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Comité d‘éthique en recherche médicale et en
santé
Ermes
Sommaire
Agenda .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Ethique et recherche biomédicale .................................................................................................................... 2
Recherche ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Argentina to create new science ministry ......................................................................................................... 2
Mind games ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
What next for the UK's Research Assessment Exercise? ................................................................................ 3
The long and short of it ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Recherche clinique .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Did Merck's Failed HIV Vaccine Cause Harm? ................................................................................................ 3
Informed Consent in a Changing Environment ................................................................................................. 3
Doing participant observation in a psychiatric hospital— Research ethics resumed ........................................ 6
Framework for Aboriginal-guided decolonizing research involving Métis and First Nations persons with
diabetes ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
Marketing and clinical trials: a case study ........................................................................................................ 6
How cancer studies wasted cash ..................................................................................................................... 7
Maintaining Informed Consent .......................................................................................................................... 7
Children's views on their involvement in clinical research. ............................................................................... 7
Clinical trials for medicinal products: MHRA Phase 1 Accreditation Scheme ................................................... 7
ALS Trial Raises Questions About Promising Drug .......................................................................................... 8
Cellules souches, clonage, recherche sur l‘embryon ............................................................................................... 8
Un clonage chez le singe pose des problèmes éthiques .................................................................................. 8
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells ........................................................ 8
Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors ................................... 9
Avancée scientifique majeure dans les cellules souches ................................................................................. 9
Skin transformed into stem cells ....................................................................................................................... 9
Scientists create first embryonic stem cells from adult cells ............................................................................. 9
TWO MAJOR STUDIES SHOW: HUMAN PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS WITHOUT CLONING OR
DESTROYING EMBRYO ................................................................................................................................. 9
Producing primate embryonic stem cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer ........................................................ 9
Researchers Turn Skin Cells Into Stem Cells ................................................................................................. 10
Avancée scientifique considérable dans la recherche sur les cellules souches ............................................. 10
Skin cells made to mimic stem cells ............................................................................................................... 10
«Une machine à remonter le temps des cellules» .......................................................................................... 10
La recherche sur les cellules souches fait un grand pas ................................................................................ 10
Breakthrough on stem cells ............................................................................................................................ 10
Man Who Helped Start Stem Cell War May End It ......................................................................................... 11
Hurdles remain for new stem cell technique ................................................................................................... 11
Race to mimic human embryonic stem cells .................................................................................................. 11
L'Église peut-elle se réjouir de ces avancées ? .............................................................................................. 11
Découverte sur les cellules souches : un fait « historique » pour Mgr Sgreccia ............................................. 11
Brave New Future........................................................................................................................................... 11
France ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Recherche embryonnaire : la France s‘obstine dans l‘absurdité scientifique ................................................. 11
Royaume Uni ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning ................................................................................................... 12
Le créateur de la brebis Dolly abandonne le clonage à partir d'embryons ..................................................... 12
Le « père » de Dolly renonce au clonage d'embryons .................................................................................... 12
Miracle in a test tube as human skin is turned into heart and brain cells ........................................................ 12
Wilmut, le «père» de Dolly, abandonne le clonage ....................................................................................... 12
Stem cells: Primates join the club ................................................................................................................... 12
Reproducing regulation: new laws for fertility treatment and embryo research - will we get it right? .............. 13
New laws to create cloned babies .................................................................................................................. 13
Controversial embryo bill receives second hearing in Lords ........................................................................... 13
Etats Unis........................................................................................................................................................... 13
Are Scientists Playing God? It Depends on Your Religion ............................................................................. 13
Monkey cloning a reason to pause, not panic ................................................................................................ 13
Advance on stem cells equalizes debate in U.S. ............................................................................................ 13
Ethical, scientific breakthroughs seen in new stem-cell studies ..................................................................... 14
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 -1-
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Génétique, OGM ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Staunch protections: the ethics of haemophilia gene transfer research ......................................................... 14
ITV accused over 'gene test' show ................................................................................................................. 14
Professor's biological enhancement lecture sparks moral debate .................................................................. 14
Le business de l'ADN fait florès en Espagne grâce à l'interdit français .......................................................... 14
Pharmacogénétique .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Race-based medicine? ................................................................................................................................... 15
Biobanque ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
Menstrual blood banking and the Big C'elle? A period of reflection ................................................................ 15
Biobanks in Developing Countries: Needs and Feasibility.............................................................................. 15
Neurosciences ....................................................................................................................................................... 16
Largest study to investigate risk factors of autism to begin enrolling families ................................................. 16
Greek Biobank underway, at last! ................................................................................................................... 16
Médicaments, industrie pharmaceutique ............................................................................................................... 16
New US charity to foster drug research sparks fears of undue industry influence .......................................... 16
New law broadens FDA safety authority, renews user fees ........................................................................... 16
New law gives FDA more influence to monitor drug safety ............................................................................ 17
Pays en développement ........................................................................................................................................ 17
African ministerial council outlines scientific targets ....................................................................................... 17
African council proposes forum for women scientists ..................................................................................... 17
Need to strengthen ethics committees ........................................................................................................... 17
Science, medicine and research in the developing world: a perspective ........................................................ 17
Expérimentation animale ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Une coopération plus étroite entre l'UE et les États-Unis concernant les méthodes alternatives aux
expérimentations animales ............................................................................................................................. 17
Need to strengthen ethics committees ........................................................................................................... 18
Intégrité scientifique ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Stem-cell researcher accused of negligence .................................................................................................. 18
Conflit d‘intérêt....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Rules of engagement ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Brevet .................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Patent reform acts ugly................................................................................................................................... 18
Ethique .................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Mapping morality: the ethics of technology ..................................................................................................... 18
A Robotic Future ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Robot Ethics ................................................................................................................................................... 19
Publication, open access ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Is the NIH budget saturated? .......................................................................................................................... 19
Nervous journal double-checks cloning study ................................................................................................ 19
Demands diluted for open access health research ......................................................................................... 19
China ranks second in S&T publication rates ................................................................................................. 19
Peer review as professional responsibility: A quality control system only as good as the participants ........... 19
Replicator review ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Divers .................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Blonde like me: When self-construals moderate stereotype priming effects on intellectual performance ....... 20
Des maladies éponymes de mauvaise renommée ......................................................................................... 20
Agenda
Conférence inaugurale du Master de Recherche en Ethique
Ethique et recherche biomédicale
Prononcée par le Professeur Arnold Munnich
Le lundi 14 janvier 2008, à 18 heures
Grand amphithéâtre, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l‘Ecole de Médecine 75006 Paris
Renseignements et inscriptions 0142 66 41 32 herve@necker.fr
Recherche
Source SciDev.Net 20/11/2007
URL http://www.scidev.net/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=printarticle&itemid=4073&language=1
Argentina to create new science ministry
A researcher in Argentina
Laura García
20 November 2007
Argentina will establish its first Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation, the newly-elected
government announced last week (14 November).
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 -2-
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Source Nature 450, 457 (22 November 2007) | doi:10.1038/450457a; Published online 21 November 2007
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/nature/journal/v450/n7169/pdf/450457b.pdf
Mind games
Abstract How not to mix politics and science.
Source The Lancet Volume 370, Issue 9601, 24 November 2007-30 November 2007, Page 1738
URL http://www.sciencedirect.com.gate2.inist.fr/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T1B-4R65G0M-
2&_user=2579232&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2007&_rdoc=2&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-
info(%23toc%234886%232007%23996290398%23674728%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=4886&_sort=d
&_docanchor=&_ct=27&_acct=C000020819&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2579232&md5=42a88a1dcd5f
902dada9c9218a1f9feb
What next for the UK's Research Assessment Exercise?
Available online 22 November 2007.
Christine Balderas
Few will mourn the demise of the UK's existing Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). The gargantuan peer-
review process that sends universities into bureaucratic frenzy every 4 years as they vie for a share of limited
government funds is to be scrapped for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics subjects after 2008.
Source Nature Medicine 13, 1265 (2007)
doi:10.1038/nm1107-1265
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/nm/journal/v13/n11/pdf/nm1107-1265.pdf
The long and short of it
Abstract
It can take twice as long to get a PhD in biomedical sciences in the US as it does in other countries such as the
UK and Australia. Are US PhDs worth more, or are there advantages to a speedier system?
Recherche clinique
Source Science 16 November 2007: Vol. 318. no. 5853, pp. 1048 - 1049
DOI: 10.1126/science.318.5853.1048
URL http://www.sciencemag.org.gate2.inist.fr/cgi/reprint/318/5853/1048.pdf
News of the Week
AIDS RESEARCH:
Did Merck's Failed HIV Vaccine Cause Harm?
Jon Cohen
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON--A common cold virus has walloped the already ailing AIDS vaccine field.
