equals no color, while hex FF (decimal 255) equals full color. Therefore, #000000 represents pure black and #FFFFFF represents pure white. Intermediate values for red, green, and blue in different ratios can reproduce the entire color spectrum. For example, Figure 31 shows how to create the named color “chocolate” using the hexadecimal RGB scheme. Pound Sign #D2691E Red Value Green Value Blue Value chocolate #D2691E Figure 31: Specifying Color in Hexadecimal RGB To specify “chocolate” as the background color of a page in HTML, you would use either of the following methods: <body bgcolor="chocolate"> <body bgcolor="#D2691E"> COLOR NAMES TV Navigator recognizes a set of 140 color names that can be used as attributes. This set is common to all versions of TV Navigator as well as current versions of Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. This list of 140 named colors should not be confused with the set of 216 “Web-safe” colors that are in common use. The Web-safe colors form a palette that reproduces consistently between different PC browsers. Web-safe colors are not a concern on TV Navigator. If you will be setting the color of an object dynamically from JavaScript, you cannot use the named colors. You must use hexadecimal RGB for dynamic properties. The following three figures show the complete set of 140 named colors. The hexadecimal RGB equivalent is shown below the color name. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Hexadecimal RGB 153 aliceblue #F0F8FF #F0FFFF antiquewhite #FAEBD7 #F5F5DC #0000FF #5F9EA0 aqua #00FFFF #FFE4C4 #8A2BE2 #7FFF00 #FFF8DC #008B8B #BDB76B #9932CC #483D8B #FF1493 #B22222 #DCDCDC #808080 #FF69B4 #F0E68C aquamarine #7FFFD4 #000000 #A52A2A #D2691E #DC143C azure beige bisque black blanchedalmond #FFEBCD burlywood #DEB887 #FF7F50 #00FFFF #A9A9A9 blue blueviolet brown cadetblue chartreuse chocolate crimson coral cornflowerblue #6495ED darkblue #00008B #006400 #FF8C00 #8FBC8F #9400D3 #1E90FF #FF00FF #DAA520 #F0FFF0 #FFFFF0 cornsilk cyan darkcyan darkgoldenrod #B8860B darkmagenta #8B008B #8B0000 #2F4F4F #00BFFF #FFFAF0 #F8F8FF #F008000 #CD5C5C #E6E6FA darkgray darkgreen darkkhaki darkolivegreen #556B2F darksalmon #E9967A #00CED1 #696969 #228B22 #FFD700 #ADFF2F #4B0082 darkorange darkorchid darkred darkseagreen darkslateblue darkslategray darkturquoise darkviolet deeppink deepskyblue dimgray dodgerblue firebrick floralwhite forestgreen fushcia gainsboro ghostwhite gold goldenrod gray green greenyellow honeydew hotpink indianred indigo ivory khaki lavender Figure 32: Named Colors (page 1 of 3) 154 Color Names CHAPTER 4: USING COLOR JANUARY 2002 lavenderblush #FFF0F5 #F08080 #D3D3D3 #87CEFA #00FF00 #B03060 lawngreen #7CFC00 #E0FFFF #FFB6C1 #778899 #32CD32 lemonchiffon #FFFACD lightblue #ADD8E6 #90EE90 #20B2AA #FFFFE0 #FF00FF lightcoral lightcyan lightgoldenrodyellow #FAFAD2 lightsalmon #FFA07A #B0C4DE #FAF0E6 #0000CD lightgreen lightgray lightpink lightseagreen lightskyblue lightslategray lightsteelblue lightyellow lime limegreen linen magenta maroon mediumaquamarine #66CDAA mediumseagreen #3CB371 mediumvioletred #C71585 moccasin #FFE4B5 #808000 #DA70D6 #DB7093 #FFC0CB #FF0000 #FA8072 mediumblue mediumorchid #BA55D3 mediumspringgreen #00FA9A mintcream #F5FFFA #000080 #FFA500 #98FB98 #FFDAB9 #B0E0E6 #4169E1 #2E8B57 mediumpurple #9370DB mediumturquoise #48D1CC mistyrose #FFE4E1 #FDF5E6 #FF4500 #AFEEEE #CD853F #A020F0 #8B4513 mediumslateblue #7B68EE midnightblue #191970 #FFDEAD #6B8E23 navajowhite navy oldlace olive olivedrab orange orangered orchid palegoldenrod #EEE8AA papayawhip #FFEFD5 #DDA0DD #BC8F8F #F4A460 palegreen paleturquoise palevioletred peachpuff peru pink plum powderblue purple red rosybrown royalblue saddlebrown salmon sandybrown seagreen Figure 33: Named Colors (page 2 of 3) JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Color Names 155 seashell #FFF5EE #6A5ACD #4682B4 #FF6347 #F5DEB3 #9ACD32 sienna #A0522D #708090 #D2B48C see text #FFFFFF silver #C0C0C0 #FFFAFA #008080 #40E0D0 #F5F5F5 skyblue #87CEEB #00FF7F #D8BFD8 #EE82EE #FFFF00 slateblue slategray snow springgreen steelblue tan teal thistle tomato transparent turquoise violet wheat white whitesmoke yellow yellowgreen Figure 34: Named Colors (page 3 of 3) TRANSPARENT BACKGROUNDS Note: TV Navigator Compact does not support transparency. The BGCOLOR attribute of the following elements can be set to “transparent”: <body bgcolor="transparent" . . . > <table bgcolor="transparent" . . . > <tr bgcolor="transparent" . . . > <th bgcolor="transparent" . . . > <td bgcolor="transparent" . . . > Form elements that display text also have a BGCOLOR attribute that can be “transparent”: <input type=text bgcolor="transparent" . . . > <input type=file bgcolor="transparent" . . . > <input type=password bgcolor="transparent" . . . > <textarea bgcolor="transparent" . . . > In these contexts, “transparent” is a color name, just like “red”, “lime”, or “maroon”, except that it indicates the absence of a background color. You can think of the elements displayed within a window as being layered. When one of them is transparent, the background image of the element underneath it shows through. For 156 Transparent Backgrounds CHAPTER 4: USING COLOR JANUARY 2002 example, if a table cell is transparent and the body of the document it’s in is assigned a background color or image, you’ll see the image underneath whatever text is placed in the cell: <body background="http://images/docBackground.gif" . . . > For the purpose of background color, tables, table rows, and table cells are all in the same layer. Setting BGCOLOR for a table is simply a convenient way of setting it for all cells in the table; setting it for a row simply sets it for all cells in the row. Therefore, any transparency in a table lets the body background show through. The following BODY element has a transparent background color, and is displayed in a frame: <body bgcolor="transparent" . . . > In this example, the image that shows through is the one assigned in the FRAMESET element, as discussed in the previous section. However, if the document is at the top level of the window, rather than in a subframe, the contents of the window behind it will show through. In this way, a small window can pop up in front of another window and blend with the larger window’s contents. BGCOLOR defaults to “transparent” for the table cells, but not for BODY or FORM elements. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Transparent Backgrounds 157 158 Transparent Backgrounds CHAPTER 4: USING COLOR JANUARY 2002 Content Data Types CHAPTERS 5 TV Navigator has the built-in ability to handle various types of data retrieved over the Internet. This chapter lists the types it handles without any help—the audio types it can play, the text and image types it can display, and so on. It shows the content-type string (the MIME media type) along with the file extensions that typically identify the type—for example, “audio/wav” and something.wav for a file with data in the Waveform Audio File Format. Because TV Navigator is a thin client, some of the work of interpreting incoming data may be taken over by a server, particularly the Liberate Transcode server. The server processes incoming data and translates it to another, private type for more efficient handling by the client software. For example, the TV Navigator client can display JPEG and GIF images although it never sees the JPEG and GIF data formats. The server converts these formats to a third type before sending the data to the client. This chapter documents the MIME media types that the server and client, working together, can handle. It doesn’t document the private types used internally between client and server. