Influence of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence from the

European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 9, Number 1 (2009) Influence of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence from the National Education Philosophy Towards Language Skills Among Secondary School Students Endang Pertiwi Saidy Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Aminuddin Hassan Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Fadzilah Abd. Rahman Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Habibah Ab. Jalil Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Ismi Arif Ismail Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Steven Eric Krauss Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Abstract Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence (ESI) is a key element in providing guidelines towards an individual’s achievement especially students. One’s level of intelligence does not depend only on their level of intellectual intelligence. In fact it also depends on emotional and spiritual intelligence which is seen as the element that could influence a student’s level of achievement. ESI is also able to influence improvement of students’ value in order to produce a balanced individual as objectified by the National Education Philosophy (FPK). This paper discusses the importance of emotional and spiritual intelligence from the National Education Philosophy towards language performance of secondary school students. Five dimensions of emotional intelligence by Goleman (1998) namely aspects of self-awareness, self-control, motivation, empathy and social skills are being discussed in this study. Other than that, the adaptation suitability of Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS) questionnaire introduced by Amram and Dryer (2007) for the purpose of measuring spiritual intelligence would also be discussed. The awareness of the needs to enhance secondary students’ language skills through emotional and spiritual balance should be given emphasis in the current educational system. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Spiritual Intelligence, Language Skills Introduction Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence (ESI) is seen as a factor that influences students’ language skills. Language skill is a skill which enables one to perform a discourse effectively. (Rajendran, 2000). Language skills consist of listening, speaking, reading and writing skills (Curriculum Specifications for 61 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 9, Number 1 (2009) Form Four’s Malay Language). These four skills could be divided into two sections which are oral skill consisting of listening and speaking skills and writing skill consisting of reading and writing skills. Students are expected to master language skills well through education in schools so that they could apply it to their lifestyles other than excel excellently in their studies. However, a study carried out by Awang Mohamad Amin (1987) and Abdul Razak Ismail (1997) revealed that students have yet to master language skills well although they are already pursuing their studies in the secondary level. Based on the research report of Ministry of Education Malaysia (1999), about ten to fifteen percent of school students are still facing problems to master 3M. Ministry of Education Malaysia’s Special Education Department through its circular letter KP/JPK/BPKP/03/03/1 (43) (1998) suggested that all primary and secondary schools throughout the nation are to implement 3M (reading, writing, calculating) intervention program beginning January 2009. This becomes an evidence of the importance of taking language skills as a serious matter and should be given attention as it becomes the key point to measure an individual’s language skills to see whether or not the individual is good at practicing language skills. The discontent towards language problems has caught the attention of researcher such as Awang Mohammad Amin (1987: 199) who voices out his opinions as below: “Students who have completed their Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) examination for instance still make language mistakes where they could be regarded as the most dangerous “aedes mosquitoes” as they are all over with the unawareness of being the vector of “language inaccuracy germs” spreading to others when they are not cautious and vigilant when using the Malay language in a particular formal context.” This statement shows that this problem is very dangerous and need to be treated fast in order to stop it from spreading widely. The language problem has also been discussed by Abdul Razak Ismail (1997). He stated that at the secondary level there are still some students who are week in term of their mastery in making sentences. This situation influences their ability to compose. This matter is not suppose to happen since they are given exposure towards the Malay language education especially students who use Malay language as their mother tongue. The mastery of language skills is very important. This statement is also supported by Awang Sariyan (1985: 153) in (Latihan Ilmiah Pengajian Melayu, 1994). He stated that: “Language mastery is a systematic use of language and not only orally based. The lack of language mastery will cause negative consequences to Malay language which is still at observation level.” Based on this statement there is a significant level towards students who are still weak at language level and problems which need to be solved. The weakness in this language practice is related to certain factors such as weaknesses in term of emotional and spiritual intelligence of the students. The weaknesses in term of intelligence level become the reasons for students not being able to master language skills well. The