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The Connected Vehicle
and Continuous Safety
H. Krishnan
Hariharan.Krishnan@gm.com
GM R & D Center
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2X Applications
V2X applications can be classified as
Safety Applications
Convenience Applications
Commercial Applications
Safety-oriented applications are of special
interest because they are expected to
significantly reduce the fatalities and
economic losses caused by traffic accidents
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2X Safety Applications
Communications Between Vehicle
Communications Between Vehicle
and Infrastructure
and Infrastructure Communications Between Vehicles
Communications Between Vehicles
Blind Merge Warning
Blind Merge Warning Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning
Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning
Curve Speed Warning
Curve Speed Warning Blind Spot Warning
Blind Spot Warning
Emergency Vehicle Signal Preemption
Emergency Vehicle Signal Preemption Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
Highway/Rail Collision Warning
Highway/Rail Collision Warning Cooperative Collision Warning
Cooperative Collision Warning
Intersection Collision Warning
Intersection Collision Warning Cooperative Forward Collision Warning
Cooperative Forward Collision Warning
In Vehicle Amber Alert
In Vehicle Amber Alert Cooperative Vehicle-Highway
Cooperative Vehicle-Highway
In-Vehicle Signage
In-Vehicle Signage Automation System
Automation System
Just-In-Time Repair Notification
Just-In-Time Repair Notification Emergency Electronic Brake Lights
Emergency Electronic Brake Lights
Left Turn Assistant
Left Turn Assistant Highway Merge Assistant
Highway Merge Assistant
Low Bridge Warning
Low Bridge Warning Lane Change Warning
Lane Change Warning
Low Parking Structure Warning
Low Parking Structure Warning Post-Crash Warning
Post-Crash Warning
Pedestrian Crossing Information at
Pedestrian Crossing Information at Pre-Crash Sensing
Pre-Crash Sensing
Intersection
Intersection Vehicle-Based Road Condition Warning
Vehicle-Based Road Condition Warning
Road Condition Warning
Road Condition Warning Vehicle-to-Vehicle Road Feature Notification
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Road Feature Notification
Safety Recall Notice
Safety Recall Notice Visibility Enhancer
Visibility Enhancer
SOS Services
SOS Services Wrong Way Driver Warning
Wrong Way Driver Warning
Stop Sign Movement Assistance
Stop Sign Movement Assistance
Stop Sign Violation Warning
Stop Sign Violation Warning
Traffic Signal Violation Warning
Traffic Signal Violation Warning
Work Zone Warning
Work Zone Warning
NOTE: Highest ranking applications based on safety benefit estimates are highlighted in yellow
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
“360 Degree” Wireless Collision Warning System
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
System
Informs driver of developing collision threat
– Wireless data exchange of information
– GPS-based
– 360°collision warning system
Driver maintains responsibility
for control of vehicle
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
GM V2V Applications
Slow/Stopped Vehicle Ahead
Emergency Electronic Brake Lamp
Forward Collision Warning/Rear-end CHMSL
Blind Spot/Lane Change
Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning
Work zone warning from infrastructure/trailer
Intersection Collision Warning/Avoidance
– Straight Crossing Path (SCP)
– Straight Crossing Path (SCP)
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V Engineering:
Slow/Stopped Vehicle Advisor
Stopped Vehicle + “Slow Vehicle Ahead”
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V Engineering:
Emergency Electronic Brake Light
Hard Braking Vehicle +”Hard Braking Ahead”
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V Engineering:
Forward Collision Avoidance with Auto-
Brake
Flash
tail and
reverse
lamps
+ Seat Vibration
+ “Caution”, “Warning”
Lead Vehicle
Lead Vehicle Host Vehicle
Host Vehicle
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V Engineering:
Lane Change & Blind Zone Advisor/Warning
Blind Zone Host Vehicle
Host Vehicle
Other Vehicle
Other Vehicle
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V Engineering:
Intersection Collision Warning System
+ Seat Vibration
+ “Warning”
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V Engineering:
Emergency Vehicle Assistant
Police
Police
Host vehicle
Host vehicle
Advisory
Advisory
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V Engineering:
Work Zone Assistant
Host Vehicle
Host Vehicle
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V: Conditions for
Deployment
Market penetration
Standards development
Wireless communication technology
GPS technology
Governance structure
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
Technology Insertion – Latency Period:
CY2005 U.S. Vehicle Registration & Vehicles Involved in Fatal
CY2005 U.S. Vehicle Registration & Vehicles Involved in Fatal
Crashes
Crashes
100%
100%
MY 2000
MY 2000 MY 95
MY 95 MY 90
MY 90
90%
90%
Cumulative Distribution ( % )
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
CY2005 Vehicle Registration (Ref: RL Polk = 280 million vehicles)
CY2005 Vehicle Registration (Ref: RL Polk = 280 million vehicles)
30%
30% Vehicles involved in Fatal Crashes ((Ref: FARS 2005 =47350 vehicles)
Vehicles involved in Fatal Crashes Ref: FARS 2005 =47350 vehicles)
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
-5
-5 00 55 10
10 15
15 20
20 25
25 30
30
Age of vehicles (years)
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V Challenges
Communication Challenges
Communication Challenges