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 159 TEXT FORMATS text/plain EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: .txt etc. Plain text not formatted with HTML tags. text/html EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: .html, .htm HTML documents. 160 Text Formats CHAPTER 5: CONTENT DATA TYPES JANUARY 2002 AUDIO FORMATS Beginning with release 1.3, TV Navigator (not Compact) supports sampled audio data in the WAV, AIFF, and AU formats. It accepts both monaural and stereo data sampled at all standard rates, namely: 8.000 kHz 11.025 kHz 12.000 kHz 16.000 kHz 22.050 kHz 24.000 kHz 32.000 kHz 44.100 kHz 48.000 kHz However, the three formats differ in which compression schemes and sample sizes are supported. Those differences are described in the list of types that follows. Although a range of sampled audio data is understood—including all common encodings—the Transcode server simplifies the variety for the client. It currently translates all audio data to a single format at one encoding, sample rate, and sample size before delivering it to the set-top box. In TV Navigator Standard 1.1 and 1.2, all sound data must be in the WAV format, uncompressed, monaural, and sampled at 8 bits per second. audio/aiff, audio/x-aiff EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: .aiff, .aif Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF), developed by Apple Computer and used mainly on their computers. TV Navigator supports only uncompressed, linear PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) encodings at either 8 or 16 bits per sample. audio/basic EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: .au Audio (AU) format, developed by Sun Microsystems and originally used on UNIX machines. Several encodings are supported, primarily the following: • Uncompressed, linear PCM encoding, either integer or floating point, at 8, 16, or 32 bits per sample • Conventional A-law and µ-law compression (the CCITT G711 standard) JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Audio Formats 161 In addition, two versions of ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) encoding are supported on an experimental basis: • G721 compression at 4 bits per sample • G723 compression at 3 or 5 bits per sample audio/wav, audio/x-wav EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: .wav Waveform Audio File Format (WAV), first defined by Microsoft for multimedia extensions to Windows and now an Internet standard. The supported encodings are: • Uncompressed, linear PCM encoding at 8 or 16 bits per sample (floating point is not supported) • A-law and µ-law compression (the G711 standard) • Microsoft ADPCM compression • IMA (Interactive Multimedia Association) ADPCM compression • G721 ADPCM compression 162 Audio Formats CHAPTER 5: CONTENT DATA TYPES JANUARY 2002 IMAGE AND VIDEO FORMATS image/gif EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: .gif The GIF format (Graphic Interchange Format) for representing image data. This format diplays compressed (lossless), 256-color images. Depending on how the images are prepared, they can be optionally transparent or interlaced. Use this format for images with hard edges and solid areas of color. Animation is also supported in this format, but is not recommeded in TV Navigator. Transparency and animation are not supported by TV Navigator Compact. VARIATIONS: image/jpeg EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: .jpeg, .jpg, .jpe The JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format for compressed image data. This format displays compressed (lossy) images with photographic quality (millions of colors). JPEG should be used for photographic images and gradients only, not for images with hard edges and solid areas of color. Animation and transparency are not supported. image/png EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: .png The Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format, for representing image data. This format displays compressed (lossless) images. Images can be transparent or include animation. A variety of bit depths are supported, up to millions of colors. Transparency and animation are not supported by TV Navigator Compact. VARIATIONS: JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Image and Video Formats 163 OTHER FORMATS application/x-javascript EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: VARIATIONS: .js, .mocha JavaScript code. TV Navigator currently identifies JavaScript code in files with the extension .wnj as the “application/x-dtv-script” type. In practice, there is no difference between this type and “application/x-javascript”. This redundancy simply lets you distinguish one sort of JavaScript file from another. For example, you could mark files that use the Liberate extensions with the .wnj extension and reserve .js for more generic files. Not available in TV Navigator Compact. application/x-shockwave-flash EXTENSIONS: DESCRIPTION: VARIATIONS: .swf The data format for Macromedia Flash movies. Not available in TV Navigator Compact. In TV Navigator Standard, availability is at the discretion of the service provider. Chapter 8, “Playing Flash Movies” SEE ALSO: 164 Other Formats CHAPTER 5: CONTENT DATA TYPES JANUARY 2002 Protocols CHAPTERS 6 This chapter lists the protocol names that can appear in URLs understood by TV Navigator. Standard protocols are listed here, but are not described in any detail. The protocols that are peculiar to the TV environment—tv: and mcast:—are discussed more fully. PROTOCOLS FOR TV AND BROADCAST tv: SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: tv:[channel][#src=(left,top,width,height)] Places television in a Web page and optionally specifies two things: the source of video input (the channel) and the part of the television picture to be displayed (a rectangle defined by the left, top, width, and height parameters). In general, the tv: protocol can be used anywhere that a URL can specify image data. Specifically, it can set the SRC attribute of an IMG or FRAME element and the BACKGROUND attribute of a handful of other elements: <img src="tv:" . . .> <frame src="tv:" . . .> <body background="tv:" . . .> <frameset background="tv:" . . .> <td background="tv:" . . .> It can also be the destination of a link: <a href="tv:"> JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Protocols for TV and Broadcast 165 In JavaScript, it can be used in comparable places: document.myImage.src = "tv:"; window.location = "tv:"; window.open(“tv:”, . . .); document.myTable.rows[0].cells[0].background = "tv:"; Tuning. If a channel ID immediately follows the protocol name, TV Navigator will, if possible, tune to the specified channel. For example: <img src="tv:12" . . .