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Chapter 7
Chapter 7:
Configuring Server Storage,
Backup, and Performance
Options
Learning Objectives
Chapter 7
Explain basic and dynamic disks
Partition, format, and manage basic
disks and convert them to dynamic
disks
Create and manage simple, spanned,
striped, RAID-5, and mirrored dynamic
disks
Mount a drive
Learning Objectives (continued)
Chapter 7
Manage removable storage and set up
media pools
Perform disk backups
Tune server performance
Configure Windows 2000 Server for an
uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Basic Disk
Chapter 7
Uses traditional disk management techniques
Is partitioned and formatted
Offered for backward compatibility with earlier
versions of Windows and MS-DOS
Uses Disk Partitioning
Blocks a group of tracks and sectors in preparation for a
file system
Places a master boot record and partition table in the
beginning track and sectors on a disk
Disk partitioning can be accomplished through:
Traditional FDISK methods
During NT4/Win2k/WinXP installation
Disk Management MMC snap-in
Primary and Extended Partitions
on a single Basic Disk Chapter 7
Primary partition:
A partition or portion of a hard disk that can be bootable.
Often is only a portion of the total space available on a
physical disk, due to file system limitations.
Extended Partition:
A partition that is created from unpartitioned free disk
space
You must create logical drives in the extended partition to
use the space.
Customizing the MMC
for Disk Management Chapter 7
Figure 7-1
Disk Management and Disk Defragmenter snap-ins installed in the MMC
Boot and System Partitions
Chapter 7
Boot partition: A partition that holds the
Windows 2000 Server \Winnt folder
containing the system files
System partition: A partition that
contains boot files, such as Boot.ini and
Ntldr in Windows 2000 Server
Viewing the System and
Boot Partitions Chapter 7
Figure 7-3 System and boot partitions
Dynamic Disks
Chapter 7
Dynamic disk:
InWindows 2000 Server, a disk that does
not use traditional partitioning, which
means that there is no restriction to the
number of volumes that can be set up on
one disk or the ability to extend volumes
onto additional physical disks.
Dynamic disks are only compatible with
Windows 2000 systems.
Dynamic Disks (continued)
Chapter 7
Dynamic disks support:
Spanned volumes and volume extensions
Up to 32 disks in one spanned volume
RAID levels 0, 1, and 5
FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS
Reactivation if they go off line
Converting a Basic Disk to
a Dynamic Disk Chapter 7
To convert a disk:
Start the Disk Management MMC snap-in
Right-click the basic disk to convert
Click Upgrade to Dynamic Disk
Converting a Dynamic Disk
back to a Basic Disk Chapter 7
To convert back to a basic disk:
Back up the dynamic disk
Start the Disk Management MMC snap-in
Delete the dynamic disk volume
Click the disk, click the Action menu, and
click Restore Basic Disk
Partition and format the disk
Restore the data from backup
Simple Volume
Chapter 7
Simple volume: A portion of a disk or an
entire disk that is set up as a dynamic
disk
A simple volume is not set up for fault
tolerance or RAID
Spanned Volume
Chapter 7
Spanned volume: Two or more
Windows 2000 dynamic disks that are
combined to appear as one disk
A spanned volume can contain 2 to 32
disks
Spanned Volume (continued)
Chapter 7
2 GB 2 GB 3 GB 4 GB
11 GB spanned volume
Figure 7-5 Spanned volume
Design Tip
Chapter 7
In a spanned volume if one disk fails,
the entire volume is inaccessible. If a
portion of a volume is deleted, such as
one disk, the entire disk set is deleted.
For these reasons, avoid placing
mission-critical data and applications on
a spanned volume.
Striped Volume
Chapter 7
Striped volume: Two or more dynamic
disks that use striping so that files are
spread in blocks across the disks (RAID
level 0)
Striping requires 2 disks and can
include as many as 32
Striping equalizes the disk load, extends
the life of disks, and increases disk
performance
Striped Volume Layout
Chapter 7
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk 5
Row 1 1-64 KB 65-128 KB 129-192 KB 193-256 KB 257-320 KB
Row 2 321-384 KB 385-448 KB 449-512 KB 513-576 KB 577-640 KB
Row 3 641-704 KB 704-720 KB
Figure 7-6 Disks in a striped volume
Troubleshooting Tip
Chapter 7
If one or more disks in a striped volume
fail, the data will likely be inaccessible.