Source Social Science & Medicine Volume 65, Issue 11 pp. 2187-2295 (December 2007)
URL
http://www.sciencedirect.com.gate2.inist.fr/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_cdi=5925&_pubType=J&_auth=y&_ac
ct=C000020819&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2579232&md5=45c93a12d3f1cd7579a0c12ae6191276&vi
ew=f
Informed Consent in a Changing Environment
1 Informed consent in a changing environment
Pages 2187-2198
Mary Boulton and Michael Parker
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2. Changing constructions of informed consent: Qualitative research and complex social worlds
Pages 2199-2211
Tina Miller and Mary Boulton
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Informed consent is a concept which attempts to capture and convey what is regarded as the appropriate
relationship between researcher and research participant. Definitions have traditionally emphasised respect for
autonomy and the right to self-determination of the individual. However, the meaning of informed consent and the
values on which it is based are grounded in society and the practicalities of social relationships. As society
changes, so too do the meaning and practice of informed consent. In this paper, we trace the ways in which the
meaning and practice of informed consent has changed over the last 35 years with reference to four qualitative
studies of parenting and children in the UK which we have undertaken at different points in our research careers.
We focus in particular on the shifting boundaries between the professional and personal, and changing
expressions of agency and power in a context of heightened perceptions of risk in everyday life. We also discuss
developments in information and communication technologies as a factor in changing both the formal
requirements for and the situated practicalities of obtaining informed consent. We conclude by considering the
implications for informed consent of both increasing bureaucratic regulation and increasingly sophisticated
information and communication technologies and suggest strategies for rethinking and managing ‗consent‘ in
qualitative research practice.
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 -3-
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3. Beyond “misunderstanding”: Written information and decisions about taking part in a genetic
epidemiology study
Pages 2212-2222
Mary Dixon-Woods, Richard E. Ashcroft, Clare J. Jackson, Martin D. Tobin, Joelle Kivits, Paul R. Burton and
Nilesh J. Samani
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Although the need to obtain ―informed‖ consent is institutionalised as a principle of ethical practice in research,
there is persistent evidence that the meanings people attribute to research tend to be substantially at variance
with what might be deemed ―correct‖. One dominant account in the ethics literature has been to treat apparent
―misunderstandings‖ as a technical problem, to be fixed through improving the written information given to
research candidates. We aimed to explore theoretically and empirically the role of written information in
―informing‖ participants in research. We conducted a qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with 29
unpaid healthy volunteers who took part in a genetic epidemiology study in Leicestershire, UK. Data analysis was
based on the constant comparative method. We found that people may make sense of information about
research, including the content of written information, in complex and unexpected ways. Many participants were
unable to identify precisely the aim of the study in which they had participated, saw their participation as deriving
from a moral imperative, and had understandings of issues such as feedback of DNA results that were
inconsistent with what had been explained in the written information about the study. They had high levels of
confidence in the organisations conducting the research, and consequently had few concerns about their
participation. These findings, which suggest that some ―misunderstanding‖ may be a persistent and incorrigible
feature of people's participation in research, raise questions about the principle of informed consent and about the
role of written information. These questions need to be addressed through engagement and dialogue between the
research, research participants, social science, and ethics communities.
4. Informed consent, anticipatory regulation and ethnographic practice
Pages 2223-2234
Elizabeth Murphy and Robert Dingwall
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In this paper we examine the application of informed consent to ethnographic research in health care settings.
We do not quarrel with either the principle of informed consent or its translation into the requirement that research
should only be carried out with consenting participants. However, we do challenge the identification of informed
consent with the particular set of bureaucratic practices of ethical review which currently operate in Canada, the
US and elsewhere. We argue that these anticipatory regulatory regimes threaten the significant contribution of
ethnographic research to the creation of more efficient, more effective, more equitable and more humane health
care systems. Informed consent in ethnographic research is neither achievable nor demonstrable in the terms set
by anticipatory regulatory regimes that take clinical research or biomedical experimentation as their paradigm
cases. This is because of differences in the practices of ethnographic and biomedical research which we discuss.
These include the extended periods of time ethnographers spend in the research setting, the emergent nature of
ethnographic research focus and design, the nature and positioning of risk in ethnographic research, the power
relationships between researchers and participants, and the public and semi-public nature of the settings normally
studied. Anticipatory regulatory regimes are inimical to ethnographic research and risk undermining the
contribution of systematic inquiry to understanding whether institutions do what they claim to do, fairly and civilly
and with an appropriate mobilisation of resources. We do not suggest that we should simply ignore ethics or leave
matters to the individual consciences of researchers. Rather, we need to develop and strengthen professional
models of regulation which emphasise education, training and mutual accountability. We conclude the paper with
a number of suggestions about how such professional models might be implemented.
5. Translating ethics: Researching public health and medical practices in Nepal
Pages 2235-2247
Ian Harper
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Conducting anthropological research into situations where public health interventions are ongoing raises a
number of complex ethical issues. This paper addresses this by focusing on recent debate around questions of
informed consent in research situations into health care in the ‗developing‘ world. Two issues are developed:
firstly, that of anthropological engagement with medical research trials; and secondly, how medical ethics debates
have impinged upon and influenced anthropological ideas of ethics. Drawing on personal anthropological
research into the implementation of the WHO prescribed tuberculosis control programme (DOTS) in the context of
Nepal, I outline a number of ethical dilemmas and issues that arose. This research context included other ongoing
research into DOTS implementation, as well as the local culture of health care provision. It involved moving
between a number of sites and subject positions while interacting with heath professionals and patients. In
conclusion, rather than prescribing ethical norms for researchers in such situations, I argue that we need more
ethnographic examples and case studies as a means of thinking through the issues. I suggest that we need to
reflect on both the ethical issues that arise when undertaking research into multifaceted public health
interventions and into the situations where ethical guidelines and stipulations are formulated. The best place for
this may be the Internet, where we increasingly see the conditions emerging for open dialogue.
6. Ethnography/ethics
Pages 2248-2259
Michael Parker
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Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 -4-
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This paper situates discussion of the ethics of ethnographic research against the background of a theoretical and
methodological debate about the relationship between ethics and method, and about the relationships between
research methods and their objects. In particular, the paper investigates the implications of folding together the
ethical and the empirical in research and argues that this requires the development of new ethico-ethnographic
methods for the investigation of ethico-moral objects. The paper falls into three main parts. The first considers
calls for what has come to be known as empirical ethics, that is, for a more empirically informed bioethics, by way
of an exploration of the integration of ethnographic methods in bioethics, and concludes that approaches which
see the ethical and the empirical as ‗complementary‘ do not do justice to the methodological implications of
enfolding the ethical and the ethnographic. The second part juxtaposes this with calls for the integration of ethics
in ethnography and, similarly, argues that the enfolding of the ethical and the empirical in ethnography calls for
the development of new methods. The paper goes on to problematise the ‗negotiational‘ approaches to informed
consent preferred by many ethnographers, arguing that the concept of negotiation, rather than offering a solution
to the problem of consent, is itself ethically complex and in need of analysis. The paper argues that, in the context
of ethnographic research, the possibility of negotiational forms of consent depends upon engagement between
researchers and researched, with unavoidably ‗ethical‘ concepts such as ‗respect‘, ‗recognition‘, ‗dignity‘, ‗justice‘
and so on, and that this poses methodological challenges to ethnography. The paper's third section explores the
implications of these arguments for research practice, using The Genethics Club as an example.
7. Informed consent: Interpretations and practice on social surveys
Pages 2260-2271
Jean Martin and David A. Marker
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This paper discusses interpretations and practical requirements for fulfilling informed consent on social surveys,
particularly in the health field, in order to achieve a balance between two competing principles: the public good of
carrying out high-quality survey research which requires unbiased representative participation; and respect for
individuals‘ rights to refuse to participate.
It examines the appropriateness of different practical procedures aimed at getting agreement to voluntary
participation consistent with the requirements of informed consent. It seeks to raise awareness of the principles
and practicalities of carrying out social surveys in the health field, which can inform judgements of what is
appropriate ethical practice, which in turn can inform judgements of ethical review committees.
8. Competent children? Minors’ consent to health care treatment and research
Pages 2272-2283
Priscilla Alderson
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This paper concentrates on controversies about children's consent, and reviews how children's changing status
as competent decision makers about healthcare and research has gradually gained greater respect. Criteria for
competence have moved from age towards individual children's experience and understanding. Uncertain and
shifting concepts of competence and its identification with adulthood and childhood are examined, together with
levels of decision-making and models for assessing children's competence. Risks and uncertainties, methods of
calculating the frequency and severity of risks, the concept of ‗therapeutic research‘ and problems of expanding
consent beyond its remit are considered. The paper ends by considering how strengths and limitations in
children's status and capacities to consent can be mirrored in researchers‘ and practitioners‘ own status and
capacities. Examples are drawn from empirical research studies about decision-making in healthcare and
research involving children in the UK.
9. Proposing modesty for informed consent
Pages 2284-2295
Michael M. Burgess
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The extension of informed consent into social science research has met with considerable opposition. The history
and concept of informed consent, however, is based on a substantive ethical notion of the research relationship
as informed and voluntary that is appropriate for social science research relationships. Yet social science
research might sometimes be different from health research in ways that justify a different approach to informed
consent and research relationships. Social science research tends to have a lower magnitude of risk, usually
does not need to disrupt the therapeutic assumption common in health research contexts or when researchers
are health professionals, and recruitment is sometimes incremental and reflects a building of trust and
development of the research participant's role. These differences may sometimes justify novel approaches to the
research relationship and require case-by-case evaluation to determine their relevance to establishing the
informed and voluntary nature of the relationship through the use of informed consent procedures.