> window.location = "tv:5"; Channel IDs are strings, so “12” is not the same as “0x0C”, and “5” is not the same as “05” or “005”. The string that follows tv: must exactly match the id property of a TvChannel object. In theory, you can also specify the video source by channel name, "tv:cnn", "tv:kron" or by a network name, "tv:abc", "tv:fox" provided that information is available that would permit the system to map those names to channel IDs. Channel and network names are case-insensitive. If an ID or name is omitted, tv: adds video to the page, but retains the current tuning. Note: In the current release, channel IDs are supported, but channel and network names are not. Scaling the picture. By default, a tv: URL places the full television picture on the page and scales it to fit the container (the window, frame, image, or table cell to which it’s assigned). In the following example, the TV picture would be scaled to fit the width and height specified for the image, and viewers would see a miniature, 180 × 135 version of full-screen TV: <img src="tv:" width="180" height="135"> Some set-top boxes are capable of scaling the picture only to certain sizes—such as 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, and 3/4 full size. Selecting part of the picture. It’s not necessary to display the entire television picture contained in the incoming video signal. The tv: URL can 166 Protocols for TV and Broadcast CHAPTER 6: PROTOCOLS JANUARY 2002 select just a section of it to display. The section is defined by a rectangle using a coordinate system that has coordinate units equal to pixels and the origin at the upper left corner of the full picture. The rectangle is measured against the dimensions of the full picture as defined for the video format. It’s located by its left and top edges and its width and height, in the following format: #src=(left,top,width,height) For example, the following code selects a central section of the picture to display. Assuming the incoming television signal carries video that’s 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high (the NTSC format), it trims 90 pixels from the top and bottom of the picture and 70 pixels from the left and right sides: <img src="tv:#src=(70,90,500,300)" . . .> The specified 500 × 300 section of the TV picture is scaled to fit the container where it’s placed. If, in this example, the image container was the same size as the source rectangle, scaling would not be necessary: <img src="tv:#src=(70,90,500,300)" width="500" height="300"> However, if the container is smaller, the 500 × 300 source picture would be scaled smaller. In the following code, its dimensions are cut in half, to 250 × 150: <img src="tv:#src=(70,90,500,300)" width="250" height="150"> Similarly, if the container is bigger than the source rectangle, the picture is scaled larger: <img src="tv:#src=(70,90,500,300)" width="600" height="360"> Just as some set-top boxes are limited to certain sizes or fractions when scaling smaller, they may also be limited when scaling larger. In the examples just shown, the dimensions of the source rectangle are stated in pixel units. They can also be defined as percentages of the screen size for the video format: <img src="tv:#src=(20%,30%,50%,50%)" . . .> If the screen is 720 pixels wide and 576 pixels high (typical of the PAL format), these percentages would translate to pixels as follows: <img src="tv:#src=(144,172,360,288)" . . .> If the screen is 640 × 480 (typical of NTSC), they would translate to different pixel values: <img src="tv:#src=(128,144,320,240)" . . .> JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Protocols for TV and Broadcast 167 Only integers should be used as percentages (no floating-point numbers). It’s best not to mix percentages with pixels in the same specification. Picking a container. The tv: protocol is the only way to put TV in a document. If there’s just one source of TV input (one TvTuner object), there’s just one TV resource to allocate. It can therefore be specified only once for all documents, frames, and windows. If two or more URLs compete for the TV picture, TV Navigator uses the following ordered rules to determine which one prevails: 1. It prefers to put television in a visible window, rather than in one that’s currently invisible. See the Window.visible property for more information. (Visibility is measured only by that property; if a window is on-screen but covered by other windows, it is still considered visible.) 2. If the competing windows are all equally visible, it prefers the window that’s closest to the front of the screen—the one with the greatest Window.layer value. See that property for more information. 3. If the URLs are in the same window or the competing windows have the same visibility and are assigned to the same layer, TV Navigator picks the URL that would put television in the largest container. Size is calculated by multiplying the container’s width by its height. If these three rules are not decisive, the container that draws first prevails. In this case, it’s not guaranteed that the same container would always draw first. For example, if a page had two equal tv: images, as in the following example, <img width="360" height"288" name="telepic" src="tv:"> . . . <img width="360" height"288" name="teleimg" src="tv:"> one of the images might grab the TV picture when the page is displayed one time, and the other image another time. Note that as the visibility of windows changes dynamically, the TV picture might jump from one container to another. Containers that don’t get the TV picture, or lose it, are drawn in a solid color. AVAILABILITY: HISTORY: VARIATIONS: Channel and network names are not currently supported. The source rectangle was introduced in TV Navigator 1.2.6.1. Not yet available in TV Navigator Compact. Chapter 3 of the Content Developer’s Guide SEE ALSO: 168 Protocols for TV and Broadcast CHAPTER 6: PROTOCOLS JANUARY 2002 mcast: SYNOPSIS:S DESCRIPTION: mcast://. . . A protocol for listening to Mediacast channels—data received through a oneway broadcast mechanism, including: • A stream of in-band MPEG data from a cable or satellite • Data encoded in the vertical blanking interval (VBI) of analog broadcasts • IP Multicast (IPM) data over an IP network An mcast: URL addresses all the data in a particular Mediacast channel— everything in a data carousel, for example, or in a stream of ticker data. Individual items in the stream may be addressed by their own URLs, possibly URLs with http: or another protocol name (but not mcast:). The mcast: URL maps logical names to particular data categories and sources. For example: Example URL mcast://news/headlines Data Yields a series of Web pages (a data carousel). Yields a single well-known page (also a data carousel). Yields a stream of data. mcast://favorites/contents.html mcast://ticker/stock mcast://tvinfo VARIATIONS: TV Navigator Compact does not support this protocol. goto: SYNOPSIS: goto:exit goto:tv Compact Platform provides this powerful custom protocol to reference metacontent. That is, the goto: links reference either a type of content or a browser action. Compact Platform recognizes the following types of goto: links: DESCRIPTION: JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Protocols for TV and Broadcast 169 • goto:exit - Closes the browser session. • goto:tv - Closes the browser session. AVAILABILITY: Available only in TV Navigator Compact. 