Global Status Report on Road Safety 2009

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 World Health Organization Department of Violence & Injury Prevention & Disability (VIP) 20 Avenue Appia Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: traffic@who.int www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY WHO TIME FOR ACTION GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY TIME FOR ACTION WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Global status report on road safety: time for action. 1.Accidents, Traffic - statistics and numerical data. 2.Accidents, Traffic - trends. 3.Wounds and injuries - epidemiology. 4.Safety - statistics and numerical data. 5.Data collection. I.World Health Organization. Dept. of Violence and Injury Prevention. ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 (NLM classification: WA 275) Suggested citation: Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009 (www.who.int/violence_ injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009). © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: permissions@who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in Switzerland. Designed by L’IV Com Sàrl. Made possible through funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies. Contents Preface Acknowledgements Executive summary 1. Background An international response to road traffic injury prevention 2. The need for a global assessment of road safety Methodology 3. The state of road safety around the world Road traffic injuries remain a global public health problem the highest burden and road traffic death rates vulnerable road users iv v vii 1 4 7 8 11 11 12 14 4. Conclusions References Country profiles Statistical annex 41 227 iii Preface The Global status report on road safety reaffirms our understanding of road traffic injuries as a global health The Global status report on road safety land use and urban planning are made. With the Global status report on road safety of data confirms the relevance of this issue to the societal challenges of today. It iv GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY WHO headquarters in Geneva: WHO African Region: WHO Region of the Americas: WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: WHO European Region: WHO South-East Asia Region: WHO Western Pacific Region: for the development and publication of this Report. v Executive summary O ver 1.2 million people die each year on the world’s roads, and between 20 and 50 million suffer non-fatal injuries. In most regions of the world this epidemic of road traffic injuries is still increasing. In the past five years most countries have endorsed the recommendations of the World report on road traffic injury prevention which give guidance on how countries can implement a comprehensive approach to improving road safety and reducing the death toll on their roads. To date, however, there has been no global assessment of road safety that indicates the extent to which this approach is being implemented. This Global status report on road safety is the first broad assessment of the status of road safety in 178 countries, using data drawn from a standardized survey conducted in 2008. The results provide a benchmark that countries can use to assess their road safety position relative to other countries, while internationally the data presented can collectively be considered as a global “baseline” against which progress over time can be measured. The Global status report presents a number of key findings: Over 90% of the world’s fatalities on the roads occur in countries have higher road traffic fatality rates (21.5 and 19.5 per 100 000 population, respectively) than high-income countries (10.3 per 100 000). Over 90% of the world’s fatalities on the roads occur in low-income and middle-income countries, which have only 48% of the world’s registered vehicles. low-income and middle-income countries, which have only 48% of the world’s vehicles. vii over the last four to five decades in many countries. The development and effective enforcement of legislation is injury and disability. higher in the poorer economies of the income countries of the Americas comprehensive in scope. 1 blood alcohol concentration limit the World report among vulnerable road users. The report suggests that not enough is being done to meet the needs of helmets should meet a specific national or international standard. belts to be used by passengers in both basic criteria for reducing speed in of countries rate the enforcement of their speed limits as effective. Traffic different groups of road users are not effective at reducing road traffic injuries among vulnerable road users can also have other effects on health such as improved respiratory enforcement agencies are given sufficient human and financial resources to mount sustainable and effective enforcement activities. comprehensive manner necessitates activity. 1 The criteria used to define “comprehensive” in relation to laws on speed, drink–driving, and use of helmets, seat-belts and child restraints are described in the main text. viii GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY police. A coordinated response to the problem includes the development and implementation of a multisectoral strategy on sufficient finances for planned countries collect and report on road traffic injuries. Reliable data are needed by countries to assess the scope of the road traffic injury the effectiveness of intervention specified timeframe. While many traffic fatalities remains a big road traffic injuries the fifth leading cause of death by have a national road safety strategy that has funding allocated for its implementation. crash and death are used to define a and coverage of the data that information on the extent of their Leading causes of death, 2004 and 2030 compared TOTAL 2004 RANK LEADING CAUSE % RANK TOTAL 2030 LEADING CAUSE % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ischaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Lower respiratory infections Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Diarrhoeal diseases HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Road traffic injuries Prematurity and low birth weight Neonatal infections and other Diabetes mellitus Malaria Hypertensive heart disease Birth asphyxia and birth trauma Self-inflicted injuries Stomach cancer Cirrhosis of the liver Nephritis and nephrosis Colon and rectum cancers 12.2 9.7 7.0 5.1 3.6 3.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ischaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Lower respiratory infections Road traffic injuries Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Diabetes mellitus Hypertensive heart disease Stomach cancer HIV/AIDS Nephritis and nephrosis Self-inflicted injuries Liver cancer Colon and rectum cancer Oesophagus cancer Violence Alzheimer and other dementias Cirrhosis of the liver Breast cancer Tuberculosis 12.2 9.7 7.0 5.1 3.6 3.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 Source: World health statistics 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.html) ix incurred by their health sector or penalties and accompanied by data needed to monitor and evaluate interventions accurately. critical factor in reducing road traffic scientific evidence on the steps necessary years have seen an increase in political improved and sustained. international attention and support. Global status report needs to be done. Key recommendations institutions nominated as responsible for action on road safety are fostering multisectoral collaboration and have the necessary human and financial resources to act effectively. sectors involved in collecting and reporting data on road traffic injuries. consideration the needs of all road that impact on road safety. To users have been neglected in many countries and should be given decisions are made about road and transport services. collection. This Global status report road users to be protected through enforcement of speed limits that are appropriate to the type and function of blood alcohol concentration limits the use of appropriate occupant roads. The international community must also play its part in halting and reversing the current global trend of increasing traffic injuries as an important health and development problem and by intensifying support for prevention. practices that are based on sound evidence of effectiveness. x GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY R 1 oad transportation provides benefits both to nations and to individuals by facilitating the movement of goods and people. It enables increased access a reduction in physical activity. There are from the movement of people and goods have direct and indirect positive impacts and noise. the increase in road transportation has also placed a considerable burden on traffic crashes caused over 1.27 million number of motorized vehicles in 1 those caused by many communicable diseases . Road traffic injuries affect in India an estimated 2 million people have a disability that results from a road traffic crash demand for services needed to address disability. While road traffic death rates in many The road traffic injury epidemic also has considerable impact on the economies the global epidemic of traffic injuries is still increasing. It has been estimated other development needs. The global losses due to road traffic injuries are 1 and an estimated 2.4 million fatalities per year . than the total amount that these countries receive in development assistance . Persons from poor economic settings are disproportionately affected by road traffic that road traffic injuries are consistently one of the top three causes of death for injuries are estimated to occur annually injuries are also an important cause of disability 1 A billion here is used to refer to one thousand million. Road traffic injuries are one of the top three causes of death for people 2 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Table 1. Leading causes of death by age, world, 2004 RANK 0–4 YRS 5–14 YRS 15–29 YRS 30–44 YRS 45–69 YRS 70+ YRS TOTAL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Perinatal causes Lower respiratory infections Diarrhoeal diseases Malaria Measles Congenital anomalies HIV/AIDS Whooping cough Meningitis Tetanus Protein–energy malnutrition Syphilis Drownings Road traffic injuries Fires Tuberculosis Endocrine disorders Upper respiratory infections Iron deficiency anaemia Epilepsy Lower respiratory infections Road traffic injuries Malaria Drownings Meningitis Diarrhoeal diseases HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Protein–energy malnutrition Fires Measles Leukaemia Congenital anomalies Trypanosomiasis Falls Epilepsy Leishmaniasis Violence War and conflict Poisonings Road traffic injuries HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Violence Self-inflicted injuries Lower respiratory infections Drownings Fires War and conflict Maternal haemorrhage Ischaemic heart disease Poisonings Abortion Leukaemia Cerebrovascular disease Diarrhoeal diseases Falls Meningitis Nephritis and nephrosis Malaria HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Road traffic injuries Ischaemic heart disease Self-inflicted injuries Violence Lower respiratory infections Cerebrovascular disease Cirrhosis of the liver Poisonings Maternal haemorrhage Fires Nephritis and nephrosis Drownings Breast cancer War and conflict Falls Diarrhoeal diseases Liver cancer Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Ischaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Cirrhosis of the liver Road traffic injuries Lower respiratory infections Diabetes mellitus Self-inflicted injuries Stomach cancer Liver cancer Breast cancer Hypertensive heart disease Nephritis and nephrosis Oesophagus cancer Colon and rectum cancers Poisonings Mouth and oropharynx cancers Ischaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Lower respiratory infections Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Diabetes mellitus Hypertensive heart disease Stomach cancer Colon and rectum cancers Nephritis and nephrosis Alzheimer and other dementias Tuberculosis Liver cancer Oesophagus cancer Cirrhosis of the liver Inflammatory heart diseases Breast cancer Prostate cancer Falls Road traffic injuries Ischaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Lower respiratory infections Perinatal causes Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Diarrhoeal diseases HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Road traffic injuries Diabetes mellitus Malaria Hypertensive heart disease Self-inflicted injuries Stomach cancer Cirrhosis of the liver Nephritis and nephrosis Colon and rectum cancers Liver cancer Violence Source: WHO (2008), Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update. Teenage drivers are at increased PHOTO LEFT Those physically disabled as a result of a motor vehicle collision often face stigma and discrimination CENTRE While the figures on road traffic deaths point to to tell the full story and to reflect the devastation and friends and community of those affected. RIGHT place a huge demand on health services. demand placed on health professionals. . . groups of urban and rural populations Road traffic injuries affluent urban and rural counterparts injuries . socioeconomic those from more disadvantaged disadvantaged families are hardest hit by the financial pressure resulting from road traffic crashes. Poor families are less pay the direct and indirect costs related to a road traffic crash. Many families are driven deeper into poverty by the loss of expenses of prolonged medical care and An international response to road traffic injury prevention The need to reduce road traffic deaths affluent counterparts. or disabled . Road traffic injuries place a huge strain on health care services in terms of number of the regional development 4 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY 4. Allocate financial and human resources to address the problem. the World report on road traffic injury prevention . This document stressed the role of many sectors in the prevention of road traffic injuries. It also described the fundamental concepts of road traffic injury the impact of these actions. These strategies. The World report concluded belts and child restraints. 1. Identify a lead agency in government to guide the national road traffic safety effort. national capacity and international cooperation. The World repor t promoted a comprehensive approach to road safety institutional settings relating to road traffic injury and the capacity for road traffic injury prevention in each country. recognizes that the human body is highly vulnerable to injury and that humans strategy and plan of action. is therefore one that accommodates and compensates for human vulnerability and approach necessitates the involvement and the close collaboration of a number groups. Fundamental to implementing this approach is the collection of accurate data on the magnitude of road traffic that have made the most progress in road safety are those that have adopted this comprehensive approach. increase the attention paid to road traffic implementation of the recommendations of the World report in particular.1 This document reports on the progress made in implementing some of the recommendations of the World report. the World report World report and endorsed its recommendations. 1 For the full text of these resolutions, see http://www.who.int/roadsafety/about/resolutions/ en/index.html. Figure 1. The systems approach to road safety Source: Adapted from reference 13. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY 2 A The need for a global assessment of road safety performance on a number of s more countries begin or addressing their national road that regular global assessments of road but also to enable countries to compare road safety capacity of member a comparable methodology to A number of regional mechanisms provide comparable data to assist national policy formulation and drive regional policy. again at their road safety strategies to address their vulnerabilities. 7 assessment of road safety exists. Previous such as speed and blood alcohol limited to the analysis of aggregated painted a largely illustrative picture by focus countries. or have focused on specific aspects of measured regularly . In other areas of health and development such in providing the data needed to advocate for standardized definitions and measures and tuberculosis all have tools and global status of their particular topic on a regular basis. Methodology the Global status report on road safety The specific objectives of the project to assess the status of road safety core set of road safety indicators and priorities for intervention and to stimulate road safety activities at a national level. developed using the recommendations of the World report as a basis for its content. road safety researchers and practitioners of international and regional road 8 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Figure 2. Methodology academic institutions. 1 2 institutional settings and policies existence of policies to encourage and public transport and strategies vehicle and infrastructure standards 1 national dataset audits of road infrastructure Global Status Report legislation on some of the main trained and then facilitated a consensus meeting involving a multisectoral group of up to eight road safety experts. The enforcement levels relating to each transport and enforcement sectors should be represented among the respondents the involvement of nongovernmental 4 The methodology used for data collection identification in each participating country independently and then discuss each of 1 See Acknowledgements section, page v. 2 For the questionnaire and accompanying instruction booklet see www.who.int/violence_ injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009 3 This survey reports “perceptions of enforcement”, as agreed by the group of respondents in the consensus meeting. Note that the eight countries that did not hold a consensus meeting did not answer these questions, while some groups of respondents could not come to a consensus on these scores and so left the enforcement questions blank. 4 In the Eastern Mediterranean Region questionnaires were administered during face-to-face interviews. 5 More details on the methodology can be found at www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/ road_safety_status/2009 Most of the data collected through this project are reported in this document. The main text contains an then sent for government clearance. the main variables reported by each participating country using a standard of comparability on some variables affected the ability to analyse and report some of the information received from countries. Table 2. Participation in the survey, by WHO region and income groupa NUMBER OF MEMBER STATES AND ASSOCIATE MEMBER STATES NON-PARTICIPATING MEMBER/ASSOCIATE MEMBER STATES AND % OF REGIONAL POPULATION COUNTRIES/AREAS PARTICIPATING WHO REGION AFRICAN REGION REGION OF THE AMERICAS SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION EUROPEAN REGION WESTERN PACIFIC REGION GLOBAL 46 36b 11 21 53 28e 195 Member and Associate Member States 41 (0 HIC, 11 MIC, 30 LIC) 32 (31 Member and Associate Member States, 1 non-member area) (6 HIC,c 26 MIC) 10 (0 HIC, 6 MIC, 4 LIC) 20 (19 Member States, 1 non-member area) (5 HIC, 12 MIC, 3 LICd) 49 (25 HIC, 21 MIC, 3 LIC) 26 (6 HIC, 15 MIC, 5 LIC) 178 (176 Member and Associate Member States, 2 non-member areas) (42 HIC, 91 MIC, 45 LIC) Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea (8.8%) Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, St. Kitts & Nevis (1.1%) Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1.4%) Djibouti, Somalia (1.7%) Andorra, Denmark, Luxembourg, Monaco (0.7%) Niue, Tokelau (< 1%) 19 (accounting for 1.7% of population of the 195 Member and Associate Member States) HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries a See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classifications. b Includes one Associate Member State, Puerto Rico. c Includes one non-member area, the British Virgin Islands. d Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. e Includes one Associate Member State, Tokelau. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY 3 Population HIC 15.6% LIC 36.7% MIC 47.8% The state of road safety around the Road traffic injuries remain a global public health problem Road traffic injuries remain an important and national levels. While steps are being estimates that 1.27 million people died as a result of a road traffic collision in that year . The total number of deaths reported in this survey is approximately indicating vast underreporting. When rising trend in road traffic deaths is to be halted or reversed. 178 countries included in the study is methods has been used by different organizations to estimate the number of traffic deaths are among men and that the highest impact is in the economically active age ranges. Figure 3. Population, road traffic deathsa, and registered motorized vehicles, by income group Road traffic deathsa HIC 8.5% LIC 41.9% MIC 49.6% Registered vehicles LIC 9.2% HIC 52.1% MIC 38.7% a 30-day definition, modelled data. HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries 11 Low-income and middle-income countries have the highest burden and road traffic death rates intervention could help significantly to reduce the total number of road traffic deaths at a global level. From a public health perspective and for the roads occur in a more useful measure of the size of a also useful for assessing performance over time and for giving an indication of less than half of the fatality rates relative to population are is clearly related to both the population 12 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Table 3. Modelled road traffic injury fatality rates (per 100 000 population),a by WHO region and income group WHO REGION HIGH-INCOME b c b MIDDLE-INCOME LOW-INCOME TOTAL AFRICAN REGION — 13.4 — 28.5 7.9 7.2 10.3 32.2 17.3 16.7 35.8 19.3 16.9 19.5 32.3 — 16.5 27.5 12.2 15.6 21.5 32.2 15.8 16.6 32.2 13.4 15.6 18.8 REGION OF THE AMERICAS SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION EUROPEAN REGION WESTERN PACIFIC REGION GLOBAL a b EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 30-day definition. No high-income countries. c No low-income countries. Figure 4. Trends in road traffic fatality rates in selected high-income countries 30 25 Rate per 100 000 population 20 15 10 5 0 197 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3 198 4 198 5 198 6 198 7 198 8 198 9 199 0 199 1 199 2 199 3 199 4 199 5 199 6 199 7 199 8 199 9 200 0 200 1 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 8 197 9 Year Australia Canada France Japan Sweden United States of America road traffic injury fatality rates well above the average for this income group. For instance, high-income countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region have a modelled road traffic injury fatality rate of 28.5 per 100 000 population, which is well above the global average for countries in this broad income group, as shown in Table 3. Similarly, while a number of high-income countries have managed to reduce their road traffic fatality rates in recent decades, in other high-income countries the downward trends in road traffic fatalities that began in the 1970s and 1980s have started to flatten, suggesting that extra steps are needed to reduce these rates further (see Figure 4). The 10 countries with the lowest modelled road traffic fatality rates are almost all high-income countries, where rates vary between 3.4 and 5.4 deaths per 100 000 population. While these countries, the Netherlands, Sweden and United Kingdom for instance, may be top performers globally with regard to road safety, they too still have considerable 13 road traffic injuries are still an important and the successful implementation of a comprehensive approach to the Vulnerable road users are at additional . into consideration during the planning of land use or road construction. In many countries roads are planned and built to insufficient thought is given to the needs that these vulnerable road users face roads . and drivers of passengers account for almost half of global road traffic deaths. transport system. Nearly half of those dying on the world’s roads are vulnerable road users countries the majority of road users are deaths. 1 up the highest reported proportion of regions the proportion of deaths among users do not have a protective “shell” around them and are therefore more at 1 If users of unsafe public transport are included as vulnerable road users then this figure of 46% is likely to be an underestimate: in this survey data on public transport fatalities was not collected separately from data related to other four-wheeled vehicles. 14 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Box 1: Unsafe public transportation matatusa are almost no restrictions on driver eligibility or on the maintenance of privately operated public transportation vehicles . reduction in safety standards. a Matatus are small-scale public transport service vehicles in Kenya. Figure 5. Reported deaths by type of road user (%), by WHO region and income groupa AFRICAN REGION LIC MIC MIC HIC LIC MIC LIC MIC HIC EUROPEAN REGION LIC MIC HIC WESTERN PACIFIC REGION LIC MIC HIC 0% 20% Vulnerable road users a REGION OF THE AMERICAS SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 40% 60% 80% Others 100% Occupants of four-wheeled motorized vehicles See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classifications. HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries vulnerable road users varies considerably. PHOTO TOP Poor infrastructure and Results of this survey suggest that as motorization increases globally many countries are not giving sufficient attention to the needs of vulnerable groups of road users in their transport policies. Many of the proven interventions being implemented globally − such as pedestrians have to share the other modes of transportation. PHOTO BOTTOM Police enforcement and automatic speed enforcement are highly effective measures used to enforce speed limits. relevant to car occupants. More research is needed on interventions that address planning and road design should also consideration. both vehicle occupants and vulnerable appropriate speed limits is essential. countries rate their speed enforcement death on the road can also be achieved by reducing the total amount of motorized considerable investment in infrastructure Reducing the volume of traffic on roads being used by vulnerable road users can on the use of private cars. This survey and cycling as an alternative to motorized transport. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Box 2: Land use and transport planning needs of vulnerable road users in planning for land use and transport. Bogota implemented land use and transport measures intended to meet the road users and to improve public as building bicycle and pedestrian Lagos are being implemented to separate and protect these road users. Where transportation. The public transport system largely consists of minibuses thus aims to modify the environment motorcycle or bicycle fatalities in the corridor . excluding cars from the city centre capacity bus system at a cost of give pedestrian safety priority over speed. measures contributed to reducing the number of road traffic fatalities Delhi They also improved access to jobs and created a more liveable urban environment . substantially to pollution and road government created an agency bus lanes on a major arterial road of the city. The pedestrian lane has the mission to “transform the state transport system by facilitating Sweden‘s model of road safety is The “Vision Zero” road safety completed and launched in March based on an understanding that the environment needs to be modified tolerance to mechanical forces and Cable barriers are used in a number of high-income countries and have been shown to be cost effective at reducing head-on collisions on highways. consideration has been given to reliable and safe means of getting around the city . Designed spaces for street vendors in Delhi, India, are part of a new initiative that gives road space to different groups of vulnerable road users. Bogota’s high-capacity bus system. 17 that encourage public transport as an similar neglect in meeting the needs of Speed What is known? An increase in average speed is of a crash occurring and to the countries report their enforcement of speed limits as over 7 on a scale perhaps surprising given that decreased dependency on the use of private cars can have other positive impacts such as . . Few countries have comprehensive road safety laws that are well enforced traffic injuries and deaths is critical above . types of collision and different other variables into account crash injury outcomes. Comprehensive appropriate penalties and accompanied . vulnerable road users are particularly . Apart from reducing road traffic average traffic speed can have other positive effects on health outcomes reducing road traffic injuries and deaths survey suggest that the legislation on What this survey found Research on effective speed management indicates that the speed limits on urban While there remains a fairly high fatality to implement planned activities in may result in a “piecemeal” approach to road safety efforts that is seen in many road safety records have adopted this authority to reduce these national speed 18 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Box 3: A coordinated approach to road safety The World report on road traffic injury prevention World report also recommends that each country should prepare a multisectoral national road safety allocated to ensure implementation of relevant activities. countries have urban speed limits authorities to reduce difficulty that they had during the consensus meetings in identifying the lead agency for road safety in their country. them further. Figure 6. Proportion of countries by urban speed limit range in 174 countries >90 km/h (2%) 71–90 km/h (6%) The results suggest that urban speed management is poor in many countries. <50 km/h (62%) local authorities to reduce national speed of participating countries meet both 51–70 km/h (29%) reduce the national speed limits. Figure reducing road traffic injuries can be made and implemented at the subnational level that in most countries additional efforts to reduce urban speed limits are still needed. the results of this survey the criteria used for assessing urban speed management speed limits on urban roads are set the enforcement of their national speed WHAT CAN BE DONE 4 Countries need to set speed limits that reflect the function of individual roads. In doing so, they should consider the types of vehicles using the road, the nature and purpose of the road, roadside activities, provision of facilities for vulnerable road users, and the frequency of use by pedestrians and cyclists. Increased priority should be given to vulnerable road users, notably in urban areas, where speed limits should not exceed 50 km/h. 4 Local authorities need to be given the authority, resources and political support to implement measures to reduce speed limits to levels that may be lower than national limits where vulnerable road users are particularly at risk. 4 Programmes put into place to address speeding need to foster a public awareness and understanding of the effects of speeding and the reasons for enforcing speed limits. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Drinking and driving What is known? World report result . increases significantly above a blood . do not have BAC limits or have limits that in the number of crashes involving young people . World report advised that BAC limits for this group . What this survey found participating countries report having and most of these countries are in the Figure 7. Blood alcohol concentration limits (g/dl) by country/area 0.05 > 0.05 Laws at subnational level No limit stipulated No law No data 21 PHOTO LEFT Alcometers are part of the Mexican CENTRE injuries but do not prevent a crash from occurring. involving motorcyclists from occurring. RIGHT campaigns and extensive helmet distribution. Use of motorcycle helmets What is known? Wearing a motorcycle helmet report that they use one or both of these . alcohol concentration . The effectiveness of motorcycle helmets in reducing head injuries meet a recognized safety standard is important to ensure that helmets can effectively reduce the impact of a collision to the head in the event of a crash . over 7. What this survey found WHAT CAN BE DONE participating in this global survey 4 All countries should have a drink–driving law and should strictly enforce it. 4 Drink–driving laws should be based on blood alcohol concentration, or the equivalent breath alcohol content limits, which should be 0.05 g/dl or below. 4 All countries should set limits of 0.02 g/dl or below for young/novice drivers. incomplete in many of these countries. 22 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY religious headgear. This survey found have a comprehensive helmets to meet a and of engine type1 specific standard. 1 Some of these have exceptions, such as exempting those for medical reasons or for religious reasons. Figure 8. Motorcycle helmet laws and helmet standards by country/area              Has a law and standard Has a law but no/unknown standards Laws at subnational level No law No data Seat-belt use What is known? . are in place is also difficult to ascertain both the reliability and the generalizability . WHAT CAN BE DONE What this survey found 4 All countries should have mandatory laws on helmet use on motorized two- and three-wheelers. 4 These laws should cover all riders who are legally allowed to ride on motorized twoor three-wheelers, all engine types and all road types. 4 Countries need to enact laws requiring helmets to meet a national or international standard. 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of helmet-wearing. in the global survey reporting national or income countries and belts to be used in cars 24 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY countries that manufacture or assemble and rear seats. WHAT CAN BE DONE and an enforcement rating of greater The ability to ascertain the effectiveness of countries reported having no data income countries. Although the survey 4 Vehicle manufacturers and assemblers should be required to fit seat-belts in both front and rear seats of all vehicles, irrespective of the end market. 4 Seat-belt laws must be improved to cover all occupants. 4 Enforcement efforts must be strengthened in many countries and must be equally applied to the occupants of both front and rear-seats in cars. 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of seat-belt use. 4 Enforcement efforts must be backed by intensive mass-media education programmes that highlight the risk of injury when not wearing a seat-belt and increase the perceived likelihood of being detected and penalized. Figure 9. Seat-belt laws by country/area National law applies to all car occupants Law at subnational level No law or law does not apply to all car occupants No data Use of child restraints What is known? this figure hides considerable variation and death in the event of a collision. developmental stage in mind. They the results of the survey suggest that reduces the chance of a severe injury occurring. restraints reduce deaths among on the use of child restraints report enforcement as being above 7 on a of all participating countries have a child and rate its enforcement as . their enforcement lead to an increase in the use of child restraints . What this survey found The global survey found that just under report any legislation at all on the use of indicates that the prohibitive cost of child restraints in many countries is also an important factor that affects usage. child restraints for young children in vehicles. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Figure 10. Child restraint legislation by country/area National child restraint laws Laws at subnational level No law No data WHAT CAN BE DONE 4 Child restraint laws need to be enacted and enforced. These laws should specify the type of restraint, the child’s age for which each restraint is appropriate, and the seating position. 4 Mechanisms should be established to improve access to affordable child restraints. 4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of child restraint use. 4 Programmes to increase use of child restraints need to address social norms and encourage a culture of safety. The public needs to be aware of the safety benefits of using child restraints. Legislation: summary to be done. Although all countries reported national or subnational legislation related to road users to be protected by means of appropriate occupant restraints and to respect alcohol and speed limits that countries have national or subnational loopholes are avoided that could exempt still incomplete in its coverage in many 27 of appropriate measures and penalties organizations and other civil society groups can play an important role in generating public and political support for plus data on monitoring and evaluation indicators such as rates of helmet campaigns that both highlight the safety and also increase the perception of Data on fatalities a standardized definition of a road traffic range of definitions for a road traffic death. These definitions use different time of the penalties for not respecting them and include or exclude different types of road users. The same definitions are also country . Few countries have reliable data on road traffic injuries The current recommended definition of a road traffic fatality for harmonization of surveillance purposes is “any person killed immediately or dying within 30 days as a result of a road traffic injury accident” to developing a systems approach to road safety. A comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of road traffic injuries should consider not only mortality but also of interventions. increase in surveillance efforts . provide essential information to governments in targeting their interventions and in evaluating the effectiveness of their current national road safety programmes. These include the proportion of road traffic deaths that indicate that this goal remains largely unattained. The time periods used in range from “died at the scene of the from a road traffic crash regardless of the time that has elapsed. At the global level 28 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY for many years as another important definitional issues can be overcome harmonization and comparison purposes same definition. competing priorities and availability of resources. Figure 11. Time period used to define a road traffic fatality by country/ area and income group Other Within 1 year Within 30 days Within 7 days Within 24 hours On the scene 0 HIC 10 20 MIC 30 LIC 40 50 60 70 80 90 be used to obtain a minimum Number of countries HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries injuries. The extent of underreporting is also in data collected by the police and transport sectors compared to health . countries used health data as a source countries these types of crashes are reported data on road traffic fatalities on the basis of police records only. All the above complexities limit a number of mechanisms have been developed to try to address some of the and data more comparable. In this global employed and extrapolated. health care facilities. difference globally. Figure 12. Proportion of countries using different data sources for road traffic fatalities No data (2%) Health (7%) Other (15%) Police (50%) Statistics (9%) Linked to health/ other sector (7%) Transport (11%) GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Table 4. Road traffic deaths by WHO region using reported and modelled data REPORTED DATAa WHO REGION MODELLED DATAa n 52 302 139 466 143 977 76 912 113 346 135 316 661 319 RATE PER 100 000 POPULATION n 234 768 142 252 285 020 175 668 117 997 278 321 1 234 026 RATE PER 100 000 POPULATION AFRICAN REGION REGION OF THE AMERICAS SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION EUROPEAN REGION WESTERN PACIFIC REGION GLOBAL a 7.2 15.5 8.4 14.1 12.8 7.6 10.1 32.2 15.8 16.6 32.2 13.4 15.6 18.8 Adjusted for 30-day definition. WHAT CAN BE DONE 4 Encourage the use of the 30-day definition of road traffic fatality for harmonization across data sources. 4 Improve data linkages between police, transport and health sectors. 4 Increase human capacity to undertake data collection, analysis and interpretation. 4 Improve the use of ICD1 coding in vital registration to adequately reflect road traffic deaths. 1 The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is used to classify diseases and other health problems recorded on many types of records, including death certificates and health records. The most recent (10th) revision of the ICD codes came into use in 1994 but some countries still use previous versions. Data on non-fatal injuries it provides a complete picture of the employ hospital staff to code injuries databases hospital admissions and rehabilitation. up a sophisticated injury information type of “casualty register” or repeated . of severity of an injury is recorded by the police at the site of the crash. This results in less reliable categorization of are probably even more complex than those relating to data on deaths. Reliable assessment of the severity of others have longer admission times. PHOTO LEFT Training police in Addis Ababa on data government to improve estimates of road traffic injury fatalities. CENTRE RIGHT in France. The majority of countries do not have robust data on so the category of serious can range applied to the global total of 1.27 million injuries. seen in an accident and emergency room enough to be seen in an emergency room. This supports previous estimates million . WHAT CAN BE DONE 4 The data collected by the health sector need to be improved. This is particularly true with regard to data on non-fatal injuries. This can take the form of discharge data using ICD coding, injury surveillance systems or, where this is not feasible, intermittent surveys or “casualty registers” which collect only minimum data . 4 There is a need for standard definitions of levels of severity of non-fatal injuries to allow them to be accurately recorded and collated. The definitions should be simple enough to be administered by both health and non-health personnel. 4 Countries should be encouraged to link all data sources on road traffic injuries in order to help address underreporting. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Box 4: Pre-hospital care traffic injuries by strengthening trauma care services across the spectrum save the lives of many injured persons. private ambulance companies cannot be accessed unless one has medical Where no pre-hospital trauma care system exists, trained community members can provide first aid. countries. Data on economic costs Considerable economic and social costs caused by road traffic crashes. The survey regard to comparisons in terms of the countries have conducted a study on the different currencies used and the studies are important for internal Most surveys are not national but based on a sample and are usually conducted in a teaching country level is extremely important crashes on all the sectors involved and for convincing politicians to invest in generalizability. most common method used to assess costs. While this type of costing is to countries. WHAT CAN BE DONE important indirect costs that need to be included if the true cost to society is to be calculated. 4 Countries should be encouraged to conduct national studies on the costs of road traffic crashes as well as on the cost-effectiveness of interventions they put into place. 