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Coordination of urban road-user charging organisational issues
http://www.curacaoproject.eu
Pricing in Urban Areas:
the CURACAO project
David Blackledge
Transport & Travel Research ltd
Project Coordinator
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Introduction
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Objectives
• To support and promote
fairer and more efficient
pricing of road usage in
urban areas
by
• coordinating research
and monitoring results of
road user charging
schemes
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Overview
15 consortium partners (5 cities, 10 expert
partners)
3 year duration April 2006 – March 2009
Research, best practice monitoring,
coordination and dissemination (no
demonstrations)
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Project approach
What barriers are
stopping cities moving
forward with road
pricing
implementation?
What support do
cities need in order to
overcome these
barriers?
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Barriers to road pricing
User Needs Assessment conducted for 22
European cities in July 2006
Top 3 barriers:
Low public acceptability
Lack of a political champion
Difficulty in planning/managing such a large project
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Overcoming barriers
Annual reports on the state-of-the-art knowledge of road
pricing research
Online database of good/bad practice
Lessons learned from cities with road pricing experience
(Bristol, Oslo + other Norwegian cities, Rome, Stockholm and
The Hague)
Working with a User Group of 20 interested cities throughout
Europe
Working with politicians
6 User Group workshops to identify problems and offer
solutions
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Case Studies
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Case Studies - Oslo
Since 1990 road and public transport investments in the Oslo
region have been partly financed by a toll ring (Oslo Packages
1 & 2)
Oslo Package 2 ends in 2007. Results:
Raised revenue for infrastructure investment
Slower traffic growth than national average
Two thirds of the population is in favour of a new toll ring where
income is dedicated to public transport
To prolong user payment beyond 2007, Oslo Package 3 will
be presented to Parliament in two stages:
Price and discount system this autumn
Whole package towards the end of 2008
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Case Studies - Rome
Since 2001, access to historical centre controlled
by combined Access Control System and Road
Pricing Scheme
Restriction period 06.30-18.00 controlled through
access gates and permits (OBU and smart cards)
Benefits to date:
10% decrease in overall traffic throughout the day
15% decrease in the morning peak hour (08.30-09.30).
6% increased public transport use
Future plans: tackle 2-wheelers and implement an
evening extension (from 18.00 to 23.00)
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Case Studies - Stockholm
Full scale congestion tax trial Jan - July 2006
Cordon around city centre with 18 control points, using ANPR
and tag + beacon
Variable pricing by direction and time of day
Impact:
Traffic levels down 22%
6% increase in public transport use
Referendum in Stockholm Municipality voted in favour of
permanent scheme (September 2006)
New government reinstated congestion tax in August 2007,
using revenue to finance orbital motorway bypass
ANPR only
Some changes to exemptions
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Case Studies - London
Congestion Charging operational since 2003
Cordon around central area – Western extension Feb
2007
ANPR technology
Tag and Beacon being investigated
Single daily charge to enter central zone
Results
Traffic entering zone decreased 18%
Congestion decreased 26%
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Case Studies - The UK
national debate
2003: London Congestion Charging: “It WORKS in a
place like London!”
2004: UK Government Road Pricing Feasibility Study -
“It‟s feasible” (Again!)
The Prime Minister says:
“…national road charging may be feasible from
2014… Government will lead the debate ”
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
February 2007: 1.8m people “sign” an electronic
petition against road pricing on the Prime
Minister‟s website
“Thousands join the fight against road pricing”
Daily Telegraph, Wednesday 10th January 2007
“Blair e-mails 1.7 million people to defend road-
pricing plans”
The Times, Wednesday 21st February 2007
“Road pricing is not a stealth tax, says Blair”
The Guardian, Wednesday 21st February 2007
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
UK Transport Innovation
Fund
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
State of the Art Review
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
State-of-the-Art Report
Rolling annual review
First version May 2007
100 pages of expert opinion on:
Policy objectives
Scheme design
Acceptability
Impacts on urban economy
Equity issues
Technology
Environment
Transferability
Prediction, Appraisal and Evaluation
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Objectives of road pricing
schemes
• Efficiency
• Equity and social inclusion
• Environment
• Revenue raising
• Economic growth
• Health / Safety / Liveability
• Future generations
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Ranking of Objectives (User
Needs Survey)
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Scheme Design
• Charging regime
• Area licence
• Cordon
• Distance or time
• Level of charge
• Times / areas of charge
• Exemptions
• Technology
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Prediction
– Empirical survey work and model-based studies
designed to test scheme options
– Prediction covers:
• Type of scheme
• Demand impacts
• Supply impacts
• Second order impacts
• Objective output indicators
• Short and long-run impacts
– Many knowledge gaps
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Appraisal
– Evaluation is extremely important to the
decision-making community
– Ranked 5 out of 9 in the UNAQ survey,
– Closely linked to Prediction
• Expected impacts and actual impacts
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Impact on the Economy
London
– Business surveys show recognition of transport benefits from
congestion charging
– Congestion Charging has had broadly neutral impact on central
London economy
Norway
– Chamber of Commerce reported no significant effect on trade
Stockholm
– Impact of congestion tax upon consumer purchasing and
transport costs for companies very slight
– Freight users responded by:
• Increasing productivity
• Switching to untolled roads
• Passing costs onto consumers
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Equity
• Concern over inequity frequently cited as reason for
rejecting road pricing proposals
• Flat road pricing charge could be “regressive” – unfair on the poor
• Greater benefits for the wealthy?
• Vertical Equity
• Distribution of impacts by income and socio-economic
characteristics
• Horizontal Equity
• Impact on people living in different areas or making differing types
of journeys
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Equity
• Revenue distribution has an impact on equity
• Spatial impact of road pricing cordons
• Boundary effect
• Singapore experience suggested benefit to firms outside
cordon
• Edinburgh proposals deemed largely
inequitable due to range of exemptions to the
charge
• Little empirical research on equity impacts
• Clearer guidance needed on ways of designing
schemes to reduce inequities
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Acceptability
1. The Public
• Linked to:
– Scheme Characteristics
• Objectives
• Hypothecation of revenues
• Scheme design: Level of charge, boundaries, cut-off times
– Implementation Process
• Attitudes towards road pricing changes between before and
after scenarios
• Acceptability generally increases post RUC implementation
– Political Acceptability
• Very important in order to gain successful implementation
• Strong political commitment vital (“political champion”)
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Acceptability
2. Business
– Important community
– Generally sceptical towards the concept of RUC
– Retailers within charging zone fear unfair
competition with those outside the charging zone
– BUT…..Expectations do not necessarily follow in
reality:
• Trondheim Chamber of Commerce reported that the
Norwegian toll ring had no effect on trade
• Business Acceptability seems to follow the same trend as
that of the public in that support seems to rise post
scheme implementation
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Acceptability
3. Media
– Can influence opinions of all stakeholders
– Unbalanced coverage likely to highlight the
„negative‟ aspects of RUC with no thought to the
„positive‟ benefits
– Successful scheme promoters get the media and
other key stakeholders “onside” at an early stage
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Transferability
• Important for advancing knowledge about the
state of Road Pricing schemes
• Congestion cost and the optimal level required
to internalise externalities vary widely between
areas
• Successful implementation in one city does not
imply successful implementation in another city
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Links
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
www.transport-pricing.net/
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
Further information
Project website: www.curacaoproject.eu
Project email: curacao@ttr-ltd.com
Project office: +44 (0)117 907 6520
David.blackledge@ttr-ltd.com
Imprint-net second conference – Implementing Pricing Reforms in Transport. Brussels, 16/10/07