170 Protocols for TV and Broadcast CHAPTER 6: PROTOCOLS JANUARY 2002 STANDARD PROTOCOLS The TV Navigator application engine supports the standard protocols listed in this section. As noted in the next section, some other protocols are supported by specific Liberate applications. http: DESCRIPTION: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the customary protocol for most Internet activity. https: DESCRIPTION: VARIATIONS: The secure version of the customary protocol. TV Navigator Compact does not support this protocol. javascript: DESCRIPTION: The protocol name that’s prefixed to embedded JavaScript code. When TV Navigator parses a javascript: URL, it executes the code, but does nothing with the resulting value. Typically, on computer-oriented browsers, if the last expression in the code inside a javascript: URL evaluates to a string (or to a type that can be converted to a string), the browser treats the string as if it was the document referred to by the URL. When the user follows the link in the following example, it would display the user agent string (since the last expression evaluates to what’s at the right of the assignment operator): <a href="javascript:ua = navigator.userAgent;”>get user agent</a> Currently, TV Navigator doesn’t look at the value a javascript: URL produces. In this example, it would execute the code but not alter the display. This limitation is imposed because the client requires content that has passed through the Transcode server. However, this restriction may not apply in some future versions of TV Navigator. To avoid future problems, make the javascript: URLs you now use with TV Navigator compatible with the standard behavior. In other words, make sure the last expression in the URL evaluates to nothing. The simplest and safest way to do this is with the void operator. For example: <a href="javascript:void doSomething(); . . ."> VARIATIONS: TV Navigator Compact does not support this protocol. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Standard Protocols 171 UNSUPPORTED PROTOCOLS The following protocols are commonly used in Web application, but are not supported in TV Navigator, at least not directly, and don’t appear in the preceding lists: file: The protocol for specifying the path name of a file or other locally stored entity. Because TV Navigator is not currently available on set-top boxes that have hard disks and file systems, it does not support this protocol at the present time. Future versions will implement the file: protocol if the hardware supports a client file system. mailto: The protocol name for opening an e-mail application so the user can send mail to the specified recipient. Although the application engine for TV Navigator doesn’t recognize this protocol, the Liberate TV Mail™ application does. If TV Mail is installed for a user who selects a mailto: link, it will bring up a window where the user can compose a mail message. irc: The IRC (Internet Relay Chat) protocol for chat sessions. Although TV Navigator doesn’t support this protocol, Liberate TV Chat™ does. If TV Chat is installed for the current user and the user selects an irc: link, it attempts to contact the specified chat server and start the chat session. 172 Unsupported Protocols CHAPTER 6: PROTOCOLS JANUARY 2002 Playing Sounds CHAPTERS 7 Content created for TV Navigator Standard (not TV Navigator Compact) can associate sounds with a Web page in three ways: • As background sounds—played with the standard BGSOUND element. You can loop through the sound a specified number of times or have it played repeatedly. For example: <bgsound src="http://www.yourdomain.com/kaboom.wav" loop="3"> • As linked sounds—played when the user follows a link to the sound file. The sound is played only once, when the file is loaded. For example: <a href="http://www.yourdomain.com/kaboom.wav">Kaboom!!</a> • As embedded sounds—placed on the page with the standard EMBED element. For example: <embed src="http://www.yourdomain.com/kaboom.wav" . . .> In all cases, sound data must be in one of the supported audio formats listed in Chapter 5, “Content Data Types.” Currently, TV Navigator can play embedded sounds only if they are declared to be user interface (UI) sounds—the various clicks, beeps, and swooshes that accompany user actions, such as when the user selects a radio button or presses a key. A Liberate–defined attribute, UISOUND, notifies TV Navigator that the sound is to be used in the user interface. Embedded sounds without this attribute are ignored. User-interface sounds are always hidden; they don’t have a visual presence on-screen and are not subject to user control. They’re played by calling the Embed object’s play() method, usually from a JavaScript event handler, as illustrated in the example on the next page. The example shows a user-interface sound that’s played when the user selects a button, from the button object’s onclick() handler. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 173 <html> <head> <title>UI sound demonstration</title> <script language="JavaScript"> function playClick() { document.sound1.play(); } </script> </head> <body bgcolor="#EEFFFF"> . . . <form> <input type="button" value="Click This!" name="b1" onclick="playClick();"> </form> . . . </body> <embed src="click.wav" name="sound1" width="0" height="0" loop="4" uiSound> </html> This example shows the EMBED element with six attributes: • The SRC attribute specifies the sound file (“click.wav”) and NAME gives it a name (“sound1”). The script then uses the name to identify the embedded sound as a property of the Document object. It defines a playClick() function that calls the sound’s play() method; the onclick() handler calls playClick() when the user invokes the button. • The HEIGHT and WIDTH attributes are required for compatibility with other browsers, but their values are ignored. • The LOOP attribute specifies that the sound will be played four times when play() is called. • The UISOUND attribute is required for TV Navigator to recognize the sound. The standard HIDDEN attribute is not specified, but is assumed. Other attributes of the EMBED element are not supported. Because UI sounds are played immediately in response to a user action, there’s not enough time to stream them in over the network. This means that they stay resident in RAM, taking up valuable resources. Be aware of the space that UI sounds consume, and keep them small. 174 CHAPTER 7: PLAYING SOUNDS JANUARY 2002 Playing Flash Movies CHAPTERS 8 TV Navigator Standard can play Macromedia Flash™ movies created in the Flash 4.0 SWF format. This support was added in the 1.3 and above releases of TV Navigator; it’s not available in the 1.1 versions of TV Navigator and may be present in some deployments of 1.2. You can load a Flash movie into a window or frame by making it the subject of a link: <a href="demoMovie.swf">See a demonstration.</a> Or, you can assign it as the source document of a frame: <frame src="demoMovie.swf"> However, movies are typically placed on a page using the EMBED element. For example, the following HTML fragment places a Flash movie (skiing.swf) in a container that’s 200 pixels wide and 100 pixels high: <embed src="skiing.swf" width="200" height="100" name=”skiingMovie”></embed> This fragment shows the EMBED element with a set of commonly used attributes. A source file (the src attribute) must be specified. The WIDTH and HEIGHT of the display area, while not required, are recommended for efficient page translation. The NAME attribute is required only if the movie will be manipulated in JavaScript. For information on using JavaScript with Flash movies, refer to the Content Developer’s Reference. The rest of this chapter presents the EMBED element for Flash movies, and its unique attributes. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 175 <embed> USAGE: ATTRIBUTES: s1 optional c3 no <embed attributes>...</embed> base="URL" bgcolor=["#RRGGBB" | "transparent"] highlightable=["true" | "false"] loop=["true" | "false"] name="movie" play=["true" | "false"] pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download" quality=["high" | "low" | "autohigh" | "autolow" | "best"] salign=["L" | "R" | "T" | "B" | "TL" | "TR" | "BL" | "BR"] scale=["showall" | "noborder" | "exactfit"] src="URL" ui width=["percent" | "pixels"] ; height=["percent" | "pixels"] Attributes This section describes the common attributes of the EMBED element only when it’s used to embed a Flash movie. If attributes other than those listed are included in the tag, TV Navigator ignores them. If you don’t specify a value for an optional attribute, TV Navigator uses the default value. base SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: base="URL" The base URL used to resolve relative path statements in the Flash movie. For example: <embed src="skiing.swf" base="http://www.liberate.com/" . . .