Ultimately, respect for research participants requires social research into practices that can support or replace
informed consent. The institutional role of informed consent and the goal of informed and voluntary research
participation serve modest but important roles in health and social research. Their proper role in health and social
research requires flexibility and experimentation, but does not justify abdication of informed consent or the notion
of informed and voluntary participation
Source Social Science & Medicine Volume 65, Issue 11, December 2007, Pages 2296-2306
URL http://www.sciencedirect.com.gate2.inist.fr/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBF-4PJD9W9-
5&_user=2579232&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=10&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-
info(%23toc%235925%232007%23999349988%23673944%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5925&_sort=d
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 -5-
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&_docanchor=&_ct=19&_acct=C000020819&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2579232&md5=4af8dd89a9e2
ac22c0cb9d272a209a5b
Doing participant observation in a psychiatric hospital— Research ethics resumed
Christine Oeyea, , , Anne Karen Bjellandb, and Aina Skorpena,
aStord/Haugesund University College, Hordaland, Norway
bUniversity of Bergen, Norway
Available online 31 August 2007.
Abstract
Social scientists who employ participant observation methods in medical settings are often held accountable for
their research methods, specifically in regard to medical research ethics. However, the medical research ethics
tradition rubs uneasily against participant observation and the anthropological understanding of the research
process. The underlying premise for considering research ethics in the current case is the notion of the
vulnerability of psychiatric patients as a participant group. Based on this notion of vulnerability among psychiatric
patients, this article discusses the epistemological grounds for vulnerability in anthropological and medical
research ethics. The authors draw on their experience with the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics
in Norway, and the consequences of the guidelines used for participant observation as a research method in a
psychiatric hospital. Social science researchers are required to follow medical ethical guidelines, such as
informed consent, the principle of voluntariness, and estimation of risks and benefits. Ethnographers have found
these guidelines to be obstructive when doing social science research in a psychiatric hospital. The article
suggests the need for reformulation of research guidelines for participant observation in medical settings.
Keywords: Research ethics; Participant observation; Vulnerability; Informed consent; Voluntariness; Psychiatric
ward; Norway
Source Social Science & Medicine Volume 65, Issue 11, December 2007, Pages 2371-2382
URL http://www.sciencedirect.com.gate2.inist.fr/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBF-4PC4FN2-
2&_user=2579232&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=16&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-
info(%23toc%235925%232007%23999349988%23673944%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5925&_sort=d
&_docanchor=&_ct=19&_acct=C000020819&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2579232&md5=089a66e0ee4f
d9796857566906d03855
Framework for Aboriginal-guided decolonizing research involving Métis and First Nations
persons with diabetes
Judith G. Bartletta, , , Yoshitaka Iwasakib, , Benjamin Gottliebc, Darlene Halld and Roger Mannelle
aDepartment of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Canada R3E 0W3
bDepartment of Therapeutic Recreation, College of Health Professions, Temple University, Suite 313, 1700 North
Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
cUniversity of Guelph, Canada
dAboriginal Health & Wellness Centre of Winnipeg, Canada
eUniversity of Waterloo, Canada
Available online 6 August 2007.
Abstract
This paper documents the process of implementing an Aboriginal-guided research approach to examining the
lived experiences of Métis and First Nations peoples with diabetes in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. A newly
developed Aboriginal-oriented process framework for decolonizing research includes, in order of application, the
six processes of rationalizing, enabling, facilitating, experiencing, accepting, and enacting decolonizing research.
We review the key methodological elements of our research as a basis for discussing this decolonizing process
framework that challenges traditional western ways of doing research, and requires the reformulation of
underlying assumptions and methods. Aboriginal-grounded decolonizing research processes have implications for
health researchers and health service providers who work with Indigenous peoples worldwide and are particularly
useful for developing culturally grounded, community-based health promotion programs for Indigenous peoples
suffering from health-related problems, including diabetes.
Keywords: Indigenous; Culture; Diversity; Stress/trauma; Coping/healing; Métis; First Nations; Diabetes; Canada
Source Trials 2007, 8:37doi:10.1186/1745-6215-8-37
URL http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/pdf/1745-6215-8-37.pdf
Marketing and clinical trials: a case study
David Francis, Ian Roberts, Diana R Elbourne, Haleema Shakur, Rosemary C Knight , Jo Garcia, Claire
Snowdon, Vikki A Entwistle, Alison M Mcdonald , Adrian M Grant and Marion K Campbell
Published: 20 November 2007
Abstract (provisional)
Background
Publicly funded clinical trials require a substantial commitment of time and money. To ensure that sufficient
numbers of patients are recruited it is essential that they address important questions in a rigorous manner and
are managed well, adopting effective marketing strategies.
Methods
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 -6-
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Using methods of analysis drawn from management studies, this paper presents a structured assessment
framework or reference model, derived from a case analysis of the MRC's CRASH trial, of 12 factors that may
affect the success of the marketing and sales activities associated with clinical trials.
Results
The case study demonstrates that trials need various categories of people to 'buy in' - hence, to be successful,
trialists must embrace marketing strategies to some extent.
Conclusions
The performance of future clinical trials could be enhanced if trialists routinely considered these factors.
Source BBC News 20/11/2007
URL http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/programmes/file_on_4/7104070.stm
How cancer studies wasted cash
By Gerry Northam
File On 4
Expensive and time-consuming work in laboratories around the world has rendered many cancers treatable,
bringing added years, even decades, for countless patients and their families.
Source IRB: Ethics & Human Research 29, no. 6 (2007): 1-6
URL https://www.thehastingscenter.org
Maintaining Informed Consent
Validity during Lengthy
Research Protocols
Kristen J. Prentice, Paul S. Appelbaum, Robert R. Conley, and William T. Carpenter,
Valid informed consent is a cornerstone of ethical clinical research. A great deal of work has been undertaken to
improve the informed consent process for clinical research, largely targeting the adequacy of consent at the time
of a subject‘s enrolment in a protocol.1 Less attention has been paid to research subjects‘ability to maintain that
knowledge over the course of participation in protocols that extend over substantial periods of time.2 Many clinical
trials are lengthy and easily confused with ordinary treatment.3
Source Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Oct 25
Children's views on their involvement in clinical research.
Chappuy H, Doz F, Blanche S, Gentet JC, Tréluyer JM.
Département d'Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de
Paris et Laboratoire d'Ethique Médicale Université René Descartes Paris, France.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the level of children's understanding of informed consent in clinical trials and factors
that may influence these processes. DESIGN: Twenty nine children who were included in clinical trials for
treatment of cancer or HIV, were offered the possibility to complete a semidirective interview, with parental
permission. METHODS: Children's understanding was measured by a score of 0-9 including items required to
obtain a valid consent according to French and European legislations. RESULTS: Children were 8.5-18 years old
(13.6 +/- 2.8 years). The higher percentage of understanding was obtained for the study objectives (n = 18, 62%),
the risks (n = 17, 58%), the potential self-benefits (n = 18, 62%) and the potential benefits to other children (n =
17, 58%). The lower percentage of understanding was obtained for the procedures (n = 5, 17%), the possibility of
alternative treatments (n = 9, 31%), the duration of participation (n = 6, 21%), their right to withdraw (n = 6, 21%),
and the voluntary participation (n = 6, 21%). Sixteen children (55%) thought that the given information was
adequate. Understanding was significantly correlated with child's age (r = 0.65; P = 0.0001) and the mean score
was higher in patients over 14 years old compared to patients under the age of 14 (4.4 +/- 2.4, n = 14 vs. 2.6 +/-
2.6, n = 15, P < 0.05). The mean score was also higher in children when informed consent was sought some time
after the diagnosis (>7 days) rather than at the same time (<7 days) (score: 4.14 +/- 2.59 n = 21 vs. 1.87 +/- 2.03
n = 8; P = 0.03). The clarity of information perceived by children did not influence their understanding (score: 3.6
+/- 2.6 n = 14 vs. 3.5 +/- 2.7 n = 15; P = 0.91). CONCLUSION: Children have an incomplete understanding of the
elements included in the informed consent forms. Understanding is related to age and timing of informed consent.
