Advanced Routing Technology For Fast Internet Protocol Network Recovery

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Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS ISSN 1947-5500) is an open access, international, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal with a focused aim of promoting and publishing original high quality research dealing with theoretical and scientific aspects in all disciplines of Computing and Information Security. The journal is published monthly, and articles are accepted for review on a continual basis. Papers that can provide both theoretical analysis, along with carefully designed computational experiments, are particularly welcome. IJCSIS editorial board consists of several internationally recognized experts and guest editors. Wide circulation is assured because libraries and individuals, worldwide, subscribe and reference to IJCSIS. The Journal has grown rapidly to its currently level of over 1,100 articles published and indexed; with distribution to librarians, universities, research centers, researchers in computing, and computer scientists. Other field coverage includes: security infrastructures, network security: Internet security, content protection, cryptography, steganography and formal methods in information security; multimedia systems, software, information systems, intelligent systems, web services, data mining, wireless communication, networking and technologies, innovation technology and management. (See monthly Call for Papers) Since 2009, IJCSIS is published using an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers will be able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription. We wish to make IJCSIS a first-tier journal in Computer science field, with strong impact factor. On behalf of the Editorial Board and the IJCSIS members, we would like to express our gratitude to all authors and reviewers for their sustained support. The acceptance rate for this issue is 32%. I am confident that the readers of this journal will explore new avenues of research and academic excellence.

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(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 9, No. 7, July 2011

Advanced Routing Technology For Fast Internet
Protocol Network Recovery
1
S. Rajan, 2 Althaf Hussain H.B., 3 K. Jagannath, 4 G. Surendar Reddy, 5 K.N.Dharanidhar
1
Associate Professor & Head, Dept. of CSE, Kuppam Engg. College., Kuppam, Chittoor(Dt.), A.P.
2
Associate Professor, Dept .of CSE, Kuppam Engg College., Kuppam, Chittoor (Dt.), A.P.
3
Associate Professor, Dept .of IT, Kuppam Engg. College., Kuppam Chittoor (Dt.), A.P.
4
Assistant Professor, Dept .of CSE, Kuppam Engg College., Kuppam, Chittoor (Dt.), A.P.
5
Assistant Professor, Dept .of CSE, Kuppam Engg College., Kuppam, Chittoor (Dt.), A.P.

special purpose network to an ubiquitous platform for a wide
Abstract:
range of everyday communication services. The demands on
As the Internet takes an increasingly central role in our Internet reliability and availability have increased accordingly.
communications infrastructure, the slow convergence o
routing protocols after a network failure becomes a growing A disruption of a link in central parts of a network has the
problem. To assure RAPID recovery from link and node failures in IP potential to affect hundreds of thousands of phone conversations
networks, we present a new recovery scheme called or TCP connections, with obvious adverse effects. The ability to
numerous Routing Configurations (NRC). Our proposed scheme
guarantees recovery in all single failure scenarios, using a single recover from failures has always been a central design goal in
mechanism to handle both link and node failures, and without knowing the Internet [3]. IP networks are intrinsically robust, since IGP
the root cause of the failure. NRC is strictly connectionless, and routing protocols like OSPF are designed to update the
assumes only destination based hop-by-hop forwarding. NRC is
based on keeping additional routing information in the routers, and forwarding information based on the changed topology after a
allows packet forwarding to continue on an alternative output link failure. This re-convergence assumes full distribution of the new
immediately after the detection of a failure. It can be implemented link state to all routers in the network domain. When the new
with only minor changes to existing solutions. In this paper we
presenters, and analyze its performance with respect to scalability, state information is distributed, each router individually
endorsement path lengths, and load distribution after a calculates new valid routing tables.
failure. We also show how an estimate of the traffic demands in the
network can be used to improve the distribution of the recovered
This network-wide IP re-convergence is a time consuming
traffic, and thus reduce the chances of congestion when NRC
is used. process, and a link or node failure is typically followed by a
period of routing instability. During this period, packets may be
I.INTRODUCTION dropped due to invalid routes. This phenomenon has been
I recent years the Internet has been transformed from a special studied in both IGP [2] and BGP context [3], and has an adverse
purpose network to an ubiquitous platform for a wide range of effect on real-time applications [4]. Events leading to a re-
everyday communication services. The demands on Internet convergence have been shown to occur frequently [5]. Much
reliability and availability have increased accordingly. A effort has been devoted to optimizing the different steps of the
disruption of a link in central parts of a network has the convergence of IP routing, i.e., detection, dissemination of
potential to affect hundreds of thousands of phone information and shortest path calculation, but the convergence
conversations or TCP connections, with obvious adverse time is still too large for applications with real time demands
effects. The ability to recover from failures has always been a
central design goal in the Internet [1], IP networks are ANTICIPATED SYSTEM
intrinsically robust, since IGP routing protocols like OSPF are Our proposed scheme guarantees recovery in all single failure
designed to update the forwarding information based on the scenarios, using a single mechanism to handle both link and
changed topology after a failure. This re-convergence assumes node failures, and without knowing the root cause of the failure.
full distribution of the new link state to all routers in the NRC is strictly connectionless, and assumes only destination
network domain. When the new state information is distributed, based hop-by-hop forwarding. NRC is based on keeping
each router individually calculates new valid routing tables. additional routing information in the routers, and allows packet
VACANT SYSTEM forwarding to continue on an alternative output link
immediately after the detection of a failure.
In recent years the Internet has been transformed from a