> bgcolor SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: bgcolor=["#RRGGBB" | "transparent"] The background color of the movie. This attribute overrides the background color setting in the Flash file. It takes a hexadecimal red-green-blue color specification (#RRGGBB) or the special color name “transparent” for a 176 <embed> CHAPTER 8: PLAYING FLASH MOVIES JANUARY 2002 transparent background. Other color names are not supported. For example, an indigo background would be specified as follows: <embed src="skiing.swf" bgcolor="#4B0082" . . .> height see width highlightable SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: highlightable=["true" | "false"] Determines whether or not the user can select elements within the movie— “true” if it’s possible and “false” if not. The default is “true”. loop SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: loop=["true" | "false"] Whether or not to repeat the movie indefinitely—“true” if it should begin playing again at the first frame whenever it reaches the final frame, and “false” if it should stop on the final frame. The default value is “true”. name SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: name="movie" A name that can be used to refer to the movie in JavaScript. For example: <embed src="skiing.swf" name="crash" . . .> This assignment would allow a script to find the corresponding Embed object as follows: <script> var theMovie = window.document.crash; theMovie.Play(); . . . </script> If there’s more than one EMBED element on the page, be sure to use a unique name for each one. JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <embed> 177 play SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: play=["true" | "false"] Whether or not the movie will play automatically when it’s loaded—“true” if it should play automatically and “false” if not. The default is “true”. If you set this attribute to “false” to prevent the movie from playing automatically, you must use a JavaScript method to begin the movie animation. pluginspage SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download" The PLUGINSPAGE attribute tells the browser where to find the Flash plug-in if it is not detected. TV Navigator ignores this attribute because Flash capability is built into the TV Navigator application engine. However, if your movie will be shown on other browsers, you should use this attribute. quality SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: quality=["high" | "low" | "autohigh" | "autolow" | "best"] The level of anti-aliasing in the movie. salign SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: salign=["L" | "R" | "T" | "B" | "TL" | "TR" | "BL" | "BR"] Specifies how the movie is to be aligned when it’s resized using the SCALE attribute. The default behavior centers the movie in the specified area, and crops the edges if the movie does not fit. The SALIGN attribute is ignored if it is used without a corresponding SCALE attribute. The values position the movie along one edge or two adjacent edges of the containing rectangle, and crop it if necessary. The values are “L” (left), “R” (right), “T” (top), “B” (bottom), “TL” (top and left), “TR” (top and right), “BL” (bottom and left), and “BR” (bottom and right). 178 <embed> CHAPTER 8: PLAYING FLASH MOVIES JANUARY 2002 scale SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: scale=["showall" | "noborder" | "exactfit"] Specifies how the movie should be scaled to its container. This attribute applies only when the WIDTH and HEIGHT specified are different from the movie’s original size. The values behave as follows: showall Makes the entire movie visible in the available area, while maintaining the aspect ratio. Borders may appear on two sides of the movie. This is the default setting. The effect is similar to a wide-screen film shown on a TV screen in letterbox format; a black border is shown above and below the film. noborder Shows as much of the movie as possible in the available area, while maintaining the aspect ratio. Parts of the movie that do not fit in the available area are cropped. The effect is similar to watching a wide-screen film that has been cropped on the sides (“panned and scanned”) to fit the narrower width of a TV screen. exactfit Forces the movie to fit the entire visible area. Aspect ratio will not be maintained, and distortion will occur. src SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: src="URL" The source file for the movie. The URL can be relative or absolute. For example: <embed src="skiing.swf" . . .> <embed src="http://www.downhilldisasters.com/x/skiing.swf" . . .> Although most of the other attributes are optional, this one is obligatory. Your must specify a source. ui SYNOPSIS: DESCRIPTION: ui This attribute has no value. It’s a Boolean that’s either present or absent. Its presence indicates that the movie plays a role in the user interface. TV JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM <embed> 179 Navigator takes this fact into account when it needs to reclaim memory to make room for new data. It tries to free other things, including other Flash movies, before getting rid of a movie marked with this attribute. width, height SYNOPSIS: width=["percent" | "pixels"] height=["percent" | "pixels"] These attributes specify a size for the movie; they override the size set in the Flash file. When set as a percent, they define the size of the movie in relation to the available screen area. When set as pixels, they define an absolute width and height. As such, they’re interpreted similarly to the WIDTH and HEIGHT attributes of the TABLE element. For example: <embed src="skiing.swf" width="80%" height="60%" . . .> <embed src="snowboarding.swf" width="150" height="300" . . .> DESCRIPTION: If only one of these attributes is specified, TV Navigator will attempt to maintain the aspect ratio of the movie. Although WIDTH and HEIGHT are optional, these attributes should be used whenever possible to improve transcoding performance. SEE ALSO: SCALE, SALIGN 180 <embed> CHAPTER 8: PLAYING FLASH MOVIES JANUARY 2002 Character Sets BASIC HTML CHARACTER ENTITIES CHAPTERS 9 TV Navigator supports a basic set of HTML character entities. Use these codes to display special characters in HTML documents. For example, each of the following lines of HTML displays the British “pound” character: <p>£</p> <p>£</p> The following table lists entities in order by numeric code equivalent, and provides the following information: • The first four columns (“Version”) indicate which version of TV Navigator supports the entity. For version notation, refer to Chapter 1, “Introduction.” • The “In Use” column shows how the character looks in TV Navigator (approximate). • The “Entity” and “Code” columns shows the literal strings to use in HTML to display the character. Generally, you can use either the entity or the code. • The “Description” column provides a brief description of the character. Version s1 c3 y y y y y y y y y y In Use Entity   Code   ¡ ¢ £ ¤ Description no-break space inverted exclamation point cent sign pound sign currency sign ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Basic