Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856—1939)
Context
Psychology versus psychoanalysis
– – – – – Not study of consciousness Science—not laboratory Clinical practice Abnormal versus normal Darwin
Internal conflict Developmental
Freud’s impact
– Irrational forces – Conflict
Internal Individual desires against culture
– Great prose
Historical Roots—Hypnosis
Hypnosis
– Therapeutic technique – Unconscious suggestion
Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815)
– Animal magentism – Marquis De Puységur (1751–1825)
Trance and suggestion
French psychology and psychopathology
– Liebault and Bernheim—the Nancy school and suggestion – Jean Martin Charcot (1825–1893) hypnosis and hysteria – Pierre Janet (1859–1947) hysteria, narrowed consciousness, and dissociated ideas
Background
Unconscious
– Passive storehouse or dynamic – Different levels, consciousness, preconscious, unconscious – Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844–1900)
Unconscious motives Transcend civilization
Sex
– Fixed amount of libido – Freud
Power of sex Childhood sexuality
– Distrust of the body
Seduction hypothesis controversy
Zeitgeist
– Marginal position – 19th century Vienna
Sigmund Freud (1856—1939)
Favored child
– Ambitious
Medicine and research
– Ernst Brücke ‘s lab – Charcot 1885—1886 – Josef Breuer and Anna O
Studies in Hysteria (1895) Project for a Scientific Psychology (1895)
Dream Interpretation
Interpretationof Dreams (1900) Reading
– Manifest versus latent content – Technique–free association – Dream work
Sensory images Condensation Displacement
– Wish fulfillments
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 1905
– Erogenous zones – Childhood sexuality – Sublimation
Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920)
– Death instinct
The Ego and the Id (1923)
– Unconscious not uniform
The Future of an Illusion (1927)
– Religion
Civilization and Its Discontents (1930)
– Necessary unhappiness
Theory
Drives/instincts
– Sexual/erotic
Libido
– Tension reduction – Objects
Id
– – – – Oldest Basic instincts Pleasure principle Primary process
Ego
– Executive – Reality principle – Secondary process – Anxiety – Defense mechanisms
Repression Reaction formation Projection Rationalization Displacement Sublimation
Development and the Superego
Psychosexual stages
– Erogenous zones – Oral 0 – 1.5
Fixations
– Anal 1.5 – 3 – Phallic 3 – 6
Oedipus complex Identification with parent Superego
– Ego ideal – Conscience
– Latency 6 – puberty – Genital adult
Sexual urges directed outwards
Influence
Products
– Psychoanalytic therapy/ dynamic therapy – Projective tests
Changed view of human beings
– Popular acceptance of unconscious – importance of early childhood
Weakness
– Subjective methodology – Difficulty of testing – Often plain wrong