Pediatr Blood Cancer (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Source MHRA 20/11/2007
URL
http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&useSecondary=true&ssDocName=CON20331
00&ssTargetNodeId=387
In News Centre
What‘s new
Clinical trials for medicinal products: MHRA Phase 1 Accreditation Scheme
Following the TGN1412 incident in March 2006, where six clinical trial subjects became seriously ill and were
admitted to intensive care, an Expert Scientific Group (ESG) was formed to review Phase I clinical trials. One of
the recommendations from the ESG was to establish a national accreditation system for First in Human (FIH)
studies. The MHRA have developed such a scheme in order to maximise subject safety and to create additional
public confidence in the regulatory oversight of such trials. The development of the scheme has involved wide
consultation with representatives from industry associations, academia, NHS, Department of Health, Ethics
Committees, the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine and the UK Resuscitation Council. In addition, the opinion of
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 -7-
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copie partielle ou totale de ce dossier Tous les droits de cette oeuvre sont réservés
the Commission on Human Medicines (CHM) and also the Expert Advisory Group of the CHM has been sought. A
public consultation exercise (MLX 341) took place which ended on 12 October 2007. The proposal has been
revised to reflect these comments and we are now in a position to implement the scheme. We also plan to
reconvene the consultative committee to review the scheme approximately six months following implementation.
The summary of responses to the public consultation and the final Phase I Accreditation Scheme document,
along with the application form, for those units wishing to apply for accreditation are available below:
› Phase I Accreditation Scheme
› Phase I Accreditation Scheme - Application form
› Responses to public consultation of the Phase I Accreditation Scheme October 2007
Source Science 23 November 2007: Vol. 318. no. 5854, p. 1227
DOI: 10.1126/science.318.5854.1227a
URL http://www.sciencemag.org.gate2.inist.fr/cgi/reprint/318/5854/1227a.pdf
News of the Week
CLINICAL RESEARCH:
ALS Trial Raises Questions About Promising Drug
Jennifer Couzin
Bombshell. Patients on therapy declined more rapidly than those on a placebo.
Cellules souches, clonage, recherche sur l’embryon
Source La Croix 15/11/2007
URL http://www.la-croix.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2320630&rubId=1099#
Un clonage chez le singe pose des problèmes éthiques
Pour la première fois, des chercheurs ont réussi à obtenir des cellules souches embryonnaires chez le singe,
animal très proche de l'homme
Denis SERGENT
Source Science Published Online November 20, 2007
DOI: 10.1126/science.1151526
URL http://www.sciencemag.org.gate2.inist.fr/cgi/rapidpdf/1151526v1.pdf
Science Express Index
Reports
Submitted on October 9, 2007
Accepted on November 14, 2007
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells
Junying Yu 1*, Maxim A. Vodyanik 2, Kim Smuga-Otto 1, Jessica Antosiewicz-Bourget 1, Jennifer L Frane 3,
Shulan Tian 4, Jeff Nie 4, Gudrun A. Jonsdottir 4, Victor Ruotti 4, Ron Stewart 4, Igor I. Slukvin 5, James A.
Thomson 6*
1 Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1580, USA.; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715-1299, USA.
2 Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715-1299,
USA.
3 Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1580, USA.
4 WiCell Research Institute, Madison, WI 53707-7365, USA.
5 Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715-1299,
USA.; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706,
USA.
6 Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1580, USA.; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715-1299, USA.; Department of Anatomy, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1509, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Junying Yu , E-mail: jyu@primate.wisc.edu
James A. Thomson , E-mail: thomson@primate.wisc.edu
Somatic cell nuclear transfer allows trans-acting factors present in the mammalian oocyte to reprogram somatic
cell nuclei to an undifferentiated state. Here we show that four factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28) are
sufficient to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells that exhibit the essential characteristics of
embryonic stem cells. These human induced pluripotent stem cells have normal karyotypes, express telomerase
activity, express cell surface markers and genes that characterize human ES cells, and maintain the
developmental potential to differentiate into advanced derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Such human
induced pluripotent cell lines should be useful in the production of new disease models and in drug development
as well as application in transplantation medicine once technical limitations (for example, mutation through viral
integration) are eliminated.
Source Cell (2007) Cell doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019]
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 -8-
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copie partielle ou totale de ce dossier Tous les droits de cette oeuvre sont réservés
URL http://images.cell.com/images/Edimages/Cell/IEPs/3661.pdf
Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors
Kazutoshi Takahashi, Koji Tanabe, Mari Ohnuki, Megumi Narita, Tomoko Ichisaka, Kiichiro Tomoda,
and Shinya Yamanaka
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019
Source AFP 21/11/2007
URL http://actualite.aol.fr/sciences/avancee-scientifique-majeure-dans-les-cellules-souches/1555331/p-
article_cat/article_titre/article_id/article.html
Avancée scientifique majeure dans les cellules souches
21 novembre 07:51 - CHICAGO (AFP) - Des scientifiques ont obtenu une avancée majeure en réussissant à
transformer des cellules de peau humaine en cellules souches, ouvrant la voie à de nouveaux traitements contre
le cancer, le diabète ou encore la maladie d'Alzheimer, selon deux études publiées mardi.
Source BBC News 20/11/2007
URL http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/health/7101834.stm
Skin transformed into stem cells
Human skin cells have been reprogrammed by two groups of scientists to mimic embryonic stem cells with the
potential to become any tissue in the body.
Source Guardian 20/11/2007
URL http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/nov/20/embryonic.stem.cells
Scientists create first embryonic stem cells from adult cells
Ian Sample
Guardian Unlimited Tuesday November 20 2007 The race to turn ordinary skin cells into embryonic stem cells –
which can be used to make any tissue in the body - has ended in a dead heat, with two groups of scientists
simultaneously announcing they have achieved the feat.
Source Do No Harm 20/11/2007
URL http://www.stemcellresearch.org/statement/pptalkingpointsweb.pdf
TWO MAJOR STUDIES SHOW: HUMAN PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS WITHOUT CLONING OR
DESTROYING EMBRYO
―On both ethical and practical grounds, direct programming is superior to cloning as a means of obtaining patient-
specific pluripotent stem cells.‖
Source Nature 450, 497-502 (22 November 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature06357; Received 24 May 2007; Accepted 9
October 2007; Published online 14 November 2007
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/nature/journal/v450/n7169/pdf/nature06357.pdf
There is a Brief Communications Arising (22 November 2007) associated with this document.
Producing primate embryonic stem cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer
J. A. Byrne1,5, D. A. Pedersen1, L. L. Clepper1, M. Nelson3, W. G. Sanger3, S. Gokhale3, D. P. Wolf1 & S. M.
Mitalipov1,2
Oregon National Primate Research Center and,
Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon
97006, USA
Munroe-Meyer Institute, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
Present address: Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo
Alto, California 94304, USA.
Correspondence to: S. M. Mitalipov1,2 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to
S.M.M. (Email: mitalipo@ohsu.edu ).
Abstract Derivation of embryonic stem (ES) cells genetically identical to a patient by somatic cell nuclear transfer
(SCNT) holds the potential to cure or alleviate the symptoms of many degenerative diseases while circumventing
concerns regarding rejection by the host immune system. However, the concept has only been achieved in the
mouse, whereas inefficient reprogramming and poor embryonic development characterizes the results obtained in
primates. Here, we used a modified SCNT approach to produce rhesus macaque blastocysts from adult skin
fibroblasts, and successfully isolated two ES cell lines from these embryos. DNA analysis confirmed that nuclear
DNA was identical to donor somatic cells and that mitochondrial DNA originated from oocytes. Both cell lines
exhibited normal ES cell morphology, expressed key stem-cell markers, were transcriptionally similar to control
ES cells and differentiated into multiple cell types in vitro and in vivo. Our results represent successful nuclear
reprogramming of adult somatic cells into pluripotent ES cells and demonstrate proof-of-concept for therapeutic
cloning in primates.
Source ScienceNOW Daily News 20/11/2007
URL http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/1120/1
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 -9-
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copie partielle ou totale de ce dossier Tous les droits de cette oeuvre sont réservés
Researchers Turn Skin Cells Into Stem Cells
By Gretchen Vogel
20 November 2007
Scientists have managed to reprogram human skin cells directly into cells that look and act like embryonic stem
(ES) cells. The technique makes it possible to generate patient-specific stem cells to study or treat disease
without using embryos or oocytes--and therefore could bypass the ethical debates that have plagued the field.
Related site
Information on stem cells from the International Society for Stem Cell Research
Source LEMONDE.FR avec AFP | 20.11.07 | 20h31 • Mis à jour le 20.11.07 | 20h44
URL www.lemonde.fr
Avancée scientifique considérable dans la recherche sur les cellules souches
Deux équipes de scientifiques japonais et américains, travaillant séparément, ont réussi au même moment à
transformer des cellules de peau humaine en cellules souches. Selon deux études publiées mardi 20 novembre,
les chercheurs ouvrent ainsi un accès potentiellement illimité au remplacement de tissus ou d'organes
endommagés. Leur nouvelle méthode, une fois améliorée, pourrait permettre de créer des cellules souches ayant
le code génétique du patient, éliminant ainsi les risques de rejet.
Source msnbc 20/11/2007
URL http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21886974/
Skin cells made to mimic stem cells
Scientists say method could ease ethical debate, open new era in medicine
By Alan Boyle
Science editor
MSNBC
updated 10:39 a.m. ET Nov. 20, 2007
Alan Boyle
Two research groups have found different genetic recipes to give ordinary skin cells the power to turn into virtually
any kind of human tissue, just as embryonic stem cells do.
