Emotions

							Unit 5 Chapter 4




      Developmental Psychology
Study Methods Specific to
Developmental Psychology

   Cross Sectional Studies
    • observing subjects of
      varying ages at one
      moment in time
   Longitudinal
    • observing subjects of the
      same age at varying times
      across their lifespan
   Cohort Sequential
    • observing subjects of
      varying ages across
      varying times across their
      lifespan
    Prenatal Development
   Zygote: conception to two weeks of gestation-
    placenta, teratogens
   Embryo: from two to nine weeks of gestation-
    vulnerable, miscarriages
   Fetus: from nine weeks to birth
   Age of Viability: the age at which a fetus can
    survive outside the womb (about 24 weeks)
Figure 3.1 Embryos and Fetuses at Various Intervals of Prenatal Development . Development of the head
(and brain) precedes that of other parts of the body. The development of the organs--heart, lungs and so on--also
precedes the development of limbs. The relatively early maturation of the brain and organ systems allows them to
participate in the nourishment and further development of the embryo.
Infant senses
   Hearing, smell, taste, sight
   Memory- age 3, but...
   Reflexes: Blink, Moro, palmer, rooting
   Motor development
    • Maturation- genetically programmed biological plan
    • Proximodistal- Torso out
    • Cephalocaudal- Head down
    Prenatal Development
   Fetal stage: the period of development beginning in
    the third month until birth.
      Physical Development in Childhood
   Reflexes:
    • Simple unlearned, stereotypical responses elicited by
      specific stimuli.
    • Essential to survival
    • Do not involve higher brain functions.
    • Examples include:
       •   Rooting:
           –    Infant turning head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the
                cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth.
       •   Withdrawal:
           –    Infants withdrawing from painful stimuli.
       •   Moro:
           –    startle reflex.
       •   Babinski:
           –    Infants fan their toes when the soles of their feet are
                stimulated.
Landmarks of Motor Dev.
diagram
    Perceptual Development in Childhood
   Fixation time:
    • the amount of time spent looking at one stimulus
      instead of another. 2-month old infants prefer
      stimuli that resemble a human face.
   Visual Cliff experiments:
    • 6-8 month old infants develop depth perception
      and avoid crawling off the “cliff”.
 3-day old infants prefer to hear their
  mother’s voice to those of other women.
 Shortly after birth infants can discriminate
  tastes and distinguish tastes.
Figure 3.3 The Classic Visual Cliff Experiment . This young explorer has the good sense not to crawl
out onto an apparently unsupported surface, even when mother beckons from the other side. Rats pups,
kittens, and chicks also will not try to walk across to the other side.
Childhood- Physical Development
    Perception
     • Visual Acuity
     • Depth Perception-visual cliff
    Motor-Large Muscle Development
     • Milestone development
        •   head support
        •   rolls over
        •   sits up
        •   standing
        •   walking
Harlow’s Monkey Study: Contact comfort
                          Attachment
     
                       Studies done by Harlow
                              • Found infant
                                monkeys would seek
                                comfort from terry
                                cloth mothers even if
                                they were not fed by
                                them.
    Attachment
Mary Ainsworth: study on attachment: “strange situation”
 Separation anxiety (peaks at 13 months)
 Secure Attachment
 Anxious-Ambivalent or Resistant Attachment
 Avoidant Attachment


   Effects of poor attachment…
    Temperament
   Easy (40%) Adaptable
   Difficult (10%)
   Slow-to-warm-up infants (15%)
   Average (35%)

   70% of difficult infants develop behavior problems
   18% of the easy infants develop behavior problems
   Authoritative:
    •   Strict but are willing to
        reason with their
        children. Most
        competent children
        come from this type.
   Authoritarian:
    •   Strict and rely on
        force. Poor
        communication.
    •   Cold and rejecting.
   Permissive:
    •   Easygoing, warm and
        supportive. But poor at
        communicating.
   Uninvolved:
    •   Leave children on
        their own. Make few
        demands. Show little
        warmth or
        encouragement.
        CONTROVERSY IN
        PSYCHOLOGY

  Is Development Continuous of Discontinuous?
• Psychologists disagree more strongly on
  whether aspects of development occur in
  stages.
• Piaget and Freud both believed discontinuous.