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ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 9, No. 7, July 2011

II. NRC OVERVIEW
NRC is based on building a small set of endorsement routing
configurations, that are used to route recovered traffic on
alternate paths after a failure Our NRC approach is threefold.
First, we create a set of endorsement configurations, so that
every network component is excluded from packet forwarding
in one the network topology as a graph , with a set of and the
associated link weight function configuration. Second, for each
configuration, a standard routing algorithm like OSPF issued to
calculate configuration specific shortest paths and create
forwarding tables in each router, based on the configurations.

The use of a standard routing algorithm guarantees loop-free
forwarding within one configuration. Finally, we design a Fig. 1. Left: node 5 is isolated (shaded color) by setting a high
forwarding process that takes advantage of the endorsement weight on all its connected links (stapled). Only traffic to and
configurations to provide rapid recovery from a component from the isolated node will use these restricted links. Right: a
failure. configuration where nodes 1, 4 and 5, and the links 1.2, 3.5 and
4.5 are isolated (dotted).
Using a standard shortest path calculation, each router creates a
set of configuration-specific forwarding tables. For simplicity, an isolated node to a non-isolated node, or it connects two
we say that a packet is forwarded according to a configuration, isolated nodes. Importantly, this means that a link is always
meaning that it is forwarded using the forwarding table isolated in the same configuration as at least one of its attached
calculated based on that configuration. In this paper we talk nodes. These two rules are required by the NRC forwarding
about building a separate forwarding table for each process described in Section IV in order to give correct
configuration, but we believe that more efficient solutions can forwarding without knowing the root cause of failure. When we
be found in a practical implementation. talk of a endorsement configuration
B. ALGORITHM
III. GENERATING ENDORSEMENT
The number and internal structure of endorsement
CONFIGURATIONS
configurations in a complete set for a given topology may vary
A. CONFIGURATIONS STRUCTURE depending on the construction model. If more configurations are
NRC configurations are defined by the network topology, created, fewer links and nodes need to be isolated per
which is the same in all configurations, and the associated link configuration, giving a richer (more connected) backbone in
weights, which differ among configurations. each configuration. On the other hand, if fewer configurations
are constructed, the state requirement for the endorsement
routing information storages reduced.

However, calculating the minimum number of configurations
for a given topology graph is computationally demanding. One
solution would be to find all valid configurations for the input
consisting of the topology graph and its associated normal link
weights , and then find the complete set of configurations with
lowest cardinality. Finding this set would involve solving the
Set Cover problem, which is known to be-complete [13].

This means that a restricted link always connects an isolated
node to a non-isolated node. An isolated link either
connects

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ISSN 1947-5500
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Vol. 9, No. 7, July 2011

The algorithm can be implemented either in a network
management system, or in the routers. As long as all routers
have the same view of the network topology, they will compute
the same set of endorsement configurations. Description:
Algorithm 1 loops through all nodes in the topology, and tries to
isolate them one at a time, link is isolated in the same iteration as
one of its attached nodes. The algorithm terminates when either
all nodes and links in the network are isolated in exactly one Fig. 2. Packet forwarding state diagram.
configuration, or a node that cannot be

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Vol. 9, No. 7, July 2011

the foiled component. We use its performances a reference
point and evaluate how closely NRC can approach it. It must be
noted that NRC yields the shown performance immediately
after a failure, while IP re-convergence can take seconds to
complete.