If the recipes live up to their promise, they could someday end the ethical debate over embryonic stem cell
research — and usher in an era when a person's own cells could be manipulated to mend a broken spinal cord,
heal a damaged heart or regenerate other failing tissues.
But in their current state, the recipes are too risky for disease treatment, and even the scientists behind the latest
studies cautioned that therapies are still years away. In announcing their discoveries, they emphasized that much
more research still needs to be done on stem cells that have been derived from human embryos.
Source Libération 21/11/2007
URL http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/monde/292785.FR.php
Questions à
«Une machine à remonter le temps des cellules»
John de Vos, biologiste spécialiste des cellules souches.
Recueilli par Corinne BENSIMON
QUOTIDIEN : mercredi 21 novembre 2007
Vu de loin, c‘est le songe faustien de l‘âge effacé, de la jeunesse retrouvée, du retour à l‘aube de la vie, riche de
tous les devenirs possibles. Vu de près, c‘est une découverte majeure sur le chemin de la future médecine
régénératrice qui rajeunirait les tissus lésés par la maladie et la vieillesse.
Source La Croix 21/11/2007
URL http://www.la-croix.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2321084&rubId=4077
21/11/2007 20:44
La recherche sur les cellules souches fait un grand pas
Des biologistes ont réussi à transformer des cellules de peau humaine en cellules souches. Celles-ci ne sont,
pour l'instant, utilisables que pour la recherche
Denis SERGENT
Source Boston Globe 21/11/2007
URL http://www.boston.com/news/science/articles/2007/11/21/breakthrough_on_stem_cells?mode=PF
Breakthrough on stem cells
Reprogramming of human skin may circumvent ethics controversy
By Colin Nickerson, Globe Staff | November 21, 2007
In breakthroughs that burst like bombshells in biology's hottest field, rival scientists in Japan and the United States
announced yesterday they have successfully turned human skin into cells that behave like embryonic stem cells -
avoiding the controversial creation and destruction of embryos.
Colin Nickerson can be reached at nickerson@globe.com.
Source The New York Times 22/11/2007
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 10 -
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copie partielle ou totale de ce dossier Tous les droits de cette oeuvre sont réservés
URL http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/22/science/22stem.html?_r=1&ref=science&oref=slogin
November 22, 2007
Man Who Helped Start Stem Cell War May End It
By GINA KOLATA
If the stem cell wars are indeed nearly over, no one will savor the peace more than James A. Thomson.
Source msnbc 21/11/2007
URL http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21921497/
Analysis
Hurdles remain for new stem cell technique
Years of study needed before we see payoffs for patients
By MALCOLM RITTER
AP Science Writer
updated 7:36 p.m. ET Nov. 21, 2007
NEW YORK - For all the excitement, big questions remain about how to turn this week's stem cell breakthrough
into new treatments for the sick. And it is not clear when they will be answered.
Source Nature Published online 20 November 2007 | doi:10.1038/450462a
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/news/2007/071121/full/450462a.html
News
Race to mimic human embryonic stem cells
'Personalized' tissues come a step closer.
David Cyranoski
The donor cells used to create cloned primate embryos came from a monkey, Semos, named after the god in the
science fiction work Planet of the Apes.OHSUTwo much-anticipated scientific firsts announced this week bring
the dream of regenerative medicine a step closer. The production of cloned primate embryonic stem cells and the
reprogramming of adult human cells both represent important milestones in the quest to produce 'pluripotent'
cells, which can develop into almost any of the body's roughly 200 cell types.
Source La Croix 21/11/2007
URL http://www.la-croix.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2321086&rubId=786#
L'Église peut-elle se réjouir de ces avancées ?
Enseignant au département d'éthique biomédicale du Centre Sèvres (Paris), et membre du Comité consultatif
national d'éthique (CCNE) pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé, le P. Olivier de Dinechin se félicite de
l'avancée que constituent les découvertes sur les cellules souches pluripotentes (iPS) mais souligne que de
nouvelles questions éthiques pourraient très bien se poser à l'avenir
Recueilli par Nicolas SENÈZE
Source Zenit 22/11/2007
URL http://www.zenit.org/article-16696?l=french
Découverte sur les cellules souches : un fait « historique » pour Mgr Sgreccia
En finir avec la destruction d‘embryons humains
ROME, Jeudi 22 novembre 2007 (ZENIT.org) – Le président de l‘Académie pontificale pour la vie, Mgr Elio
Sgreccia, voit un fait « historique » dans la nouvelle découverte sur les cellules souches : il faut donc en finir, dit-il
au micro de Radio Vatican, avec la destruction d‘embryons humains.
Source National Review Online 21/11/2007
URL http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OTk3Y2E1NmNlNmRkOTY1NDg3OGMwMGU4ZjAwYTYzNzU=
Brave New Future
Working together with stem cells.
An NRO Symposium
On Tuesday, two scientific journals announced news of a breakthrough that could put an end to our dead-end
political debates about stem-cell research. In response to the news, National Review Online asked a group of
experts: How big is Tuesday‘s new somatic-cell reprogramming news? Where does the stem-cell/cloning debate
go from here? How should politics respond? Here‘s what they had to say.
William Hurlbut
France
Source Liberté politique 22/11/2007
URL http://www.libertepolitique.com/public/decryptage/article-2053-Recherche-embryonnaire-:-la-France-
s%92obstine-dans-l%92absurdite-scientifique.html
Recherche embryonnaire : la France s’obstine dans l’absurdité scientifique
Pierre-Olivier Arduin*
De toute part, les découvertes biomédicales confirment le non-sens scientifique des recherches sur l‘embryon
humain. Cette semaine, l‘abandon public par le père de la brebis clonée Dolly, l‘Écossais Ian Wilmut, de tout
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 11 -
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copie partielle ou totale de ce dossier Tous les droits de cette oeuvre sont réservés
travail sur les cellules souches embryonnaires et la technique du clonage dit scientifique, est un véritable séisme.
En France, la recherche sur les cellules embryonnaires se poursuit et s‘accélère. L‘AFM compte sur le Téléthon
pour doubler ses financements. Fuite en avant ?
Royaume Uni
Source Telegraph 16/11/2007
URL http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2007/11/16/scidolly116.xml
Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning
By Roger Highfield, Science Editor
Last Updated: 6:30pm GMT 16/11/2007
The scientist who created Dolly the sheep, a breakthrough that provoked headlines around the world a decade
ago, is to abandon the cloning technique he pioneered to create her.
Source AFP 17/11/2007
URL
http://www.tv5.org/TV5Site/info/afp_article.php?rub=medecine&idArticle=071117100026.64nj95xw.xml&titre=Le+
cr%E9ateur+de+la+brebis+Dolly+abandonne+le+clonage+%E0+partir+d%27embryons
Le créateur de la brebis Dolly abandonne le clonage à partir d'embryons
LONDRES (AFP) - 17/11/2007 10h00
Le scientifique britannique créateur de la brebis Dolly, premier clone de mammifère obtenu à partir d'une cellule
d'animal adulte, abandonne ses recherches sur le clonage au profit de la production de cellules souches sans
embryon, a-t-il indiqué samedi au Daily Telegraph.
Source La Croix 20/11/2007
URL http://www.la-croix.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2321002&rubId=1099#
Le « père » de Dolly renonce au clonage d'embryons
Le biologiste Ian Wilmut, créateur de la brebis Dolly il y a dix ans, renonce à la technique du clonage
embryonnaire qui soulève des problèmes éthiques
Denis SERGENT
Source The Independent 21/11/2007
URL http://news.independent.co.uk/sci_tech/article3179631.ece
Miracle in a test tube as human skin is turned into heart and brain cells
By Steve Connor, Science Editor
Published: 21 November 2007
Heart muscle and brain cells have been made for the first time in a test tube from human skin, marking a
breakthrough in stem-cell research that could end the need to clone human embryos.
Source Le Figaro 19/11/2007
URL http://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/2007/11/19/01008-20071119ARTFIG00233-wilmut-le-pere-de-dolly-
abandonne-le-clonage.php
Wilmut, le «père» de Dolly, abandonne le clonage
Jean-Michel Bader
19/11/2007 | Mise à jour : 06:30 | Commentaires 2 .
Ian Wilmut, précurseur dans le clonage des mammifères, réoriente ses recherches vers une technique de
reprogrammation de cellules adultes en cellules souches.
Source Nature advance online publication 14 November 2007 | doi:10.1038/450485a; Published online 14
November 2007
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/450485a.pdf
News and Views
Stem cells: Primates join the club
Ian Wilmut1 & Jane Taylor1
Abstract
Researchers have achieved the testing goal of generating embryonic stem cells from the cells of an adult primate.
The procedure used could provide insights into a variety of diseases, if it can be applied in humans.