4 Where possible, costing should include both direct and indirect costs. Table 5. Countries with one or more studies on the economic cost of road traffic crashes by WHO region DEATHS AND INJURIES WHO REGION OTHER TYPES OF STUDIES COUNTRIES REPORTING AT LEAST 1 STUDY DEATHS ONLY INJURIES ONLY n 15 14 6 10 25 11 81 n 2 0 1 2 n 0 1 n n 17 15 AFRICAN REGION REGION OF THE AMERICAS SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION EUROPEAN REGION WESTERN PACIFIC REGION ALL 1 1 2 5 1 4 7 12 27 13 91 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Data on monitoring and evaluation Table 6. Countries with targets included in their road safety strategies by WHO region and income level WHO REGION LOW-INCOME a MIDDLE-INCOME HIGH-INCOME TOTAL AFRICAN REGION 9 — 2 0 1 1 13 2 9 2 2 11 6 32 — 3 — 1 21 5 30 11 12 4 3 33 12 75 REGION OF THE AMERICASb SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGIONa EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION EUROPEAN REGION recently adopted targets although these have yet to be reflected at country level. Targets are not the only method of monitoring or evaluating progress. Pages of proven interventions that are critical to improving road safety. These include WESTERN PACIFIC REGION GLOBAL a b No high-income countries. No low-income countries. Figure 13. Levels of motorcycle helmet wearing in 60 countriesa % motorcycle helmet wearing (range) ■ 0–24% 3% ■ 25–49% ■ 50–74% % of countries ■ 75–100% 22% and child restraints. While some countries have put into 17% systems to collect data on monitoring or evaluating the success of these measures at a national level. 59% a In 51 countries this estimate was based on an observational study, the source of which is noted in the country profiles. In 9 countries the estimated wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group. Figure 14. Seat-belt wearing rates in 95 countriesa % seat-belt wearing (range) ■ <30% ■ 30–49% 7% % of countries 14% 40% ■ 50–69% ■ 70–89% ■ >90% 21% 18% their generalizability. methodologies used are similar to those a In 86 countries this estimate was based on an observational study, the source of which is noted in the country profiles. In 9 countries the estimated seat-belt wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group. cent of countries reported having no data countries have any data on the proportion of road traffic deaths attributable to The proportion of deaths related to alcohol reported in this study varies from only have data from more sophisticated the basis of the information. Figure 15. Proportion of alcohol-related fatal crashes in 93 countriesa % alcohol-relatedness (range) 28% ■ <5% ■ 5–9% ■ 10–19% % of countries ■ 20–29% ■ 30–39% ■ 40–49% 11% 15% 17% ■ >50% 11% 3% 15% a In 90 countries this estimate was based on official data, the source of which is noted in the country profiles. In 3 countries the proportion given is the opinion of the consensus group. WHAT CAN BE DONE 4 Countries need to step up efforts to collect robust data on a number of intermediate indicators that relate to road traffic injury prevention and that can be used for monitoring and evaluation research. These include: rates of helmet use; rates of seat-belt use; the proportion of drivers with blood alcohol concentration over the legal limit; rates of child restraint use. 4 While high-income countries often use sophisticated survey methodology, basic helmet and seat-belt wearing surveys are relatively simple and cheap to conduct. Surveys are essential for comprehensive monitoring to take place. 4 These data are pivotal to making policy decisions based on evidence, and to evaluating measures that are put in place. 4 The health sector should play an important role in research related to risk factors. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY 4 Conclusions their progress over time compared to that of other countries. Strengths and weaknesses of this survey global assessment of road safety. It brings increase the accuracy and completeness population. It brings road safety into line Key messages and recommendations Coordinators reported that the consensus practitioners from different sectors had met to discuss road safety. As a result of of enforcement of legislation at a country level. The main findings are summarized and are already being used to facilitate regional collaboration. This survey covered the magnitude of road approximately half of all road traffic reporting data from different years countries in Asia. data in some countries came from the their scope. factors are enacted at national measures are often carried out at the subnational or local level. perceived to be suboptimal in many countries. insufficiently developed or resourced in many countries to be effective. report the existence of a national a number of potential biases. In of countries report government endorsement of the strategy that has both precise targets and sufficient perception of enforcement of the legislation on success of a strategy. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY data that countries collect and report the use of appropriate measures and penalties for infringement. indicator in terms of assessing 4. Countries need to encourage collaboration among different sectors involved in collecting and reporting road traffic injury data. This involves monitoring and evaluation indicators institutions that have been nominated on road safety have the necessary human and financial resources to act effectively. The evidence suggests that the development and endorsement consideration the needs of all road that impact on road safety. To for implementation are important users have been neglected in many countries and should be given decisions are made about road planning and transport services. road safety goals. The results of this survey can be used as a tool to inform policy decisions in road users by setting speed limits that are appropriate to the type and blood alcohol concentration limits alongside implementation and evaluation of the good practice manuals developed Collaboration. The results can also be used to leverage political support and resources for safer road transportation for practices that are based on sound evidence of effectiveness. Decade of Action on Road Safety such a decade could be an important opportunity to further catalyse action. The results of this Global status report and the gaps it has identified should during the Ministerial Conference on activities envisaged in the context of the Decade of Action. An increasing body of research community must continue to recognize road traffic injuries as an important health and development issue and intensify support for their prevention. level commitment has been evidenced by various international resolutions and GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY References 1. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update 2. World health statistics 2008 The Global Burden of Disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources World report on road traffic injury prevention Road traffic accidents and disability: A cross-section study from Turkey. Disability and Rehabilitation Road traffic injury prevention in India Estimating global road fatalities Child Care Health and Development The involvement and impact of road crashes on the poor: Bangladesh and India case studies Guidelines for estimating the cost of road crashes in developing countries Injury Prevention and Safety Control The National Medical Journal of India Road safety – Partnership program. Shared responsibility Accident Analysis & Prevention Accident Analysis & Prevention 178. Urban transport, environment and equity: The case for developing countries World Policy and Practice East African Medical Journal 41 Injury Prevention Planners Tabloid Urban transport development: a complex issue Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program SSATP Newsletter no 6 Traffic safety dimension and the power model to describe the effect on speed safety Speed, speed limits and accidents 27. Transport Research Centre. Speed management report Ajonopeudet ja jalankulkijan turvallisuus [Driving speeds and pedestrian safety] The effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road casualties in London, 1986–2006 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Montreal, 4–9 August 2002 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Montreal, 4–9 August 2002 American Journal of Preventive Medicine American Journal of Preventive Medicine Traffic Injury Prevention The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews American Journal of Public Health Injury Prevention Helmets: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners The handbook of road safety measures Seat-belts and child restraints: increasing use and optimising performance 42 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY 41. Motor vehicle occupant protection facts 2006 Injury Prevention Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners American Journal of Preventive Medicine Glossary of transport statistics IRTAD special report. Underreporting of road traffic casualties Journal of the Royal Statistical Society The Abbreviated Injury Scale: 1990 revision The Journal of Trauma International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision Injury surveillance guidelines Country profiles Background The country profiles in this section present a selection of information about road safety as reported by each of the Methodological variations Global status report on road safety for Terminology and interpretation follow-up questions depending on their Road classifications according to the definitions used in the country concerned. effectiveness of enforcement of various elements of reach consensus on an enforcement score. These scores are therefore subjective and should be seen only the intensity of the enforcement may vary at different times. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits refer to the maximum amount of alcohol that is legally acceptable 47 rates of helmet wearing and/or seat-belt use footnotes. motorcycle helmet law vehicle standards data collection process. Presentation of data Country profiles contain data been used. reported In the charts presenting data on deaths by road user category The standard colour coding of the pie charts ● ● ● ● Trend graphs ● Cyclists ● Pedestrians ● ● provided many decades of trend data. Where the primary source of information Information about the number of vehicles in the country includes only registered vehicles respondents noted that a substantial proportion of the vehicle fleet may not be registered. 48 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY AFGHANISTAN Population: 27 145 275 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $319 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Yes Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1 835c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 3 212d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 10 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes — 10 No n/a n/a — n/a No n/a — n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA Yes Yes T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 731 607 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 59% 12% 20% 1% 8% 49 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. ALBANIA Population: 3 190 012 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 290 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Interministerial Committee of Road Safety No No n/a n/a 384d (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 1 344e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 40 km/h 9 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 5%b 8 Yes Yes Yes — 10 Yes Yes 30% Frontc 9 Yes 8 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (40%) Drivers 4-wheelers (24%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Passengers 4-wheelers (22%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (6%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (9%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2006, Ministry of Transport TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 12 Deaths per 100 000 population 10 8 6 4 2 0 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Internal Affairs Ministry (Directory of Road Police). 1996, Citizen Society of Road Safety, data from pilot cities. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (Road Police Directory) and Ministry of Transport (General Directory of Road Transport) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes No 349 646 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 68% 7% 8% 12% 5% 50 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. ANGOLA Population: 17 024 084 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 560 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Directorate of Road Traffic Yes Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1 814c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries Measurable targets Funded a — Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. c No Transport data, defined as died at the crash scene. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 5 — — — — — — Yes Yes Yes — 5 No n/a — n/a Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500 Enforcementb b No n/a 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source: National Directorate of Road Traffic National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 671 060 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 51 ARGENTINA Population: 39 531 115 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $6 050 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Agency Yes Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 4 063d (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 174 339e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Health data, defined as died at the scene of the crash. National Registry of Transit Records (RENAT) reported 4 175 deaths in 2007. Health data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 40–60 km/h 3 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 3 Yes Yes Yes 13%b 1 Yes Yes 48%b, c 3 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Unspecified (23%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Occupants 3- and 4-wheelers (42%) Pedestrians (19%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (6%) Riders motorized 2-wheelers (10%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: Ministry of Health Argentina, 2006 Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 4 500 Number of road traffic deaths 4 000 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2005, Argentina National Risk Factor survey. Front seats only. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: The Health Statistics and Information Office, the Department of Policies, Regulation, and Institutes at the National Ministry of Health, Argentina National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) No POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes No Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 12 399 887 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 52 ARMENIA Population: 3 002 271 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 640 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia Funded in national budget Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 371c (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded No n/a n/a 2 720d Costing study available No c d Police data, no specified time period. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 5 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 6%b 5 Yes Yes No — 5 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (39%) Drivers 4-wheelers (34%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (26%) Cyclists (<1%) Source: 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Yes Yes — 3 Yes 5 Number of road traffic deaths TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No Source: Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 366 836 total (2007) Motorcars Buses Other 79% 7% 15% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 53 AUSTRALIA a a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting). Population: 20 743 179 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $35 960 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government Yes Yes Yes Yes Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 616i (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005–2006) National road safety strategy 31 204j NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Costing study available No (subnationally) n/a n/a n/a No (subnational) 0.05 g/dlc 0.0–0.02 g/dld n/a 30%e n/a No (subnational) Yesf Yesf — n/a No (subnational) Yesg 97% Front, 92% Rearh n/a No (subnational) n/a Yes (deaths and injuries) i j Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health and Transport data, hospitalized cases only. DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (13%) Cyclists (3%) Drivers 4-wheelers (49%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (15%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Passengers 4-wheelers (21%) Source: 2007, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government: “Monthly Road Death Series” Enforcementb b c d e f g h Deaths per 100 000 population Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No national limit, but all states and territories have a consistent BAC limit of 0.05 for general population. For young provisional drivers, all states and territories have a zero BAC requirement, with exception of one territory with a BAC limit of 0.02 g/dl. 1999–2003, Transport data. No national law, but all states and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and compliance with a helmet standard. No national law, but all states and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants. 2006, Transport data, national survey. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Source: 2008, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 14 774 921 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 78% 4% 15% 3% <1% 54 Data cleared by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government. AUSTRIA Population: 8 360 746 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $42 700 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Austrian Road Safety Council Yes Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 691e (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 53 211f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Statistics Austria, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Statistics Austria. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.01 g/dl Yes 8%b 9 Yes Yesc Yes 95%d 9 Yes Yes 89% Front, 49% Reard 7 Yes 9 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (3%) Drivers 4-wheelers (45%) Pedestrians (16%) Cyclists (5%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%) Passengers 4-wheelers (14%) Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs & Statistics Austria BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Statistics Austria. Some exceptions. 2007, Austrian Road Safety Board survey. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Year Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Statistics Austria National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 5 796 973 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 73% 11% 14% <1% 2% Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health, Family and Youth. 55 AZERBAIJAN Population: 8 467 167 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 550 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA State Road Police Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1 107c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 3 432d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 9 Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 3%b 9 Yes Yes No — 9 Yes Yes — 9 Yes Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (38%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (28%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (1%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Passengers 4-wheelers (31%) Source: 2007, Head Department of State Road Police Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 400 Enforcementa a b 9 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, State Road Police. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Year Yes Yes Source: Azerbaijan Republic. Trend Data on Road Traffic Accidents in 1998–2006 National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 784 018 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 77% <1% 2% 16% 4% <1% 1% 56 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. BAHAMAS Population: 331 278 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $18 570 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Traffic Department Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 50d (90% males, 10% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005) Measurable targets Funded 1 682e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 48 km/h 5 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 5%b 3 Yes Yes Yes 10–15%c 3 Yes Yes — 0 Yes 0 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (22%) Drivers 4-wheelers (42%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (14%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (22%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: Country questionnaire Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 100 Number of road traffic deaths 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, from hospital reports. Estimation by consensus group. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No Source: Ministry of Health POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES — — Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. 27 058 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport. 57 BAHRAIN Population: 752 648 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $20 610 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA General Directorate of Traffic Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 91e (91% males, 9% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 3 415f Costing study available Yes (deaths only) e f Police data, defined as any death caused directly by road traffic injury, regardless of time period. General Directorate of Traffic data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 4 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb No 8%c 4 Yes Yes No — 5 Yes No 22%d 4 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (39%) Pedestrians (29%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (7%) Passengers 4-wheelers (20%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Source: 2007, General Directorate of Traffic Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 14 Deaths per 100 000 population 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2007, General Directorate of Traffic. 2008, Ministry of Works. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: 2007, General Directorate of Traffic National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 382 977 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 81% 1% 13% <1% 2% 3% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 58 BANGLADESH Population: 158 664 959 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $470 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Council No Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 3 160c (89% males, 11% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2003) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 403 000d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. Respondents concerned this figure greatly underestimates the true number of deaths, citing example of Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2003, which estimated the annual number of deaths to be 13 200. 2003, Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 25 km/h 0 Yes Noneb Noneb No — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (9%) Drivers 4-wheelers (4%) Passengers 4-wheelers (22%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) Cyclists (3%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes No — 3 No n/a — n/a No n/a Number of road traffic deaths Pedestrians (54%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: “National Road Traffic Accident Report 2006”, Bangladesh Road Transport Authority TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Year Source: “National Road Safety Action Plan 2008–2010,” National Road Safety Council National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 1 054 057 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 15% 62% 10% 6% 3% 4% 59 Data cleared by the Directorate General of Health Service. BARBADOS Population: 293 891 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $11 290 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 38c (62% males, 37% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 372d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Actual data collected by Royal Barbados Police Force. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 5 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (18%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) Drivers 4-wheelers (24%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes — 8 Yes Yes — 8 Yes 7 Passengers 4-wheelers (50%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Royal Barbados Police Force Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA No No N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 126 262 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 82% 2% 8% 4% <1% 4% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, National Insurance and Social Security. 60 BELARUS Population: 9 688 795 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 220 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Standing Committee by Council of Ministers of Republic of Belarus, Ensuring Road Safety No Yes Yes Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 517c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded National road safety strategy 7 991d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Ministry of Home Affairs, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Ministry of Home Affairs data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 13%b 7 Yes Yes Yes — 9 Yes Yes — 7 Yes 6 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (40%) Drivers 4-wheelers (24%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Passengers 4-wheelers (23%) Cyclists (9%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%) Source: 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 25 Deaths per 100 000 population 20 15 10 5 0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 3 147 625 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses 74% 12% 12% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 61 BELGIUM Population: 10 457 343 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $40 710 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded Interministerial Committee for Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 067d (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy 65 850e Costing study available No d e Statistics Belgium, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Statistics Belgium estimate. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 3 Yes Yesb Yes — 8 Yes Yes 79% Front, 46% Rearc 3 Yes 6 Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Unspecified (6%) Other (5%) Occupants 4-wheelers (56%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (10%) Cyclists (8%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (15%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Statistics Belgium Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. Belgian Road Safety Institute: 2007 observational study (front seats), 2006 self-report survey (rear seats). VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 6 362 161 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Buses Trucks Other 79% 6% <1%% 10% 4% 62 Data cleared by the General Directorate for Mobility and Road Safety. BELIZE Population: 287 699 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 800 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Committee No Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 68c (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 652d Costing study available No c d Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data reported 47 deaths in 2006. Belize Institute of Statistics. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 1 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 3 Yes Yesb Yes — 3 Yes No — 4 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (23%) Drivers (13%) Cyclists (13%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers (51%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: Belize Institute of Statistics Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Number of road traffic deaths Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No Source: Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Unit POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 54 225 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 63 BENIN Population: 9 032 787 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $570 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Centre for Road Safety Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 605b Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 3 251c Costing study available No b c Transport data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Transport data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 2 Yes None None Yes — 5 Yes Yes No — 1 No (subnational) n/a — n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (11%) Pedestrians (25%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (3%) Passengers 4-wheelers (24%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (37%) Source: 2007, Centre National de Sécurité Routière Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 800 Number of road traffic deaths 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: National Road Safety Centre Database National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 222 850 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 67% 7% 11% 5% <1% 10% 64 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. BHUTAN Population: 658 479 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 770 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Safety and Transport Authority Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006 – 2007) 111c (93% males, 7% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006 – 2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 724d Costing study available No c d Police data for 12-month time period, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data for 12-month time period. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 30 km/h 3 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No — 3 Yes Yes Yes — 9 Yes Yes — 4 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number b No Yesb For free ambulance transport to hospital. 35 703 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 55% 21% 2% 13% <1% 9% — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 65 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. BOLIVIA (Plurinational State of) Population: 9 524 568 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 260 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Inter-institutional Road Safety Council No Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1 073d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 13 481e Costing study available No d e National Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. National Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 3 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes — 4 Yes Yes No — No consensusc No n/a n/a n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (10%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (35%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (1%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%) Passengers 4-wheelers (49%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, National Police data TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 600 Number of road traffic deaths 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. No consensus, but group agreed that enforcement is lax. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: National Police, National Statistics Institute National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 699 646 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 25% 5% 56% 11% 1% — 2% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Sports and the Bolivian National Police. 66 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Population: 3 934 816 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 790 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Ministry of Communication and Transport of Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yesa Yes Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 428e Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 11 647f Costing study available Measurable targets Funded a No e Formally approved in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only (not in the Republic of Srpska). f NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Institute for Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (defined as died at the crash scene), and Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska (defined as died within 30 days of the crash). Data from multiple sources. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 6 Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 7%c 6 Yes Yes No — 6 Yes Yes — 7 Yes 5 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (5%) Drivers 4-wheelers (38%) Pedestrians (24%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Cyclists (6%) Passengers 4-wheelers (23%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska. Data for Republic of Srpska only Enforcementb b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska (data for Republic of Srpska only). TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards ond Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation d No No REGISTERED VEHICLES Data for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only. POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 675 063 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 85% 1% 9% 1% 5% 67 Data cleared by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. BOTSWANA Population: 1 881 504 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 840 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Department of Road Transport and Safety Yes Multiple n/a n/a 497d (72% males, 28% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 7 142e Costing study available No d e Transport data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Transport data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 8 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 1%b 7 Yes Yes Yes — 9 Yes No 75%c 7 No n/a Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (26%) Drivers 4-wheelers (23%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (48%) Source: 2007, National Road Traffic Crash Database Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement a b c a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Road Traffic Crash Database, based on occasional, non-comprehensive surveys. 2007, National Road Traffic Crash Database, rate among drivers and rear-seat passengers involved in a crash. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: National Road Traffic Crash Database National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 293 755 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 39% 1% 44% 5% <1% 10% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 68 BRAZIL Population: 191 790 929 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 910 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 35 155c (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy National Traffic Department (DENATRAN) Yes Multiple n/a n/a Measurable targets Funded 407 685d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Health data (Mortality Information System), defined as died anytime after the crash. State Traffic Departments, National Traffic Department, Ministry of Cities data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60–80 km/h 6 Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes — 6 Yes Yes Yes 88% Front, 11% Rear 7 Yes Yes 60%b 6 Yes 4 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (5%) Passengers 4-wheelers (5%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Other (37%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (20%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (5%) Pedestrians (28%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2006, Ministry of Health Mortality Information System TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 Deaths per 100 000 population 25 20 15 10 5 0 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Data from Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Ministry of Health Mortality Information System National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 49 644 025 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 61% 22% <1% 10% 4% 1% 2% 69 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS a a Non WHO member-area. Population: 23 000 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $43 686 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 6d (67% males, 33% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 132e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash. Police records. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 32 km/h 6 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 4%c — Yes — No — 3 Yes Yes 80%c 7 Yes 5 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%) Drivers 4-wheelers (33%) Passengers 4-wheelers (50%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: 2007, Police department Enforcementb b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 8 Number of road traffic deaths Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police observational data. 6 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on 4 Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes 2 0 Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT — — 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source: Royal Virgin Islands Police Force National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 14 505 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Development. 70 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Population: 390 056 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $30 580 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Brunei Darussalam Road Safety Council — Multiple n/a n/a 54c (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 556d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Yes No 80 km/h 7 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 3.7%b 6 Yes Yes Yes 98%b 9 Yes No 70% Frontb 7 Yes Number of road traffic deaths Source: Department of Investigations and Traffic Control, Royal Brunei Police Force Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Other (2%) Pedestrians (9%) Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%) Drivers 4-wheelers (46%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (30%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Enforcementa a b 4 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police data. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source: Department of Investigations and Traffic Control, Royal Brunei Police Force National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No — REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 304 432 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 83% 4% 4% 1% <1% <1% 7% Data cleared by the Ministry of Communications. 71 BULGARIA Population: 7 638 831 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 590 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency State-Public Consultative Commission on the Problems of Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 006c (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 9 827d Costing study available Measurable targets Funded No c d Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 5%b 7 Yes Yes Yes — 7 Yes Yes — 8 Yes Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Unspecified (2%) Other (2%) Occupants 4-wheelers (65%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (26%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (4%) Source: 2007, Traffic Police Department, Ministry of Interior Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcementa a b 4 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Traffic Police Department, Ministry of Interior. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Traffic Police Department, Ministry of Interior National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 2 628 680 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 75% 3% 10% 1% 10% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 72 BURKINA FASO Population: 14 784 291 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $430 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Office of Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 619c (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 7 359d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police and Health data, defined as died at the crash scene. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 3 Yes Noneb Noneb — — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (13%) Occupants 4-wheelers (53%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes — 1 No n/a — n/a No n/a Pedestrians (34%) Source: Gendarmerie Nationale Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA Yes Yes T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 515 453 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other 30% 31% 18% 9% 12% 73 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. BURUNDI Population: 8 508 232 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $110 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 65d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 2 718e Costing study available No d e Health data, defined as died anytime after the crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 5 Yes 0.1 g/dl 0.1 g/dl Yes 70%b DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes No — 5 No (subnational) n/a 95% Front, 0% Rearc 8 No n/a DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2005, Police Spéciale de Roulage et de la Sécurité Routière. Source and methodology not specified. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 59 486 total (1998 – June 2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Non-motorized vehicles 26% 19% 31% 5% 19% Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control. 74 CAMBODIA Population: 14 443 679 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $540 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Committee Yes Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 545f (79% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded a 25 858g Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. f g Yes (deaths and injuries) Data from multiple sectors, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Data from multiple sectors. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 1 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl n/ac — n/ac Yes No No 21%d 2 Yes No 0%e 1 Yes 0 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (4%) Drivers 4-wheelers (4%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (13%) Cyclists (5%) Passengers 4-wheelers (11%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (63%) Source: 2007, Road Traffic Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 Enforcementb b c d e Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Regulations are in place, but not yet enforced. 