• Are there stages?
    Stage Theorists in Development
 Piaget: Cognitive Development
 Freud: Psychosexual Development
 Erikson: Psychosocial Development
 Kohlberg: Moral Development
Piaget’s Terms for Thinking
   Schema: basic thought structure

   Assimilation: Error in applying a schema to
    a new situation (all 4 legged animals= dog,
    all male adults= dad)

   Accommodation: Changing schemas based
    on experience or understanding
    Cognitive Development in Childhood
   Sensorimotor Stage
     • The newborn is capable of
       assimilation.
     • By about 8-12 months of age the
       infant realizes that objects that are
       removed from sight still exist.
     • This is called object permanence
Cognitive Development in Childhood

   The Preoperational Stage
    •   Characterized by the use of words and symbols to
        represent objects and relationships among them.
    •   Egocentrism:
        •   One dimensional thinking.
    •   Animism:
        •   attribute life and consciousness to physical objects like the
            sun and moon.
    •   Artificialism:
        •   believe that the
        •   environmental events
        •    like rain and thunder                        are human
            inventions.
   Cognitive Development in
     Childhood

• Conservation:
   • Basic properties of substances remain the same
     (conserve) when you change superficial properties
     such as shape.
   • Children in the preoperational stage are developing
     this ability.
• Objective Responsibility
   • Child judges people on amount of harm done, not
     intent.
Figure 3.5 Conservation. The boy in drawing A agreed that the amount of water in two identical containers is
equal. As shown in drawing B, he then watched as water from one container was poured into a tall, thin
container. In drawing C, he is examining one of the original; containers and the new container. When asked
whether he thinks the amounts of water in the two containers are now the same, he says no. Apparently he is
impressed by the height of the new container, and prior to the development of conservation, he focusing on
only one dimension of the situation at a time--in this case height of the new container.
Cognitive Development in Childhood
     The Concrete Operational Stage
      • Children ages 7-12; show the beginnings of the capacity
        for adult logic.
      • Children typically do better with tangible (concrete)
        rather than abstract ideas.
      • Children become subjective in their moral judgments,
        less egocentric.
      • Reversibility:
         •   the recognition that many processes can be reversed or undone,
             returning to their previous condition.
Cognitive Development in
  Adolescence
   Piaget’s stage of Formal Operations
    (about 11 or 12).
    •   Abstract thought
    •   Adolescent Egocentrism
        •   Press for acceptance of their logic without      American Taliban
            recognizing exceptions; egocentric thought
        •   Imaginary Audience:                              John Walker Lindh
            –   The belief that other people are as
                concerned with our thoughts and behavior
                as we are.
        •   Personal Fable:
            –   The belief that our feelings and ideas are
                special.
            –   We are unique and invulnerable.
            –   Showing off and taking risks typical
                beliefs.
Piaget’s Stages Diagram
    Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
   Trained as a Freudian Psychoanalyst
   One of the first theorists that looked at
    development through the lifespan
   Came up with stages relating to the social conflict
   Did feel early experiences leave a permanent
    mark, but did not focus on unconscious.
    Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
   Trust vs. Mistrust             (birth to 1)
   Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt   (1-3)
   Initiative vs. Guilt           (4-5)
   Industry vs. Inferiority       (6-12)
   Identity vs. Role Confusion    (adolescence)
   Intimacy vs. Isolation         (young adulthood)
   Generativity vs. Stagnation    (middle adulthood)
   Integrity vs. Despair          (late adulthood)
Erikson’s Stages Diagram
Adolescence
   Pubescence: two years before puberty
   Secondary sex characteristics
   Puberty:
    • Males- sperm production 14, maturation 18
    • Females- menarche 12.5, maturation 16
   Early puberty affects on gender
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
   In Europe a woman was near death from cancer. One
    drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in
    the same town recently discovered. The druggist was
    charging $2000, ten times what the drug cost to make.
    The husband went to everyone to borrow money, but he
    could only get half together. He asked the druggist to
    sell it cheaper or let him pay later, and was told “no.”
    The husband broke into the man’s store and stole the
    drug. Was this morally right? Why?
 Kohlberg’s
   Moral
Development
  Diagram
Adolescence
   Emotional Development
    • Erikson- search for identity


   Physical beginnings of adulthood to independence

   Physiological Changes
    • Puberty: stage when sexual functions reach maturity, generally
      considered to be the mark of the beginning of adolescence
    • Growth Spurt: earlier in girls, maturation
    • Maturation of secondary sex characteristics
 Gender development
 Carol Gilligan: girls moral decisions “care perspective”
 Females are more “interdependent”
 Most difference are attributed to gender roles in society.
 Men do seem to have slightly better spatial skills,
  women verbal and fine motor skills
Issues in Adulthood
    Psychosocial Development
     • Erikson- intimacy, generativity, and integrity
    Physical Changes/Aging
     • appearance
     • hormones
     • sensory sensitivity
    Cognitive Changes
     • longitudinal vs. cross sectional
     • crystallized vs. fluid
     • recall vs. recognition
Physical
Aging
Diagram
Memory &
Aging
Diagram