example that could be seen is when a student has emotional problems, always involve in activities such as truancy, black mail, hurt teachers and others which show their naughtiness. They will have problem to think in a theoretical way, organize objects or ideas based on an organized arrangement and pay attention towards their studies. These students usually will gain low marks for sight test, speaking, reading, mathematic and general intelligence (Brickman, 1984 in: Habibah, 1997). Therefore, various actions need to be taken to overcome this problem. Everyone should work together so students could increase their level of emotional and spiritual intelligence so they could become an entity who manages to achieve stability as been objectified by FPK. This form of stability is considered important so that students could expand their full self-potential with traits in order to become the generation that could to lead the nation in future. 62 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 9, Number 1 (2009) Statement of Problem All these while, many people think that if an individual has a high level of intellectual, therefore the individual will have opportunity to achieve better success compare to those with low intellectuals. However there are cases where people with high intellectuals who are left out from those who have low intellectuals. For instance, the story of Sufiah Yusof, a mathematic genius who managed to pursue studies in the Oxford University at the age of 13. This woman is then later discovered to get involved in prostitution activities which caused her future to be discouraging since she ran away from the university and her family (8 April 2008). This proves that a high intellectual intelligence does not function as the ticket to prove or ensure one’s success in life and education. In fact one’s success is contributed by high emotional and spiritual intelligence. This statement is supported by a research done by Goleman (1995) who stated that 80% of a person’s success is rely on emotional intelligence compare to about 20% only of their IQ. The findings of this research are supported by Sternberg. Sternberg found out that IQ’s influence towards a person’s success is limited to 4% of variance. Besides that, Goleman’s statement is also supported by Mohamad Nazar Mohamed (2001). He stated that to measure one’s achievement other than having emotional intelligence, spiritual and emotional intelligence is also equally important and must go along with that. He added that individuals who have a good combination of spiritual and emotional that is harmonized with their intellectuals could produce a balanced generation as objectified in FPK. This situation could ensure the generation to have a strong self defense to face world challenges without any border with full challenges. This statement clearly shows that spiritual and emotional level of intelligence really influences one’s level of achievement. A good emotion and strong spiritual of an individual could influence a student’s level of achievement. The stability in both these elements would not only give implications towards good achievements but also become the measure for good attitudes of the students. According to Muhamad Mahyudin Nafis (2007), there are nine ways that could form emotional and spiritual intellectual when the individual have patience, gratefulness, engrossment, good perceptions, honesty, good relationship, depends on god, sincerity and pietism. He added that human with an intelligent spirit and emotion is the type of human who works hard to get and maintain within the nine attitudes that have been taught in Islam since Prophet Muhammad’s time. Therefore, with a good and pure soul, students will be able to keep good attitudes and able to practice a lingual well as this will enable them to control themselves from doing things that are wrong in term of values and norms which could influence a well behaved norm. For instance, they will talk politely when communicate with others and use the right way of talking. Through a familiarity of a good communication, they could appeal it in their daily written work. This situation could assist them to use the right language. The outcome could not only be seen through the students’ good self development in fact it gives good achievement in their studies. Hence, students who generally have a high level of ESI will often be related to gain high achievements. In another way, if their ESI intelligent level is low, their achievement gained will also be at a low level. This shows that ESI relationship is parallel and significant with students’ achievement. Emotional and spiritual intelligence is considered as an important element and could not be separated in order to ensure one’s achievement. This situation also shows the important of the combination of emotional and spiritual intelligence with intellectual intelligence to achieve good results in studies. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework is formed based on a few aspects. The first aspect is from the National Education Philosophy. Second is based on Goleman’s (1998) questionnaires to measure the level of Emotional Intelligence in term of elements such as self awareness, self control, motivation, empathy and social skills. Third to measure the students’ spiritual intelligence, the adaptation suitability of 63 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 9, Number 1 (2009) Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS) questionnaire by Amram and Dryer (2007) is also used. This framework has become the measure to look at ESI influences in evaluating students’ language skills level in secondary schools whether it is in a low, moderate or high level. Emotional Intelligence (EI) • Self Awareness • Self Control • Motivation • Empathy • Social Skill F P K