2006, Ministry of Health observational study in Phnom Penh. Estimation by consensus group. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Year Source: 1995–2005, Ministry of Interior/Traffic Police; 2006–2007, Road Traffic Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 154 389 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Buses Trucks 9% 84% 4% <1% 2% 75 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. CAMEROON Population: 18 549 176 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 050 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Ministry of Transport Yes Yes No Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 990b Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 471c Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) b c Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 4 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 3 Yes Yes No — 1 Yes No — 3 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (10%) Drivers 4-wheelers (15%) Cyclists (18%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%) Passengers 4-wheelers (40%) Source: Consensus group estimate, based on 2001 data Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 600 Number of road traffic deaths 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2005 Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Year d d National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Data for 2002 not provided. Source: Ministry of Transport No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 312 259 total (2005) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles 56% 21% 9% 8% 5% 1% 76 Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport. CANADA Population: 32 876 047 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $39 420 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded a Road Safety Directorate, Transport Canadaa Yes Yes Yes Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) National road safety strategy 2 889h (68% males, 32% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) With support and collaboration by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators and its members. 199 337i Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally No (subnationally) Yes up to 70 km/h n/a Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0–0.04 g/dl Yes 30%c 4 No (subnational) Yesd Yesd 99%e n/a No (subnational) Yesf 93% Front, 87% Rearg n/a No (subnational) n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 Deaths per 100 000 population 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 h i Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Pedestrians (13%) Cyclists (3%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (7%) Drivers 4-wheelers (54%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (22%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: Police-reported records of traffic collisions that occurred on public roads during 2006 Enforcementb b c d e f g Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Coroners data compiled by Traffic Injury Research Foundation. No national law, but all provinces and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and compliance with a national helmet standard. 2006, Transport Canada’s National Traffic Collision Data file, rate among drivers and passengers involved in crashes occurring on public roads. No national law, but all provinces and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants. 2006, Transport Canada, Average for Rural and Urban Roads Surveys. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 20 065 000 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 52% 3% 43% 3% <1% 77 Data cleared by the Public Health Agency of Canada. CAPE VERDE Population: 530 437 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 430 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA General Directorate of Road Transport Yes Yes No Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 49d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 899e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 3 Yes Nob No 90%c 9 Yes No 80%c 8 Yes 6 YEAR NUMBER OF DEATHS 73 49 TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Exceptions include children and the armed forces. Estimation by consensus group. 2006 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS Source: Direçao Geral dos Transportes Rodoviários No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT — — National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 54 158 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 66% 8% 20% 5% 1% 78 Data cleared by the Ministry of Internal Administration. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Population: 4 342 735 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $380 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 583d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Directorate of Transport and Road Safety Yes Yesa n/a n/a Measurable targets Funded a 225e Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. No d e Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash, from capital (Bangui) only. Transport data based on police reports. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes Yes 40–60 km/h 4 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 4 Yes Yesc Yes — 3 Yes No — 3 No (subnational) n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementb b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 5 834 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks 21% 77% <1% <1% 79 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Population and HIV/AIDS and the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation. CHAD Population: 10 780 571 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $540 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Commission on Road Safety Yes Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 840d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded a 4 536e Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. d e No Transport and Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Directorate General for Surface Transport. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 2 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 0 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Yes Yes No 51%d 4 Yes Yes 1% Front, <1% Rearc 1 No n/a DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementb b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Estimation by consensus group. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 124 088 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Non-motorized vehicles 16% 52% 20% 9% 3% 80 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. CHILE Population: 16 634 760 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 350 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET) Yes Yes No Yes 2 280e (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy 50 010f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Health data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 5 Yes 0.5 g/dl 0.5 g/dl Yes 21%b 3 Yes Yes Yes 100%c 3 Yes Yes 50% Front, 42% Reard 5 Yes 4 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (12%) Passengers 4-wheelers (13%) Other (27%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (3%) Cyclists (6%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Pedestrians (40%) Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 Deaths per 100 000 population 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 Enforcementa a b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. National Police of Chile data for 2007. National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2005 for greater Santiago only. National Traffic Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2007 conducted in multiple cities. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Source: National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 2 824 570 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 61% 2% 28% 5% 2% 2% <1% 81 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. CHINA Population: 1 336 317 116 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 360 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Inter-Ministerial Convention on Road Traffic Safety Funded in national budget Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 89 455e (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes No Yes 431 139f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 30-50 km/h 8 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (14%) Drivers passenger vehicles (5%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 4%b 8 Yes Yes Yes 16%c No consensus Yes Yes 50%d No consensus No n/a Pedestrians (26%) Passengers of cars (17%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorbikes (28%) Cyclists (9%) Source: Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c d VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects No consensus Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Deaths per 100 000 population Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Police data. Zhang J, Zhuo J, Chen NA. Study of motorcycle helmet use in Guangxi. Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention, 2004, 8(6):512–515. 2005–2006, Study in Guangzhou City and Nanning City. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes Source: Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 145 228 994 total (2006) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 82 COLOMBIA Population: 46 155 958 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 250 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Ministry of Transportation Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2001) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 5 409d (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 38 727e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 4 Yes 0.04 g/dl 0.04 g/dl Yes 3%b 5 Yes Yes Yes 97%c 6 Yes Yes 82%c 7 Yes 3 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (5%) Drivers 4-wheelers (6%) Passengers 4-wheelers (11%) Pedestrians (34%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (36%) Cyclists (8%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 25 Deaths per 100 000 population 20 15 10 5 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Transportation (SIAT-RNAT). 2007–2008 Road Prevention Fund. Use of helmets that meet a regulatory standard: 70%. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Source: Ministry of Transportation, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Road Prevention Fund National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes — 4 951 225 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 36% 39% 17% 4% 3% <1% <1% 83 Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Protection. COMOROS Population: 839 187 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $680 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Directorate for Road Safety, Circulation and Regulation Yes No n/a n/a DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 12d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 120e Costing study available Measurable targets Funded No d e Military Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Military Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 30 km/h 3 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes 4%c 4 No n/a n/a — n/a No n/a — n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (17%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (17%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (58%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Gendarmerie Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2007, National Military Police. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA No No T O AN TA IL VA AB LE Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 22 378 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks 86% 6% 5% 3% 84 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Solidarity and Gender Equality. CONGO Population: 3 768 086 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 540 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Directorate General for Land Transport Yes No n/a n/a 214b (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 506c Costing study available No b c Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 40–60 km/h 3 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl — — — Yes Yes Yes — 4 Yes No — 3 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA Yes Yes T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 100 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 56% 3% 31% 5% <1% 4% 85 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Social Affairs and Family and the Ministry of Security and Public Order. COOK ISLANDS Population: 13 325 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $13 098 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Police Department Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 5b (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 382c Costing study available No b c Health data (Rarotonga only), defined as died at the crash scene. Police and health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 4 Yes 0.04 g/dl 0.04 g/dl — — 4 No n/a n/a — n/a No n/a — n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (40%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (60%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Bulletin Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Number of road traffic deaths Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No Year Source: Country questionnaire, Rarotonga only POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 10 692 total (2006–2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 86 COSTA RICA Population: 4 467 625 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 560 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Council on Road Safety (COSEVI) Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 710c (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 19 903d Costing study available No c d Judicial Branch data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. National Institute of Insurance. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 6 Yes Yes No — 6 Yes Yes 82%b 7 Yes 6 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (20%) Pedestrians (33%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Passengers 4-wheelers (18%) Cyclists (9%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (20%) Source: 2007, Judicial Branch Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No Deaths per 100 000 population Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. National survey conducted in 2004. Yeare e Data for 2001 not provided. Source: Council on Road Safety (COSEVI). National Institute for Statistics and Census (Vital Statistics) POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. 797 902 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport. 87 CROATIA Population: 4 555 398 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $10 460 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 619d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 25 092e Costing study available — d e Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 30%b 7 Yes Yes No — 6 Yes Yes 45%c 7 Yes 5 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (7%) Drivers 4-wheelers (29%) Pedestrians (20%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (5%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (19%) Passengers 4-wheelers (21%) Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement a b c a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Interior. 2004, Ministry of Interior. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Ministry of Interior National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 1 949 936 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 77% 8% 9% <1% 6% Data cleared by the National Institute of Public Health. 88 CUBA Population: 11 267 883 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 571 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency National Highway and Transportation Commission Funded in national budget No DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 994f (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Multiple n/a n/a 7 507g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) f g Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. National Transportation Directorate data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 5 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 30%c 4 Yes Yes No 95%d 8 Yes No 70% Fronte 8 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Unspecified (12%) Other (8%) Bus passengers (3%) Occupants 4-wheelers (18%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (12%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (14%) Pedestrians (33%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Ministry of Health Enforcementa a b c d e TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 25 Deaths per 100 000 population 20 15 10 5 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2007, Forensic Medicine Institute, Ministry of Public Health. 2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs. 2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs, only applies to cars with seatbelts or those manufactured after 2001. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: National Statistics Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, 2006–2007 National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 658 003 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 36% 33% 13% 13% 3% 2% 89 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. CYPRUS Population: 854 671 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $24 940 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Safety Council Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 89f (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 119g Costing study available Yes (deaths only) f g Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 18%b 6 Yes Yesc Yes 68% Driversd 5 Yes Yes 81% Front, 9% Reare 7 Yes 3 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (18%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (37%) Cyclists (3%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (28%) Passengers 4-wheelers (14%) Source: 2007, Police records Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Enforcementa a b c d e Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police records. Some exceptions. 2007, Police in cooperation with the Government Statistical Service, 56% passengers. 2007, Police records, national observational study. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 592 480 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 69% 7% 18% 2% 1% 4% 90 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. CZECH REPUBLIC Population: 10 186 330 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $14 450 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Ministry of Transport Yes Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1 222e (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 23 060f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 3%b 9 Yes Yes Yes 97% Driversc 9 Yes Yes 90% Front, 80% Reard 8 Yes 7 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (41%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (19%) Cyclists (10%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%) Passengers 4-wheelers (18%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Police Presidium of the Czech Republic, Directorate of Traffic Branch Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Deaths per 100 000 population Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Czech Police. 2007, Czech Police, 85% for passengers. 2006, Transport Research Centre. Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 5 455 110 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 75% 15% 9% <1% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 91 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Population: 62 635 723 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $140 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Committee Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 281c (61% males, 31% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 3 478d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died at the crash scene, Kinshasa only. Police and health data, Kinshasa only. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 5 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 5 Yes Yes No — 7 Yes No 80% Front, 40% Rearb 7 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (5%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (35%) Pedestrians (59%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Road Traffic Police, National Road Safety Committee Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, estimated based on fines given out by the Road Traffic Police. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 311 781 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 92 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Population: 9 759 664 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 550 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 414d (83% males, 17% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 1 121e Costing study available No d e National Police and General Ground Travel Bureau data, defined as died at the crash scene. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 35 km/h 2 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (5%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (42%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes — Yes — 2 Yes No 55–60% Frontc 6 No n/a Passengers 4-wheelers (45%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, General Ground Travel Bureau Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS YEAR DEATHS 1 366 1 386 1 414 Source: Country questionnaire Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2006, General Ground Travel Bureau, study involving drivers and front-seat passengers only. VEHICLE STANDARDS 2005 2006 2007 No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 2 121 244 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 28% 44% 8% 16% 2% <1% 93 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance. ECUADOR Population: 13 341 197 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 080 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency The National Commission of Ground Transit and Transportation Yes — — — DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 1 801c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded National road safety strategy 9 511d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d National Institute of Statistics and Census data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. National Institute of Statistics and Census data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 3 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 9%b 5 Yes Yes No — 2 Yes Yes 30% Front, 10% Rearb 3 No n/a Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Occupants 4-wheelers (14%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Other (42%) Cyclists (<1%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Pedestrians (43%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics and Census TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 000 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Directorate of Ground Transit and Transportation. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year e e No data supplied for 2002. Source: National Directorate of Transit, Department of Archives and Statistics; Guayas Transit Commission National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 961 556 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 38% 9% 43% 8% 1% <1% 94 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. EGYPT Population: 75 497 913 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 580 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Council for Road Safety Yes Yes No No Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 12 295d (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 154 000e Costing study available No d e Health data, defined as died at the crash scene. 2007, Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 7 Yes Noneb Noneb No — 4 Yes No No 70% Passengersc 6 Yes No 70% Driversc 7 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Other (30%) Occupants 4-wheelers (48%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Pedestrians (20%) Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (<1%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2005, National Information Center for Health & Population Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2003, Ministry of Interior. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 4 300 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 60% 19% 18% 2% 1% 95 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Population. EL SALVADOR Population: 6 857 328 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 850 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Deputy Ministry of Transportation Yes Yes No No Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 493c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 11 655d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Forensic Medicine, Police and Health data, defined as died anytime after the crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Yes No 50 km/h 4 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 4%b 5 Yes Yes No — 6 Yes No — 7 Yes Deaths per 100 000 population 2008, Institute of Forensic Medicine, compared with data of the National Civil Police and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Other (4%) Drivers 4-wheelers (9%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (63%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (18%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (4%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Enforcementa a b 0 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Assistant Director’s Office of Ground Transportation, National Civil Police. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Year Source: Data for 1970 to 1998, General Bureau of Statistics and Census. Data for 1999 to 2007, Forensic Statistics Section of the Institute of Forensic Medicine. National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 630 638 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 45% 7% 38% 7% 1% 2% 96 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance. ERITREA Population: 4 850 763 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $230 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Ministry of Transport and Communication Yes Yes Yes Yes 84d (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 1 453e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 1.2%b 6 Yes Yesc No — 9 Yes Yes — 9 Yes Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 Enforcementa a b c 2 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Traffic Police archive. Some exceptions. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Land and Transport Department National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 60 849 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 51% 5% 21% 16% 3% 5% 97 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. ESTONIA Population: 1 335 333 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $13 200 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency The Road Safety Committee of the Government of the Republic of Estonia Yes Yes Yes Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 196d (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded National road safety strategy 3 270e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Estonian National Road Administration data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Estonian National Road Administration data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 48%b 8 Yes Yes Yes — 9 Yes Yes 90% Front, 68% Rearc 7 Yes Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (19%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (39%) Cyclists (9%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (6%) Passengers 4-wheelers (27%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Estonian National Road Administration Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 8 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Estonian National Road Administration. 2007, “Traffic Behaviour Monitoring”. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Year Source: Estonian National Road Administration National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 708 794 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 74% 2% 11% 1% 12% 98 Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Affairs. ETHIOPIA Population: 83 099 190 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $220 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Committee Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 2 517d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 24 792e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data adjusted by comparing with health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 2 Yes Noneb Noneb No 10%c DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (6%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (55%) Passengers 4-wheelers (37%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law No (subnational) n/a n/a 60%c n/a No (subnational) n/a 20%c n/a No n/a Cyclists (<1%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Federal Police Commission Annual Report Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 4.0 Deaths per 100 000 population 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2007, Consensus group estimate. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES Source: Country questionnaire POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 244 257 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 29% 3% 34% 27% 7% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport and Communications. 99 FIJI Population: 838 698 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 800 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 59e (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 663f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 27%b 7 Yes Yes Yes 90%c 10 Yes Yes 95% Front, 70% Reard 9 Yes 5 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (26%) Pedestrians (25%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (49%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Fiji Police Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 120 Number of road traffic deaths 100 80 60 40 20 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Fiji Police. Estimation by consensus group. 2007, Fiji Police. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Source: Fiji Police No No POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number 78 833 total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Women and Social Welfare. 100 FINLAND Population: 5 276 892 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $44 400 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Ministry of Transport and Communications of Finland Yes Yes Yes Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 380f (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 8 446g Costing study available Measurable targets Funded Yes (deaths and injuries) f NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally g Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 24%b 8 Yes Yesc Yes 95% Driversd 9 Yes Yes 89% Front, 80% Reard 7 Yes 7 “Road Traffic Accidents 2007,” Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. “Road Traffic Accidents 2007,” Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland. DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Pedestrians (13%) Drivers 4-wheelers (52%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (6%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%) Passengers 4-wheelers (18%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: “Road Traffic Accidents 2007,” Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland Enforcementa a b c d e TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 Deaths per 100 000 population 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Road Traffic Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland. Some exceptions. Estimation by consensus group. 2007, Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland, data for rear-seat passengers apply to urban areas only. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: “Road Traffic Accidents 2007,” Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Traffic Safety in Finland National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 4 656 370 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 61% 8% 2% <1% 29% 101 Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. FRANCE Population: 61 647 375 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $38 500 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Interministerial Road Safety Task Force Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 620e (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 77 007f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR) data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR) data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 27%b 4 Yes Yesc Yes 95%d 7 Yes Yes 98% Front, 83% Rearb 8 Yes 5 Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Pedestrians (12%) Cyclists (3%) Drivers 4-wheelers (43%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (25%) Passengers 4-wheelers (16%) Source: 2007, Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière (ONISR). Some exceptions. 2006, ONISR, Observational study, data apply to motorcyclists (99% for moped riders). VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No Year Source: Observatoire national interministériel de sécurité routière National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 39 926 000 total (2006–2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 77% 6% 14% 1% <1% 1% 102 Data cleared by the Interministerial Road Safety Task Force. GAMBIA Population: 1 708 681 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $320 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Roads Authority Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 56c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 387d Costing study available No c d Police and health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Actual data from the Gambia Police Force and Royal Victoria Teaching Hospital. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 3 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes — 4 Yes Yes Yes — 4 Yes Yes — 4 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 14 450 total (2007) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 61% 12% 6% 7% 14% 103 Data cleared by the Department of State for Works, Construction and Infrastructure. GEORGIA Population: 4 395 420 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 120 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Transport Commission — Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 737c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 7 349d Costing study available No c d Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 20 days of the crash. Ministry of Internal Affairs data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 8 Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl No 37%b 9 Yes Yes No — 6 Yes No — 8 Yes 7 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Cyclists (<1%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (28%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Unspecified (72%) Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement a b a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational) Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 567 900 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses 83% <1% 10% 7% 104 Data cleared by the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs. GERMANY a a Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt (no consensus meeting). Population: 82 599 471 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $38 860 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Federal Ministry for Traffic, Building and Housing Funded in national budget Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 4 949e (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes No Yes 431 419f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Federal Statistics Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Federal Statistics Office data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h — Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 12%c — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Pedestrians (14%) Cyclists (10%) Drivers 4-wheelers (43%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes 97% Drivers, 96% Passengersd — Yes Yes 95–96% Front, 88% Reard — Yes — Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (18%) Passengers 4-wheelers (15%) Source: 2006, Federal Statistics Office Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Enforcementb b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 Deaths per 100 000 population Enforcement score represents professional opinion of BASt, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Federal Statistics Office. 2007, Federal Highway Research Institute. 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Year Source: Federal Statistics Office National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 55 511 374 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 84% 7% 8% <1% 1% 105 Data cleared by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt. GHANA Population: 23 478 394 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $590 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Commission Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1 856b (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 14 492c Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) b c National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports), defined as died within 30 days of the crash. National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports). NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 2 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (2%) Drivers 4-wheelers (11%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (42%) Passengers 4-wheelers (35%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes — 3 Yes Yes — 2 Yes Deaths per 100 000 population Cyclists (4%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: National Road Safety Commission, “Road Traffic Accident Statistics 2006” TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Enforcementa a 0 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No Year Source: Building and Road Research Institute National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 931 642 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 53% 16% 8% 9% 13% 1% 106 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transportation. GREECE Population: 11 146 918 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $29 630 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1 657e (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 20 675f Costing study available No e f National Statistical Service data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 7.2%b 7 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (2%) Pedestrians (16%) Cyclists (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (35%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yesc Yes 58% Drivers, 32% Passengersd 7 Yes Yes 75% Front, 42% Reard 7 Yes 6 Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (30%) Passengers 4-wheelers (15%) Source: 2006, National Statistical Service Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500 Number of road traffic deaths 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Road Traffic Police and Port Police Authorities, drivers involved in fatal crashes. Some exceptions. 2006, Road Traffic Police and Port Police Authorities, includes only people involved in reported road traffic crashes. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes — 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Year Source: National Statistical Service National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 7 212 236 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 65% 17% 17% <1% 1% 107 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity. GUATEMALA Population: 13 353 911 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 305 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Ministry of the Interior, Department of Transit of the National Civil Police Yes No (subnational) n/a n/a DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2004) 581b (74% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2004) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded National road safety strategy 2 586c Costing study available No b c National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records), defined as died at the crash scene. National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records). NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 10–90 km/h 3 No (subnational) n/a n/a n/a — n/a Yes Yes No — 3 Yes No — 5 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (23%) Drivers (28%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers and unspecified (49%) Source: 2004, National Civil Police, Institute of National Statistics Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 400 Enforcementa a No n/a 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Vital Statistics National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 1 613 796 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other Unspecified 28% 24% 11% 7% 5% <1% 23% 2% 108 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance. GUINEA-BISSAU Population: 1 695 043 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $200 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 117c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded — Costing study available No c Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 4 Yes Noneb Noneb No — 3 No n/a n/a — n/a No n/a — n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement a b a No n/a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 57 839 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses 73% 9% 17% <1% 109 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. GUYANA Population: 737 906 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 300 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Ministry of Home Affairs Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 207c (74% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 1 356d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police data, defined as death resulting from injuries due to a road accident event (time period not specified). Ministry of Home Affairs data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 48 km/h 4 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — — Yes Yesb No — 5 Yes No — 7 Yes 0 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (3%) Drivers 4-wheelers (10%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (25%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (30%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (16%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (16%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Guyana Police Force – Traffic Headquarters TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 250 200 150 100 50 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES Source: Traffic Headquarters POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes n/a 127 825 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other 35% 29% 15% 7% 14% 110 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. HONDURAS Population: 7 106 001 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 600 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Council Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 974e (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 3 156f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f National Transit Bureau data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Ministry of Security and Ministry of Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 40 km/h 3 Yes 0.07 g/dl 0.07 g/dl Yes 8%b 4 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (9%) Pedestrians (9%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (21%) Cyclists (5%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes No 60% Drivers, 40% Passengersc 5 Yes Yes 80% Front, 10% Reard 7 No n/a Passsengers 4-wheelers (51%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 700 Number of road traffic deaths 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Transit Bureau, proportion of fatal crashes due to alcohol. 