Generating patient-specific stem cells holds great promise for medical therapy, drug discovery and basic
research. But, quite apart from the associated ethical issues, there are many technical hurdles to achieving this
goal for humans. For many species, both adult and fetal cells have been used to generate genetically identical
offspring, the most famous of which is probably Dolly the sheep1. This has been achieved by a process known as
somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), which involves replacing the nuclear genetic material of an unfertilized egg
with that of a somatic (non-germ) cell. In each case, species-specific modifications to this basic protocol must be
made. Yet despite considerable efforts, it has remained impossible to generate primate-derived embryonic stem-
cell lines or to clone a primate. Byrne et al.2 now describe the generation of stem-cell lines from embryos of
rhesus macaques using a modified SCNT protocol.
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 12 -
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copie partielle ou totale de ce dossier Tous les droits de cette oeuvre sont réservés
Email: ian.wilmut@ed.ac.uk
Email: jane.taylor@ed.ac.uk
Source Bionews 12/11/2007
URL http://www.bionews.org.uk/commentary.lasso?storyid=3636
Reproducing regulation: new laws for fertility treatment and embryo research - will we get it
right?
Professor Marcus Pembrey, Chair, Progress Educational Trust 12 November 2007
This conference (organised by the Progress Educational Trust (PET), held at the Institute of Child Health, London
on 1 November) was extremely timely, given that the new Human Fertilisation and Embryology (HFE) Bill revising
regulation of assisted reproduction and embryo research was published last week. This Bill is intended to revise
and supersede the earlier 1990 HFE Act in light of developments in science and society.
Source The Sydney Morning Herald 18/11/2007
URL http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2007/11/18/1195321608241.html
New laws to create cloned babies
November 18, 2007 - 9:30PM
British couples could soon be able to have babies created using DNA from two women and a man as part of a
revolutionary human cloning technique.
Source BMJ 2007;335:1069 (24 November), doi:10.1136/bmj.39406.478241.DB
URL http://www.bmj.com.gate2.inist.fr/cgi/content/full/335/7629/1069
News
Controversial embryo bill receives second hearing in Lords
Lynn Eaton
London
The government's human embryology and fertilisation bill had its second reading in the House of Lords this week,
amid concerns that it would enable lesbian couples to have fertility treatment more easily. Some groups have also
objected to the fact that it allows the creation of "interspecies embryos" for research purposes.
Etats Unis
Source The New York Times 20/11/2007
URL http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/science/20tier.html?_r=1&ref=science&oref=slogin
Findings
Are Scientists Playing God? It Depends on Your Religion
By JOHN TIERNEY
Now that biologists in Oregon have reported using cloning to produce a monkey embryo and extract stem cells, it
looks more plausible than before that a human embryo will be cloned and that, some day, a cloned human will be
born. But not necessarily on this side of the Pacific.
Source msnbc 13/11/2007
URL http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755931/
Monkey cloning a reason to pause, not panic
Oregon breakthrough brings us closer than ever to cloning human embryos
By Arthur Caplan, Ph.D.
MSNBC contributor
updated 5:51 p.m. ET Nov. 13, 2007
Arthur Caplan, Ph.D.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For quite some time many important and influential people have been freaking out over the prospect of cloning a
human being. When Dolly the cloned sheep‘s existence was revealed to the world 10 years ago, panic ensued.
World leaders — including the president, the pope and numerous prime ministers — condemned Dolly‘s creation
as a regrettable and dangerous step toward cloning a human being.
Arthur Caplan, Ph.D., is director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania.
Source Herald Tribune 20/11/2007
URL http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/21/america/21bush.php
Advance on stem cells equalizes debate in U.S.
By Sheryl Gay Stolberg
Tuesday, November 20, 2007
WASHINGTON: It has been more than six years since President George W. Bush, in the first major televised
address of his presidency, drew a stark moral line against the destruction of human embryos in medical research.
Since then, he has steadfastly maintained that scientists would come up with an alternative method of developing
embryonic stem cells, one that did not involve killing embryos.
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 13 -
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Source Catholic National Service 20/11/2007
URL http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0706656.htm
Ethical, scientific breakthroughs seen in new stem-cell studies
By Nancy Frazier O'Brien
Catholic News Service
WASHINGTON (CNS) -- Scientists and ethicists alike hailed as a breakthrough two studies showing that human
skin cells can be reprogrammed to work as effectively as embryonic stem cells, thus negating the need to destroy
embryos in the name of science.
Génétique, OGM
Source Haemophilia (OnlineEarly Articles).
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2007.01567.x
URL http://www.blackwell-synergy.com.gate2.inist.fr/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2516.2007.01567.x
REVIEW ARTICLE
Staunch protections: the ethics of haemophilia gene transfer research
J. KIMMELMAN Department of Social Studies of Medicine Clinical Trials Research Group/Biomedical Ethics Unit
Faculty of Medicine/McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
The author serves in a non-remunerative capacity on the ethics advisory board of the American Society of Gene
Therapy.
Jonathan Kimmelman, PhD, Department of Social Studies of Medicine Clinical Trials Research Group/Biomedical
Ethics Unit Faculty of Medicine/McGill University, 3647 Peel Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1X1.
Tel.: (514) 482 8362; fax: (514) 398 8349; e-mail: jonathan.kimmelman@mcgill.ca
Abstract
Summary. Haemophilia has long been considered an ideal system for validating human gene transfer (GT).
However, haemophilia GT trials present a particular ethical challenge because they involve subjects whose
medical condition is stabilized by standard therapies. Below, I review the ethics and risks of haemophilia GT
clinical research. I propose several conditions and practices that strengthen the ethical basis for such trials. These
include consultation with haemophilia advocacy organizations as trials are designed and executed, high
standards of supporting evidence before trials are initiated, pretrial publication of this evidence, and the offer of
indemnification for participants. I further argue against the conduct of paediatric haemophilia GT studies at this
time, and raise questions about the fairness of recruiting economically disadvantaged subjects into studies that
are primarily directed towards the health needs of persons in the developed world.
Source BBC News 15/11/2007
URL http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/health/7096801.stm
ITV accused over 'gene test' show
Geneticists have made an official complaint to the regulator Ofcom about last week's ITV programme Killer in Me.
The programme followed four celebrities who were offered genetic screening tests to discover their risks of
serious illnesses such as cancer.
The British Society for Human Genetics accuses the broadcaster of failing to provide any information about the
scientific validity of gene tests.
Source The Daily Texan 13/11/2007
URL
http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/11/13/University/Professors.Biologica
l.Enhancement.Lecture.Sparks.Moral.Debate-3096738.shtml
Professor's biological enhancement lecture sparks moral debate
By Mike Jeffers
Parents will be able to pick and choose genetic traits such as hair and eye color, for their offspring in the near
future. This and other new medical developments raise ethical questions that need to be answered, a law
professor said Monday.
Source AFP TV5 23/11/2007
URL
http://www.tv5.org/TV5Site/info/afp_article.php?rub=medecine&idArticle=071123100149.lsmw92rk.xml&titre=Le+
business+de+l%27ADN+fait+flor%E8s+en+Espagne+gr%E2ce+%E0+l%27interdit+fran%E7ais
Le business de l'ADN fait florès en Espagne grâce à l'interdit français
MADRID (AFP) - 23/11/2007 10h01
Le business de l'ADN fait florès en Espagne, avec une dizaine d'entreprises privées proposant des tests de
paternité, dopé par la demande du voisin français où cette démarche est strictement encadrée.
Pharmacogénétique
Source The Scientist 19/11/2007
URL http://www.the-scientist.com/news/home/53869/
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 14 -
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By Kerry Grens
NEWS
Race-based medicine?
African American heart drug study raises questions about benefits of racially targeted trials
A recent study on the effects of a hypertension drug in African Americans has shone the spotlight on the value of
single race studies in medicine. While some praise such studies for reaching out to groups disproportionately
affected by a disease, others say grouping trial participants by race attributes health disparities to the wrong
cause.
By Kerry Grens
mail@the-scientist.com
Links within this article:
Saunders E. et al., "The efficacy and tolerability of nebivolol in hypertensive African American patients," J Clin
Hypertens, 9:866-75, 2007.
http://www.lejacq.com/Search_articleDetail.cfm
Diversity, The Scientist, supplement, 2007.
http://www.the-scientist.com/supplement/2006-11-1/
Keith Ferdinand
http://www.controlhypertension.org/about/bios/item.php?bio_id=135
S. Pincock et al., "The year that was," The Scientist, December 5, 2005.
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/15896
Jonathan Kahn
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/15896
Charles Rotimi
http://www.genomecenter.howard.edu/units
Frank Douglas
http://mitsloan.mit.edu/newsroom/newsbriefs-0605-douglas.php
F. Douglas, "Discrimination in academia," The Scientist, October, 2007.
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/53636/
Elijah Saunders
http://www.ishib.org/AI_board_esaunders.asp
T. Toma, "Benefits from beta-blockers after heart attacks," The Scientist, December 7, 2000.
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/19316
Jay Kaufman
http://www.sph.unc.edu/research/spotlight_on_jay_kaufman
Cushman W.C. et al., "Regional and racial differences in response to antihypertensive medication use in a
randomized controlled trial of men with hypertension in the United States," Arch Intern Med, 160:825-31, 2000.
http://www.the-scientist.com/pubmed/10737282
A.M. Leroi, "On human diversity," The Scientist, October 24, 2005.