Frequently back up a striped volume so
you do not lose data if a disk failure
occurs.
RAID-5 Volume
Chapter 7
RAID-5 volume: Three or more dynamic
disks that use RAID level 5 fault
tolerance through disk striping and
creating parity blocks for data recovery
A RAID-5 volume is not as fast at writing
because it must calculate the parity
block for each row
RAID-5 Layout
Chapter 7
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk 5
Row 1 Parity block 1-64 KB 65-128 KB 129-192 KB 193-256 KB
Row 2 257-320 KB Parity block 321-384 KB 385-448 KB 449-512 KB
Row 3 513-576 KB 577-640 KB Parity block 641-704 KB 704-720 KB
Figure 7-7 Disks in a RAID-5 volume
Disk Spaced Used for Parity
Chapter 7
The amount of disk space used for
parity is 1/n where n equals the number
of physical disks
When you plan disk capacity, take into
account the amount of space (for parity)
that cannot be used for production data
Design Tip
Chapter 7
If you create a RAID-5 volume, add at
least 12 MB or more of RAM, because
RAID-5 functions need more memory
Mirrored Volume
Chapter 7
Mirrored volume: Two dynamic disks that
are set up for RAID level 1 so that data
on one disk is stored on a redundant disk
Disk read performance is the same as
reading from a simple volume, but the
disk write time is increased in order to
write on both disks
Disk Performance and Repair
Chapter 7
Avoid allowing disks to get over 80
percent full
You can extend the life of disks by using
striped or RAID-5 volumes
Regularly defragment disks to extend
disk life and increase performance
Using the Disk Defragmenter
Chapter 7
Figure 7-8 Analyzing a disk’s fragmentation
Chkdsk
Chapter 7
In NTFS, chkdsk can check:
Files
Folders
Indexes
Security descriptors
User files
Disk allocation units
Troubleshooting Tip
Chapter 7
If there is physical damage on a disk,
use chkdsk with the /r switch to identify
bad sectors
Use Recover to recover files on a
damaged disk:
Recover [driver and path] filename
Mounted Drive
Chapter 7
Mounted drive: A physical disk, CD-
ROM, or Zip drive that appears as a
folder and that is accessed through a
path like any other folder
Using mounted drives enables you to
save on allocating drive letters
Removable Storage
Chapter 7
Examples of removable storage include:
CD-ROMs
CD-RWs
Magnetic media such as tapes and Zip
disks
Libraries
Media Pools
Library Concepts
Chapter 7
Library: Removable storage media and the
drive (or drives) used by the media
Robotic library: A library of removable media
and drives in which multiple media, such as
tapes, can be mounted and dismounted
automatically
Stand-alone drive library: A library consisting
of media and a drive in which the media are
mounted manually one at a time
Media Pool Concepts
Chapter 7
Media pool: A set of removable media in
which the media are used for the same
purpose and that are managed in the
same way, such as backup tapes for a
Windows 2000 server
Media in each library are managed as
part of a media pool
Media Classification
Chapter 7
Physical media: Media you can touch,
such as tapes and that are linked to a
library (most common classification)
Logical media: Media that can hold
information from two different media
pools, such as a tape that has backup
information from multiple media pools
Creating a Media Pool
Chapter 7
The steps for creating a media pool are:
Open the Removable Storage Management tool
Double-click Removable Storage, right-click
Media Pools, click Create Media Pool
Access the General tab and enter a name for
the media pool, enter a description, specify the
type of media, and specify how the media are
allocated
Use the Security tab to specify who can access
and manage the media pool
Media Pool Setup
Chapter 7
Figure 7-9 Setting up a new media pool
Backing Up a Server
Chapter 7
Develop a backup strategy as soon as
possible
Consider your backup activities as mission-
critical
Windows 2000 Backup Options
Chapter 7
The backup options in Windows 2000
Server include:
Normal – a full backup
Incremental – a partial backup (removes
the archive attribute)
Differential – a partial backup (does not
remove the archive attribute
Copy – backs up specifically selected files
Daily – backs up files that have changed
on the day of the backup
Starting a Backup
Chapter 7
Figure 7-10 Manually starting a backup
Scheduling Backups
Chapter 7
For regularly performed backups, use
the scheduling capability in the Backup
tool – which actually employs the
Scheduled Tasks tool
Configuring a Scheduled Backup
Chapter 7
Figure 7-11 Scheduling a backup job
Scheduling Tip
Chapter 7
After a job is scheduled, you can modify
the job parameters by accessing the
Scheduled Jobs tab in the Backup tool,
clicking the job on the calendar, and
clicking Properties in the Scheduled Job
Options dialog box
Performing a Restore
Chapter 7
Perform a restore by using the Backup
tool and clicking the Restore tab
You can restore all files and folders on a
medium or only those you select
specifically
Configuring Application
Performance Chapter 7
Tune the server performance by configuring
application performance
Application performance is tuned by opening
the Control Panel System icon, accessing the
Advanced tab, and clicking the Performance
Options button
Choose between:
Optimize for applications
Optimize for background services
Configuring Virtual Memory
Chapter 7
Tune a server by configuring the page
file, which is used to expand the
capacity of RAM
The general formula for configuring a
page file is to size it to match the
amount of RAM times 1.5
The maximum size of a page file on a
single drive volume is 4GB
Page File Configuration Tips
Chapter 7
Avoid placing the page file on the boot
partition or volume.