2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security. 2007, National Transit Bureau. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Forensic Medicine Bureau/Public Ministry National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes No 786 682 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 62% 12% 11% 10% 4% 1% <1% 111 Data cleared by the Ministry of State Health. HUNGARY Population: 10 029 683 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $11 570 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded Interministerial Committee for Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 232e (74% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy 27 452f Costing study available Yes (deaths only) e f NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 4 Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 12%b 5 Yes Yes Yes 95%c 9 Yes Yes 71% Front, 40% Reard 4 Yes 4 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (23%) Drivers 4-wheelers (34%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (12%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (10%) Passengers 4-wheelers (21%) Source: 2007, Traffic Accidents 2006 Yearbook Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 Deaths per 100 000 population 25 20 15 10 5 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Central Statistical Office. Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers. 2007, Observational study. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 3 625 386 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 83% 4% 12% 1% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 112 ICELAND Population: 301 006 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $54 100 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA The Road Traffic Directorate Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 30e (67% males, 33% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 2 092f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e NATIONAL LEGISLATION f Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 20%b 7 Yes Yes No 95%c 8 Yes Yes 88% Front, 68% Reard 8 Yes 8 Statistics Iceland Mortality Coding Register data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Icelandic Accident Register data. DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (10%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (53%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (32%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: The Road Traffic Directorate yearly report 1998–2007 Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 18 Deaths per 100 000 population 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, The Road Traffic Directorate. Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers. 2007, National telephone survey conducted by Capacent Gallup. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No Year Source: Road Traffic Directorate National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 293 299 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 71% 5% 7% 3% <1% 14% 113 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. INDIA Population: 1 169 015 509 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $950 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Department of Road Transport and Highways Yes Yesa n/a n/a DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 105 725d (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 452 922e Costing study available Measurable targets Funded a Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Not formally endorsed by government. Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY No (subnationally) Yes n/a n/a Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes — 3 Yes Yesc Yes — 2 Yes Yes — 2 No n/a Source: “Road Accidents in India 2006.” Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Unspecified (11%) Passenger cars and taxis (15%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Other (29%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (27%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Pedestrians (13%) Cyclists (4%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 120 000 Number of road traffic deaths 100 000 80 000 60 000 40 000 20 000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Enforcementb b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Source: National Crime Records Bureau National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 72 718 000 total (2004) Trucks and Lorries Light motor vehicles (goods and passengers) Buses Two wheelers Cars, jeeps and taxis Tractors and trailers Other 3% 5% 1% 71% 13% 6% 1% 114 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. INDONESIA Population: 231 626 978 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 650 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Cabinet Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 16 548e (73% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 66 040f Costing study available Yes (deaths only) e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 70 km/h 3 No n/a n/a n/a — n/a Yes Yesb Yes 93%c 7 Yes No 85%d 7 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (4%) Drivers 4-wheelers (3%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (15%) Passengers 4-wheelers (4%) Cyclists (13%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (61%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2008, National Police. Based on data collected in 3 provinces, deaths at the crash scene only Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. 2007, National rate estimated from study of helmet wearing in 31 cities in 10 provinces. 2005, Jakarta survey. 18 000 Number of road traffic deaths 16 000 14 000 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: National Police National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 63 318 522 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses 15% 73% 8% 4% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 115 IRAN (Islamic Republic of) Population: 71 208 384 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 470 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Headquarter for Transportation and Fuel Management Funded in national budget Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007–2008 Iranian Calendar) 22 918e (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007–2008 Iranian Calendar) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Multiple n/a n/a 685 611f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally e f Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes — Forensic Medicine data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data. DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Unspecified (11%) Drivers 4-wheelers (16%) Pedestrians (33%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes 13–15%c 6 Yes Yes 75–80%d 8 No n/a Passengers 4-wheelers (29%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%) Source: 1998, Forensic Medicine Organization Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcement a b c d a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2008, Traffic Police, 20–25% drivers, 3–4% passengers. 2007, Traffic Police. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 17 000 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 48% 37% <1% 5% <1% 9% 116 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. IRAQ Population: 28 993 374 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 646 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Supreme Council Road Safety No No (subnational) n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2005) 1 789b (83% males, 17% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 7 467c Costing study available No b c Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police Statistics, defined as died within 7 days of the crash, excludes Kurdistan region. Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police Statistics, excludes Kurdistan region. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 100 km/h 5 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No — 5 No n/a n/a — n/a Yes Yes — 8 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 Deaths per 100 000 population 25 20 20 15 10 5 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Enforcement a a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, data since 1990 exclude Kurdistan region National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 2 242 269 total (2006) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 35% 53% 7% 5% 117 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. IRELAND Population: 4 300 902 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $48 140 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Safety Authority Yes Yes Yes — Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 365d (72% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 8 575e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Road Safety Authority data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Road Safety Authority data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h No consensus Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 37%b No consensus Yes Yes — — No consensus Yes Yes 86% Front, 63% Rearc No consensus Yes No consensus DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (8%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (20%) Drivers 4-wheelers (40%) Cyclists (3%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) Passengers 4-wheelers (22%) Source: “Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006” Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Enforcementa a b c VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Number of road traffic deaths Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Based on Bedford D, McKeown N, Vellinga A, Howell F (2006) “Alcohol in fatal road crashes in Ireland in 2003” – Population Health Directorate, Health Service Executive. 2006, Road Safety Authority Seat Belt Wearing Survey. Year Source: “Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006” National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 2 444 159 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 76% 2% 16% 2% <1% 4% 118 Data cleared by the Department of Transport. ISRAEL Population: 6 927 677 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $21 900 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Authority Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 398e (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 079f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 8%b 6 Yes Yes No 95%c 9 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (32%) Drivers 4-wheelers (31%) Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (9%) Passengers 4-wheelers (27%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Yes Yes 94% Drivers, 88% Front passengers, 45% Reard 8 Yes 5 Number of road traffic deaths 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1972 1977 1982 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Israeli Police. 2006, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority, drivers and passengers. 2007, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 2 283 634 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 78% 4% 14% 2% 1% 1% 119 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. ITAL Y Population: 58 876 834 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $33 540 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA General Directorate for Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 5 669d (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 332 995e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally ISTAT (National Statistics Office) and ACI (Automobile Club d’Italia) data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. ISTAT and ACI data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes No consensus 7 Yes Yesb Yes 60%c 7 Yes Yes 65% Front, 10% Rearc 7 Yes 7 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (6%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (13%) Cyclists (6%) Drivers 4-wheelers (32%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (26%) Passengers 4-wheelers (17%) Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Office) and ACI (Automobile Club d’Italia) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c Number of road traffic deaths Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. 2007, SISTEMA ULISSE Monitoraggio Nazionale sull’uso dei dispositivi di sicurezza. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Office) and ACI (Automobile Club d’Italia) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 43 262 992 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses 83% 13% 3% <1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 120 JAMAICA Population: 2 713 779 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 710 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Council Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 350c (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 14 069d Costing study available No c c Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 3 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (23%) Pedestrians (31%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes 7% Drivers, 6% Passengersb 3 Yes Yes 69% Drivers, 62% Passengersb 5 Yes 4 Cyclists (8%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (9%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (29%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Police Traffic Headquarters, Jamaica Constabulary Force Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2000, Healthy Lifestyle Survey. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Deaths per 100 000 population Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 320 000 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 121 JAPAN Population: 127 966 709 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $37 670 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Central Traffic Safety Policy Council Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 6 639f (68% males, 32% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 1 034 445g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) f NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally g Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes Yes n/aa No consensus Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes 8%c No consensus Yes Yes Yes — No consensus Yes Yes 95%–99% Driversd No consensus Yes No consensus Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Vital statistics data (2006): 8 195 deaths, defined using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Police data. DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (28%) Pedestrians (32%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Passengers 4-wheelers (9%) Cyclists (13%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (18%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: 2006, Police data TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 25 Deaths per 100 000 population 20 15 10 5 0 Enforcementb a b c d Different system of road classification used. Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police data. 2007, National Police Agency/Japan Automobile Foundation. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Year Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Noe Noe REGISTERED VEHICLES National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation e No consensus Yes Some irregular or informal safety checks are conducted. POST -CRASH CARE 91 378 636 total (2006h & 2008i) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other h i 63% 14% 18% <1% 5% Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (data on motor-driven cycles and small-sized special motor vehicles). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 122 JORDAN Population: 5 924 245 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 850 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Safety Council No Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 992d (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded a 17 969e Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Public Security Directorate/Jordan Traffic Institute data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Public Security Directorate/Jordan Traffic Institute data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50–80 km/h 6 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl — — 3 Yes Yes No — 4 Yes No 65% Drivers, 10% Front passengersc 5 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (25%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (<1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (36%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (39%) Source: Country questionnaire Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Enforcementb b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Jordan Traffic Institute. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Deaths per 100 000 population No n/a Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 841 933 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 65% <1% 12% 18% 2% 3% 123 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. KAZAKHSTAN a a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting). Population: 15 421 861 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 060 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Police Department Yes Yes No Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 4 365d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 32 988e Costing study available — d e Ministry of Internal Affairs, Health Ministry and Statistics Agency, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 5 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 3%c 10 Yes Yes No — 5 Yes Yes — 7 Yes 7 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (16%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Unspecified (84%) Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 3 105 954 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles 79% 2% 13% 3% 4% 124 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Traumotology and Orthopedics Scientific Research Institute. KENYA Population: 37 537 716 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $680 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Ministry of Transport Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 2 893c (72% males, 28% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 12 470d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 4 Yes Noneb Noneb No — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (9%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (47%) Passengers 4-wheelers (33%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law No n/a n/a — n/a Cyclists (9%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Yes Yes — 3 No n/a Number of road traffic deaths Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Source: 2007, Traffic Police TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No Year Source: Kenya Traffic Police Department National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 1 004 243 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 56% 18% 11% 10% 2% 3% 125 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation. KIRIBATI Population: 95 067 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 170 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Kiribati Police Service No Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 7c (84% males, 16% females)d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries Measurable targets Funded — Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. 1999–2006, health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 6 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 30%b DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (6%) Drivers 4-wheelers (38%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law No n/a n/a — n/a Yes Yes — 1 Yes 0 Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (44%) Passengers 4-wheelers (13%) Source: 2007, Emergency Accident Record Book, Ministry of Health and Medical Services Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 18 Number of road traffic deaths 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2003–2008, Kiribati Police Service. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Kiribati Police Service, data for South Tarawa, Betio and referral cases from other islands National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 16 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 60% 13% 22% 5% 1% 126 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Medical Services. KUWAIT Population: 2 851 144 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $40 114 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 482c (62% males, 38% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 8 584d Costing study available No c d Health data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 45 km/h 6 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes — 9 Yes Yes No — 3 Yes No — 3 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 1 364 790 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 55% <1% 35% 7% 2% <1% 127 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. KYRGYZSTAN Population: 5 316 543 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $590 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Commission of Traffic Accident Prevention to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic No Multiple n/a n/a DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 252c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 6 223d Costing study available Measurable targets Funded No c d Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 7 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes — 4 Yes Yes No — 7 Yes No — 5 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers (23%) Pedestrians (43%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (1%) Passengers (32%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Central Administration of Road Safety to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republican Medical Information Center to the Ministry of Public Health of the Kyrgyz Republic Enforcementb a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS YEAR NUMBER OF DEATHS 1 051 1 252 2006 2007 Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 318 581 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Executive Director of Road Safety Under the Kyrgyz Government. 128 LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Population: 5 859 393 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $580 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Ministry of Public Works and Transport No Yes Yes No 608f Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 8 714g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally f g Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 5 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 48%b 3 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yesc No 77% Drivers, 87% Passengersd 6 Yes Yes — n/ae No n/a DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 450 Number of road traffic deaths 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Enforcementa a b c d e Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2000–2007, Police data. Some exceptions. 2007, Handicap International Belgium, survey conducted in Vientiane. Law not yet enforced. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Source: Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction REGISTERED VEHICLES No Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 641 081 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 2% 79% 14% 3% 1% 2% 129 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. LATVIA Population: 2 277 040 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $9 930 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Traffic Safety Council Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 407e (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 5 404f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Road Safety Directorate data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Road Safety Directorate data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 21%b 7 Yes Yes No 93%c 6 Yes Yes 77% Front, 32% Reard 7 Yes 6 Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (31%) Pedestrians (37%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (8%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%) Passengers 4-wheelers (19%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2006, Road Safety Directorate, “Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Latvia 2007” TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Enforcementa a b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, “Statistics of road accidents in Latvia,” Road Traffic Safety Directorate. 2006, research by Road Traffic Research, LTD. Drivers and passengers of motorcycles in Riga and Riga region. 2006, Observational studies by Road Traffic Research, LTD and Data Serviss, LTD. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Road Safety Directorate National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 1 062 935 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 77% 4% 11% 1% 7% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 130 LEBANON Population: 4 099 115 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 770 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 497d (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded a 6 266e Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Internal Security Forces data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Internal Security Forces data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes Yes 100 km/h 4 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 1 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Yes Yes No — 2 Yes No 15%c 4 No n/a DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementb b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Internal Security Forces. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 1 400 000f total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available f Estimation by consensus group. Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. 131 LESOTHO Population: 2 007 833 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 000 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Safety Department Yes Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 402c (52% males, 15% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded a 2 427d Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths only) c d Road Safety Department data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.10 g/dl 0.10 g/dl Yes — 5 Yes Yes No — 6 Yes No — 5 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (4%) Passengers 4-wheelers (13%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (<1%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Unspecified (49%) Pedestrians (34%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: “Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007,” Road Safety Department Enforcementb b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 500 Number of road traffic deaths 400 300 200 100 0 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT — Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No Year Source: “Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007,” Road Safety Department POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a REGISTERED VEHICLES Data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. 132 LIBERIA Population: 3 750 261 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $150 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities Funded in national budget National road safety strategy — Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries Measurable targets Funded — Costing study available No NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 2 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 3 No Yes No — 2 Nob No — 5 No n/a b DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No laws but national regulations enforced by Liberia National Police. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 11 086 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 67% 3% 18% 7% 5% <1% 133 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA (the) Population: 6 160 483 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $9 010 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 2 138d (65% males, 35% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 6 850e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e General Traffic Department data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. General Traffic Department data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 3 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb No 2%c 5 Yes No No — 7 Yes Yes 5%c 4 No n/a Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Unspecified (20%) Drivers 4-wheelers (32%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (15%) Passengers 4-wheelers (28%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (5%) Source: 2008, General Traffic Department Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. 2007, General Traffic Department. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: General Traffic Department National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes No 1 826 533 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 76% 2% 12% 5% 5% 134 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Environment. LITHUANIA Population: 3 389 937 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $9 920 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA State Traffic Safety Commission No Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 759c (72% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 8 254d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.04 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 12%b 6 Yes Yes No — 6 Yes Yes — 6 Yes Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (3%) Drivers 4-wheelers (28%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (32%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (7%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Passengers 4-wheelers (26%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior) TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Enforcementa a b 5 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior). VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Year Source: Police Department (Ministry of Interior) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 1 781 686 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 89% 1% 8% 1% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 135 MADAGASCAR Population: 19 683 358 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $320 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 550b Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 5 190c Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) b c Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h — Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 5 Yes — Yes — 6 Yes No — 6 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 197 981 total (2006) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 52% 23% 16% 9% 136 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. MALAWI Population: 13 925 070 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $250 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Council Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 839c (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 130d Costing study available No c d Malawi Traffic Police and Road Safety Council data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Malawi Traffic Police & Road Safety Council data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 4 Yes Yes Yes — 7 Yes No 45%b 6 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (<1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (8%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (45%) Passengers 4-wheelers (28%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (18%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, National Road Council/ Malawi Traffic Police Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Data source not available. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA Yes Yes N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 130 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 41% 8% 30% 16% 5% 137 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. MALAYSIA Population: 26 571 879 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $6 540 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Cabinet Committee on Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 6 282e (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 21 363f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 6 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (6%) Pedestrians (10%) Passengers 4-wheelers (10%) Drivers 4-wheelers (13%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (3%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yesb Yes 90% Drivers, 70% Passengersc 6 Yes No 70% Frontd 6 No n/a Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (58%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Royal Malaysian Police Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 Deaths per 100 000 population 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. 2007, Malaysian Institute on Road Safety Research. 2003, International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences Research Vol 28 No. 1 (published 2004). VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Road Safety Department Malaysia National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 16 825 150 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Other 45% 47% 5% 3% 138 Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport. MALDIVES Population: 305 556 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 200 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded Road Traffic Police of Maldives Police Service No Yes Yes Yes 8b (88% males, 12% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries National road safety strategy — Costing study available No b Police data, defined as died at the scene of the crash. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 30 km/h 5 No n/a n/a n/a — n/a No n/a n/a — n/a No n/a — n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (75%) Cyclists (25%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Maldives Police Service Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA No No N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 33 807 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other 8% 79% 7% 1% 5% 139 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. MALI Population: 12 336 799 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $500 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency National Directorate for Land, Sea and River Transport Funded in national budget Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 659c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes Yes Yes — Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c Police and Health data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 4 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes — 3 Yes Yes Yes — 2 Yes Yes — 5 Yes 2 Number of road traffic deaths 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement a b a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Yeard d Data for 2002 not provided Source: Direction de la Régulation de la Circulation et des Transports Urbains du District de Bamako, data for Bamako district only National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 167 245 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other 52% 6% 9% 7% 26% 140 Data cleared by the Ministry of Equipment and Transport. MALTA Population: 406 582 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $14 575 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Malta Transport Authority Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 14c (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 1 195d Costing study available No c d Police data (defined as died within 30 days of the crash) and Health data (using ICD-10 codes). Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No — 4 Yes Yes No — 9 Yes Yes 96% Front, 21% Rearb 8 Yes 6 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (29%) Pedestrians (36%) Passengers 4-wheelers (7%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (29%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Malta Police, published by the National Statistics Office Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Malta Transport Authority survey. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 346 118 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 76% 6% <1% 17% <1% 1% 141 Data cleared by the Parliamentary Secretary for Health. MARSHALL ISLANDS Population: 59 286 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 070 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Department of Public Safety Yes Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1f (male) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded a 35g Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. No f g Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 5 Yes Nonec Nonec Yes 70%d 6 Yes Yese No 95%d 7 No n/a 5% Front, 0% Reard n/a No n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law YEAR DEATHS 1 driver of 4-wheeled vehicle 2007 Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Enforcementb b c d e Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. Police estimate for average year. Some exceptions. DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 2 487 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 63% 1% 27% 4% 2% 3% 142 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. MAURITANIA Population: 3 123 813 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $840 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Department of Road Safety Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 202d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 7 838e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. Police data supplemented with a study (not referenced). NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 80 km/h 4 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb — — 5 Yes Yes No 50% Driversc 4 Yes Yes — 1 Yes 1 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 250 200 150 100 50 0 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. Estimation by consensus group. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Source: Direction des Transports et de la sécurité routière National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 350 000 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. 143 MAURITIUS Population: 1 261 641 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 450 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 140e (86% males, 14% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Traffic Management and Road Safety Unit Yes Yesa n/a n/a Measurable targets Funded a 2 915f Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Central Statistics Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Central Statistics Office data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 40–80 km/h 4 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 24%c 5 Yes Yes Yes — 9 Yes Yes 94% Front, 10% Reard 8 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (11%) Pedestrians (29%) Passengers 4-wheelers (14%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Cyclists (9%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (36%) Source: 2007, Traffic Management and Road Safety Unit and the Police Road Safety Unit Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 Deaths per 100 000 population 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementb b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Forensic Science Laboratory. 2004, Survey conducted by the Traffic Management and Road Safety Unit. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: “Road Transport and Road Traffic Accident Statistics, 2007” National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 334 125 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 43% 43% 7% 5% 1% <1% <1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life. 144 MEXICO Population: 106 534 880 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 340 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency National Council of Injury Prevention (CONAPRA) Funded in national budget Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 17 003c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes Yes Yes 603 541d Costing study available No c d National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information data, defined as died at the crash scene. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 40–80 km/h 4 Yes n/ab n/ab Yes — 3 Yes Yes Yes — 3 Yes Yes — 5 Yes 1 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Occupants 4-wheelers (68%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (21%) Cyclists (4%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (6%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 6 000 Number of road traffic deaths 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. BAC limits are set at the subnational level (0.08 g/dl in the Federal District and most cities). VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Source: Vital Statistics National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes No 24 970 879 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses 66% 3% 30% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 145 MICRONESIA (Federated States of) Population: 111 117 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 470 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1–2d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries Measurable targets Funded 50e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police, estimate for an average year. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law No (subnationally) n/a n/a n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a n/a 90%b n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a 100%b n/a No n/a 10%c n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Police estimate that 10% of road traffic deaths are pedestrians, 30% are drivers of motorcars, and 60% are passengers in motorcars. Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: Country questionnaire Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police and Transport data. Police estimate for average year. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA Yes No T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 4 217 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 42% <1% 48% 3% 4% 3% 146 Data cleared by the Department of Health and Social Affairs. MONGOLIA Population: 2 628 840 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 290 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Committee of Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 562d (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 932e Costing study available No d e Health data, time period not specified in definition. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 4 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 4%b 6 Yes Yes No — 3 Yes Yes 70–80% Driversc 7 Yes 2 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Cyclists (<1%) Pedestrians (18%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%) Occupants 4-wheelers (65%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 25 Deaths per 100 000 population 20 15 10 5 0 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007 Police data, proportion of road traffic deaths involving drunk drivers. 2008, Police estimate, 10–20% front-seat passengers, 5–10% rear-seat passengers. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 161 989 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles 68% 1% 2% 21% 8% <1% 147 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. MONTENEGRO Population: 597 983 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 180 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 122b (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 796c Costing study available No b c Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 6 Yes Yes No — 6 Yes Yes — 6 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (20%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%) Drivers 4-wheelers (48%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (27%) Source: 2007, Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Number of road traffic deaths Enforcementa Year Source: Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 199 014 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 90% 2% <1% 6% <1% 2% 148 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Welfare. MOROCCO Population: 31 224 137 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 250 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 3 838e (81% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Interministerial Committee of Road Safety No Yes Yes Yes Measurable targets Funded 89 264f Costing study available No e f Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Transport data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 5 Nob n/a n/a n/a 3%c n/a Yes No Yes 67% Driversd 4 Yes Yes 75% Front, 19% Reard 8 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (3%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (16%) Pedestrians (28%) Passengers 4-wheelers (30%) Cyclists (7%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (16%) Source: 2007, National Road Administration Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 Deaths per 100 000 population 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption is prohibited. 2007, National Road Administration, Ministry of Equipment and Transport. 2007, National Committee of Prevention from Traffic Accidents, urban areas only. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Year Source: National Road Administration, and National Statistic Administration National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 2 284 060 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 72% 1% 23% 1% 3% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 149 MOZAMBIQUE Population: 21 396 916 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $320 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Institute of Traffic Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 502b (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 7 065c Costing study available No b c Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 9 Yes 0.06 g/dl 0.06 g/dl Yes — 7 Yes Yes No — 7 Yes No — — No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (18%) Pedestrians (68%) Passengers 4-wheelers (14%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 400 Number of road traffic deaths 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No Year Source: Ministry of Interior National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 258 680 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Other 60% 15% 22% 3% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 150 MYANMAR Population: 48 798 212 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $281 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Traffic Rules Enforcement Supervisory Committee Funded in national budget No DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 638d (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes Yes Yes 12 358e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Police, Transport and Health data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police and Transport data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 40 km/h 5 Yes 0.07 g/dl 0.07 g/dl Yes — 5 Yes Yesb Yes 60%c 6 — — — — — — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (2%) Drivers 4-wheelers (14%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (30%) Passengers 4-wheelers (33%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (12%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (10%) Source: 2007, Road Traffic Administration Department Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 800 Number of road traffic deaths 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. 2007, Road Transport Administration Department. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes No 1 045 105 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 26% 65% 2% 3% 2% 2% 151 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. NAMIBIA Population: 2 074 146 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 360 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Council Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 368c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 6 137d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 4 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 5 Yes Yes Yes — 8 Yes Yes 55% Front, 1% Rearb 6 Yes Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 Enforcementa a b 2 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, study on seat belt compliance by Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP Namibia). VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Source: National Road Safety Council, “Road Collision Statistical Report 2005” National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 239 612 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 45% 2% 43% 6% 1% 2% 152 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Services and the Ministry of Works and Transport. NAURU Population: 10 152 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $7 842 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Nauru Police Force Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1b (male) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 9c Costing study available No b c Police and Health data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police and Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h — Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — — No n/a n/a — n/a No n/a — n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES Data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 153 NEPAL Population: 28 195 994 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $340 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Department of Road Yes Yesa n/a n/a DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 962e (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 2 653f Costing study available Measurable targets Funded a Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Not formally endorsed by government. Police data, defined as died within 35 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 5 Yes Nonec Nonec Yes —d 6 Yes Yes No — 9 Yes No — 4 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 4.0 Deaths per 100 000 population 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2001–2002 2002–2003 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 Enforcementb b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. No data on deaths, but proportion of annual road traffic crashes caused by alcohol estimated at 11%. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yearg Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No g Data collected by financial year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 617 305 total (2007) Motorcars, jeeps, vans Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, pick-ups, mirobuses Trucks, cranes Buses Other 14% 69% 2% 5% 3% 7% 154 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Population. NETHERLANDS Population: 16 418 824 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $45 820 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management Directorate-General Passenger Transport, Road Safety Division Funded in national budget Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 791f (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes Yes Yes 16 750g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) f g Defined as died within 30 days of the crash, “Road Safety in the Netherlands. Key Figures 2008.” Transport data. Hospitalized cases. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h No consensus Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 25%b No consensus DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (12%) Drivers 4-wheelers (32%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law c Cyclists (24%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yesc Yes 92% Drivers, 72% Passengersd No consensus Yes Yes 94% Front, 73% Reare No consensus Yes No consensus Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (18%) Passengers 4-wheelers (14%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research and Statistics Netherlands TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 9 Enforcementa a b c d e Deaths per 100 000 population Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Case-control study in Tilburg police district. Some exceptions. Applies to mopeds only. 2006 data, “Road Safety in the Netherlands. Key Figures 2008.” 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Statistics Netherlands/Ministry of Transport, 2007 National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 8 862 935 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 82% 6% 2% <1% 10% 155 Data cleared by the SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research; Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport; Bureau of Traffic Law Enforcement; Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works. NEW ZEALAND Population: 4 178 525 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $28 780 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Ministry of Transport Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 423d (67% males, 33% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 16 013e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Transport data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes 31%b 6 Yes Yesc Yes — 9 Yes Yes 95% Front, 87% Rearb 9 Yes 8 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (3%) Pedestrians (10%) Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (9%) Drivers 4-wheelers (48%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (28%) Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 14 Deaths per 100 000 population 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcement a b c a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Transport data. Some exceptions. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 3 189 131 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Buses Trucks 82% 3% 1% 15% 156 Data cleared by the National Road Safety Management Group. NICARAGUA Population: 5 603 190 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $980 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 522c (78% males, 22% females)d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded National Police, Special Traffic Safety Unit Yes Yes Yes Yes National road safety strategy 4 614e Costing study available — c d e Police data, definition not specified. 2006 Police data. Police and Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 45 km/h 3 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 12%b 3 Yes — No — 3 Yes No — 5 Yes Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (44%) Pedestrians (35%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (8%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (13%) Source: National Police, Statistical Yearbook 2007 Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Enforcementa a b 3 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. National Police, year not specified. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Source: National Police National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 382 707 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 31% 16% 39% 8% 2% 4% 157 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. NIGER Population: 14 225 521 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $280 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Commission No Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 528d (72% males, 28% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 9 094e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data from urban areas. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 2 Yes Noneb Noneb No 1%c 3 Yes Yes No — 1 No n/a — n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers (20%) Pedestrians (33%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers (47%) Source: 2007, Ministry of Transport Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b c No n/a Number of road traffic deaths 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2007, Ministry of Transport. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 76 061 total (2005) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 76% 15% 1% 3% 4% 158 Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation. NIGERIA Population: 148 092 542 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $930 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Federal Road Safety Commission No Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 4 673d (66% males, 33% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 17 794e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Federal Road Safety Commission data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Federal Road Safety Commission data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 4 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes <10%b DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yesc Yes <5%b 2 Yes Yes 70% Frontb 6 No n/a Number of road traffic deaths DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 12 000 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Source not specified. Some exceptions. 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS — — Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes No 7 600 000 total (2007) Motorized 4-wheelers Motorized 2-wheelers Trucks 60 40 <1% Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health. 159 NORWAY Population: 4 698 097 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $76 450 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Ministry of Transport and Communications Yes Yes Yes Yes 233c (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 11 755d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Statistics Norway data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Statistics Norway data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 20–30%b 4 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (3%) Pedestrians (10%) Cyclists (3%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%) Drivers 4-wheelers (47%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes 100% Drivers and passengersb 9 Yes Yes 93% Front, 85% Rearb 6 Yes 9 Passengers 4-wheelers (20%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Statistics Norway TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 9 Deaths per 100 000 population 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Norwegian Public Roads Administration. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Statistics Norway National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 2 599 712 total (2007) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 80% 16% 3% 1% 160 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Care Services. OMAN Population: 2 595 133 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $11 275 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Yes Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 798c (84% males, 16% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 8 531d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 120 km/h 6 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 4 Yes Yes No — 7 Yes No 95% Front, 1% Rearb 9 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 900 Number of road traffic deaths 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcement a b a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Estimation by consensus group, based on 4% of traffic offences relating to seat-belts. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Directorate General of Traffic Services of the Royal Oman Police National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 629 670 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 72% 1% 12% 6% 4% 6% 161 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. PAKISTAN Population: 163 902 405 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $870 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Secretariat No Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 5 565c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 12 990d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died at the crash scene or anytime after the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 70 km/h 4 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb Yes — 4 Yes No No — 4 Yes No — 3 No n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on DA No No T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 5 287 152 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Unspecified 27% 51% 11% 4% 5% 2% 162 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. PALAU Population: 20 314 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 210 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Patrol Division, Ministry of Justice Yes Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 3d (100% males) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 91e Costing study available No d e Justice data, defined as died from injuries or complications resulting from a crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 5 Yes 0.10 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 100%b 4 Yes Yesc Yes — 8 No n/a — n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (1) Pedestrians (1) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (1) Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Country questionnaire. Some exceptions. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA Yes Yes T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 5 530 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks 33% 14% 24% 29% 163 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. PANAMA Population: 3 343 374 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 510 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Traffic and Ground Transport Authority Yes — — — Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 425b (82% males, 18% females)c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 11 383d Costing study available No b c d Comptroller General of the Republic data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic data. Comptroller General of the Republic data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Yes No 80 km/h 7 Yes 0.01 g/dl 0.01 g/dl Yes — 6 Yes Yes No — 9 Yes Yes — 7 Yes 3 Deaths per 100 000 population 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Other (<1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (25%) Pedestrians (46%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Passengers 4-wheelers (24%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (4%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Source: 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement a a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Comptroller General of the Republic National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes No 671 085 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 65% 3% 17% 9% 3% 3% <1% 164 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. PAPUA NEW GUINEA Population: 6 331 010 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $850 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Council No No (subnational) n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 237d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 1 210e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 1 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 66%c 5 Yes Yes Yes — 7 Yes Yes — 6 No 0 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (39%) Drivers 4-wheelers (11%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (49%) Cyclists (1%) Source: 2007, Motor Vehicle Insurance LTD Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 250 Number of road traffic deaths 200 150 100 50 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 1988, Traffic police. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Traffic Directorate, Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation — — REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 59 645 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 64% 2% 1% 18% 11% 4% 165 Data cleared by the Department of Health and Social Affairs. PARAGUAY Population: 6 127 077 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 670 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 845c (83% males, 17% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 11 806d Costing study available No c d Police data, time period not specified in definition. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 3 No (subnational) n/a n/a n/a — n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a — n/a Yes Yes 31% Frontb 5 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (2%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (1%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (24%) Cyclists (1%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Other (35%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Pedestrians (37%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2006, Database of the Vital Statistics Subsystem, Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 Deaths per 100 000 population 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Journal of the Paraguayan Touring and Automobile Club. No. 103/2007, Asunción only. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare; National Police (Statistics Department) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes No 576 167 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Unspecified 38% 19% 28% 8% 2% 5% 166 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare. PERU Population: 27 902 760 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 450 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Council for Road Safety Yes Yes Yes No Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 3 510d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 49 857e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 1 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 11%b DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (8%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Passengers 4-wheelers (10%) Pedestrians (78%) Cyclists (3%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes — 1 Yes Yes 85% Front, 25% Rearc 7 No n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 4 000 Number of road traffic deaths 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Institute of Legal Medicine Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Police. 2007, National Council for Road Safety. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES Source: National Police POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 1 442 387 total (2007) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 64% 23% 10% 3% 167 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. PHILIPPINES Population: 87 960 117 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 620 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Department of Transportation and Communication Funded in national budget No DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 1 185c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes Yes Yes 5 870d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Transport data, national roads only, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Transport data, national roads only. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 3 No n/a n/a n/a — n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a 34%b n/a Yes Yes 52% Driversb 3 No n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS IN METRO MANILA, 2006 BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law 371 Deaths total Drivers (of mechanically propelled vehicle or pedal cycle) Passengers (of mechanically propelled vehicle) Pedestrians 37% 12% 51% Source: 2006, Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2000, Health data, survey. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on DA No No T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes No 5 515 576 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibus, van, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 17% 48% 29% 5% 1% <1% 168 Data cleared by the Department of Health; the Department of Transport and Communications; and the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. POLAND Population: 38 081 971 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $9 840 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA The National Road Safety Council Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 5 583e (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 63 224f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 14%b 7 Yes Yesc Yes — 8 Yes Yes 74% Front, 45% Reard 7 Yes 6 Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (35%) Drivers 4-wheelers (30%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (9%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Passengers 4-wheelers (21%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Police, Motor Transport Institute Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 25 20 15 10 5 0 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police. BAC is measured in all fatal and injury crashes. Some exceptions. 2006, National Road Safety Council observational study. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No (subnational) REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 18 035 047 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 75% 4% 13% 1% 7% 169 Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure. PORTUGAL Population: 10 623 031 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $18 950 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Authority for Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 854d (81% males, 19% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 46 318e Costing study available No d e NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally National Authority for Road Safety data, defined as died at the crash scene or on the way to health services. National Authority for Road Safety data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 8 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 31%b 8 Yes Yes Yes — 9 Yes Yes 86% Front, 28% Rearc 9 Yes 8 Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (4%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (16%) Cyclists (4%) Drivers 4-wheelers (35%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (22%) Passengers 4-wheelers (19%) Source: 2007, National Authority for Road Safety Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine. 2004, Prevenção Rodoviária Portuguesa, urban roads (2005 PRP data estimate 93% and 64% on motorways). VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: The National Statistics Institute (INE) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 5 948 269 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses 88% 9% 2% <1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 170 PUERTO RICO a b a,b Associate WHO Member State. Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting). Population: 3 991 000 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $14 720 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 452f (81% males, 19% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries 39 888g (July 2007–July 2008) Costing study available Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded Department of Transportation and Public Works Yes Multiple n/a n/a National road safety strategy Yes (deaths and injuries) f g Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Automobile Accident Compensation Administration data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementc Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h — Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 42%d — Yes Yes Yes — — Yes Yes 93%e — Yes — Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (34%) Pedestrians (32%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementc Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementc Seat-belt law Cyclists (2%) Passengers 4-wheelers (14%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (17%) Source: 2007 Annual Report, Traffic Department, Puerto Rico Police Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementc Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementc c d e Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). 2006, US Department of Transportation/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Institute of Forensic Science of Puerto Rico; Age-adjusted death rates per 100 000 population, Puerto Rico 2000 Census population National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 3 165 543 total (July 2006 – July 2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 90% 4% 2% <1% 3% 171 Data cleared by the Department of Health. QATAR Population: 840 635 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $66 063 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 199d (93% males, 7% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 1 053e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Hamad Medical Corporation and Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Hamad Medical Corporation data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 100 km/h 7 Yes 0.00 g/dl 0.00 g/dl No — 6 Yes Yes No 90%b 5 Yes No 50% Frontc 7 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists and pedestrians (27%) Drivers 4-wheelers (44%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (25%) Source: 2007, Traffic and Patrols Department Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 45 Deaths per 100 000 population 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Traffic and Patrols Department. 2008, Traffic and Patrols Department study. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes Year Source: Traffic and Patrols Department POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 605 699 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 172 REPUBLIC OF KOREA Population: 48 223 853 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $19 690 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs Yes Yes Yes Yes 6 166e (73% males, 27% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy 335 906f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Transport data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 16%b 7 Yes Yes Yes 85%c 7 Yes Yes 77% Frontd 8 Yes 2 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law c Pedestrians (37%) Drivers 4-wheelers (26%) Passengers 4-wheelers (11%) Cyclists (5%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (21%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: “Road Traffic Accidents in Korea 2007,” Road Traffic Authority Enforcementa a b c d TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 Deaths per 100 000 population 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Traffic Accidents in Korea 2007, Road Traffic Authority. 2007, National Police Agency. Observational study in 33 cities, drivers and passengers. 2005, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Road Traffic Authority National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 18 213 228 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 66% 10% 6% 17% <1% 173 Data cleared by the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs. REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Population: 3 793 604 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 260 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Traffic Safety Board No Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 589c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 985d Costing study available No c d National Bureau for Statistics (compiles Police and Health data), defined as died within 1 year of the crash. National Bureau for Statistics data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h No consensus Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 17%b DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (2%) Drivers 4-wheelers (25%) Pedestrians (34%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes No — 1 Yes Yes — No consensus No n/a Cyclists (2%) Passengers 4-wheelers (33%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%) Source: 2007, Traffic Police database Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 Deaths per 100 000 population 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Enforcement a b a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Traffic police database (traffic deaths with alcohol detected / number of road traffic deaths per year). VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 448 202 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 74% 6% 3% 16% 1% 174 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. ROMANIA Population: 21 437 887 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $6 150 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 2 712e (86% males, 14% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded a The Interministerial Council for Road Safety Yes Yesa n/a n/a National road safety strategy 29 832f Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.00 g/dl 0.00 g/dl Yes 2%c 8 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (11%) Cyclists (7%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) Drivers 4-wheelers (52%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes 90% Drivers, 65% Passengersd 6 Yes Yes 80% Front, 20% Rearc 5 Yes 3 Passsengers 4-wheelers (23%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: 2007, National Road Traffic Police Directorate TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 3 000 Number of road traffic deaths 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcement b c d b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, National Road Traffic Police Directorate. 2007/2008, Unofficial Road Traffic Police estimation for motorcycle riders. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Source: National Road Traffic Police Directorate National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 4 611 362 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 79% 1% 11% 3% <1% 4% 2% 175 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. RUSSIAN FEDERATION Population: 142 498 532 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $7 560 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency The Commission of the Government of Russian Federation for Road Safety No Yes Yes Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 33 308c (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 292 206d Costing study available Measurable targets Funded Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Ministry of Internal Affairs data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 6 Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes 10%b 6 Yes Yes Yes No consensus 6 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (36%) Drivers 4-wheelers (34%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (28%) Source: 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Yes Yes 33% Frontb 7 Yes Number of road traffic deaths TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 8 40 000 35 000 30 000 25 000 20 000 15 000 10 000 5 000 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 38 695 996 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 72% 8% 13% 2% 5% 176 Data cleared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. RWANDA Population: 9 724 577 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $320 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Commission Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 308d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 158e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 30–40 km/h 9 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 8 Nob n/a n/a — n/a Yes Yes 80%c 9 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (4%) Other (10%) Passengers 4-wheelers (12%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (16%) Pedestrians (40%) Cyclists (18%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: Traffic Police Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 600 Number of road traffic deaths 500 400 300 200 100 0 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No law, but a police directive requires helmet use by all drivers and passengers of motorized 2-wheeled vehicles. Estimation by consensus group. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Service de Sécurité Routière National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 61 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 35% 37% 22% 4% 1% 1% 177 Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure. SAINT LUCIA Population: 164 924 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 349 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Transport Board No No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 30b (83% males, 17% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 590c Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) b c Traffic Department (Police), defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Traffic Police. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 32 km/h 0 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (11%) Drivers 4-wheelers (50%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes — — 8 Yes No — 7 No n/a Passengers 4-wheelers (39%) Source: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA No No T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 49 700 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 60% 2% 13% 23% <1% 2% 178 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services, Family Affairs, National Mobilization and Gender Relations. SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES a a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting). Population: 120 402 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 210 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Ministry of National Security Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 9e (86% males, 14% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 168f Costing study available No e f Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Police Force, Traffic Department, Health Planning Unit, Statistical Unit. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 32 km/h 4 Yes Nonec Nonec — — — Yes Yes Yes — 9 Yes No 90%d 9 Yes 6 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (11%) Pedestrians (33%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (33%) Cyclists (22%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: 2007, Police Force, Traffic Department TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 Number of road traffic deaths 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementb b c d Enforcement score based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. Estimated by respondents. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Traffic Department, Police Headquarters National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 24 334 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 38% 5% 44% 9% <1% 3% 179 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Environment. SAMOA Population: 187 023 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 430 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Land Transport Authority Yes Yes No No Reported road traffic fatalities (average year) 20c (76% males, 24% females, 2004–2007) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006–2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 178d Costing study available No c d Accident Compensation Corporation data, definition unknown. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 6 Yes — — Yes 50%b DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes No — 6 Yes No — 3 Yes Number of road traffic deaths DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b 1 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2004-2007, Accident Compensation Corporation. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Accident Compensation Corporation National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 15 903 total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 180 SAN MARINO Population: 30 926 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $41 044 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Yes No Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1b Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 431c Costing study available No b c Health data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 6 Yes Yes Yes — 9 Yes Yes — 6 Yes 6 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (20%) Drivers 4-wheelers (60%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (20%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2004–2007 (5 deaths), Emergency Service Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA No Yes T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 51 590 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 66% 22% 7% <1% 5% 181 Data cleared by the Secretariat of State for Health and Social Security. SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE Population: 157 638 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $870 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Department of Land Transport Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 20d (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 408e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police and Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 30–40 km/h 3 No n/a n/a n/a — n/a Yes Yes No — —b No n/a <1%c n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 Number of road traffic deaths 25 20 15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Law entered into force July 1, 2008, therefore enforcement could not be assessed at the time of the consensus meeting. Estimation by consensus group. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Ministério da Defesa e Ordem Interna National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 1 219 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Other 25% 66% 2% 1% 6% 182 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. SAUDI ARABIA Population: 24 734 533 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $15 440 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA High Council for Traffic Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 6 358b (86% males, 14% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 36 025c Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) b c Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 80 km/h 5 Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl No — 7 Yes No No — 2 Yes Yes — 5 Yes 2 TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. YEAR VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on NUMBER OF DEATHS 5 883 6 358 2006 2007 Yes Yes Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 7 398 600 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 183 SENEGAL Population: 12 378 532 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $820 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Directorate of Land Transport Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 320b Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries Measurable targets Funded — Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) b Directorate of Land Transport data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 4 Yes — — Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers (19%) Pedestrians (35%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 0 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes No — 5 Yes No — 6 No n/a Passengers (46%) Source: 2007, Directorate of Land Transport Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 800 Number of road traffic deaths 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 280 594 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 67% 4% 12% 6% 5% 6% 184 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Preventive Medicine. SERBIA Population: 9 858 424 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 730 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 962d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 22 201e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 4 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 6%b 7 Yes Yes No — 3 Yes Yes 50–60% Front, 4–5% Rearc 4 No (subnational) n/a Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (25%) Drivers 4-wheelers (37%) Cyclists (9%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (6%) Passengers 4-wheelers (22%) Source: 2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 000 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior. 2006, Pilot research of the Academy for Crime Prevention and Police Affairs, observational study. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior (data from 1999 to 2007 exclude Kosovo) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 2 235 389 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 68% 1% 1% 8% <1% 22% 185 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Infrastructure. SEYCHELLES Population: 86 606 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 960 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Land Transport Division Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 14c (69% males, 31% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 370d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police and Health data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police and Transport data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 3 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 80%b 3 Yes Yes No 95%b 9 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (36%) Pedestrians (28%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (7%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (29%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Seychelles Police Department and Ministry of Health Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Yes No 65%b 8 No n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA Yes Yes N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 14 880 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 59% 1% 29% 10% 1% 186 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Development and the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Transport. SIERRA LEONE Population: 5 865 872 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $260 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Sierra Leone Road Transport Authority Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 71d (65% males, 35% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 298e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 70 km/h 6 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (5%) Pedestrians (15%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (20%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Nob Yes — 6 Yes Yesc — 1 Yes 1 Passsengers 4-wheelers (60%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Sierra Leone Police Annual Statistical Analysis Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No provision in law for child riders. Occupants over the age of 18 years. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS DA No No N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 39 038 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 42% 21% 32% 4% 1% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Aviation. 187 SINGAPORE a a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting). Population: 4 436 281 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $32 470 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Land Transport Authority/Traffic Police Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 214f (80% males, 20% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 10 352g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) f g Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 40–70 km/h 8 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 7%c 8 Yes Yesd Yes 56%e 9 Yes Yes 50%e 8 Yes 7 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (11%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (27%) Passengers 4-wheelers (4%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Cyclists (10%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (48%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: 2007, Traffic Police Department TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 6 Deaths per 100 000 population 5 4 3 2 1 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementb b c d e Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Police data. With some exceptions. Source not specified. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: “Monthly Digest of Statistics Singapore,” May 2008 National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 851 336 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Buses Other 61% 17% 2% 21% 188 Data cleared by the Land Transport Authority. SLOVAKIA Population: 5 390 035 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $11 730 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Safety Council Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 627c (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 11 310d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 7 Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 4%b 9 Yes Yes Yes — 8 Yes Yes — 8 Yes 9 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (34%) Drivers 4-wheelers (32%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (8%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (17%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Statistical-evidence system of road traffic accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR) TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 700 Number of road traffic deaths 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Vehicle Register in the Slovak Republic, Ministry of Interior (SR). VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Statistical-evidence system of road traffic accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 2 039 745 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 72% 3% 1% 11% <1% 12% 189 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. SLOVENIA Population: 2 001 506 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $20 960 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Interministerial Working Group on Road Traffic Safety Funded in national budget Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 293d (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes Yes Yes 16 449e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 38%b 6 Yes Yes Yes — 7 Yes Yes 85% Front, 50% Rearc 7 Yes 6 Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (<1%) Pedestrians (11%) Cyclists (6%) Drivers motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (18%) Drivers 4-wheelers (43%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passsengers (22%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2008, Ministry of Interior, Police Enforcementa a b c TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Interior, Police. 2007, Ministry of Transport, Slovenian Roads Agency, observational study. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 Year Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. Yes Yes 1 286 903 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 79% 6% 6% <1% 9% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 190 SOLOMON ISLANDS Population: 495 662 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $730 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Police – Traffic Division — — — — Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 19e (74% males, 26% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 606f Costing study available No e f Police data, defined as died at the crash scene or during (hospital) admission. Data for Honiara only, source not specified. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 5 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 55%c 3 Yes Yes Yes 100%d 3 No n/a — n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. Traffic Police estimate. Year and source not specified. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes No POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 10 000 total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 191 SOUTH AFRICA Population: 48 576 763 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $5 760 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Traffic Management Corporation Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 14 920f (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 219 978g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) f NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally g Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 3 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 60%b Road Traffic Management Corporation data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Road Traffic Management Corporation and Medical Research Council data. DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (25%) Pedestrians (39%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yesc Yes 95% Drivers, 90% Passengersd 6 Yes Yes 50% Front, 8% Reare 2 Yes 2 Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (32%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Road Traffic Management Corporation Enforcementa a b c d e TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 40 Deaths per 100 000 population Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Department of Transport. BMW C1 motorcycle exempt due to design. 2008, Road Traffic Management Corporation. 2007, Road Traffic Management Corporation, observational study. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Source: Department of Transport National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 9 237 574 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 63% 4% 26% 4% <1% 3% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 192 SPAIN Population: 44 279 180 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $29 450 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA General Directorate of Traffic Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 4 104d (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 143 450e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally General Directorate of Traffic estimate, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. General Directorate of Traffic data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 8 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes — 7 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Pedestrians (15%) Drivers 4-wheelers (42%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (19%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yesb Yes 98% Drivers, 92% Passengersc 8 Yes Yes 89% Front, 69% Rearc 8 Yes 7 Passengers 4-wheelers (20%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2006, General Directorate of Traffic database TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Enforcementa a b c VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Number of road traffic deaths Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. 2007, General Directorate of Traffic, observational study. Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: General Directorate of Traffic database National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 31 441 152 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 67% 14% 7% 9% <1% 2% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs. 193 SRI LANKA Population: 19 299 190 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 540 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Council for Road Safety No Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 2 334d (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded a 31 688e Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. d e Yes (deaths and injuries) Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 6 Yes Yesc Yes — 7 No n/a — n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (33%) Drivers and riders (41%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Passengers (26%) Source: Traffic Police, 2006 Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500 Number of road traffic deaths 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 2004 2005 2006 Enforcementb b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. With some exceptions. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Traffic Police National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No Yes 3 125 794 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 12% 63% 6% 8% 3% 8% 194 Data cleared by the Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition. SUDAN Population: 38 560 488 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $960 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 2 227c (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 21 329d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police data, defined as doctor report states that death was due to the crash. Data exclude South Sudan states. Police data, exclude South Sudan states. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb No — 10 Yes Yes Yes — 7 Yes No — 7 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Occupants 4-wheelers (31%) Other (56%) Pedestrians (13%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 1 200 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 64% 3% 13% 12% 1% 7% 195 Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health. SURINAME Population: 457 964 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $4 730 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 90c (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries Measurable targets Funded — Costing study available No c Ministry of Justice and Police and Department of Health data, defined as died anytime after the crash. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 5 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — 4 Yes Yes No 90%b 7 Yes Yes 70% Front, 30% Rearb 7 Yes 3 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (22%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Drivers 4-wheelers (23%) Cyclists (3%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (31%) Passengers 4-wheelers (20%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of Traffic Information Education and Statistics) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Enforcement a b a Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Observational studies conducted by Ministry of Justice and Police. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Deaths per 100 000 population Year Source: Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of Traffic Information Education and Statistics) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 151 441 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Buses 54% 27% 17% 2% 196 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Justice and Police. SWAZILAND Population: 1 141 427 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 580 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Swaziland Road Safety Council Yes Yes No Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 235c (72% males, 28% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 4 584d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 6 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 3%b 6 Yes Yes No 80%b 5 Yes Yes — 7 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (20%) Pedestrians (35%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (42%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 300 Number of road traffic deaths 250 200 150 100 50 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Royal Swaziland Police. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 116 050 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Unspecified 45% 3% 30% 6% 7% 4% 5% 197 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. SWEDEN Population: 9 118 955 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $46 060 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Swedish Road Administration Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 471f (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 26 636g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) f g NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Transport data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.02 g/dl 0.02 g/dl Yes 20%b 6 Yes Yesc Yes 95%d 1 Yes Yes 96% Front, 90% Reare 3 Yes 2 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Pedestrians (12%) Cyclists (6%) Drivers 4-wheelers (47%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (16%) Passengers 4-wheelers (18%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses, Road Traffic Injuries 2006 (Vägtrafikskador 2006) Enforcementa a b c d e TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 Deaths per 100 000 population 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Estimate based on autopsies of drivers killed in crashes. Some exceptions. 2007, Estimate provided by consensus group. 2006, Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute observational studies. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Year Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses, Road Traffic Injuries 2007 (Vägtrafikskador 2007) National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number Yes Yes 5 500 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 77% 8% 9% <1% 6% 198 Data cleared by the Swedish Road Administration. SWITZERLAND Population: 7 483 973 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $59 880 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Federal Roads Agency Yes Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 370g (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded a 26 718h Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths and injuries) g h Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Swiss Council for Accident Prevention data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 7 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 16%c 6 Yes Yesd Yes 100%e 9 Yes Yes 86% Front, 61% Rearf 7 Yes Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (21%) Occupants 4-wheelers (48%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (9%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (22%) Source: 2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Enforcementb b c d e f 8 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention. Some exceptions. 2006, Sinus-Report 2007 der bfu, motorcycle drivers. 2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Source: Unfallgeschehen in der Schweiz, bfu-Statistik 2007 National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 5 356 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 72% 14% 10% 1% 3% Data cleared by the Federal Office of Public Health. 199 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC Population: 19 928 516 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 760 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Committee for Road Safety No Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 2 818c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 16 145d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police data, defined as died at the crash scene or in hospital. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 45–60 km/h 8 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl No — 8 Yes Yes No — 4 Yes No 81% Frontb 9 No n/a Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Syrian Society for Road Accident Prevention. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes No Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Source: Country questionnaire National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 1 389 346 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles 55% 9% 25% 7% 3% 1% 200 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. TAJIKISTAN Population: 6 735 996 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $460 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Department of the State Automobile Inspection (Ministry of Internal Affairs) Yes Multiple n/a n/a DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 464c (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded National road safety strategy 2 048d Costing study available No c d Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 8 Yes 0.03 g/dl 0.03 g/dl Yes 5%b 9 Yes Yes No — 6 Yes Yes — 3 Yes 1 Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (18%) Pedestrians (44%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Passengers 4-wheelers (30%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (6%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational) Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 268 018 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 72% 4% 7% 15% 2% 201 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. THAILAND Population: 63 883 662 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 400 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Safety Operation Center Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 12 492f (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 973 104g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally f g Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. Health data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 80 km/h 2 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 4%b 5 Yes Yesc Yes 27%d 4 Yes No 56% Front, 3% Reare 5 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (8%) Cyclists (3%) Drivers 4-wheelers (4%) Passengers 4-wheelers (7%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (70%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Injury Surveillance (sentinel sites), Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health Enforcementa a b c d e TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 30 Deaths per 100 000 population 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Based on sentinel surveillance. Deaths in hospital only, does not include deaths at the crash scene. Some exceptions. 2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System. 2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (data for front-seat occupants); 2005, Asian Institute of Technology (data for rear-seat occupants). VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No Year Source: Police Information System Center, Royal Thai Police Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No REGISTERED VEHICLES National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 25 618 447 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 14% 63% 19% 3% <1% 1% 202 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Population: 2 038 464 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 460 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Republic’s Council for Road Traffic Safety Yes No n/a n/a 140e (83% males, 17% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 6 133f Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally e f State Statistical Office data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 4 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes 5%b 6 Yes Yes No 2%c 2 Yes No 16%d 6 No n/a Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (10%) Drivers 4-wheelers (29%) Pedestrians (34%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (12%) Cyclists (4%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%) Source: 2006, State Statistical Office TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Enforcementa a b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Analysis, Research and Documentation. 2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Information Technology, data relate to motorcycle riders involved in a crash. 2002, PhD thesis by F. Tozija, survey of injured drivers and passengers treated in hospital. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: State Statistical Office National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 259 421 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses Other 86% 2% 8% 1% 3% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 203 TIMOR-LESTE Population: 1 154 775 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 510 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Directorate of Land Transport Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 46d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 1 686e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died as a result of injuries sustained in crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 0 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 0 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes No 70% Drivers, 30% Passengersb 5 Yes Yes 5–10% Front, <1% Rearc 0 Yes 0 DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 70% drivers, 30% passengers, consensus group estimate, 2007. Consensus group estimate, 2007. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 26 649 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Buses Trucks 6% 72% 14% <1% 8% 204 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. TOGO Population: 6 585 147 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $360 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 472e Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 1 824f Costing study available No e f Police data, defined as died at the crash scene. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 4 No n/a n/a n/a — n/a Nob Yes No 1%c 2 No n/a 0%d n/a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No law, but there is a regulation that is enforced. 1998, Road Safety Togo. Estimation by consensus group. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 48 234 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 22% 71% 4% <1% <1% 2% 205 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Togolese Road Safety Organization. TONGA Population: 100 336 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 320 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Traffic Department, Ministry of Police Yes No n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 8e (75% males, 25% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded — Costing study available No e Police data, defined as died within 1 year and one day of the crash. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 7 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes 25%c 5 Yes Yes No — 7 No n/a <1%d n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (44%) Drivers 4-wheelers (31%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Passengers 4-wheelers (19%) Cyclists (6%) Source: 2006–2007, Ministry of Police Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 18 Number of road traffic deaths 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Enforcementa a b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2007 Police data. 2003, Ministry of Health and World Health Organization observational study. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Source: Report by Dr G. Anthony Ryan: WHO STC to Tonga, 1995 National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 2 226 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 36% 1% 57% <1% <1% 5% 206 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Population: 1 333 272 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $14 100 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA — — Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 214b (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 2 918c Costing study available No b c Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 3 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (34%) Pedestrians (32%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 2 Motorcycle helmet law Passengers 4-wheelers (28%) Cyclists (4%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes Yes — 9 Yes No — 6 Yes 6 Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%) Source: 2007, Traffic and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Enforcementa a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 280 Number of road traffic deaths 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No Year Source: Traffic and Highway, Patrol Branch POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 490 987 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 207 TUNISIA Population: 10 327 285 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $3 200 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency National Observatory for Information, Training, Documentation and Study on Road Safety Yes Yes Yes Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 497c (82% males, 18% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded National road safety strategy 14 559d Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) c d Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Lead Agency and Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 1%b 3 Yes Yes Yes — 5 Yes No — 2 No n/a Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (32%) Drivers 4-wheelers (23%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (3%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (14%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (28%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 5 4 3 2 1 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Source: “Statitiscs of Road Accidents”, Ministry of Interior and Local Development National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 1 244 918 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 62% 1% 24% 4% 1% 8% 1% 208 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. TURKEY Population: 74 876 695 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $8 020 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Board of Road Traffic Safety Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 4 633d (77% males, 23% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 169 080e Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) d e Turkish Statistical Institute data, defined as died at the crash scene. Turkish Statistical Institute data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 8 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 2%b 9 Yes Yes Yes 12% Driversb 5 Yes Yes 70%c 8 Yes Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (16%) Drivers 4-wheelers (24%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (19%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (8%) Passengers 4-wheelers (31%) Source: 2006, Security General Directorate Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Enforcementa a b c 7 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2005–2007, Security Directorate. 2007, Security Directorate, intercity (rural) roads only. For urban roads, 20%. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, “Traffic Accident Statistics (Road) 2007” National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No (subnational) Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 13 311 000 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 50% 15% 18% 6% 2% 1% 9% 209 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. TURKMENISTAN Population: 4 965 278 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 234 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 650c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 1 606d Costing study available No c d Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h 9 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl Yes 7%b 10 Yes Yes No — 8 Yes No — 7 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Cyclists (5%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (29%) Other (66%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2008, Department of Road Police Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes DA N TA OT AV A AIL BL E National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation — Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 651 564 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Trucks Buses 62% 18% 16% 4% 210 Data cleared by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. TUVALU Population: 10 530 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 441 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a Yes No No Reported road traffic fatalities (2003–2006) 1 per yeard (all males) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded ˜12 per year No d e e Costing study available Health data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police estimate. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 64 km/h 6 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes — 6 No n/a n/a 0%c n/a No n/a 0%c n/a No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law YEAR DEATHS 1 1 1 1 2003 2004 2005 2006 pedestrian pedestrian pedestrian pedestrian Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: Princess Margaret Hospital, Ministry of Health Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 Number of road traffic deaths Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. 2000–2007, Police data. 1 VEHICLE STANDARDS 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Year Source: Country questionnaire Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 906 total (2005–2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles 7% 66% 5% 4% 1% 17% 211 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. UGANDA Population: 30 883 805 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $340 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Road Safety Council Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006–2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 2 838b (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006–2007) Measurable targets Funded 12 058c Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) b c Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Data collected by financial year. Police data, collected by financial year. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 2 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 3 Yes Yes No — 3 Yes Yes — 2 No (subnational) n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (4%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (35%) Passengers 4-wheelers (43%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (10%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (7%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2006-2007 (financial year), Uganda Police Enforcementa a TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500 Number of road traffic deaths 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No d Year d Methodology for data collection changed in 2006 Source: Uganda Police POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES No n/a Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 363 658 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Works and Transport. 212 UKRAINE a a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting). Population: 46 205 382 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $2 550 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Ministry of Public Health Yes Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 9 921c (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 40 887d Costing study available No c d Health data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Data source not specified. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 60 km/h — Yes 0.0 g/dl 0.0 g/dl Yes — — No n/a n/a — n/a Yes No — — No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (56%) Drivers/passengers motorized vehicles (44%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: State Medical Statistics Centre TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 10 000 Enforcementb b Number of road traffic deaths Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes No Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No (subnational) Source: State Medical Statistics Centre POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES Data not available Data were not cleared by the government of the Ukraine in time for publication of this report. 213 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Population: 4 380 439 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $41 082 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency Ministry of Interior and National Transport Authority Funded in national budget Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 1 056c (87% males, 13% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded Yes Yes Yes 11 155d Costing study available Yes (deaths only) c d Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 7 Yes 0.10 g/dl 0.10 g/dl Yes — 8 Yes Yes No — 8 Yes No 61% Frontb 7 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Pedestrians (28%) Drivers 4-wheelers (41%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (2%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (29%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 12 000 Number of road traffic deaths 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Abu Dhabi National Campaign for seat-belt use. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Source: Ministry of Interior National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 1 754 420 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 86% 1% 2% 7% 2% 3% 214 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. UNITED KINGDOM Population: 60 768 946 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $42 740 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 3 298f (76% males, 24% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 264 288g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) f g NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 48 km/h No consensus Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl No 17%b No consensus Yes Yesc Yes 98%d No consensus Yes Yes 91% Front, 84–90% Reare No consensus Yes No consensus DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) Drivers 4-wheelers (36%) Pedestrians (21%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Cyclists (4%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (19%) Passengers 4-wheelers (19%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: “Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report” “Road Traffic Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006” Enforcementa a b c d e TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 9 000 Number of road traffic deaths 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2005 2006 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. “Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report.” Some exceptions. 2006 Estimation by Department for Transport. 2006–2007, Department for Transport, observational studies. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Source: “Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report” “Road Traffic Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006” National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 34 327 520 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 84% 4% 9% 1% 1% 2% 215 Data cleared by the Department for Transport. UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Population: 40 453 513 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $400 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy National Road Safety Council of Tanzania No Yesa n/a n/a 2 595e (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded a 16 308f Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 3 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 2%c DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (6%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 2 Motorcycle helmet law Passengers 4-wheelers (33%) Pedestrians (37%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Yes No No — 4 Yes No 30% Front, 5% Rearc 3 No n/a Cyclists (17%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (7%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Source: 2007, Tanzania Police TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 3 000 Number of road traffic deaths 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 590 0 Enforcement b c d b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Tanzania Police. Estimation by consensus group. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Source: Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 577 949 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 14% 9% 57% 7% 4% 9% 216 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Population: 305 826 246 Income group: High Gross national income per capita: $46 040 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (US DOT/NHTSA) Yes Yes Yes Yes DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 42 642f (70% males, 30% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded National road safety strategy 3 305 237g Costing study available Yes (deaths and injuries) f g NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data. Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law No (subnationally) n/a n/a n/a No (subnational) 0.08 g/dlb 0.0–0.02 g/dlc n/a 32%d n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a 58%e n/a No (subnational) n/a 82% Front, 76% Reare n/a No (subnational) n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (4%) Pedestrians (11%) Cyclists (2%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (11%) Drivers 4-wheelers (51%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Passengers 4-wheelers (21%) Source: 2006, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System Enforcementa a b c d e Deaths per 100 000 population Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia have a BAC limit of 0.08 for general population. No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia specify BAC limits of 0.02 or less for young/novice drivers. 