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/15791
Biobanque
Source Bionews 18/11/2007
URL http://www.bionews.org.uk/commentary.lasso?storyid=3641
Menstrual blood banking and the Big C'elle? A period of reflection
Karen Devine, Kent Law School, University of Kent 18 November 2007
As a consumerist society, we are fast becoming familiar with the idea that for a price, we can bank our stem cells
in case they are needed in the future to potentially fight disease, grow replacement body parts and help develop
clinical therapeutic options. First came the commercial cord blood industry, offering 'a biological insurance for the
future' and 'a once in a lifetime opportunity' to 'freeze a spare immune system'. Whilst cord blood stem cells have
undoubtedly shown great promise in the treatment of certain blood disorders, the chances of ever using your own
stored cells remains low and other treatment options, speculative.
Source Science 16 November 2007: Vol. 318. no. 5853, pp. 1074 - 1075
DOI: 10.1126/science.1149157
URL http://www.sciencemag.org.gate2.inist.fr/cgi/reprint/318/5853/1074.pdf
Policy Forum
PUBLIC HEALTH:
Biobanks in Developing Countries: Needs and Feasibility
S. K. Sgaier,1* P. Jha,1† P. Mony,1,2 A. Kurpad,2 V. Lakshmi,3 R. Kumar,4 N. K. Ganguly5
Over 90% of the global burden of disease is in developing countries, yet only 10% of global research addresses
many of these diseases. Between 1975 and 1999, ~1% of new marketed drugs were for tropical diseases and
tuberculosis (1). Repositories of biological samples linked with medical data from individuals (biobanks) are
infrastructures for sustained research on the biological determinants of disease and promise to accelerate the
discovery of vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics. However, the distribution and focus of current biobanks suggests
that their discoveries will not sufficiently benefit those living in developing countries. Innovative use of recent
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 15 -
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technological advances and existing infrastructure platforms make biobanks cost-effective and feasible in
developing countries.
†Author for correspondence. E-mail: Prabhat.jha@utoronto.ca
Neurosciences
Source EurekAlert 14/11/2007
URL http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-11/epr-lst111207.php#
Public release date: 14-Nov-2007
Contact: Danielle Cass
Danielle.X.Cass@kp.org
510-267-5354
Kaiser Permanente Division of Research
Largest study to investigate risk factors of autism to begin enrolling families
OAKLAND, Calif., November 14, 2007 — Researchers from Kaiser Permanente and the California Department of
Public Health, as well as from five other sites nationwide, today will begin enrolling families in the largest study to
date investigating the genetic and environmental factors that may cause autism and other developmental
disabilities.
Source National Bioethics Commission 16/11/2007
URL http://www.bioethics.gr/document.php?category_id=65&document_id=448
Greek Biobank underway, at last!
Until now Greece did not have a biobank. Biobanks collect biological samples such as blood or tissues from
biopsies and store them together with full medical records of the donors. Such collections can be a very useful
tool for scientists researching a specific disease as they can have access to a larger number of samples that they
could otherwise acquire and thus better validate their findings. They are especially useful to researchers trying to
identify genes involved in diseases with genetic causes and the corresponding disease causing mutations.
The Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (IBEAA) has just secured the funds and approval
from the European Union to establish a Biobank that will join the European Biobanking and Biomolecular
Resources Infrastructure network. The General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of
Development, will be a partner in this venture. The existing cord blood bank that already is active in IIBEAA will be
incorporated in the new biobank. According to Dr Dimitris Thanos, director of the center ―the biobank will facilitate
researchers of many fields as it will make available for their research material that has been adequately stored
and characterized. In addition, the fact that the material is comparable with that of foreign biobanks and is
accompanied by full medical records will allow more reliable conclusions to be drawn from such projects‘. The
chairman of the Foundation and member of the Academy of Athens, George Skalkeas, also stressed the many
social and economic benefits from the new Biobank.
A.H.
Source: TO BHMA
Médicaments, industrie pharmaceutique
Source BMJ 2007;335:1069 (24 November), doi:10.1136/bmj.39405.716667.DB
URL http://www.bmj.com.gate2.inist.fr/cgi/content/full/335/7629/1069-b
News
New US charity to foster drug research sparks fears of undue industry influence
Bob Roehr
Washington
A new charitable foundation that was set up to promote collaboration in research between the US Food and Drug
Administration and the drug and medical device industries has sparked concerns that it will undermine the FDA's
independence.
Source Nature Biotechnology 25, 1189 - 1190 (2007)
doi:10.1038/nbt1107-1189
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/nbt/journal/v25/n11/pdf/nbt1107-1189.pdf
New law broadens FDA safety authority, renews user fees
Jeffrey L. Fox1
1. Washington, DC
Introduction
New law broadens FDA safety authority, renews user fees
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) workers, thousands of whom would have lost their jobs if a new
Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) was not put into place by the end of September, can now breathe
easier—President Bush signed the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act (FDAAA) into law September
27. That has the biotech industry relieved, although observers say its provisions presage a more-stringent
regulatory outlook.
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 16 -
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Source Nature Medicine 13, 1269 (2007)
doi:10.1038/nm1107-1269
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/nm/journal/v13/n11/pdf/nm1107-1269.pdf
New law gives FDA more influence to monitor drug safety
Meredith Wadman1
1. Washington, DC
Introduction
New law gives FDA more influence to monitor drug safety
When the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced on 16 October that the diabetes drug Byetta may
cause pancreatitis, a serious and sometimes fatal side effect, most scientists could have been forgiven for being
taken by surprise.
Pays en développement
Source SciDev.Net 16/11/2007
URL http://www.scidev.net/content/news/eng/african-ministerial-council-outlines-scientific-targets.cfm
African ministerial council outlines scientific targets
Ochieng Ogodo
16 November 2007
[MOMBASA] There is an encouraging emergence of goodwill towards science, technology and innovation among
Africa's political leadership, but what is now needed is collective commitment, said Yaye Kene Gassama,
chairperson of the African Ministerial Council on Science and Technology (AMCOST).
Source SciDev.Net 20/11/2007
URL http://www.scidev.net/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=printarticle&itemid=4074&language=1
African council proposes forum for women scientists
The forum will try and increase the number of female students studying science and technology
Ochieng' Ogodo
20 November 2007
[MOMBASA] A forum for African women in science and technology was amongst the resolutions agreed by the
African Ministerial Council on Science and Technology (AMCOST) at their meeting in Mombasa, Kenya, last week
(16 November).
Source SciDev.Net 14/11/2007
URL http://www.scidev.net/content/opinions/eng/need-to-strengthen-ethics-committees.cfm
Need to strengthen ethics committees
Juntra Karbwang, Francis P. Crawley
14 November 2007
Ethics committees overseeing clinical trials in poor countries need reforming to protect participants, argue J.
Karbwang and F. Crawley.
Source Nature Immunology 8, 1273 - 1276 (2007)
Published online: 22 October 2007 | doi:10.1038/ni1531
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/ni/journal/v8/n12/pdf/ni1531.pdf
Science, medicine and research in the developing world: a perspective
Frances Gotch1 & Jill Gilmour2
1. Frances Gotch is in the Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital,
London SW10 9NH, UK. e-mail: f.gotch@imperial.ac.uk
2. Jill Gilmour is with the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Core Laboratory, Imperial College, Chelsea and
Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK.
Abstract
As part of the Global Theme Issue on Poverty and Human Development, Frances Gotch and Jill Gilmour describe
the development of laboratory capacity to support HIV vaccine trials as a model for technology transfer in the
developing world.
Expérimentation animale
Source Cordis 16/11/2007
URL http://cordis.europa.eu/fetch?CALLER=FR_NEWS&ACTION=D&&SESSION=&&&RCN=28697
Une coopération plus étroite entre l'UE et les États-Unis concernant les méthodes alternatives
aux expérimentations animales
À l'occasion d'une rencontre du Conseil économique transatlantique (TEC), la Commission européenne et la
Food and Drug Administration (l'organisme américain de surveillance des aliments et des médicaments) ont
accepté d'intensifier leur collaboration afin de réduire les expérimentations animales.
Pour de plus amples informations, consulter:
http://www.eurunion.org/News/press/2007/20070112.htm
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 17 -
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http://www.colipa.com
Source SciDev.Net 14/11/2007
URL http://www.scidev.net/content/opinions/eng/need-to-strengthen-ethics-committees.cfm
Need to strengthen ethics committees
Juntra Karbwang, Francis P. Crawley
14 November 2007
Ethics committees overseeing clinical trials in poor countries need reforming to protect participants, argue J.
Karbwang and F. Crawley.
Intégrité scientifique
Source Nature 450, 470 (2007) | doi:10.1038/450470c Published online 21 November 2007 |
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/news/2007/071121/full/450470c.html
News in Brief
Stem-cell researcher accused of negligence
An investigation by an Australian university has found evidence of negligence but not fraud in a project headed by
stem-cell researcher Alan Trounson. The focus has been on an unnamed senior researcher. Trounson, incoming
president of California's US$3-billion stem-cell research programme, has not been accused of misconduct.