HTML Character Entities 181 Version s1 c3 y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y In Use Entity ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬  ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Code ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬  ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á Description yen sign broken bar section sign diaeresis copyright sign feminine ordinal indicator left-pointing double angle quote not sign soft hyphen registered sign macron degree sign plus-minus sign superscript two superscript three acute accent micro sign pilcrow (paragraph sign) middle dot cedilla superscript one masculine ordinal indicator right-pointing double angle quote vulgar fraction one quarter vulgar fraction one half vulgar fraction three quarters inverted question mark cap A with grave cap A with acute 182 Basic HTML Character Entities CHAPTER 9: CHARACTER SETS JANUARY 2002 Version s1 c3 y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y In Use Entity Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ Code Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ Description cap A with circumflex cap A with tilde cap A with diaeresis cap A with ring above cap AE cap C with cedilla cap E with grave cap E with acute cap E with circumflex cap E with diaeresis cap I with grave cap I with acute cap I with circumflex cap I with diaeresis cap ETH cap N with tilde cap O with grave cap O with acute cap O with circumflex cap O with tilde cap O with diaeresis multiplication sign cap O with stroke cap U with grave cap U with acute cap U with circumflex cap U with diaeresis cap Y with acute cap THORN JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Basic HTML Character Entities 183 Version s1 c3 y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y In Use Entity ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û Code ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û Description small sharp s small a with grave small a with acute small a with circumflex small a with tilde small a with diaeresis small a with ring above small ae small c with cedilla small e with grave small e with acute small e with circumflex small e with diaeresis small i with grave small i with acute small i with circumflex small i with diaeresis small eth small n with tilde small o with grave small o with acute small o with circumflex small o with tilde small o with diaeresis division sign small o with stroke small u with grave small u with acute small u with circumflex 184 Basic HTML Character Entities CHAPTER 9: CHARACTER SETS JANUARY 2002 Version s1 c3 y y y y y y y y In Use Entity ü ý þ ÿ ü ý þ ÿ Code ü ý þ ÿ Description small u with diaeresis small y with acute small thorn small y with diaeresis JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM Basic HTML Character Entities 185 186 Basic HTML Character Entities CHAPTER 9: CHARACTER SETS JANUARY 2002 INDEX A A element audio/x-wav 162 8–14 ABBR element 12 ACRONYM element 12 ACTION attribute FORM element 46 ADDRESS element 12 ALIGN attribute APPLET element 14 CAPTION element 32 DIV element 37 H1-H6 elements 56 HR element 58 IMG element 61 P element 100 SELECT element 109 SPACER element 113 TABLE element 122 TD,TH elements 130 TR element 141 ALINK attribute BODY element 26 ALT attribute APPLET element 14 AREA element 17 IMG element 62 APPLET element 13–15 application/x-dtv-script 164 application/x-javascript 164 application/x-shockwave-flash 164 ARCHIVE attribute APPLET element 14 AREA element 16–19 audio/aiff 161 audio/basic 161 audio/wav 162 audio/x-aiff 161 B B element 20 26 BACKGROUND attribute BODY element 53 109 TABLE element 122 TD,TH elements 130 background sounds 173 BASE attribute Flash movies 176 BASE element 20–21 BASEFONT element 21–22 BEHAVIOR attribute TD,TH elements 131 BGCOLOR attribute BODY element 26 Flash movies 176 SELECT element 109 TABLE element 122 TD,TH elements 132 TEXTAREA element 138 TR element 141 BGSOUND element 22–23, 173 BIG element 23 BLINK element 24 BLOCKQUOTE element 24 BODY element 25–31 BORDER attribute FRAMESET element 53 IMG element 63 TABLE element 122 BORDERCOLOR attribute FRAME element 49 FRAMESET element 53 BR element 31 SELECT element FRAMESET element JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 187 broadcast 93 broadcast streams 169 DIR element 36 131 DIRECTION attribute TD,TH elements DISABLED attribute C CAPTION element TABLE element TABLE element CENTER element CHARSET attribute LINK element CITE attribute BLOCKQUOTE element CITE element CLEAR attribute BR element CODE attribute 32–33 122 CELLPADDING attribute CELLSPACING attribute 122 33 83 24 34 31 99 109 TEXTAREA element 139 DIV element 37–38 DL element 39 DOWN attribute A element 10 AREA element 19 DT element 39 DYNAMICCOLS attribute TABLE element 124 SELECT element OPTION element E EM element 40 40 47 14 CODE element 34–35 CODEBASE attribute APPLET element 14 COLOR attribute BASEFONT element 22 FONT element 43 COLS attribute FRAMESET element 54 TABLE element 124 TEXTAREA element 139 COLSPAN attribute TD,TH elements 132 COMPACT attribute DIR element 36 DL element 39 MENU element 85 OL element 97 UL element 145 CONTENT attribute META element 87 COORDS attribute AREA element 18 APPLET element EMBED element ENCTYPE attribute FORM element F FACE attribute BASE element FONT element 22 43 Flash movies 175 FOCUSABLE attribute TD,TH elements 133 TEXTAREA element 139 FONT element 40–44 FORM element 44–48 FRAME attribute TABLE element 125 FRAME element 48–50 FRAMEBORDER attribute FRAME element 49 FRAMESET element 53 FRAMESET element 51–55 G goto: protocol 169 D DD element 35 DFN element 36 H H1-H6 elements 56–57 188 INDEX JANUARY 2002 HEAD element 57 K KBD element HEIGHT attribute 80 15 Flash movies 180 IMG element 63 SPACER element 113 TABLE element 126 TD,TH elements 133 HIGHLIGHTABLE attribute A element 9 Flash movies 177 TABLE element 126 TD,TH elements 134 HISTORY attribute META element 87 HR attribute SIZE element 58 HR element 57–58 HREF attribute A element 10 AREA element 18 BASE element 21 LINK element 83 HSPACE attribute APPLET element 15 IMG element 63 TABLE element 126 HTML element 59 HTTP-EQUIV attribute META element 87 APPLET element L LANGUAGE attribute SCRIPT element LAYER attribute BODY element DIV element 105 27 37 H1-H6 elements 57 IMG element 64 P element 100 TABLE element 127 LAYER element 80 LEFT attribute A element 10 AREA element 19 LI element 81–82 LINK attribute BODY element 27 LINK element 82–84 linked sounds 173 LISTING element 84 LOOP attribute BGSOUND element 23 embedded sounds 174 Flash movies 177 TD,TH elements 131 LOWSRC attribute IMG element 65 I 59 I-frames 26, 27, 37, 64, 80, 100, 127 image/gif 163 image/jpeg 163 image/png 163 IMG element 60–66 INITIALFOCUS attribute META element 91 INPUT element 67–78 ISINDEX element 78–79 ISMAP attribute IMG element 64 I element M Macromedia Flash 175 MAP element 84 MARGINHEIGHT attribute FRAME element 49 MARGINWIDTH attribute FRAME element 49 mcast: protocol 169 Mediacast 169 MENU element 85 META element 86–93 METHOD attribute FORM element 47 MULTIPLE attribute JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 189 SELECT element 109 POPUPBG attribute SELECT element 110 N NAME attribute POPUPDIRECTION attribute A element 11 APPLET element 15 AREA element 19 Flash movies 177 FORM element 48 FRAME element 49 IMG element 65 MAP element 85 META element 92 PARAM element 101 SELECT element 110 TABLE element 127 TEXTAREA element 139 NOBR element 93 NOFRAMES element 95 NOHREF attribute AREA element 18 NORESIZE attribute FRAME