2006, US DOT/NHTSA study. 2007, US DOT/NHTSA National Occupant Protection Use Survey. TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Source: US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation POST -CRASH CARE Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 251 422 509 total (2006) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 54% 3% 39% 4% <1% 217 Data cleared by the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Transport’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. URUGUAY Population: 3 339 700 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $6 380 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded a National Road Safety Agency (UNASEV) Yes Yesa n/a n/a 427e (78% males, 22% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) National road safety strategy 20 729f Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. Yes (deaths and injuries) e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Police and Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 45–75 km/h 1 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 38%c DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 1 Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Yes Yes No 50%d 5 Yes Yes — 3 Yes 1 Number of road traffic deaths DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Enforcementb b c d Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Faculty of Humanities – Technical Forensics Institute. Study by Advanced Trauma Life Support Course in Uruguay. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: National Highway Administration Directorate, based on information from Departmental Police Headquarters National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. No n/a 952 000 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks 48% 44% 1% 7% 218 Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health. UZBEKISTAN a a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting). Population: 27 372 260 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $730 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency The State Motor-Vehicle Inspectorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs Yes Yes Yes — DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 2 034c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries Funded in national budget National road safety strategy — Costing study available Measurable targets Funded No c Ministry of Internal Affairs data, defined as died at the crash scene. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 70 km/h 7 Yes None None Yes — 9 Yes Yes No — 9 Yes Yes — 10 — — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law Enforcementb b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2 500 Number of road traffic deaths 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation — — Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES Data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 219 VANUATU Population: 226 180 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 840 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 8c Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2005) Measurable targets Funded 52d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 35–60 km/h 3 Yes Noneb Noneb Yes — 6 Yes Yes No — 8 Yes No — 1 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law DA T O AN TA V A AIL BL E Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Drink–driving not defined by BAC limit. VEHICLE STANDARDS DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 15 461 total (2008) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 220 VENEZUELA (Bolivarian Republic of) Population: 27 656 832 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $7 320 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 6 218c (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget Measurable targets Funded People’s Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA) Yes Multiple n/a n/a National road safety strategy 40 968d Costing study available No c d Health data, defined as died within 1 year of the crash. People’s Ministry of Infrastructure. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes No 40 km/h 4 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes — 7 Yes Yes Yes 55%b 6 Yes Yes — 6 Yes 5 DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (1%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (25%) Drivers 4-wheelers (73%) Passengers 4-wheelers (1%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, People’s Ministry of Infrastructure Enforcementa a b TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 25 Deaths per 100 000 population 20 15 10 5 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, People’s Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA). VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: People’s Ministry of Health National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 4 044 013 total (2007) Motorcars Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses 73% 7% 19% 1% Data cleared by the Ministry of People’s Power for Health and Social Welfare. 221 VIET NAM Population: 87 375 196 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $790 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA National Traffic Safety Committee Yes Yesa n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 12 800e (79% males, 21% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded a 10 266f Costing study available Not formally endorsed by government. e f Yes (deaths and injuries) Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data. Health data reports 445 048 non-fatal road traffic injuries in 2007. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 6 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 34%c 3 Yes Yes Yes 85%d 7 Yes No — 3 No n/a Number of road traffic deaths DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law D A AT NO TA IL VA AB LE Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 14 000 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Enforcement b c d b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2001, Forensic Medicine data. 2008, National Traffic Safety Committee estimate. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Yes Yes Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Source: 2007, National Traffic Safety Committee National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No Yes REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 22 926 230 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers 5% 95% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 222 WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP a a Non WHO member-area. Population: 4 018 000 Income group: Middle Gross national income per capita: $1 422 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA No n/a No (subnational) n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 188d (76% males, 23% females)e Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Measurable targets Funded 5 838f Costing study available No d e f Police data, defined as died within 30 days of the crash. Health data 2007. Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Palestine. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementb Drink–driving law Yes No 50 km/h 3 Yes 0.05 g/dl 0.05 g/dl No — DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementb 1 Motorcycle helmet law DA Yes Yesc No — 3 Yes Yes — Number of road traffic deaths N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementb Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementb Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 3 Yes 1 Enforcementb b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Some exceptions. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Year Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No No Source: General Commissariat of the Palestinian Police, data for remaining West Bank and Gaza Strip National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 78 609 total (2008) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Non-motorized vehicles Other 76% <1% 6% 15% 1% <1% 1% 223 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. YEMEN Population: 22 389 169 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $870 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) 2 781c (86% males, 14% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy The National Committee for Road Safety No Multiple n/a n/a Measurable targets Funded 19 253d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died within 7 days of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes — 3 Yes 0.0 g/dlb 0.0 g/dlb — — — No n/a n/a — n/a No n/a — n/a No n/a Deaths per 100 000 population DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law DA N TA OT A IL VA AB LE Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. Alcohol consumption prohibited by law. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT No Yes Year National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No Source: Country questionnaire POST -CRASH CARE REGISTERED VEHICLES Yes Yes Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. 777 734 total (2007) Registered vehicle types: data not available Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Population. 224 ZAMBIA Population: 11 921 999 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $800 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Road Transport and Safety Agency Yes Yes Yes Yes Reported road traffic fatalities (2007) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy 1 266d Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2007) Measurable targets Funded 9 258e Costing study available No d e Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 50 km/h 5 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes 50%b DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Drivers 4-wheelers (11%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa 1 Motorcycle helmet law Pedestrians (50%) Passsengers 4-wheelers (25%) Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Yes Yes No 100%c 10 Yes Yes — 5 No n/a Cyclists (11%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (4%) Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law Source: 2007, Zambia Police Service TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 1 400 Number of road traffic deaths 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Enforcementa a b c Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2007, Zambia Police Service and Road Transport and Safety Agency. 2007, Zambia Road Transport and Safety Agency. VEHICLE STANDARDS No car manufacturers ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Zambia Police Service National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation — No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 222 188 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 59% 3% 21% 13% 2% 2% Data cleared by the Ministry of Health. 225 ZIMBABWE Population: 13 349 434 Income group: Low Gross national income per capita: $131 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Lead agency DATA Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe No Multiple n/a n/a Reported road traffic fatalities (2006) 1 037c (71% males, 29% females) Reported non-fatal road traffic injuries (2006) Funded in national budget National road safety strategy Measurable targets Funded 13 819d Costing study available No c d Police data, defined as died within 24 hours of the crash. Police and Health data. NATIONAL LEGISLATION Speed limits set nationally Local authorities can set lower limits Maximum limit urban roads Enforcementa Drink–driving law Yes Yes 60 km/h 8 Yes 0.08 g/dl 0.08 g/dl Yes <1%b 3 Yes Yes — — 9 Yes No — 8 No n/a DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY Other (5%) Occupants any motorized vehicle (63%) Pedestrians (26%) BAC limit – general population BAC limit – young or novice drivers Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints Road traffic deaths involving alcohol Enforcementa Motorcycle helmet law Applies to all riders Helmet standards mandated Helmet wearing rate Enforcementa Seat-belt law Cyclists (5%) Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Source: 2006, Zimbabwe Police Applies to all occupants Seat-belt wearing rate Enforcementa Child restraints law TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS 2 500 Number of road traffic deaths 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 Enforcementa a b Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective. 2006, Zimbabwe Republic Police. VEHICLE STANDARDS Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on Fuel consumption Seat-belt installation for all seats ROAD SAFETY AUDITS No No 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Formal audits required for major new road construction projects Regular audits of existing road infrastructure PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT Yes Yes Year Source: Zimbabwe Police General Headquarters, Planning and Development Statistics Bureau National policies to promote walking or cycling National policies to promote public transportation No No REGISTERED VEHICLES POST -CRASH CARE Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system National universal access number — Data not available. n/a Data not required/not applicable. Yes Yes 1 556 586 total (2007) Motorcars Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20) Trucks Buses Other 78% 7% 5% 7% 1% 2% 226 Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. Statistical annex 1. Explanatory notes A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 A.7 A.8 Explanatory notes Background World report on road traffic injury prevention Data processing Reporting of country-level data Types of data utilized Reported data . Adjusted data A.2. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Table 1. ECMT standardized 30-day road crash fatality adjustment factors 30-DAY TOTAL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR ON THE SCENE/1 DAY 3 DAYS 6 DAYS 7 DAYS 30 DAYS 365 DAYS 77% 87% 92% 93% 100% 103% 1.30 1.15 1.09 1.08 1.00 0.97 Modelled data Developing a model Completeness of data Group 1 Group 2 231 Table 2. Countries/areas in Group 1 COUNTRY/AREA INCOME LEVEL COUNTRY/AREA INCOME LEVEL Argentina Australia Austria Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Fiji Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Norway MIC HIC HIC HIC HIC MIC MIC HIC MIC MIC MIC HIC MIC HIC MIC MIC MIC MIC MIC HIC HIC HIC MIC HIC HIC MIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC MIC HIC LIC MIC MIC MIC HIC MIC MIC MIC HIC HIC HIC Panama Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Ukraine United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) LIC = low-income countries MIC = middle-income countries HIC = high-income countries MIC MIC HIC HIC HIC MIC MIC MIC MIC MIC MIC HIC HIC HIC MIC HIC HIC HIC MIC MIC MIC HIC MIC HIC HIC MIC LIC MIC Table 3. Countries/areas with population size less than 100 000 COUNTRY/AREA INCOME LEVEL a British Virgin Islands Cook Islands Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Palau San Marino Seychelles Tuvalu a HIC HIC MIC MIC MIC MIC HIC MIC MIC Non-member area. MIC = middle-income countries HIC = high-income countries 232 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY Variables used in the model Table 4. Independent variables used in modelling process VARIABLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION COMMENTS Income (GNI) Income level Population Vehicle density: Number of cars per population Road density: Total road per land area Existence of national helmet law National policies that encourage walking and/or cycling National policies that support investment in public transport National speed limits on urban roads National speed limits on rural roads Alcohol consumption Strength of health system GSRRS = Global Status Report on Road Safety GNI = Gross National Income per capita World Bank World Bank Grouping used: low, middle, lower middle, upper middle, high. Designation based on 2000–2004 World Bank data, corresponding to year of income level used Estimated figures from UN Population Division Number of vehicles: This GSRRS survey Population: World Bank 2000–2006 World Road Statistics, International Road Federation, 2008 This GSRRS survey This GSRRS survey This GSRRS survey This GSRRS survey This GSRRS survey World Health Statistics, 2008 World Health Statistics, 2008 Total road/land km2 Corresponding or latest year data WHO questionnaire WHO questionnaire WHO questionnaire WHO questionnaire WHO questionnaire Alcohol consumption among adults aged >15 years for 2003 Hospital beds (per 10 000 population) Estimation method j j j j j j Yj= f (Rj, Mj, Ij, Ej). j j j j 233 Figure 1. Framework for determinants of road traffic mortality transport j 234 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY References World report on road traffic injury prevention 2. STATA – Data analysis and statistical software 3. World population prospects: the 2006 Revision. Highlights 4. World development indicators 5. GNI per capita 2007: Atlas method and PPP Estimating global road fatalities 7. Global Burden of Disease, 2004 update Bulletin of the World Health Organization World road statistics 2008 World health statistics 2008 Regression analysis of count data 235 Table A.1: National data coordinators by country/area and WHO region COUNTRY/AREA WHO REGION NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S) Afghanistan Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islandsa Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic (the) Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros (the) Congo (the) Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic (the) Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Eastern Mediterranean Qarizadah, Wassima Europe Africa Americas Europe Western Pacific Europe Europe Americas South-East Asia Americas Europe Europe Americas Africa South-East Asia Americas Europe Africa Americas Americas Western Pacific Europe Africa Africa Western Pacific Africa Americas Africa Africa Africa Americas Western Pacific Americas Africa Africa Western Pacific Americas Europe Americas Europe Europe Africa Americas Americas Bozo, Maksim Chicola, Felix Abriata, Graciela Avetisyan, Lilit Goldsworthy, John Kisser, Rupert Talishinskiy, Rustam Rolle, Garlon Rahman, AKM Fazlur Taylor, Denise Carter Pikirenia, Ivan Meerkens, Anne Andrewin, Aisha Imorou Karimou, Yacoubou Karma, Doma Angulo Martinez, Augusto Kovacevic, Jasminka; Seranic, Alen Mmutle, Marvin Golekoamang Alves da Silva, Marta Maria George, Ivy Saidon, Rozaly Kovacheva, Irina Cisse, Ahmad Nassourou Nzeyimana, Claire Raingsey, Prak Piseth Missimikim, Martial Jonah, Brian Santos, Antonio Gondamovo, Paul Gocké, Mahamat Rajs, Danuta Duan, Leilei Gaitán Rodríguez, Yazmín Yahaia, Mohamed Kouni-Okogna, Jean Roger Herman, Josephine Guzmán Duarte, Teresita Brkic Biloš, Ivana Valdés Lazo, Francisco Antoniades, Costas; Kalakouta, Olga Benesova, Veronika Musafiri, Masuga Pérez, Simon Luis Naranjo, Sara Eastern Mediterranean Obeid, Amjad Eastern Mediterranean Saad, Rania 236 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY COUNTRY/AREA WHO REGION NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S) El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia (the) Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands (the) Americas Africa Europe Africa Western Pacific Europe Europe Africa Europe Europe Africa Europe Americas Africa Americas Americas Europe Europe South-East Asia South-East Asia Morán de García, Silvia Abraham Tesfamichael, Ghirmay Kedars, Ursel Asrat, Abebe Tuiketei, Timaima Jääskeläinen, Petri Laumon, Bernard Camara, Abdoulie Kheladze, Kakha Schleh, Rosemarieb Afukaar, Francis Efthymiadis, Dimitrios Morales Sandoval, Salvador Vera Cruz De Oliveira, Golda Sayonara Anderson, Lucy Cerrato Cruz, Orlin Javier Bényi, Mária Thorsteinsdóttir, Rósa Kumar, Ashok Yusharmen Eastern Mediterranean Moghisi, Alireza Eastern Mediterranean Khalil, Sundus Shoki Europe Europe Europe Americas Western Pacific Europe Africa Western Pacific Europe Western Pacific Europe Africa Africa Europe Africa Africa Western Pacific South-East Asia Africa Europe Western Pacific Hayes, Declan Peleg, Kobi; Levi, Sarit Lecce, Maria Giuseppina Grant, Andriene Nakahara, Shinji Batpenov, Nurlan Githinji, Wilfred Mwai Rubeiariki, Mweritonga Toimatov, Samatbek Phoutsavath, Phisith Feldmane, Jana Rangoako, Thabiso Kekula, Joseph Meižiene, Ramune Rasamilalao, Désiré Chirwa, James Mathewes Ramly, Rosnah Naaz, Aishath Sylla, Assa Calleja, Neville; Galea, Audrey Edwards, Russell Eastern Mediterranean Mujahed, Jamil Eastern Mediterranean Al-Otaibi, Hamed Eastern Mediterranean Akl, Ziad Eastern Mediterranean Jabeal, Ibrahim Ali 237 (Table A.1 continued) COUNTRY/AREA WHO REGION NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S) Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands (the) New Zealand Nicaragua Niger (the) Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal Puerto Ricoc Qatar Republic of Korea (the) Republic of Moldova (the) Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Africa Africa Americas Western Pacific Western Pacific Europe Africa South-East Asia Africa Western Pacific South-East Asia Europe Western Pacific Americas Africa Africa Europe Traoré, Abdallah Mohamed Khairou Jewon, Mahmad Saeed Rosas Osuna, Rodrigo Skilling, Vita Sakhiya, Ariuntuya Stojanovic, Svetlana Sithoe, Paulo Jorge Lwin, Thit Shigwedha, Laina Dowiyogo, David Baral, Prabha Vis, Martijn Brown, Jennifer Torres Araica, Francisca Bagoudou, Chekarao Labinjo, Mariam Linhave, Jakob; Vind, Signe Eastern Mediterranean Boulaajoul, Benaceur Eastern Mediterranean Al-Wahaibi, Salim Eastern Mediterranean Khan, Shahzad Ali Western Pacific Americas Western Pacific Americas Americas Western Pacific Europe Europe Americas Western Pacific Europe Europe Europe Africa Americas Americas Western Pacific Europe Africa Africa Europe Africa Africa Western Pacific Europe Europe Western Pacific Africa Aguon, Ismael Castañedas, Enrique Kanguma, Peri Maldonado de González Cabello, Mercedes Loayza, Manuel Magturo, Theodora Cecile Król, Barbara Amann, Gregória Paixão von Lopez Charneco, Magdalena Kim, Young-Taek Gornea, Filip Arafat, Raed Kipor, Gennady Rurangirwa, Dominique Jaime, Alina Duncan, Roger Vasa, Ponifasio Gualtieri, Andrea Lima, Antonio Coulibaly, Siaka Paunovic, Milena André, Patrick Yansaneh, Ahmed Ho, Seng Tim; Lee, Alvin Smrek, Martin Košir, Matej Ogaoga, Divinol Mosako, Magdeline Eastern Mediterranean Almusleh, Abdulwahab Eastern Mediterranean Al Enizy, Faisal 238 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY COUNTRY/AREA WHO REGION NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S) Spain Sri Lanka Sudan (the) Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic (the) Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates (the) United Kingdom (the) United Republic of Tanzania (the) United States of America (the) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Stripa Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe a b c Europe South-East Asia Americas Africa Europe Europe Europe South-East Asia Europe South-East Asia Africa Western Pacific Americas Europe Europe Western Pacific Africa Europe Europe Africa Americas Americas Europe Western Pacific Americas Western Pacific Lizarbe, Vicenta Jayatillaka, Jayalath Pushpakumara Forster, Allan Maphanga, Muzi Lekander, Thomas Graz, Bertrand Razzakov, Abduvali Siriphanich, Tairjing Tozija, Fimka Ximenes, Rafael dos Santos Fatonzoun, Innocent Mawutoe Akau'ola, Siale Ruiz, Carla Inan, Huseyin Fazil Ovezklichev, Begklich Kaitu, Kakee Pese Kwamusi, Paul Fedenko, Irina Bellis, Mark; Hughes, Sara Mang'enya, Rosa Dellinger, Ann Borba, Norberto Azizov, Mirhakim; Kasimova, Gulnora Taura, Ben Hernández, Fedor Nguyen, Thi Hong Tu Eastern Mediterranean Idries, Amjad Eastern Mediterranean Hamdan, Ahmad Eastern Mediterranean Somrani, Naoufel; Frigui, Afif Eastern Mediterranean Altair, Yousef Eastern Mediterranean Naji, Basem Eastern Mediterranean Alraiby, Jamila Africa Africa Mwali, Mutaba Magirigide, Nyasha Non member-area. Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt). Associate WHO Member State. Table A.2: Vehicles, road traffic deaths and proportion of road users by country/area GENERAL INFORMATION VEHICLES COUNTRY/AREA Population numbersa for 2007 GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars Income levelc Number of registered vehicles Afghanistan Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic (the) Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros (the) Congo (the) Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic (the) h 27 145 275 3 190 012 17 024 084 39 531 115 3 002 271 20 743 179 8 360 746 8 467 167 331 278 752 648 158 664 959 293 891 9 688 795 10 457 343 287 699 9 032 787 658 479 9 524 568 3 934 816 1 881 504 191 790 929 23 000 f 319f 3 290 2 560 6 050 2 640 35 960 42 700 2 550 18 570f 20 610 f Low Middle Middle Middle Middle High High Middle High High Low Middle Middle High Middle Low Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle High High Middle Low Low Low Middle High Middle Low Low Middle Middle Middle Low Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle High High 731 607 349 646 671 060 12 399 887 366 836 14 774 921 5 796 973 784 018 27 058 382 977 1 054 057 126 262 3 147 625 6 362 161 54 225 222 850 35 703 699 646 675 063 293 755 49 644 025 14 505 304 432 2 628 680 515 453 59 486 154 389 312 259 20 065 000 54 158 5 834 124 088 2 824 570 145 228 994 4 951 225 22 378 100 000 10 692 797 902 1 949 936 658 003 592 480 5 455 110 470 11 290f 4 220 40 710 3 800 570 1 770 1 260 3 790 5 840 5 910 43 686 f 390 056 7 638 831 14 784 291 8 508 232 14 443 679 18 549 176 32 876 047 530 437 4 342 735 10 780 571 16 634 760 1 336 317 116 46 155 958 839 187 3 768 086 13 325 4 467 625 4 555 398 11 267 883 854 671 10 186 330 30 580f 4 590 430 110 540 1 050 39 420 2 430 380 540 8 350 2 360 3 250 680 1 540 13 098f 5 560 10 460 4 571f 24 940 14 450 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Modelled number of road traffic deathse Reported number of traffic deathsd Point estimate 90% Confidence interval Estimated road traffic death rate per 100 000 populatione Drivers/ passengers of 4-wheeled vehicles ROAD USER DEATHS (%) Drivers/ passengers of motorized 2- or 3-wheelers Other or unspecified users Cyclists Pedestrians 1 779 499 2 358 5 281 371 1 616 691 1 195 48 91 4 108 36 1 517 1 067 65 653 111 1 394 428 482 35 155 5 54 1 006 804 63 1 668 1 069 2 889 49 565j 814 2 280 96 611 5 409 15 207 6 688 619 964 89 1 222 10 593 445 6 425 5 427 417 1 616 691 1 099 48 91 20 038 36 1 517 1 067 45 2 815 95 1 594 428 636 35 155 5 54 1 006 4 595 1 989 1 749 5 206 2 889 133 1 399 3 696 2 280 220 783 5 409 254 1 084 6 688 619 964 89 1 222 6 234–22 894 366–522 4 376–9 803 352–489 39.0 13.9 37.7 13.7 13.9 7.8 8.3 41.7 60.3 70.2 59.0 59.7 64.0 59.4 26.2 73.7 47.3 56.0 63.8 35.0 59.0 61.0 70.9 9.8 83.0 75.8 65.0 53.0 14.9 55.0 76.3 62.8 17.0 7.3 4.7 18.0 2.5 g 45.3 9.0 9.5 14.8 17.4 1.2 14.0 5.5 8.2 7.9 3.8 15.2 0.0 37.0 4.0 4.7 0.8 20.0 17.0 11.1 0.0 5.7 6.2 0.3 2.5 5.4 0.9 22.0 6.6 2.6 0.0 9.1 8.2 12.8 3.0 1.0 5.8 1.6 4.6 0.0 1.9 4.5 40.0 19.4 39.4 12.5 15.6 38.1 0.0 28.6 53.7 18.4 39.8 9.7 23.4 25.0 35.0 23.7 26.0 27.9 0.0 9.2 26.3 34.0 13.3 10.0 13.2 0.7 2.1 4.2 13.0 4.2 1.0 4.8 0.7 37.7 11.0 9.3 2.6 0.1 23.2 900–1 319 13.0 14.5 12.1 14 882–29 155 12.6 12.2 15.7 10.2 15.6 2 080–3 871 72–115 1 214–2 348 425–968 31.2 14.4 16.7 10.9 33.8 18.3 21.7 13.8 13.2 3 241–5 937 1 425–2 898 1 385–2 410 4 060–6 880 96–187 975–2 091 2 549–5 482 183 428–333 623 163–602 752–1 575 31.1 23.4 12.1 28.1 8.8 25.1 32.2 34.3 13.7 16.5 11.7 30.3 28.8 45.0 15.4 13.6 8.6 10.4 12.0 24.3 22.6 17.2 75.0 2.6 28.1 36.1 8.0 60.0 6.5 9.5 7.7 40.1 26.0 33.6 17.0 40.0 26.6 13.8 5.5 38.3 49.9 18.0 50.6 59.4 20.0 18.8 12.0 28.1 11.4 8.6 4.5 14.0 3.4 9.5 33.1 20.0 33.0 18.0 19.2 0.5 6.8 23.0 241 (Table A.2 continued) GENERAL INFORMATION VEHICLES COUNTRY/AREA Population numbersa for 2007 GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars Income levelc Number of registered vehicles Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia (the) Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia 62 635 723 9 759 664 13 341 197 75 497 913 6 857 328 4 850 763 1 335 333 83 099 190 838 698 5 276 892 61 647 375 1 708 681 4 395 420 82 599 471 23 478 394 11 146 918 13 353 911 1 695 043 737 906 7 106 001 10 029 683 301 006 1 169 015 509 231 626 978 71 208 384 28 993 374 4 300 902 6 927 677 58 876 834 2 713 779 127 966 709 5 924 245 15 421 861 37 537 716 95 067 2 851 144 5 316 543 5 859 393 2 277 040 4 099 115 2 007 833 3 750 261 6 160 483 3 389 937 19 683 358 13 925 070 26 571 879 140 3 550 3 080 1 580 2 850 230 13 200 220 3 800 44 400 38 500 320 2 120 38 860 590 29 630 2 305f 200 1 300 1 600 11 570 54 100 950 1 650 3 470 1 646f 48 140 21 900 33 540 3 710 37 670 2 850 5 060 680 1 170 40 114 590 580 9 930 5 770 1 000 150 9 010 9 920 320 250 6 540 f Low Middle Middle Middle Middle Low High Low Middle High High Low Middle High Low High Middle Low Middle Middle High High Low Middle Middle Middle High High High Middle High Middle Middle Low Middle High Low Low Middle Middle Middle Low Middle Middle Low Low Middle 311 781 2 121 244 961 556 4 300 000 630 638 60 849 708 794 244 257 78 833 4 656 370 39 926 000 14 450 567 900 55 511 374 931 642 7 212 236 1 613 796 57 839 127 825 786 682 3 625 386 293 299 72 718 000 63 318 522 17 000 000 2 242 269 2 444 159 2 283 634 43 262 992 320 000 91 378 636 841 933 3 105 954 1 004 243 16 000 1 364 790 318 581 641 081 1 062 935 1 400 000 — 11 086 1 826 533 1 781 686 197 981 130 000 16 825 150 242 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Modelled number of road traffic deathse Reported number of traffic deathsd Point estimate 90% Confidence interval Estimated road traffic death rate per 100 000 populatione Drivers/ passengers of 4-wheeled vehicles ROAD USER DEATHS (%) Drivers/ passengers of motorized 2- or 3-wheelers Other or unspecified users Cyclists Pedestrians 365 1 838 2 341 15 983 1 493 81 196 2 441 59 380 4 620 54 737 4 949 1 856 1 657 755 152 207 1 266 1 232 30 105 725 16 548 22 918 1 932 365 398 5 669 350 6 639 992 4 714 3 760 7 482 1 214 656 407 536 402 — 2 138 759 594 839 6 282 20 183 1 691 1 559 31 439 865 2 350 196 29 114 59 380 4 620 625 737 4 949 6 942 1 657 1 968 583 147 959 1 232 30 196 445 37 438 25 491 11 059 365 398 5 669 334 6 639 2 027 4 714 12 918 7 482 1 214 1 075 407 1 170 537 1 235 2 497 759 6 641 3 614 6 282 14 263–29 458 1 375–2 058 1 198–2 119 19 411–47 668 727–1 051 1 301–3 961 19 562–44 710 32.2 17.3 11.7 41.6 12.6 48.4 14.7 35.0 7.0 7.2 7.5 40.0 87.0 13.5 47.5 26.4 66.0 42.8 75.0 70.3 59.2 10.8 25.0 0.0 58.0 46.0 50.3 77.5 34.7 72.0 54.4 85.0 15.1 7.0 44.9 61.9 57.6 49.0 52.0 37.1 75.2 42.8 51.0 55.0 50.4 17.6 60.0 53.7 36.0 23.3 4.5 0.8 58.0 g g 59.0 8.0 0.8 0.1 2.5 6.0 1.3 0.5 1.9 4.2 9.0 0.5 5.8 3.1 0.3 10.0 4.5 1.3 0.0 15.9 5.0 10.1 5.0 27.4 61.0 11.4 7.9 9.3 26.0 9.0 17.6 0.1 1.2 44.0 1.0 4.2 0.2 8.1 0.0 5.0 6.9 18.0 3.0 9.0 2.5 1.5 5.5 8.0 12.8 4.3 13.0 15.9 5.0 11.7 5.0 43.2 20.1 63.1 19.0 54.8 25.0 12.6 12.1 27.7 14.0 42.0 16.1 22.6 30.0 9.0 22.7 10.0 12.6 15.0 33.3 20.0 31.6 13.4 31.0 32.3 24.7 16.2 47.0 6.0 43.0 37.3 34.0 15.0 31.9 45.0 10.1 1.0 42.0 30.4 3.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 72.0 1.0 2.5 2.1 420–897 36.6 16.8 6.0 18.0 5.0 30.2 5 129–9 892 1 701–2 446 383–1 209 104–198 794–1 187 29.6 14.9 14.7 34.4 19.9 13.5 12.3 10.0 3.4 9.0 1.1 40.5 4.0 11.0 7.7 6.1 0.2 83.8 155 727–266 999 29 785–65 158 18 726–34 337 6 933–21 500 16.8 16.2 35.8 38.1 8.5 5.7 9.6 270–397 1 407–3 188 7 459–29 191 12.3 5.0 34.2 30.6 34.4 7.4 16.9 22.8 1.0 864–1 328 837–1 625 407–728 770–2 668 1 518–3 760 4 680–9 859 2 599–5 064 18.3 17.9 28.5 26.7 32.9 40.5 22.4 33.7 26.0 23.6 0.2 5.6 20.0 3.0 48.2 243 (Table A.2 continued) GENERAL INFORMATION VEHICLES COUNTRY/AREA Population numbersa for 2007 GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars Income levelc Number of registered vehicles Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands (the) Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands (the) New Zealand Nicaragua Niger (the) Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal Puerto Ricoj Qatar Republic of Korea (the) Republic of Moldova (the) Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia 305 556 12 336 799 406 582 59 286 3 123 813 1 261 641 106 534 880 111 117 2 628 840 597 983 31 224 137 21 396 916 48 798 212 2 074 146 10 152 28 195 994 16 418 824 4 178 525 5 603 190 14 225 521 148 092 542 4 698 097 2 595 133 163 902 405 20 314 3 343 374 6 331 010 6 127 077 27 902 760 87 960 117 38 081 971 10 623 031 3 991 000f 840 635 48 223 853 3 793 604 21 437 887 142 498 532 9 724 577 164 924 120 402 187 023 30 926 157 638 24 734 533 12 378 532 9 858 424 3 200 500 14 575 f Middle Low High Middle Low Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Low Low Middle Middle Low High High Middle Low Low High Middle Low Middle Middle Low Middle Middle Middle Middle High High High High Middle Middle Middle Low Middle Middle Middle High Low High Low Middle 33 807 167 245 346 118 2 487 350 000 334 125 24 970 879 4 217 161 989 199 014 2 284 060 258 680 1 045 105 239 612 — 617 305 8 862 935 3 189 131 382 707 76 061 7 600 000 2 599 712 629 670 5 287 152 5 530 671 085 59 645 576 167 1 442 387 5 515 576 18 035 047 5 948 269 3 165 543 605 699 18 213 228 448 202 4 611 362 38 695 996 61 000 49 700 24 334 15 903 51 590 1 219 7 398 600 280 594 2 235 389 3 070 840 5 450 8 340 2 470 1 290 5 180 2 250 320 281 3 360 7 842 f f 340 45 820 28 780 980 280 930 76 450 11 275f 870 8 210 5 510 850 1 670 3 450 1 620 9 840 18 950 14 720 66 063f 19 690 1 260 6 150 7 560 320 5 349 4 210 2 430 41 044 870 15 440 820 4 730 f f 244 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Modelled number of road traffic deathse Reported number of traffic deathsd Point estimate 90% Confidence interval Estimated road traffic death rate per 100 000 populatione Drivers/ passengers of 4-wheeled vehicles ROAD USER DEATHS (%) Drivers/ passengers of motorized 2- or 3-wheelers Other or unspecified users Cyclists Pedestrians 10 711 14 1 262 140 22 103 2 562 122 3 838 1 952 1 638 368 1 962 791 423 506 570 4 532 233 798 7 234 3 425 308 854 3 510 1 185 5 583 1 110 452 199 6 166 571 2 712 35 972 308 29 8 19 1 20 6 358 345 962 56 3 959 14 1 1 109 140 22 103 16 507 122 8 850 7 432 11 422 594 1 4 245 791 423 797 5 357 47 865 233 553 41 494 3 425 901 1 206 6 001 17 557 5 583 1 110 511 199 6 166 571 2 712 35 972 3 077 29 8 24 1 52 7 166 4 023 962 37–105 2 695–5 936 18.3 32.1 3.4 1.7 0.0 35.7 100.0 25.0 67.9 90.0 64.9 75.4 45.7 31.9 46.7 75.0 28.6 25.0 0.0 0.0 35.7 760–1 595 35.5 11.1 20.7 36.4 5.5 16.7 4.1 16.3 9.6 4.4 0.4 0.0 7.1 11.5 9.3 21.2 10.0 17.9 20.5 27.9 68.1 30.3 1.9 0.1 3.0 29.3 1.1 12–20 366–719 6 273–12 783 5 161–10 872 6 905–16 883 424–667 3 453–5 288 14.4 19.3 20.4 28.3 34.7 23.4 28.6 9.9 15.1 4.8 10.1 46.0 76.0 44.0 67.0 67.0 g 18.0 9.0 13.0 24.0 2.0 8.0 12.0 10.0 35.0 33.0 3.0 627–1 004 3 645–8 074 34 165–78 249 347–920 28 379–76 695 14.2 37.7 32.3 5.0 21.3 25.3 14.8 12.7 17.0 3.0 10.0 3.0 66.7 48.3 59.9 2.8 18.0 51.0 54.6 48.2 69.0 g 33.3 1.2 0.0 24.2 3.9 0.8 1.1 3.0 5.0 22.1 17.3 4.0 20.7 4.1 8.0 2.1 15.8 0.0 20.0 18.5 22.0 9.0 3.5 1.6 27.0 k 46.1 39.3 36.9 78.0 35.0 16.1 31.9 37.4 34.3 10.8 35.9 40.0 10.7 33.0 20.0 0.5 35.0 1.0 684–1 249 896–1 710 3 872–8 672 12 457–33 741 14.2 19.7 21.5 20.0 14.7 10.4 3.7 1.1 0.5 1.9 404–665 12.8 23.7 12.8 15.1 12.7 25.2 36.6 57.3 74.5 62.0 16.0 89.3 44.0 60.0 4.9 2.4 6.8 1 972–7 079 31.6 17.6 6.6 9.7 1.0 20–29 34–72 5 535–9 544 2 797–6 034 12.8 3.2 33.0 29.0 32.5 9.8 65.3 58.6 g 34.7 5.6 9.2 25.1 1.5 245 (Table A.2 continued) GENERAL INFORMATION VEHICLES COUNTRY/AREA Population numbersa for 2007 GNI per capitab for 2007 in US dollars Income levelc Number of registered vehicles Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan (the) Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic (the) Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates (the) United Kingdom (the) United Republic of Tanzania (the) United States of America (the) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Striph Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe a 86 606 5 865 872 4 436 281 5 390 035 2 001 506 495 662 48 576 763 44 279 180 19 299 190 38 560 488 457 964 1 141 427 9 118 955 7 483 973 19 928 516 6 735 996 63 883 662 2 038 464 1 154 775 6 585 147 100 336 1 333 272 10 327 285 74 876 695 4 965 278 10 530 30 883 805 46 205 382 4 380 439 60 768 946 40 453 513 305 826 246 3 339 700 27 372 260 226 180 27 656 832 87 375 196 4 018 000f 22 389 169 11 921 999 13 349 434 f g h 8 960 260 32 470 11 730 20 960 730 5 760 29 450 1 540 960 4 730 2 580 46 060 59 880 1 760 460 3 400 3 460 1 510 360 2 320 14 100 3 200 8 020 1 234 340 2 550 41 082 f f Middle Low High High High Low Middle High Middle Middle Middle Middle High High Middle Low Middle Middle Middle Low Middle High Middle Middle Middle Middle Low Middle High High Low High Middle Low Middle Middle Low Middle Low Low Low 14 880 39 038 851 336 2 039 745 1 286 903 10 000 9 237 574 31 441 152 3 125 794 1 200 000 151 441 116 050 5 500 000 5 356 000 1 389 346 268 018 25 618 447 259 421 26 649 48 234 2 226 490 987 1 244 918 13 311 000 651 564 906 363 658 — 1 754 420 34 327 520 577 949 251 422 509 952 000 — 15 461 4 044 013 22 926 230 78 609 777 734 222 188 1 556 586 2 441f 42 740 400 46 040 6 380 730 1 840 7 320 790 1 422f 870 800 131f b c d e Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2007). . New York: United Nations. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is the dollar value of a country’s final income in a year divided by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, revised 17 October 2008. World Development Indicators database: Low-income is $935 or less, middle-income is $936 to $11 455, high-income is $11 456 or more. Adjusted for 30-day definition of a road traffic death. Modelled using negative binomial regression. Data from countries with complete vital registration and countries with a population of less than 100 000 were not included in the model (see explanatory notes on page 231). GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY 2007 data not available. Latest available used from http://data.un.org/ Passengers and drivers of any motorized vehicle; includes category "unspecified". Non-member area. i For capital city only. j Associate WHO Member State. k Cyclists and pedestrians. — Data not available. 246 ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS Modelled number of road traffic deathse Reported number of traffic deathsd Point estimate 90% Confidence interval Estimated road traffic death rate per 100 000 populatione Drivers/ passengers of 4-wheeled vehicles ROAD USER DEATHS (%) Drivers/ passengers of motorized 2- or 3-wheelers Other or unspecified users Cyclists Pedestrians 16 68 214 815 293 19 16 113 4 104 2 334 2 227 90 235 471 370 3 663 464 12 492 140 49 613 7 207 1 497 6 022 702 1 2 838 9 921 1 056 3 298 2 595 42 642 145 2 644 7 6 031 12 800 188 3 003 1 645 1 348 16 1 661 214 815 293 84 16 113 4 104 2 603 13 362 84 300 471 370 6 552 951 12 492 140 186 1 851 7 207 3 568 10 066 926 1 7 634 9 921 1 626 3 298 13 886 42 642 145 2 644 42 6 031 14 104 896 6 553 3 056 3 669 11 987–16 387 627–1 287 4 021–15 797 2 194–4 291 2 749–5 127 29–58 9 596–21 504 912–2 570 5 578–11 007 2 555–4 948 8 394–11 839 694–1 343 143–255 1 298–2 557 5 024–8 684 767–1 196 2 185–3 097 8 820–19 143 63–120 218–405 64–118 1 207–2 441 18.5 28.3 4.8 15.1 14.6 16.9 33.2 9.3 13.5 34.7 18.3 26.3 5.2 4.9 32.9 14.1 19.6 6.9 16.1 28.1 7.0 15.5 34.5 13.4 18.6 9.5 24.7 21.5 37.1 5.4 34.3 13.9 4.3 9.7 18.6 21.8 16.1 4.9 29.3 25.6 27.5 65.0 65.0 14.9 49.6 64.5 56.8 62.0 31.5 43.3 62.0 65.0 48.0 48.7 11.0 41.4 31.1 2.0 16.0 22.0 1.1 69.7 10.7 g 7.0 20.0 47.7 8.0 18.1 1.8 19.0 65.2 3.3 2.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 2.8 3.6 10.3 8.5 5.8 2.3 2.0 28.0 15.0 27.1 33.9 11.3 39.1 15.0 32.8 12.7 22.2 35.0 12.0 21.0 43.6 8.3 34.3 0.7 8.2 10.