LECT-4-BLATTERIA

							BLATTARIA
         LIFE CYCLE

                      American




German
   Cockroaches can be categorized
   ecologically as :
DOMESTIC: live almost exclusively indoors and
largely dependent on humans for food, water,
harborage

PERIDOMESTIC: survive in or around human
habitation. Do not require humans for their
survival but are adept at exploiting the amenities
of civilization.

FERAL: survival INDEPENDENT of humans
         ORIENTAL COCKROACH
         FAMILY: Blattidae, Blatta orientalis
              • Prefers cooler temperatures.
  male
              • Adults black, wings of male do not
                cover entire abdomen, females "wing
                pads".
              • Tarsi lack aroliar pads, cannot climb
female
                smooth vertical surfaces.
              • Associated with damp conditions,
                water-meter boxes, floor drains,
                decaying wood, sewers.
              • Rarely seen in daytime.
              • Development slow (egg-adult= 0.5 – 2.2 yr)
            AMERICAN COCKROACH
           FAMILY: Blattidae, Periplaneta americana
                  • Public health problem due to their association
                    with human waste and disease, and their
                    ability to move from sewers into homes and
                    commercial establishments.
                  • Found in caves, mines, privies, latrines,
                    cesspools, sewers, sewerage treatment
                    plants, and dumps.
                  • At least 22 species of bacteria, virus, fungi,
                    and protozoans, 5 species of helminthic
                    worms, isolated from this pest.
Egg to adult:
 0.5 – 2 yr
                  • Cockroaches also can soil items with their
                    excrement and regurgitation.
               AUSTRALIAN COCKROACH
                 FAMILY: Blattidae, Periplaneta australasiae

                   • Similar in appearance to American roach

                   • Requires somewhat warmer temps than
                     American roach

                   • In structures occupy same habitats as
  Australian
                     American roach

                   • egg to adult= 0.6 – 1.1 yr




American
       SMOKY BROWN COCKROACH
          FAMILY: Blattidae, Periplaneta fuliginosa

                 • Major peridomestic pest in So. US
                 • Uniformly dark brown
                 • Individuals mature in 1.5 to 2 yr
                 • Females produce ootheca at 11 dy intervals
                 • Outdoor-dark, warm, moist, protective areas
egg to adult:    • Forage area about 1 meter from harborage
  0.4 – 2 yr
                   areas
                 • Indoor-false ceilings, pantries, block walls,
                   etc.
  GERMAN COCKROACH
FAMILY: Blattellidae, Blattella germanica
            • High reproductive potential
            • Females produce ootheca containing 30-40
              embryos every 20-25 dy (4-8 per lifetime)

            • Female carries eeg case until a few hr
              before hatching

            • egg to adult = 3.4 months

            • Particularly troublesome in apartment
              buildings
                         ASIAN COCKROACH
                    FAMILY: Blattellidae, Blattella asahinai
                                      • Not aggressively active during the
                                          day, but when leaf litter is disturbed,
                                          adult Asian cockroaches will fly to
                                          escape.
                                         • Very strong flyers and can fly as far
                                          as 120 feet.
                                         • Asian cockroaches become active at
                                          dusk.
                                         • They are attracted to light and
•   Asian cockroaches are very similar
                                          usually invade homes by entering
    to German cockroaches in              around doors and windows.
    appearance.                          • Once inside a home, they fly to TV
•   BUT they have unique behavioral       sets, reading lamps, and other
    patterns and live in a different      bright lights.
    habitat.
                                         • Outdoor populations can be large up
•   egg to adult 2 to 3 months            to 250,000 per hectare!
FLORIDA WOODS COCKROACH
 FAMILY: Blattellidae, Eurycotis floridana
          • Restrictive to Gulf of Mexico from LA to SE
            GA
          • Large reddish-brown to black

          • Slow moving, apterous adults with wing pads

          • produce odorous, caustic alarm substance

          • "Florida stinking roach", "palmetto bug"

          • Primarily an outdoor roach, does not have
            breeding populations indoors (occasional
            invader)
              BROWNBANDED COCKROACH
               FAMILY: Blattellidae, Supella longipalpa
                        • Adults -2 dark bands of horizontal stripes on
                          wings, nymphs 2 bands running across
                          mesonotum and 1st abdominal segment
                        • Similar to German cockroach in habitats
                        • In warm climates infestations occur in
                          apartments no a/c, commercial
                          establishments with relatively high ambient
                          temperatures
                        • Males occasionally fly, females do not fly
Note: small
egg case                • egg to adult 3 to 9 months
                        • German roach outcompetes brownbanded
                          when together
              SURINAM COCKROACH
        FAMILY: Blattellidae, Pycnoscelus surinamensis
                         • Believed to have originated in the Indo-
                           Malayan region.
                         • Commonly occurs outdoors in SE US.
                         • Parthenogenic producing only female
                           offspring.
                         • Live about 10 months under lab
                           conditions.
                         • Commonly burrows in compost piles,
                           thatch of lawns.
Adults fly and are
                         • Transfer of infested mulch from outside
attracted to light.
                           to inside homes for potting soil can
                           result in infestation.
                         • Does not develop populations indoors.
 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF
         COCKROACHES


• Food contamination with excrement
• Mechanical dissemination of pathogens
• Induced asthmatic allergies
• Psychological stress
• Bites (bites around mouth of infants in
  heavily infested homes)
• Intermediate host of helminths:
  hookworms, roundworms, pinworms,
  tapeworms
     PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
Best ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE

• Dysentery outbreak (Salmonella) in hospital
  in Northern Ireland

• Infectious hepatitis at housing project in
  southern California
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE



       mechanical
      transmission
     PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
                        NIEHH (National Institute of Environmental Health Services)
                      and NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)

        $7.5 million study at U Texas SW Med Center and other; part of inner city Asthma Study
              Chicago, NYC, Dallas, Seattle.
              3 year study. 937 inner-city children (5-ll years old) with asthma.
              Skin allergen tests:
                   cockroaches, dust mites, pet dander, and mold

                                        2005
    “Cockroach allergen is primary contributor to
childhood asthma in inner-city home environments”
“Cockroach allergen levels highest in high-rise apartments”
REMOVAL OF FOODSTUFFS AND HARBORAGE




    i.e., SANITATION

IS THE FIRST STEP AT SOLVING THE PROBLEM
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) STRATEGIES
ARE COMMONLY USED TO MANAGE COCKROACH
INFESTATIONS…

  THIS IS A MULTIFACETED APPROACH UTILIZING:

   PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL METHODS
Several hymenopteran natural enemies of the American
cockroach have been found but have not been seriously
considered as a viable control indoors.
Crack and crevice treatment applications with baits, dusts,
 aerosols, liquid residual insecticides, or sticky traps are
                   commercially available
ELECTRONIC PEST REPELLERS
      DO NOT WORK!