element 50 NOSCRIPT element 95 NOSHADE attribute HR element 58 NOWRAP attribute TD,TH elements 135 110 102–103 PROMPT attribute ISINDEX element 79 protocols goto: 169 http: 171 https: 171 javascript: 171 mcast: 169 tv: 165 PRE element SELECT element Q QUALITY attribute Flash movies 178 R refresh, automatic 90 REL attribute A element 11 LINK element 83 REV attribute A element 11 LINK element 83 RIGHT attribute A element 10 AREA element 19 ROWS attribute TEXTAREA element 140 ROWSPAN attribute TD,TH elements 135 RULES attribute TABLE element 128 O OL element 96–98 98–99 OVERSCAN attribute BODY element 27 FRAMESET element 55 OPTION element P P element 99–100 101 P-frames 64, 127 PLAINTEXT element 102 PLAY attribute Flash movies 178 PLUGINSPAGE attribute Flash movies 178 PARAM element S S element 103 SALIGN attribute Flash movies 178 103 SCALE attribute Flash movies 179 SCHEME attribute SAMP element 190 INDEX JANUARY 2002 93 104–105 SCROLLAMOUNT attribute TD,TH elements 131 SCROLLDELAY attribute TD,TH elements 131 SCROLLING attribute FRAME element 50 SCROLLSTOP element 105 SELBGCOLOR attribute SELECT element 111 SELECT element 106–111 SELECTED attribute OPTION element 99 SELTEXT attribute SELECT element 111 SHAPE attribute AREA element 19 SIZE attribute BASE element 22 FONT element 44 SELECT element 111 SPACER element 113 SMALL element 111 SPACER element 112–113 SRC attribute BGSOUND element 23 Flash movies 179 FRAME element 50 IMG element 65 SCRIPT element 105 START attribute OL element 97 STRIKE element 114 STRONG element 114 STYLE attribute DIV element 38 SUB element 115 SUP element 115 SCRIPT element META element A element 11 19 21 FORM element 48 TD,TH elements 129–136 TEXT attribute BODY element 30 SELECT element 111 TEXTAREA element 137–140 text/html 160 text/plain 160 TITLE element 140 TR element 141–142 TT element 142 tv: protocol 165 TYPE attribute LI element 81 LINK element 84 OL element 98 SPACER element 113 UL element 145 BASE element AREA element U U element UI attribute 143 Flash movies 179 UI sound 173 UL element 143–145 UP attribute A element 10 AREA element 19 USEMAP attribute IMG element 66 user interface sound 173 V VALIGN attribute TD,TH elements VALUE attribute LI element TEXTAREA element 136 142 T TABLE element 82 99 101 116–128 94 OPTION element PARAM element VAR element tables resizing images TARGET attribute 145 VLINK attribute JANUARY 2002 HTML REFERENCE, LIBERATE TV PLATFORM 191 BODY element VSPACE attribute 31 APPLET element IMG element 15 66 TABLE element 126 W WBR element 146 WIDTH attribute 15 Flash movies 180 HR element 58 IMG element 63 SPACER element 113 TABLE element 126 TD,TH elements 133 WRAP attribute PRE element 103 TEXTAREA element 140 APPLET element X XMP element 146 192 INDEX JANUARY 2002 </div><br />   <script type='text/javascript'> aster_cloud_id = '2422251'; aster_cloud_format = '728x90'; </script> <script type='text/javascript'> document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='http://web.asterpix.com/media/js/searchlight.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> getEl('viewer-area').style.width = getEl('doc-info').clientWidth + 'px'; </script> <div class="rCol">  <script type='text/javascript'> aster_cloud_id = '2426791'; aster_cloud_format = '250x250'; </script> <script type='text/javascript'> document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='http://web.asterpix.com/media/js/searchlight.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script>  <div class="adword" id="ad-spot3"> </div>   <style type="text/css"> .window-premium-docs {background-color:#f2f2f2; border:solid 1px #b8b8b8; border-top:none; padding:3px 10px; } .window-premium-docs a {color:#04405e; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold;float:left; width:180px;clear:left;margin-bottom:10px; padding-right:10px;} .window-premium-docs b {color:#000; font-size:12px; font-weight:normal; display:block; float:left; clear:right;} </style> <div><img src="/i/header-premium-docs-250.png" alt="premium docs" /></div> <div class="window-premium-docs"> <a href="/docs/8639053/" onclick="adClick('Paid-Feat', 'California Member-Managed LLC Operating Agreement', '939185')">California Member-Managed LLC Operating Agreement</a><b>$19.95</b><br /> <a href="/docs/8553950/" onclick="adClick('Paid-Feat', 'Acknowledgment of Independent Contractor', '939185')">Acknowledgment of Independent Contractor</a><b>$8.95</b><br /> <a href="/docs/8553954/" onclick="adClick('Paid-Feat', 'Artist-Agent Engagement Agreement', '939185')">Artist-Agent Engagement Agreement</a><b>$8.95</b><br /> <a href="/docs/10391193/" onclick="adClick('Paid-Feat', 'Website Design Non-Disclosure', '939185')">Website Design Non-Disclosure</a><b>$14.95</b><br /> <a href="/docs/10090809/" onclick="adClick('Paid-Feat', 'Employee Handbook for Company', '939185')">Employee Handbook for Company</a><b>$39.95</b><br /> <a href="/docs/8632443/" onclick="adClick('Paid-Feat', 'Limited Liability Partnership Agreement', '939185')">Limited Liability Partnership Agreement</a><b>$29.95</b><br /> <a href="/docs/8044302/" onclick="adClick('Paid-Feat', 'Office Lease Agreement', '939185')">Office Lease Agreement</a><b>$8.95</b> <br /> </div> <div class="docs-box-header">Other docs by <a href="/profile/azcameron">Alex Cameron</a></div><div class="docs-box"> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939276/Using-Eq" class="thumb" title="939276"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939276/Using-Eq">Using Eq</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 118  |  Downloads: 6</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939275/The-Sectret-of-the-mastering-engineer" class="thumb" title="939275"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939275/The-Sectret-of-the-mastering-engineer">The Sectret of the mastering engineer</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 128  |  Downloads: 8</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939274/Recording-Real-Drums" class="thumb" title="939274"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939274/Recording-Real-Drums">Recording Real Drums</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 112  |  Downloads: 9</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939273/Recording-Lead-Vocals" class="thumb" title="939273"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939273/Recording-Lead-Vocals">Recording Lead Vocals</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 141  |  Downloads: 6</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939272/Recording-in-One-Room" class="thumb" title="939272"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939272/Recording-in-One-Room">Recording in One Room</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 105  |  Downloads: 9</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939271/Recording-Bass-Guitar" class="thumb" title="939271"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939271/Recording-Bass-Guitar">Recording Bass Guitar</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 133  |  Downloads: 8</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939270/Recording-Acoustic-Guitar" class="thumb" title="939270"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939270/Recording-Acoustic-Guitar">Recording Acoustic Guitar</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 113  |  Downloads: 5</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939269/Practical-Mixing" class="thumb" title="939269"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939269/Practical-Mixing">Practical