INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

							    INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THE THREE 18TH
  CENTURY REVOLUTIONS

• WHY?

• BECAUSE IT TRANSFORMED EVERYTHING IT TOUCHED
   – Changed work patterns
   – Transformed European social structure
   – Altered international balance of power
   – Caused population explosion
   – Provoked rapid growth of cities
   – Sparked advancements in science, medicine, and
     agriculture

• HELPED CREATE THE MODERN WORLD
             WHY ENGLAND?
• ENGLAND POSSESSED
  EXPANDING MARKET FOR
  MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
• Colonies
• Agricultural Revolution
   – Resulted in large harvests,
     bountiful food supplies,
     relatively inexpensive food
   – Created discretionary income
     (money left over after paying
     for necessities)
   – Spent discretionary income on
     small purchases of
     manufactured items ( shoes,
     cloth, small metal products)
   – Small purchases added up to
     expanding market for
     manufactured goods
OTHER FACTORS

      • Cheap
        transportation

      • Effective central
        bank and well-
        developed credit
        facilities

      • Stable and
        predictable
        government
             COTTON TEXTILES
• FIRST SECTOR TO
  INDUSTRIALIZE
• DOMESTIC SYSTEM
• Also called ―cottage industry‖ or
  ―putting-out industry
   – Everything done by hand
   – People worked in their spare
     time from agricultural work
   – People worked in family units
     at home
   – Merchants dropped off raw
     materials and picked up
     finished product each week
   – Inefficient because of lack of
     supervision of workers
• COULD NOT MEET ESCALATING
  DEMAND FOR COTTON
  PRODUCTS AFTER 1700
FIRST MACHINES
    • DEVELOPED IN RESPONSE TO
      NEED TO BOOST COTTON
      TEXTILE PRODUCTION TO MEET
      RISING DEMAND

    • SPINNING JENNY
       – Big and clunky
       – Water powered
       – Could spin 300-400 spools of
         cotton thread simultaneously

    • POWER LOOM
       – Big and clunky
       – Water powered
       – Could do the work it took 100
         hand loom workers a day to do
         in one hours
        THE COTTON MILLS




• Machines were to big, too expensive, and required
  regular operation—could not be adapted to domestic
  system
• Had to be located in large, central location that met
  power and size requirements and where workers
  could be supervised
• Birth of factories
• Mechanized production made cotton products
  cheaper, thereby stimulating demand, thereby
  encouraging development of more and better
  machines and bigger factories— birth of the
  Industrial Revolution
     SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL
           REVOLUTION
• DRAWBACKS OF WATER
  POWER
   – Restricted location of
     factories
   – Restricted size of machines
   – Left production at the mercy
     of elements

• SOLUTION: THE STEAM
  ENGINE
   – James Watt
   – More reliable, flexible power
     source
   – Stimulated iron and coal
     industries and promoted
     them to industrialize
THE LOCOMOTIVE
      • INVENTION OF THE
        LOCOMOTIVE
         – George Stephenson
           (1830)
         – Resulted in construction
           of rail network
         – Reduced shipping costs
         – More stimulus for iron,
           coal, and steam engine
           industries
         – Created unified national
           market for manufactured
           products
WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD
                 • By 1850, England dominated
                   world production of coal, iron,
                   and cotton textiles
                 • Had phenomenal annual
                   growth rate
                 • Had fasted growing population
                   in Europe
                    – Increasingly concentrated in
                      cities
Crystal Palace
                 • Industrial Revolution made
  Exhibition       Great Britain the first modern
                   nation
                    – Urban, industrial, wealthy,
                      and militarily powerful
INTERNATIONAL GROWTH
          • Industrialization spread
            throughout western
            world once others
            realized its benefits
             – Belgium (1830s)
             – France (1840s)
             – Germany and United
               States (1860s)
             – Sweden, Japan, and
               Russia (1870s)
             – Brazil, South Africa,
               China, South Korea,
               India, and others
               (20th century)
   DOWNSIDE OF THE INDUSTRIAL
          REVOLUTION
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, IN THE LONG TERM,
  BENEFITTED THE COMMON MAN
   – Higher standard of living
   – Longer life expectancy
   – Better chance for social mobility
   – In general, a better quality of life
• BUT IN THE SHORT TERM IT CREATED A VAST ARRAY OF
  NEW SOCIAL PROBLEMS
   – Tremendous upheaval in lives of early industrial
     workers
   – Ripped people out of their traditional ways of living and
     working
   – Threw into a new world for which they were unprepared
     and hence exploited
• AS A RESULT OF NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES WITH EARLY
  INDUSTRIALIZATION, MANY WORKERS TURNED TO
  SOCIALISM FOR AN ALTERNATIVE
           LABOR PROBLEMS




• DOMESTIC SYSTEM
   – Laid-back system, families worked together, no
     supervision, no set schedules, and no set work pace
   – People worked when and as fast as they wanted to
• FACTORY SYSTEM
   – Had to show up on time everyday and work steadily at
     pace set by machine
   – Could only take breaks at predetermined time
   – Had to adjust your life to the strict discipline of
     industrial production
CHILD LABOR
     • Adults refused to work
       in factories because
       they appeared hideous,
       inhuman places

     • CHILD LABOR
        – Orphans were
          terribly exploited
        – Situation was so bad
          that Parliament
          finally intervened
          and regulated child
          labor
URBAN SQUALOR
                   SOCIALISM
• General socialist argument
   – Capitalism made a few people
     very rich but kept most people
     poor and miserable
   – Capitalism was unjust system
• Early socialist schemes                Charles
                                         Fourier
   – ―Utopian‖ communities (La
     Reunion)
   – Nationalization of industry
   – Violent revolutions
      • Replace unbridled competition
        with cooperation
                                         Robert
      • Abolition of private property    Owen
• Flaws
   – Misunderstood human nature
   – Wanted to ―turn back clock‖ to
     days before industrial revolution
            SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM
                 (MARXISM)

                                Frederick
Karl Marx                       Engels




      • Published Communist Manifesto in
        1848
      • Corrected flaws in early socialism and
        proved it was workable and inevitable
FUNDAMENTALS OF MARXISM I
• Human history characterized by
  one class exploiting another
   – Class—a social group bound
     together by common economic
     activity and interests
• Ancient World
   – Slaveowners exploit slaves
• Feudal Age
   – Nobles exploit commoners
• Capitalist (modern) Age
   – Bourgeoisie exploits proletariat
   FUNDAMENTALS OF MARXISM II
• Industrialization would eventually create
  conditions for the overthrow of bourgeoisie by
  proletariat
   – By making bourgeoisie richer and smaller in
     number
   – By making proletariat poorer and larger in
     number
   – Creates ―class consciousness‖ among
     proletariat—the realization that they are being
     exploited by the bourgeoisie and the desire to
     do something about it
• Result?
   – Revolution by proletariat
   – Creation of communist society– heaven on
     earth where there are no classes and no
     exploitation
    INACCURATE PREDICTIONS
• Marxist regimes that have
  been established are hardly
  ―heavens on earth‖
   – Former Soviet Union,
      China, Cuba, North Korea
• Most of the industrial world is
  still capitalist
   – No proletarian revolutions
      in sight
• But Marxism does provide
  some insight into the extreme
  concern some had with the
  social ramifications of
  capitalism and
  industrializations during the
  early Industrial Revolution