Under certain crash conditions, the complete
contents of memory is written to the boot volume
for later analysis
Place a page file in each volume in a multiple
volume system
Place a page file on the main volume in a
mirrored set
Do not place a page file on a stripe set,
striped volume, strip set with parity, or RAID-5
volume
Page File Configuration in the
System Control Panel Chapter 7
Figure 7-12 Configuring virtual memory
Configuring Memory to
Match the User Load Chapter 7
Tune a server so the memory is allocated to match
the number of users and the main functions of the
server (access by users, access to run processes,
access to obtain files)
Make your adjustment in the Network Properties
control panel, under the properties of the File and
Print Sharing Service
Your choices are:
Minimize memory used
Balance
Maximize throughput for file sharing
Maximize throughput for network applications
Configuring Server RAM
Chapter 7
Optimizing Memory Settings Purpose
Minimize memory used Optimizes the memory used on servers with
10 or fewer simultaneous network users
Balance Optimizes memory use for a small LAN with
64 or fewer users
Maximize data throughput for file Used for a large network with 64 users or
sharing more where file serving resources need more
memory allocation to make the server efficient
Configuring Server
RAM (continued) Chapter 7
Optimizing Memory Settings Purpose
Maximize data throughput for network Used in servers that primarily handle network
applications connections and to reduce paging activity
when this affects server performance
Make browser broadcasts to LAN Used for networks that have both Windows
manager 2.x clients 2000 Server and Microsoft’s early server
operating system, LAN Manager
Configuring RAM Allocation
Chapter 7
Figure 7-13 Adjusting memory allocation
UPS Fault Tolerance
Chapter 7
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): A
device built into electrical equipment or a
separate device that provides immediate
battery power to equipment during a
power failure or brownout
The dollars you spend on a UPS are
quickly returned in terms of the data that
is saved, grateful users, and reducing
hardware and software damage
Troubleshooting Tip
Chapter 7
Avoid plugging laser printers into a
UPS, because their excessive power
consumption when turned on can
damage a UPS (also there is usually no
reason to protect a printer from a power
outage)
Always purchase an online UPS for a
server – and one that has ample line
filtering and surge protection
Chapter Summary
Chapter 7
Windows 2000 Server supports two
kinds of disks, basic and dynamic
Basic disks are for backward
compatibility and dynamic disks offer
comprehensive disk management
Windows 2000 Server supports many
kinds of removable storage such as
tapes, CD-ROMs, CD-RWs, Zip, and
Jaz drives
Chapter Summary
Chapter 7
Removable storage is managed through
libraries and media pools
Server backups are handled through the
Backup tool which offers several backup
alternatives
Tune your server right away for running
applications, virtual memory, and
memory used for network connectivity
Daily Assignment
Chapter 7
Review Questions, 1-25
Daily Quiz
Chapter 7
True/False
____ 1. To create a partition in the Disk Management tool, you can left-
click the unallocated disk space that is displayed in the Disk
Management snap-in and click Create Partition.
____ 2. By Microsoft's definition, a basic disk volume can be a drive in an
extended partition.
____ 3. Performance is faster with a RAID-5 volume than a striped
volume.
____ 4. Windows 2000 Server includes a scheduling capability so that you
can have the server automatically start backups after regular work
hours or at a specific time of day.
____ 5. Foreground applications are those you are likely to be running at
the server console.