FEATURES :
NRC: STRENTH AND WEAKNESSESSTRENTH

100% coverage
Better control over recovery paths
Recovered traffic routed independently
WEAKNESSES

Needs a topology identifier
Packet marking or tunneling
Potentially large number of topologies required
No-END-to-END recovery
Only one switching
MULTIPULE ROUTING CONFIGARATION

IV. LOCAL FORWARDING PROCESS Relies on numerous logic topologies
Builds endorsement configuration so that all components are
When a packet reaches a point of failure, the node adjacent tithe protected
failure, called the detecting node, is responsible for finding Recovered traffic is routed the endorsement configuration
endorsement configuration where the failed component is Detecting and recovery is local Path protection to egress node
isolated. The detecting node marks the packet as belonging to
this configuration, and forwards the packet. From the packet REFERENCES
marking, all transit routers identify the packet with the selected 1) Atlas and A. Zinin, "Basic specification for ip rapid-
endorsement configuration, and forward it to the egress node reroute: Loop-free alternates," IETF Internet Draft
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spec-base-06.
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
4) Boutremans, G. lannaccone, and C. Diot, "Impact of
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132 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,
Vol. 9, No. 7, July 2011

6) P. Francois, C. Filsfils, J. Evans, and 0. Bonaventure, 3. Mr. K. JAGANNATH, did his
"Achievingsub-second IGP convergence in large IP B.Tech (Information Technology) from
networks," ACM SIGCOMM Computer J.N.T.U Hyderabad and M.Tech
(computer science) in Dr.M.G.R.
Communication Review, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 35 - 44, University, Chennai. My research
July2005. interests in areas of Wireless Networks
7) P. Francois, O. Bonaventure, and M. Shand, and Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. he have
"Disruption free topology reconfiguration in OSPF more than 5 years of teaching
networks," in Proceedings INFOCOM, experience he attended so many
Anchorage,AK, USA, may 2007. workshops. Presently working in Kuppam Engineering
College, Kuppam. as a Associate Professor in Information
8) Fortz and M. Thorup, "Internet traffic engineering by
Technology Dept.
optimizing OSPF weights." in Proceedings
INFOCOM, 2000, pp. 519-528.[24] D. S. Johnson, 4.Mr. G.Surendra Reddy did his
"Approximation algorithms for combinatorial B.Sc(computer science) from
problems, "in Proc. of the 5. annual ACM symp. on S.V.University, M.Sc (computer
Theory of computing, 1973,pp. 38-49. science) from Dravidian University
and M.E from Sathyabama
9) M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson, Computers and
University. My interest areas are Data
Intractability: A Guideto the Theory of NP- warehousing and Mining. I have 2
Completeness. W. H. Freeman & Co., 1979. years of industry experience and 4
10) S. Iyer, S. Bhattacharyya, N. Taft, and C. Diot, "An years of teaching experience.Presently he is working in
approach to alleviate link overload as observed on an kuppam engineering college as a Asst.Prof CSE
Department.
IP backbone," in.
5. Mr.K.N.Dharanidhar did his
AUTHORS PROFILES B.Tech (Information Technology)
from JNTU Anantapur, M.Tech
1. Mr. S. RAJAN, did his B. Tech (computer science) from JNTU
from JNTU Hyderabad, M. Tech Anantapur. My interest areas are Data
from Dr. M.G.R. University, warehousing and Mining & Mobile
Chennai and currently pursuing Computing.he attended so many
Ph. D from Rayalaseema University, workshops and National and
Kurnool. I have more than 7 years of International conferences. Presently he
teaching experience. Presently is working in kuppam engineering college as a Asst. Prof
working as Associate Professor & CSE Department.
Head in the Department of
Computer Science & Engineering in
Kuppam Engineering College, Kuppam. My research
interests are in the areas of Wireless Networks and Object
Oriented Programming.

2. Mr.ALTHAF HUSSAIN H B,
did his B.Sc (computer science) in
S.V.University and M.Sc (computer
science) in Dravidian University and
received M.E (computer science
and engineering) in Sathyabama
University, Chennai. My research
interests in areas of Computer
Networks, Wireless Networks and
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. I attended
so many workshops and National and International
conferences. I have 7 years experience of teaching in
various colleges. Presently working in Kuppam Engineering
College, Kuppam. As a Associate Professor in Computer
Science and Engineering dept.

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