Monash University in Victoria launched the investigation in April, after an audit by the Australian Stem Cell Centre
found inconsistencies in quarterly progress reports submitted by the research team. The Aus$1-million
(US$890,000) project, which aimed to find stem-cell therapies for smoking-induced lung damage, has been on
hold since February, when questions first arose.
Investigators concluded that the senior researcher, who has left the university, lacked sufficient management
experience for his position, and was negligent in his reporting of the data. Monash is considering whether to repay
the funds to the stem-cell centre.
Conflit d’intérêt
Source Nature 450, 163-164 (8 November 2007) | doi:10.1038/450163a; Published online 7 November 2007
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/nature/journal/v450/n7167/pdf/450163a.pdf
Rules of engagement
Patrick L. Taylor1
1. Patrick L. Taylor is at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
USA.
Abstract
Is there an inherent conflict between public debate and free scientific inquiry? Patrick L. Taylor argues that
earning public trust is essential to defending scientific freedoms.
Brevet
Source Nature Biotechnology 25, 1187 (2007)
doi:10.1038/nbt1107-1187
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/nbt/journal/v25/n11/pdf/nbt1107-1187.pdf
Patent reform acts ugly
Abstract
Controversial US patent system reforms and rule changes currently being proposed spell big trouble for biotech.
Introduction
Ethique
Source Times 19/11/2007
URL http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/personal_tech/article2900670.ece
Mapping morality: the ethics of technology
From miltary hardware to medical science, technology provokes some tough moral questions
Jonathan Weber
https://www.23andme.com/
Source Science 16 November 2007: Vol. 318. no. 5853, p. 1083
DOI: 10.1126/science.318.5853.1083
URL http://www.sciencemag.org.gate2.inist.fr/cgi/reprint/318/5853/1083.pdf
Introduction to special issue
A Robotic Future
Marc S. Lavine, David Voss, Robert Coontz
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 18 -
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In Douglas Adams' science fiction series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation
defined a robot as "your plastic pal who's fun to be with," but it was a corporation whose complaints department
occupied the major landmasses of three planets and was the only division to constantly show a profit.
Source Science 16 November 2007: Vol. 318. no. 5853, p. 1037
DOI: 10.1126/science.1151606
URL http://www.sciencemag.org.gate2.inist.fr/cgi/reprint/318/5853/1037.pdf
Editorial
Robot Ethics
Robert J. Sawyer*
C-3PO and R2-D2 may be two of the world's most famous fictional robots, but a quasi-robot named MQ-5B/C is
perhaps more interesting just now. On 1 September 2007, operators used this unmanned airborne drone to locate
and drop a bomb on two individuals who appeared to be planting explosives near Qayyarah, Iraq. As we make
robots more intelligent and autonomous, and eventually endow them with the independent capability to kill people,
surely we need to consider how to govern their behavior and how much freedom to accord them--so-called
roboethics.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robert J. Sawyer is a Hugo and Nebula Award-winning science-fiction writer. E-mail: sawyer@sfwriter.com
Publication, open access
Source The Scientist 19/11/2007
URL http://www.the-scientist.com/news/home/53580/
By Frederick Sachs
NEWS
Is the NIH budget saturated?
Why hasn't more funding meant more publications?
Editor's Note: This piece from our November issue ran online ahead of print to spark discussion. What's your
hypothesis for why the doubling of the NIH budget doesn't seem to have doubled productivity? Please post a
comment by clicking here.
Source ABC 16/11/2007
URL http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/11/16/2092942.htm?site=science&topic=latest
Nervous journal double-checks cloning study
Friday, 16 November 2007 Anna Salleh
ABC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
High-profile retractions of scientific papers on stem cell science could make journal editors cautious about how
they publish such controversial research, say commentators.
Source SciDev.Net 19/11/2007
URL http://www.scidev.net/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=readnews&itemid=4070&language=1
Demands diluted for open access health research
Supporters of open access believe it is the only way to get information to all those who need it.
Katherine Nightingale
19 November 2007
Source SciDev.Net 16/11/2007
URL http://www.scidev.net/content/news/eng/china-ranks-second-in-st-publication-rates.cfm
China ranks second in S&T publication rates
Chinese research output has increased dramatically
Jia Hepeng
16 November 2007
[BEIJING] China overtook Japan and the United Kingdom to become the world's second largest producer of
scientific research papers in 2006, second only the United States.
Source Biomaterials Volume 28, Issue 34, December 2007, Pages 5199-5203
URL http://www.sciencedirect.com.gate2.inist.fr/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWB-4P83D5M-
4&_user=2579232&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2007&_alid=651018600&_rdoc=2&_fmt=summary&_orig=search&
_cdi=5558&_sort=d&_st=4&_docanchor=&_ct=303&_acct=C000020819&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=25
79232&md5=e1398bbdb980ec87b063dd5ec3bb77e6
Peer review as professional responsibility: A quality control system only as good as the
participants
David W. Graingera, b, ,
aDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Room 301, 30 South 2000
East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5820, USA
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 19 -
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bDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5820, USA
Received 17 June 2007; accepted 1 July 2007. Available online 23 July 2007.
Abstract
The peer-review process remains a central part of the value and validity of scientific and technical publishing and
proposal assessment. The peer review mechanism has many delicate components that should function most
professionally and effectively for best results. An important central tenet is that all who seek to publish should
freely avail themselves to review a commensurate load, considering many elements of professional conduct,
ethics and responsibility in this process. The review itself should provide timely, unbiased, quality feedback to
improve contributions to the system reviewers are serving. An additional component involves follow-on policing of
published literature to assert its validity through consensus and validation. This short essay examines our
collective duties as contributors, reviewers, and readers to the integrity and safekeeping of this essential quality
control process.
Keywords: Peer review; Scientific publishing; Professional conduct; Quality control; Responsibility
Source Nature 450, 457-458 (22 November 2007) | doi:10.1038/450457b; Published online 21 November 2007
URL http://www.nature.com.gate2.inist.fr/nature/journal/v450/n7169/pdf/450457b.pdf
Replicator review
Abstract Nature has implemented a peer-review policy for strong claims.
Divers
Source Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 06/2007
Article in Press, Corrected Proof
URL http://www.sciencedirect.com.gate2.inist.fr/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJB-4P2J0F8-
3&_user=2579232&_coverDate=06%2F27%2F2007&_rdoc=37&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-
info(%23toc%236874%239999%23999999999%2399999%23FLA%23display%23Articles)&_cdi=6874&_sort=d&
_docanchor=&_ct=96&_acct=C000020819&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2579232&md5=a3a3e2ef7e668
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Blonde like me: When self-construals moderate stereotype priming effects on intellectual
performance
Clémentine Bry, a, , Alice Follenfanta and Thierry Meyera
aUniversité Paris X—Nanterre, UFR SPSE, 200 av. de la République, 92001, Nanterre, France
Received 9 February 2007; revised 17 June 2007. Available online 27 June 2007.
Abstract
Stereotype priming can lead to assimilation or contrast effects on behavior. We argue that self-activation is a
moderator of both assimilation and contrast effects. To test this hypothesis, in two studies, we activated
independent or interdependent self-knowledge before priming participants with the dumb Blonde stereotype or a
control category (Study 1) or no prime (Study 2). Participants then answered a knowledge test. Results support
our expectations: Participants presented assimilation under interdependence (i.e., underperformance compared
to control group) while they presented no assimilation (i.e., comparable performance with control group in Study
1) and contrast (better performance than control group in Study 2) under independence. We discuss implications
of these findings in regards of previous research and recent models such as the Active Self Account [Wheeler, S.
C., DeMarree, K. G., & Petty, R. E. (2005). The roles of the self in priming-to-behavior effects. In A. Tesser, J. V.
Wood, & D. A. Stapel (Eds.), On building, defending and regulating the self: A psychological perspective (pp.
245–271). New York, NY, USA: Psychology Press].
Keywords: Prime-to-behavior effects; Automatic behavior; Priming; Self-construal; Blonde stereotype;
Independence; Interdependence; Assimilation; Contrast
The authors thank Olivier Corneille, Caroline Leygue, Francois Ric, and Bo Sanitioso for their precious comments
on a previous version of this paper. We also thank the Social Psychology Lab of the Haute-Bretagne University
(LAUREPS) that helped running the second experiment of this paper. We are very grateful to Kip Williams for his
great job as editor.
Corresponding author.
Source Le Figaro 15/11/2007
URL http://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/2007/11/15/01008-20071115ARTFIG00294-des-maladies-eponymes-de-
mauvaise-renommee.php
Des maladies éponymes de mauvaise renommée
Jean-Michel Bader
Un historien de la médecine demande de débaptiser plusieurs des pathologies portant le nom de médecins
étroitement mêlés au nazisme et ayant tourné le dos à l‘éthique médicale.
Bénédicte de Boischevalier envoi du 23 novembre 2007 - 20 -