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 55.8 0.1 0.3 50.0 62.2 50.8 55.0 1.9 14.4 8.0 6.3 3.7 2.6 1.8 4.6 43.8 32.2 32.0 18.9 28.9 35.3 55.7 28.5 0.3 16.3 66.5 0.1 47.2 44.3 70.0 55.0 38.3 71.6 7.0 1.5 19.0 7.2 11.3 10.4 4.0 16.8 1.8 21.0 36.8 11.2 1.0 0.9 4.1 74.7 24.6 0.7 35.4 62.8 g 4.2 1.0 10.6 5.3 49.8 26.0 4.9 247 Table A.3: Drinking and driving laws, enforcement and road traffic deaths attributed to alcohol by country/area HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW COUNTRY/AREA Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) Physician certificate Breath content Afghanistan Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islandsd Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic (the) Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros (the) Congo (the) Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic (the) Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yesa Yes — Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes a b Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes — — Yes Yes Yes — Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — n/a — — — — Yes — — Yes Yes Yes — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes — — — — — — — — — — — Yes — Yes — Yes Yes — — Yes Yes Yes n/a — Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes — — Yes — — Yes — — — — Yes — Yes — Yes — Yes Yesa Yesc Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yesa Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 248 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT RANDOM BREATH TESTING (RESPONDENT OR POLICE CHECK POINTS CONSENSUS) USED FOR ENFORCEMENT (SCALE 0–10) NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS For the general population (g/dl) For young or novice drivers (g/dl) For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl) PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%) Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10 8 n/a 3 5 n/a 9 9 3 4 1 2 7 3 3 5 3 4 6 7 6 — 6 7 1 1 — 3 4 3 4 0 3 8 5 4 — 4 6 7 4 4 9 5 0.00 0.05 n/a 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 — 0.05 0.05 0.08 — 0.08 — 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.05 — 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.05 — 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 n/a 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 — 0.05 0.05 0.08 — 0.08 — 0.00 0.08 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.05 — 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.00 — 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 n/a 0.00 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 — 0.05 0.05 0.08 — 0.08 — 0.00 0.08 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.05 — 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.00 — 0.05 0.00 0.05 — 5.2 — — 6.1 30.0 8.1 2.7 5.0 7.7 — — 12.9 — — — — — 6.7 0.8 — 4.0 3.7 4.7 — 70.0 — — 30.0 — — — 20.9 4.2 2.6 4.0 — — — 30.0 30.0 18.0 3.4 — (Table A.3 continued) NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED COUNTRY/AREA Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) Physician certificate Breath content Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia (the) Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Yesc Yes Yes c — Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes — — — Yes Yes — Yes — — — Yes — Yes — n/a Yes Yes — — — — n/a Yes — — — — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — Yes Yes — — — Yes — n/a Yes — — — Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a — Yes — Yes Yes — n/a Yes — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes — — Yes — Yes — — — Yes Yes — — Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yesc Yes Yes a Yesc Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes No GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT RANDOM BREATH TESTING (RESPONDENT OR POLICE CHECK POINTS CONSENSUS) USED FOR ENFORCEMENT (SCALE 0–10) NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS For the general population (g/dl) For young or novice drivers (g/dl) For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl) PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%) Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes — Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes — 2 5 4 5 6 8 1 7 8 4 4 9 — 2 7 n/a 3 — 4 5 7 3 n/a 1 5 No consensus 6 7 2 No consensus 3 10 2 2 9 4 3 7 1 5 3 5 6 5 4 6 n/a — 0.08 — 0.05 0.05 0.02 — 0.08 0.05 0.05 — 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.05 Subnational — 0.08 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.03 n/a 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.08 — — 0.08 0.00 — 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.08 n/a — 0.08 — 0.05 0.05 0.02 — 0.00 0.05 0.05 — 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 Subnational — 0.08 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.03 n/a 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.08 — — 0.08 0.00 — 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.08 n/a — 0.08 — 0.05 0.03 0.02 — 0.00 0.05 0.05 — 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.02 Subnational — 0.08 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.03 n/a 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.08 — — 0.08 0.00 — 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.08 n/a — 9.1 — 3.5 1.2 48.0 10.0 27.0 23.9 27.0 — 37.0 12.0 — 7.2 — — — 8.0 12.0 20.0 — — — — 37.0 7.5 No consensus — 8.3 — 3.2 — 30.0 — — 48.0 20.6 — — — 2.0 11.7 — — — — 251 (Table A.3 continued) NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED COUNTRY/AREA Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) Physician certificate Breath content Mali Malta Marshall Islands (the) Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands (the) New Zealand Nicaragua Niger (the) Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Republic of Korea (the) Republic of Moldova (the) Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles f Yesc Yes Yes c — Yes — — Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — — Yes n/a — Yes n/a — — — — — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes — n/a — n/a — — — — — Yes Yes — — — — Yes — n/a Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — — Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes — — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes n/a — n/a Yes — Yes — — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — n/a — — Yes Yes Yesa Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes No a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yesc Yes Yes Yes Yesc Yes Yes Yes Yesa Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yesc Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 252 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT RANDOM BREATH TESTING (RESPONDENT OR POLICE CHECK POINTS CONSENSUS) USED FOR ENFORCEMENT (SCALE 0–10) NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS For the general population (g/dl) For young or novice drivers (g/dl) For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl) PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%) Yes No Yes — Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes n/a No Yes Yes Yes 3 4 6 5 5 3 n/a 6 6 n/a 7 5 5 — 6 No consensus 6 3 3 2 4 4 4 4 6 5 3 2 n/a 7 8 — 6 7 2 8 6 8 1 — 1 6 n/a 7 0 7 3 — 0.08 — 0.00 0.05 Subnational Subnational 0.05 0.05 n/a 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.05 — 0.05 0.08 0.05 — 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.10 0.01 — Subnational 0.05 n/a 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.08 0.08 — — 0.05 n/a 0.00 — 0.05 0.08 — 0.08 — 0.00 0.05 Subnational Subnational 0.05 0.05 n/a 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.05 — 0.02 0.03 0.05 — 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.01 — Subnational 0.05 n/a 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.08 0.08 — — 0.05 n/a 0.00 — 0.05 0.08 — 0.08 — 0.00 0.05 Subnational Subnational 0.05 0.00 n/a 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.05 — 0.05 0.08 0.05 — 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.01 — Subnational 0.05 n/a 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.08 0.08 — — 0.05 n/a 0.00 — 0.00 0.08 — — 70.0 — 24.3 — 90.0 3.7 — 3.0 — — — — — 25.0 31.0 12.0 1.0 <10.0 20.0–30.0 — — 100.0e — 66.0 — 10.8 — 14.0 31.4 41.7 — 16.1 17.0 1.5 9.7 — — — 50.0 — — — — 6.0 80.0 253 (Table A.3 continued) NATIONAL DRINK–DRIVING LAW HOW DRINK–DRIVING IS DEFINED COUNTRY/AREA Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) Physician certificate Breath content Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan (the) Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic (the) Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates (the) United Kingdom (the) United Republic of Tanzania (the) United States of America (the) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Strip Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Alcohol is prohibited. Laws set subnationally, but they all have the same limits. Not defined by BAC or no standardized definition. d Non-member area. e Refers to only 3 deaths. f Associate WHO Member State. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable. b c a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — Yes — — — n/a Yes Yes — — Yes — — — Yes — Yes — — Yes — — — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes — — Yes n/a — — — Yes Yes — Yes Yes — — Yes — — Yes — Yes Yes — — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yesa Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yesc Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a d Yes Yes 254 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT RANDOM BREATH TESTING (RESPONDENT OR POLICE CHECK POINTS CONSENSUS) USED FOR ENFORCEMENT (SCALE 0–10) NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS For the general population (g/dl) For young or novice drivers (g/dl) For professional or commercial drivers (g/dl) PROPORTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALCOHOL (%) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No — Yes Yes 2 8 9 6 3 2 7 6 10 4 6 6 6 8 9 5 6 0 n/a 5 2 3 9 10 6 3 — 8 No consensus 2 — 1 9 6 7 3 1 — 1 3 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.05 — 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 n/a — 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 — 0.08 0.00 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 — — 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 — 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.05 n/a — 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 — 0.08 0.00 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.02 0.08 — — 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 — 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.05 n/a — 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.05 — 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.08 0.00 0.04 0.08 — — 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.08 — 7.0 4.3 38.4 55.0 60.0 — — — — 3.0 20.0 16.0 — 5.0 4.0 4.6 — — 25.0 — 0.7 2.0 7.4 — — — — 17.0 1.8 32.0 38.0 — — — 34.0 — — 50.0 0.2 255 Table A.4: Seat-belt and child restraint laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area SEAT-BELTS COUNTRY/AREA There is a national seat-belt law The law applies to all occupants Enforcement is applied to the following occupants Afghanistan Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic (the) Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros (the) Congo (the) Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic (the) Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) a No Yes No Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Subnational Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No n/a Yes Yes Yes No n/a Yes n/a Yes No Yes Yes No Yes n/a n/a No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a No n/a Yes Yes No Yes Yes No n/a All occupants n/a All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only n/a All occupants — All occupants Front seat occupants only n/a All occupants n/a All occupants Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only All occupants n/a n/a — Front seat occupants only All occupants Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants n/a Front seat occupants only n/a All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only 256 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY SEAT-BELTS Effectiveness of seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10) CHILD RESTRAINTS Effectiveness of child restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10) National seat-belt wearing rate There is a national child restraint law n/a 9 n/a 3 3 n/a 7 9 0 4 n/a 8 7 3 4 n/a 4 n/a 7 7 6 7 7 8 n/a 8 1 3 7 8 3 1 5 No consensus 7 n/a 3 n/a 7 7 8 7 8 7 — 30% front seats — 48% — 97% front seats, 92% rear seats 89% front seats, 49% rear seats — — 22% — — — 79% drivers, 46% rear seats — — — — — 74% drivers, 79% rear seats 88% front seats, 11% rear seats 80% 70% front seats — — 95% front seats, 0% rear seats 0% — 93% front seats, 87% rear seats 80% — 1% front seats, <1% rear seats 50% front seats, 42% rear seats 50% — — — 82% 45% 70% front seats 81% front seats, 9% rear seats 90% front seats, 80% rear seats 80% front seats, 40% rear seats b No Yes No No Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Subnational Yes Subnational No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No n/a 8 n/a n/a 5 n/a 9 9 0 n/a n/a 7 6 6 n/a n/a n/a n/a 5 n/a 4 5 4 4 n/a n/a 0 n/a 8 6 n/a n/a 4 n/a 3 n/a n/a n/a 6 5 n/a 3 7 n/a 82% 257 (Table A.4 continued) SEAT-BELTS COUNTRY/AREA There is a national seat-belt law The law applies to all occupants Enforcement is applied to the following occupants Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia (the) Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No d No Yes No No Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No n/a No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No n/a Driver only Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only Driver only All occupants All occupants n/a All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only n/a Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only Driver only — Driver only Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only Not yet enforced All occupants Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 258 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY SEAT-BELTS Effectiveness of seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10) CHILD RESTRAINTS Effectiveness of child restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10) National seat-belt wearing rate There is a national child restraint law 6 3 7 7 9 7 n/a 9 7 8 4 8 — 2 7 5 n/a 7 7 4 8 2 7 8 8 No consensus 8 7 5 No consensus 5 7 3 1 3 5 — 7 4 5 5 4 6 6 6 6 n/a 55%–60% front seats 30% front seats, 10% rear seats 70% driver only — — 90% front seats, 68% rear seats 20% 95% front seats, 70% rear seats 89% front seats, 80% rear seats 98% front seats, 83% rear seats — — 95%–96% front seats, 88% rear seats — 75% front seats, 42% rear seats — — — 80% front seats, 10% rear seats 71% front seats, 40% rear seats 88% front seats, 68% rear seats — 85%c 75%–80% — 86% front seats, 63% rear seats 88%–94% front seats, 45% rear seats 65% front seats, 10% rear seats 69% drivers, 62% front passengers 91%–96% front seats, 9%–14% rear seats 65% drivers, 10% front passenger — — — — — — 77% front seats, 32% rear seats 15% — — 5% — — 45% 70% — No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No n/a n/a n/a 0 2 8 n/a 5 7 5 n/a 7 — 0 6 n/a n/a 0 n/a 4 8 n/a n/a n/a n/a No consensus 5 7 4 No consensus n/a 7 n/a 0 n/a n/a n/a 6 n/a n/a n/a n/a 5 n/a n/a n/a n/a (Table A.4 continued) SEAT-BELTS COUNTRY/AREA There is a national seat-belt law The law applies to all occupants Enforcement is applied to the following occupants Mali Malta Marshall Islands (the) Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands (the) New Zealand Nicaragua Niger (the) Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal Puerto Ricog Qatar Republic of Korea (the) Republic of Moldova (the) Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes No — Yes n/a No Yes Yes No n/a Yes Yes No No n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes n/a Yes No Yes No All occupants All occupants n/a All occupants Front seat occupants only All occupants n/a Front seat occupants only All occupants Driver only Front seat occupants only — All occupants n/a Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only n/a Front seat occupants only All occupants Front seat occupants only Driver only n/a All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only All occupants n/a All occupants Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY SEAT-BELTS Effectiveness of seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10) CHILD RESTRAINTS Effectiveness of child restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10) National seat-belt wearing rate There is a national child restraint law 5 8 n/a 1 8 5 n/a 7 6 8 — — 6 n/a 4 No consensus 9 5 n/a 6 6 9 3 n/a 7 6 5 7 3 7 9 — 7 8 No consensus 5 7 9 7 9 3 6 n/a 5 6 4 8 f — 96% front seats, 21% rear seats 5% front seats, 0% rear seats — 94% front seats, 10% rear seats — 100% front seats, 0% rear seats 70%–80% drviers — 75% front seats, 19% rear seats — — 55% front seats, 1% rear seats — — 94% front seats, 73% rear seats 95% front seats, 87% rear seats — — 70% front seats 93% front seats, 85% rear seats 95% front seats, 1% rear seats — — — — 31% front passengers 52% drivers only 74% front seats, 45% rear seats 86% front seats, 28% rear seats 93% 50% front seats 77% front seats — 80% front seats, 20% rear seats 33% front seats 80% — 90% — — <1% — — 50%–60% front seats, 4%–5% rear seats 65% f e Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No — Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Subnational No 2 6 n/a 1 n/a 1 n/a 2 n/a n/a n/a — 2 n/a n/a No consensus 8 3 n/a n/a 9 n/a n/a n/a 3 n/a n/a n/a n/a 6 8 No consensus n/a 2 n/a 3 8 n/a n/a 6 1 6 n/a 2 n/a n/a n/a 85% front seats, 25% rear seats 261 (Table A.4 continued) SEAT-BELTS COUNTRY/AREA There is a national seat-belt law The law applies to all occupants Enforcement is applied to the following occupants Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan (the) Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic (the) Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates (the) United Kingdom (the) United Republic of Tanzania (the) United States of America (the) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Stripa Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Non-member area. Guangzhou and Nanning cities only. Jakarta only. d No law but national regulations apply. e Asunción only. f On urban roads only. g Associate WHO Member State. h Over the age of 18 years. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable. b c a Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yesh Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes n/a No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes n/a n/a No No Yes No n/a Yes No No Yes No n/a Yes Yes No Yes No Yes n/a Yes No All occupantsh All occupants All occupants All occupants n/a Driver only All occupants n/a Front seat occupants only All occupants All occupants All occupants All occupants Front seat occupants only All occupants Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only All occupants n/a n/a Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only All occupants Front seat occupants only n/a All occupants Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only All occupants Driver only n/a All occupants All occupants — Driver only Front seat occupants only All occupants n/a Front seat occupants only Front seat occupants only 262 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY SEAT-BELTS Effectiveness of seat-belt law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10) CHILD RESTRAINTS Effectiveness of child restraint law enforcement (Respondent consensus) (Scale 0–10) National seat-belt wearing rate There is a national child restraint law 1 8 8 7 n/a 2 8 n/a 7 7 7 3 7 9 3 5 6 0 0 n/a 6 2 8 7 n/a 2 — 7 No consensus 3 n/a 3 10 1 6 3 3 n/a 5 8 — 50% — 85% front seats, 51% rear seats — 50% front seats, 8% rear seats 89% front seats, 69% rear seats — — 70% front seats, 30% rear seats — 96% front seats, 90% rear seats 86% front seats, 61% rear seats 81% front seats — 56% front seats, 3% rear seats 16% 5%–10% front seats, ≤1% rear seats 0% <1% — — 70% — 0% — — 61% front seats 91% front seats, 84%–90% rear seats 30% front seats, 5% rear seats 82% front seats, 76% rear seats — — — — — — — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No Subnational No No Yes No Subnational Yes — No Yes No Yes No No No 1 7 9 6 n/a 2 7 n/a n/a 3 n/a 2 8 n/a 1 n/a n/a 0 n/a n/a 6 n/a 7 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a No consensus n/a n/a 1 — n/a 5 n/a 1 n/a n/a n/a 263 Table A.5: Speed laws and enforcement by country/area COUNTRY/AREA SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL SPEED LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL MAXIMUM SPEED LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE On urban roads (km/h) On rural roads (km/h) EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10) Afghanistan Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islandsa Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic (the) Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros (the) Congo (the) Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic (the) Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes 50 40 60 40–60 60 50 50 60 48 50 25 60 60 50 40 50 30 40 60 60 60–80 32 80 50 50 60 40 60 70 50 40–60 50 60 30–50 60 30 40–60 50 40 50 50 50 50 60 90 80 90 110 60 100 100 90 72 80 40 60 — 90 — — 50 80 — 120 60 64 65 90 — 90 90 60 80 90 60–90 80 100 40–70 80 70 50–110 50 40 90 90 80 90 90 10 9 5 3 5 Subnational 7 9 5 4 0 5 6 5 1 2 3 3 6 8 6 6 7 6 3 5 1 4 5 7 4 2 5 8 4 3 3 4 6 6 5 6 5 5 264 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY COUNTRY/AREA SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL SPEED LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL MAXIMUM SPEED LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE On urban roads (km/h) On rural roads (km/h) EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10) Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia (the) Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Lithuania Madagascar Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes — Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 35 50 60 50 60 50 60 50 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 10–90 60 48 40 50 50 — 70 50 100 50 50 50 50 n/a 60 50 40 45 60 40 50 100 50 40 50 50 50 b 60 100 60 — 35 90 70 60 80 90 30 60 100 80 90 40–80 60 64 — 90 80–90 — 100 60 — 80 80–90 90 — n/a 60 100 60 80 60 50 90 60 80 72 70 90 — b 2 3 7 4 7 6 2 7 7 7 3 8 — 2 6 3 4 4 3 4 7 4 3 6 5 No consensus 5 7 3 No consensus 6 5 4 6 6 7 5 7 4 5 2 3 6 — 50–80 80–120 265 (Table A.5 continued) SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL COUNTRY/AREA SPEED LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL MAXIMUM SPEED LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE On urban roads (km/h) On rural roads (km/h) EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10) Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands (the) Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands (the) New Zealand Nicaragua Niger (the) Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Republic of Korea (the) Republic of Moldova (the) Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 50 50 30 50 50 40 80 40–80 40–80 32 60 50 60 60 40 60 40 40 50 50 45 50 50 50 120 70 40 80 60 50 60 40 50 50 40 100 60 60 50 60 30–40 32 32 40 50 30–40 80 80 90 30 — 80 40 80 40–80 60–90 40 80 80 100 70 40 100–120 40 — 80 100 100 90 50 80 120 — 50 — 75 80 60 40 90 90 73 60 80 60 50 60 50–60 64 64 56 70 40–50 — 5 6 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 6 4 6 5 9 5 4 — 5 No consensus 7 3 2 4 6 6 4 5 7 1 3 1 3 5 8 — 7 7 No consensus 5 6 9 0 4 6 5 3 5 266 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY COUNTRY/AREA SPEED LIMITS ARE SET AT A NATIONAL LEVEL SPEED LIMITS ARE MODIFIABLE AT A LOCAL LEVEL MAXIMUM SPEED LEGISLATION DIFFERS BY VEHICLE TYPE On urban roads (km/h) On rural roads (km/h) EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10) Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan (the) Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic (the) Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates (the) United Kingdom (the) United Republic of Tanzania (the) United States of America (the) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Stripa Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Non-member area. Different road classification used. Associate WHO Member State. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable. b c a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No n/a No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 50 60 40 70 40–70 60 50 60 60 50 50 50 40 60 50 50 45–60 60 80 60 50 40 40 50 50 50 60 64 50 60 60 50 50 n/a 45–75 70 35–60 40 50 50 — 50 60 90 80 65 100 n/a 90 90 n/a 100 90 70 — 80 80 70 80 45–60 90 90 80 90 60 65 50 50 90 90 — 80 40 40 100 — n/a — 70 n/a — 80 80 — 80 80 4 4 3 6 8 7 7 5 3 8 5 7 5 6 5 7 8 8 2 4 0 4 7 3 5 8 9 6 2 — 7 No consensus 3 n/a 1 7 3 4 6 3 3 5 8 267 Table A.6: Helmet laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS THERE IS A NATIONAL HELMET LAW COUNTRY/AREA Drivers Adult passengers Child passengers Afghanistan Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic (the) Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros (the) Congo (the) Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic (the) Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) b No Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 268 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY EXCEPTIONS TO LAW There are exceptions to the helmet law The helmet law applies to all road types The helmet law applies to all engine types EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10) THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%) n/a — No No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No — n/a No n/a No No No Yes No No n/a Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes — No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a 10 5 1 5 n/a 9 9 3 5 3 8 9 8 3 1 9 No consensus 6 9 7 3 9 7 1 5 2 1 10 9 3 4 3 No consensus 6 n/a 4 n/a 6 6 8 5 9 7 n/a Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a No No No Yes Yes No — — — 13 — — 95 — 10–15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 98 — — — 21c — 99 90 — 51 100d 16e 70 — — — — — 95 68a 97f — (Table A.6 continued) THERE IS A NATIONAL HELMET LAW THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS COUNTRY/AREA Drivers Adult passengers Child passengers Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia (the) Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Noi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a — Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a — Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes — Yes Yes n/a GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY EXCEPTIONS TO LAW There are exceptions to the helmet law The helmet law applies to all road types The helmet law applies to all engine types EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10) THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%) No No Yes No Yes No n/a No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No n/a Yes No No No Yes Yes No n/a No No Yes No No No — n/a n/a No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a 2 2 6 6 9 9 n/a 10 9 7 4 6 — 3 7 3 n/a 5 5 9 8 2 7 6 n/a No consensus 9 7 3 No consensus 4 5 n/a n/a 3 7 6 6 2 6 2 7 6 6 7 6 n/a Yes No No No No Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No n/a No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a — No Yes Yes Yes No No n/a n/a No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes n/a — — 70% — — — 60 90 95f 95 — — 97f — 58f — — — 60 95 95 — 93g 13–15 — — 95 60 7f — — — — — — — 77f 93h — — — — — — — 90f — 271 (Table A.6 continued) THERE IS A NATIONAL HELMET LAW THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS COUNTRY/AREA Drivers Adult passengers Child passengers Mali Malta Marshall Islands (the) Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands (the) New Zealand Nicaragua Niger (the) Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Republic of Korea (the) Republic of Moldova (the) Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles j Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 272 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY EXCEPTIONS TO LAW There are exceptions to the helmet law The helmet law applies to all road types The helmet law applies to all engine types EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10) THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%) No No Yes No No No n/a — No Yes No Yes No n/a No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No n/a Yes No No No No No No Yes n/a No No No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 9 7 4 9 3 n/a 3 6 4 7 6 8 n/a 9 No consensus 9 3 1 2 9 7 4 8 9 7 5 1 n/a 8 9 — 5 7 1 6 6 n/a 8 9 6 9 — 2 5 3 9 Yes No No No Yes Yes n/a No No Yes No Yes Yes n/a No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes n/a — Yes No Yes No No No No No — — 95 50f — — 100 — — 67f — 60 — — — 92f — — — <5 100 — — — — — — — 34 — — — 90 85 — 90f No consensus — — — — — — — — — 95 273 (Table A.6 continued) THERE IS A NATIONAL HELMET LAW THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS COUNTRY/AREA Drivers Adult passengers Child passengers Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan (the) Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic (the) Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates (the) United Kingdom (the) United Republic of Tanzania (the) United States of America (the) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Stripb Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No i Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes No n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes No n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Law lax or not enforced. b Non-member area. c Phnom Penh only. d Metropolitan area only. e Guangxi province only. f Drivers only. g Survey conducted in 10 provinces and 31 cities. h Riga only. i No law, but regulations enforced. j Associate WHO Member State. k Montevideo only. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable. 274 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY EXCEPTIONS TO LAW There are exceptions to the helmet law The helmet law applies to all road types The helmet law applies to all engine types EFFECTIVENESS OF OVERALL ENFORCEMENT (RESPONDENT CONSENSUS) (SCALE 0–10) THERE ARE HELMET STANDARDS ESTIMATED NATIONAL HELMET WEARING RATE (%) Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No n/a No n/a No Yes Yes n/a No No No No Yes Yes n/a No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes No n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No n/a Yes Yes 6 9 8 7 3 6 8 7 7 7 5 1 9 4 6 4 2 5 2 7 9 5 5 8 n/a 3 n/a 8 No consensus 4 n/a 5 9 8 6 7 3 n/a 10 9 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No n/a No n/a No Yes No n/a No No No Yes Yes No n/a No — — 56 — — 100 95f 98f — — 90 80 95 100 — — 27 2f 70f 1 — — — 12f — — — — — 98 — 58 50k — — 55 85 — — 100 — 275 Table A.7: Road safety management, strategies and policies by country/area LEAD AGENCY STRATEGIES The strategy includes measurable national targets COUNTRY/AREA A lead agency is present Lead agency status The lead agency is funded There is a national road safety strategy The strategy is funded Afghanistan Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic (the) Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros (the) Congo (the) Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic (the) b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Governmental Interministerial Governmental Governmental Other Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Interministerial n/a Interministerial Interministerial Interministerial Governmental Governmental Interministerial Governmental Governmental Governmental n/a Governmental Interministerial Governmental n/a Interministerial Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Interministerial Interministerial Interministerial Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Interministerial Interministerial Interministerial Governmental Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No n/a No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a — Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yesa Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple strategies Yes Multiple strategies Yes Yes Yes Multiple strategies No Yes Yes Multiple strategies Multiple strategies Subnational Multiple strategies Yes Yes No Yesa Yes Yes Yes Yes a a n/a n/a n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a No Yes No n/a n/a No No Yes n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a No n/a Yes No Yes Yes n/a No n/a Yes Yes No n/a n/a No Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Multiple strategies Yes Yes 276 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY POLICIES There are national policies to promote walking and cycling There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation AUDITS DRIVING TESTS Formal audits on Regular audits on new roads existing roads Written Practical Medical VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED No No No Subnational No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes No No Subnational No No No No Subnational No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Subnational Yes No — Yes Yes No No Yes Subnational Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No — No Yes Yes Yes No No No — Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No — No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes No consensus Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — Yes — — — Yes — — — — — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — — — — — — Yes Yes — — — Yes — — — — — — Yes Yes — — No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes 277 (Table A.7 continued) LEAD AGENCY STRATEGIES The strategy includes measurable national targets COUNTRY/AREA A lead agency is present Lead agency status The lead agency is funded There is a national road safety strategy The strategy is funded Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia (the) Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Governmental n/a Governmental Interministerial Governmental Governmental Interministerial Governmental Interministerial Governmental Interministerial Other Other — Governmental n/a Governmental n/a Other Interministerial Interministerial Governmental Governmental Other Other Governmental Other Other Governmental Other Governmental Interministerial Governmental Governmental Governmental n/a Interministerial Governmental Interministerial n/a Governmental n/a n/a Interministerial n/a Governmental Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No n/a No No Yes n/a Yes n/a n/a No n/a Yes No No — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational No No Multiple strategies Yes Yes Yesa Multiple strategies Multiple strategies Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a n/a n/a — No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes No Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a No Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a — No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes No n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a — Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes No n/a n/a No Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes No n/a Yes Yes Yes No Multiple strategies Yes Yes Yes a Yesa No No Yes Yes No 278 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY POLICIES There are national policies to promote walking and cycling There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation AUDITS DRIVING TESTS Formal audits on Regular audits on new roads existing roads Written Practical Medical VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED No No No No No Subnational Yes No No Yes Subnational No No Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes No No Subnational Yes Yes No consensus No Yes No No No No No Subnational No No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Subnational No No No Subnational Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Subnational No No No Subnational Subnational No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes — No No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No — No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — — Yes Yes — — — Yes — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — — — — Yes — — — — — — — Yes — — — — Yes — — — — — — — — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Table A.7 continued) LEAD AGENCY STRATEGIES The strategy includes measurable national targets COUNTRY/AREA A lead agency is present Lead agency status The lead agency is funded There is a national road safety strategy The strategy is funded Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands (the) Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands (the) New Zealand Nicaragua Niger (the) Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal Puerto Ricod Qatar Republic of Korea (the) Republic of Moldova (the) Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Interministerial Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Interministerial n/a Other n/a Interministerial Governmental Interministerial Governmental — Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Interministerial Other Governmental Interministerial Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental n/a Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental Governmental n/a Governmental Interministerial Interministerial Interministerial Interministerial Governmental Governmental Interministerial Interministerial Governmental Interministerial Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No n/a Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple strategies Yesa No Yes a Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes No Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes n/a n/a Yes — n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a No n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes No Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes n/a n/a No — n/a n/a No Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a No n/a n/a n/a Yes Subnational Yes No Yes No Yes No Multiple strategies Yesa Yes Yes Yes Multiple strategies Multiple strategies Yes No Multiple strategies Yes — Subnational No Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple strategies No Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes No No Yes Multiple strategies No Multiple strategies GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY POLICIES There are national policies to promote walking and cycling There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation AUDITS DRIVING TESTS Formal audits on Regular audits on new roads existing roads Written Practical Medical VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED Yes No No No No No No Subnational No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No — No No Subnational Yes Subnational No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Subnational No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No — Subnational Subnational Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — — — — — — — — — — — Yes — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — Yes Yes — Yes Yes — — — — — Yes — — — — — — — — — — Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Noc No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 281 (Table A.7 continued) LEAD AGENCY STRATEGIES The strategy includes measurable national targets COUNTRY/AREA A lead agency is present Lead agency status The lead agency is funded There is a national road safety strategy The strategy is funded Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan (the) Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic (the) Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates (the) United Kingdom (the) United Republic of Tanzania (the) United States of America (the) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Strip Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe a Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes — Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes b Governmental n/a Governmental Other Interministerial Governmental Interministerial Governmental Other Governmental Governmental n/a n/a Governmental Governmental Governmental Interministerial Governmental Interministerial Other Governmental n/a Governmental — Governmental Interministerial n/a n/a Governmental Governmental Governmental n/a Interministerial Governmental Other Governmental n/a Governmental Governmental n/a Interministerial Other Governmental Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes No n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes — Yes Yes n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a No Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes n/a No Yes No No Multiple strategies Yes No Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes a n/a n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a No Yes n/a n/a n/a Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes n/a n/a No n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes n/a n/a n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a Yes n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes n/a n/a No n/a n/a Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a — n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Yes n/a Subnational No Yes Yes Yesa Multiple strategies Multiple strategies Yes No Multiple strategies No No Multiple strategies Yes Multiple strategies Multiple strategies Yes Multiple strategies Multiple strategies Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes a Yes Multiple strategies Multiple strategies Yes a No Yes Yes Yes Subnational Multiple strategies Yes Multiple strategies Not formally endorsed by government. b Non-member area. c Required in some States. d Associate WHO Member State. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable. 282 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY POLICIES There are national policies to promote walking and cycling There are national policies to promote investment in public transportation AUDITS DRIVING TESTS Formal audits on Regular audits on new roads existing roads Written Practical Medical VEHICLE INSURANCE REQUIRED No No No No Subnational No Yes Yes Yes Subnational No No No No Yes Subnational No No Subnational No No No No No No Subnational — No No No Yes Yes No Yes No — No No No No No — No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No Subnational Yes Yes No Yes No — No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — Yes — Yes — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Yes — — — — — — — — Yes — — — — — Yes — — Yes — Yes — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Noc No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 283 Table A.8: Pre-hospital care systems by country/area COUNTRY/AREA FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER National Regional TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) Afghanistan Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas (the) Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic (the) Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros (the) Congo (the) Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic (the) Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Dominican Republic b No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes n/a No n/a No Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes a n/a Yes n/a Yes — — — Yes — — n/a — — — — n/a n/a — Yes — — — — — — n/a — — Yes n/a n/a n/a — — — n/a n/a n/a — — Yes Yes — n/a — — 2253364 — — 103 000 144 103 — 999 — 511 103 100 911 — 112 110 124 997 192 911 — 150 18 — 119 19, 119 911 — — — 131 120 — — — — 911 112 106 199, 112 112, 155 — 911 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes — n/a n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes 284 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY COUNTRY/AREA FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER National Regional TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia (the) Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes n/a Yes n/a n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a n/a n/a No Yes n/a n/a Yes n/a — n/a n/a — n/a — — — — — Yes — — n/a — Yes — — — Yes — — — — — — n/a — — — — — — — n/a — — n/a n/a Yes — n/a n/a — — 123 — — 112 — 000 112 112 116 03 112 193 166 — 118 913 — 112 112 102 118 115 122 999,112 101 118 — 119 199 03 — 28100 777 103 — 112 — — — 151,191,193 112 — — 999 285 (Table A.8 continued) FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER National Regional TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) COUNTRY/AREA Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands (the) Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands (the) New Zealand Nicaragua Niger (the) Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines (the) Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Republic of Korea (the) Republic of Moldova (the) Romania Russian Federation (the) Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia c No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes No n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a No Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No n/a No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a — — — n/a — Yes n/a Yes — — n/a Yes Yes — n/a — — Yes — Yes — — — — Yes — Yes n/a Yes — — — — — — — — n/a — n/a — — n/a — — Yes — 18, 112 112 6258444 — 114 066 — 103 124 115 — 01500005 2033282, 10111 4443883 — 112 111 128, 115 18, 17 — 113 9999 15 911 — 111 206206, 911, 132 — — 112 112 911 999 119 903 112 03 n/a 911 n/a 996, 995 118 n/a 997 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518 94 286 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY COUNTRY/AREA FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER National Regional TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan (the) Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic (the) Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates (the) United Kingdom (the) United Republic of Tanzania (the) United States of America (the) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Strip Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe a Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No d Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes No n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes n/a Yes n/a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — n/a — Yes — n/a — — Yes n/a — — — — — — — — — — n/a — — — — — n/a — — — n/a — Yes — — — — — Yes — — — n/a 995 112 112 n/a 10177, 112 112 110 n/a 113 933 112 144 110 03 1669 194 110 17, 18 n/a 811 198 112 03 911 n/a 03 999 999 n/a 911 n/a 03 112 171 115 101 195 991 991 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Free ambulance service only. b Non-member area. c Associate WHO Member State. d Some areas have a pre-hospital care system. — Data not available. n/a Data not applicable. 287