Mixing</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 80  |  Downloads: 1</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939266/MediaFinance94" class="thumb" title="939266"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939266/MediaFinance94">MediaFinance94</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 165  |  Downloads: 2</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939263/iTV-is-dead_-Long-live-IPTV---Broadcast-Engineering-Digital-TX-Limited-_wwwdigitaltxtv_" class="thumb" title="939263"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939263/iTV-is-dead_-Long-live-IPTV---Broadcast-Engineering-Digital-TX-Limited-_wwwdigitaltxtv_">iTV is dead_ Long live IPTV - Broadcast Engineering-Digital TX Limited _www.digitaltx.tv_</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 77  |  Downloads: 1</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939258/IPTV-VoDTheWorldThatsOnItsWay-DigitalTXLimited_wwwdigitaltxtv_" class="thumb" title="939258"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939258/IPTV-VoDTheWorldThatsOnItsWay-DigitalTXLimited_wwwdigitaltxtv_">IPTV-VoD.The.World.Thats.On.Its.Way-Digital.TX.Limited._www.digitaltx.tv_</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 63  |  Downloads: 2</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939256/IPTV-VoDTheHareAndTheTortoise-DigitalTXLimited_wwwiptvworkshopcouk_" class="thumb" title="939256"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939256/IPTV-VoDTheHareAndTheTortoise-DigitalTXLimited_wwwiptvworkshopcouk_">IPTV-VoD.The.Hare.And.The.Tortoise-Digital.TX.Limited._www.iptvworkshop.co.uk_</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 79  |  Downloads: 0</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939255/IPTV-VoDTheFallOfContentsKingdom-DigitalTXLimited_wwwdigitaltxtv_" class="thumb" title="939255"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939255/IPTV-VoDTheFallOfContentsKingdom-DigitalTXLimited_wwwdigitaltxtv_">IPTV-VoD.The.Fall.Of.Contents.Kingdom-Digital.TX.Limited._www.digitaltx.tv_</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 48  |  Downloads: 1</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939254/IPTV-VoDFastForwardToChristmasFuture-DigitalTXLimited_wwwiptvworkshopcouk_" class="thumb" title="939254"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939254/IPTV-VoDFastForwardToChristmasFuture-DigitalTXLimited_wwwiptvworkshopcouk_">IPTV-VoD.Fast.Forward.To.Christmas.Future-Digital.TX.Limited._www.iptvworkshop.co.uk_</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 58  |  Downloads: 1</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="doc"> <a href="/docs/939252/IPTV-VoDBurstingThePPVBubble-DigitalTXLimited_wwwiptvworkshopcouk_" class="thumb" title="939252"></a> <div class="titleStats"><a class="title" href="/docs/939252/IPTV-VoDBurstingThePPVBubble-DigitalTXLimited_wwwiptvworkshopcouk_">IPTV-VoD.Bursting.The.PPV.Bubble-Digital.TX.Limited._www.iptvworkshop.co.uk_</a> <div class="stats"> Views: 62  |  Downloads: 1</div></div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cls"></div><br />  <div id="footer-wrap"> <div id="footer"> <div class="l-cap"></div> <div class="inner"> <dl> <dt>About:</dt> <dd><a href="/about/" rel="nofollow">What is Docstoc?</a> | <a href="javascript:void window.open('/popterm.aspx?page_id=15','TC','width=800,height=500,menubar=0,location=0,resizable=1,scrollbars=1,status=0')" rel="nofollow">Docstoc Terms of Service</a> | <a href="javascript:void window.open('/popterm.aspx?page_id=102','TC','width=800,height=500,menubar=0,location=0,resizable=1,scrollbars=1,status=0')" rel="nofollow">DocStore Terms of Service</a> | <a href="javascript:void window.open('/popterm.aspx?page_id=22','TC','width=800,height=500,menubar=0,location=0,resizable=1,scrollbars=1,status=0')" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a> | <a href="/FAQ/" rel="nofollow">FAQs</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Links:</dt> <dd><a href="http://blog.docstoc.com/" onclick="outbound('blog.docstoc.com')">Docstoc Blog</a> | <a href="https://www.docstoc.com/pro/" rel="nofollow">Join Pro</a> | <a href="/requests/" rel="nofollow">Requests</a> | <a href="/docsters/">Docsters</a> | <a href="/upload/" rel="nofollow">Upload</a> | <a href="/User/cmsstatic.aspx?page_id=100" rel="nofollow">DMCA Guidelines</a> | <a href="/DMCA/" rel="nofollow">DMCA Notification</a> | <a href="http://platform.docstoc.com/" rel="nofollow">Docstoc API</a> | <a href="/feeds/rssfeed.aspx" rel="nofollow">RSS Feeds</a> <a href="/feeds/rssfeed.aspx" rel="nofollow"><img src="/i/ico/rss-sm.gif" alt="RSS Feeds" /></a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Contact:</dt> <dd><a href="/contact/" rel="nofollow">Contact Us</a> | <a href="http://docstoc.suggestionbox.com/" rel="nofollow">Suggest Features</a> | <a href="/jobs/" rel="nofollow">Join Our Team</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Share:</dt> <dd><a href="/Embed-Documents/">Embed Documents</a> | <a href="/OneClick/">Docstoc OneClick</a> | <a href="/Sync/">Docstoc Sync</a> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="r-cap"></div> <div class="copyright">© Docstoc 2009. All rights reserved.</div> </div> </div>  <br /> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> google_spot_id = 'ad-spot6' google_ad_client = 'pub-7343870454215956'; google_ad_output = 'js'; google_max_num_ads = '3'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel ="2191561729+5544646509" google_feedback = 'on'; googleAdStyle = 'v'; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> google_spot_id = 'ad-spot1' google_ad_client = 'pub-7343870454215956'; google_ad_output = 'js'; google_max_num_ads = '3'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel ="5056562550+3509764174+5544646509" google_feedback = 'on'; googleAdStyle = 'h'; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> google_spot_id = 'ad-spot3' google_ad_client = 'pub-7343870454215956'; google_ad_output = 'js'; google_max_num_ads = '5'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel ="7385883220+5544646509+0390437055" google_feedback = 'on'; googleAdStyle = 'v'; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"></script> <script src="http://www.google-analytics.com/ga.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var pageTracker =''; if (_gat && _gat!=null && _gat!=undefined){ pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-1289929-1"); pageTracker._trackPageview(); } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> recordEndTime(); makeDD('ddTarget', 'ddDocuments', 'top'); makeDD('ddTargetMyDocs', 'ddMyDocs', 'top'); makeDD('ddTargetMyColl', 'ddMyColls', 'top');</script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var CurrentUsername = ''; var CurrentUserID = '-10'; DocumentID = 939185;DocumentUrl='http://www.docstoc.com/docs/939185/liberate_htmlref';DocumentOwnerID='157781';DocumentOwnerUsername='azcameron';DocumentFilename='liberate_htmlref.pdf';DocumentType='pdf';DocumentTitle='liberate_htmlref';DocumentCategoryID=0;DocumentSubCategoryID=0;DocumentError=0;DocumentRotation=0;DocumentSubSubCategoryID=0;//]]> </script>  <script src="http://js.revsci.net/gateway/gw.js?csid=K08784"></script> <script> DM_addEncToLoc("pid","DOCS"); DM_addEncToLoc("category","0"); DM_addEncToLoc("sc_id","0"); DM_addEncToLoc("sc2_id","0"); DM_tag(); </script>  </form> </body> </html>

liberate_htmlref

-

-

USAGE: s1 yes c3 yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

Really Big Heading

Somewhat Smaller Heading, Centered

-

Section G: Legal Ramifications