Based on periodic (100 ms) V2V communications up to communication range of
Based on periodic (100 ms) V2V communications up to communication range of
250 m
250 m
Large Scale Communications performance, i.e. reliability and capacity will be an
Large Scale Communications performance, i.e. reliability and capacity will be an
issue
issue
Scalability will require robust, dynamic channel congestion control methods (power
Scalability will require robust, dynamic channel congestion control methods (power
and rate control)
and rate control)
Security (computation overload) and privacy concerns will be an issue with
Security (computation overload) and privacy concerns will be an issue with
periodic communications
periodic communications
GPS Technology challenges
GPS Technology challenges
Lane level accuracy at low cost will be an issue
Lane level accuracy at low cost will be an issue
Coverage (outages due to obstructions) will be an issue
Coverage (outages due to obstructions) will be an issue
Market Penetration challenges
Market Penetration challenges
The lane level cooperative collision warning applications will need significant
The lane level cooperative collision warning applications will need significant
market penetration
market penetration
No simple way to ramp up market penetration in a short time
No simple way to ramp up market penetration in a short time
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
V2V Early Applications
Driver Assistance Features
Driver Assistance Features
Slow/Stopped Vehicle Ahead Advisor
Slow/Stopped Vehicle Ahead Advisor
Road Level
Emergency Electronic Brake Lights
Emergency Electronic Brake Lights
Road Condition Hazard Advisor
Road Condition Hazard Advisor
Post Crash Notification
Post Crash Notification
…….
…….
Focus on Driver Assistance Systems
Focus on Driver Assistance Systems
Based on event-driven V2V communications up to communication range of 250 m or more
Based on event-driven V2V communications up to communication range of 250 m or more
Communications performance, i.e. reliability and capacity will not be an issue because of the
Communications performance, i.e. reliability and capacity will not be an issue because of the
event-based communications
event-based communications
Road level GPS accuracy at low cost will not be an issue
Road level GPS accuracy at low cost will not be an issue
Coverage (outages due to obstructions) may not have a significant impact except if that
Coverage (outages due to obstructions) may not have a significant impact except if that
happens at the hazard event location
happens at the hazard event location
Security (computation overload) and privacy concerns will not be an issue with event-driven
Security (computation overload) and privacy concerns will not be an issue with event-driven
communications
communications
The driver assistance applications may be deployed at low levels of market penetration
The driver assistance applications may be deployed at low levels of market penetration
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
CAMP
Vehicle Safety Communications 2 Consortium
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Vehicle Safety Communications –
Applications Project
(VSC-A)
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
Project Overview
3 year project - December 2006 to November 2009.
Collaborative effort between 5 OEMs (DCX, Ford, GM, Honda &
Toyota) and US DOT (+ Volpe & Noblis).
Follow-on project to CAMP VSC (2002-2004) project.
Project Costs: $12 Million, USDOT funding: 80 %
Strong emphasis on resolving current communication and vehicle
positioning issues so that interoperable future deployment of
DSRC+Positioning based safety systems will be enabled.
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
Main Objectives
Develop scalable, common vehicle safety communication
architecture, protocols, and messaging framework
(interfaces) necessary to achieve interoperability and
cohesiveness among different vehicle manufacturers.
Standardize this messaging framework and the
communication protocols (including message sets) to
facilitate future deployment
Develop accurate and affordable vehicle positioning technology
needed, in conjunction with the 5.9 GHz DSRC, to support
most of the safety applications with high potential benefits
Develop and verify (on VSC-A system test bed) a set of
objective test procedures for the selected vehicle safety
communications applications
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
CAMP
Vehicle Safety Communications 2 Consortium
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Cooperative Intersection Collision
Avoidance Systems – Violations
Project
(CICAS-V) Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
WiVEC
Project Overview
CICAS-V is a 4 year project to develop Cooperative Intersection
Collision Avoidance Systems that
Prevent crashes between vehicles due to violations of traffic
signals
Prevent crashes between vehicles due to violations of stop signs
Phase 1: May 2006 – May 2008 & Phase II: May 2008 – May 2010
Project Costs: $36 Million, USDOT funding for Phase 1: 70 %, Phase
2: 80 %
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
Traffic Signal Violation Warning
DSRC radio
1 2
Intersection ID: 23983
Traffic signal information
Processor
No Dedicated turn signals X Left turn and Lane 1 Status red 4 sec Road Side
Warning
through signals
X 3
Lane 2 Status red 4 sec GPS Map storage Equipment
4
10 5
X
Lane 3 Status green
9
8
X
Left turn and
through signals
X No Dedicated turn signals
(RSE)
7 6
5
Lane Centerline
Lane ID
X Intersection Location Positioning Correction Intersection Traffic
X Stopping Location
On Board Equipment (OBE) Control Device
WiVEC Panel @ Baltimore, Oct 1, 2007
