Seminar Report on

							                             Seminar Report on
    Introduction to Analog-to-Digital Converters
                               by Shraga Kraus
                                30-DEC-2008

1. Background
      a. ADC model: linear system + quantization noise
      b. Aliasing in Nyquist sampling, over-sampling, and under-sampling;
          anti-aliasing filter in each case
      c. Incoherence and linearity of an ADC; how to start her up
      d. Quantization and quantization noise: ENOB = (SNRdB – 1.76) / 6.02
      e. Oversampling: multiplying OSR by 2 increases ENOB by ½ bit
      f. Non-linear effects: INL and DNL
2. Some Basic Analog Circuits
      a. Differential pair: gain, bandwidth, slew rate, input capacitance,
          non-linearity
      b. Voltage buffer: offset, bandwidth, settling time, input capacitance
      c. CMOS switch: finite resistance, charge sharing, non-linearity
      d. Comparator: speed, memory effect, input capacitance; latched
          comparator
      e. Sample & hold: settling time, accuracy requirements, complicated
         circuit
3. ADC Architectures
      a. Implementation methods: discrete time & continuous time
      b. Flash ADC
      c. Folding ADC
      d. Algorithmic ADCs; example – single slope
      e. Pipeline ADC
4. Time-Interleaved Structure
      a. The principle of time interleaved sampling
      b. The structure
      c. Limitations
5. Characterization in the Lab
      a. ENOB (single tone)
      b. Linearity/SFDR (dual tone)
6. Discussion
      a. Periodic non-uniform sampling: two adjacent samples  only time
         interleaved structures can benefit from that
      b. Periodic non-uniform sampling: no adjacent samples  other
          architectures can benefit as well