Language Achievements • Low • Moderate • High Spiritual Intelligence (SI) Oral • • Listening Speaking Written • Reading • Writing In this framework, National Education Philosophy (FPK) functions as the basic for the emotional and spiritual intelligence level. This is because ESI from the FPK is an important element that has been given emphasis in the formation of outstanding human capital. This stability is really expected to produce individuals who are balanced in term of four aspects which have been given emphasis in FPK. The stability in term of all the aspects will later influence students’ achievement in their mastery of language. If this aim is achieved, the country will be able to produce more excellent individuals in their studies. Hence the nation’s education quality will also increase to a better level and equal with the education system in other countries. In term of examining the needs of FPK, this writing will deeply analyze the importance of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence. The importance of ESI will be related to the mastery of language skills among Form 4 students in secondary schools. This discussion is due to the problems which exist and not suppose to happen in secondary schools. The discussion is expected to provide awareness to everyone other than encouraging certain responsible parties to come forward together to overcome the problems. Emotional Intelligence (EI) Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a group of mental abilities which could help to identify and understand the feelings of others. Emotional Intelligence could increase the ability to control our feelings (Meyers, 1999). EI concept is a wider intellectual concept and related to emotional intelligence and feelings as well as how the feelings could interact with one’s IQ. Human have various emotions and feelings such as happy, shy, sad, boring, scared and others. The word emotion derived from the Latin word “emovere” which means moving, happiness and hesitation (Mohd. Azahar Abdul Hamid, 2006). Emotion could be defined as a situation faced by human, which involved a few physiological, self and psychology process. (Mahmood Nazar Mohamad, 1992). EI term was first used by a physiologist named Peter Salovey and John Mayer in the year 1990. Five years later, Daniel Goleman popularizes EI in his book Emotional Intelligence. The discussion of ideas in the book created awareness towards people in regards to the importance of this concept which started with the implication towards educating children until to the importance in the work place and almost in all human interactions. 64 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 9, Number 1 (2009) Self Awareness Self awareness really influences one’s emotional intelligence. Self awareness or self consciousness is an ability to understand a feeling and could be able to give certain identification (Mohd, Azhar Abd. Hamid, 2006). This refers to the relationship awareness among thoughts, feelings and actions which will be done by an individual. Awareness is a feeling that will derive from certain actions. If they do not have a high self awareness, hence they will feel free to do anything as they wish. This situation will make it possible for an individual not being able to make a wise decision as he or she is not aware of his or her emotions other than not knowing how the emotions could assist him or her in making the best decisions. As a student, one is supposed to have a high self awareness. This awareness is necessary as it involves self confidence and trust. If students do not have high confidence and trust, this will cause difficulties when they would want to learn knowledge. Language learning encourages students to think creatively and critically. The things which have been learnt are only basic where students need to use them to expand towards something which is more complex and diverse. The example that could be seen for instance is when learning writing skill. In school, students have only been taught to write an essay using the right format. The question which has been given is a general question that requires the students to think, find ideas and later expand those ideas. Students will be able to produce a good essay and expand those ideas when they have a wide knowledge along with necessary experiences. The lack of self awareness will surely cause lack of will to study where they will ignore their responsibilities as students. They are supposed to be aware of their responsibilities of studying hard to achieve excellence in studies. This excellence will enable them to be an educated person which has been emphasized in the National Education Philosophy. In order to encourage students to have a high self awareness, parents’ encouragement is considered to be very important. They should monitor their children’s development and give emphasis towards their studies as concerned parents. Atan Long (1978) supported this statement by saying that parents is fundamental for a family where they function as the socialization agent in their children’s life. Parents should also provide enough love to their children for instance having intimate bond in order to ensure their children’s emotional condition (Mohd Azhar Abd. Hamid, 2006). This is because intimate bond will create a calm feeling that will later influence their children’s emotions. Parents should function as good role models to influence their children’s emotions. This matter has been stated in parenting style which is required and revealed further in Haji. Abdul Fatah Hasan (1998). In his writing, he noted that negative parenting style should be avoided to boost their children’s emotional intelligence. Self Control Self control refers to the skill of controlling one’s actions and feelings before engaging in certain activities (Goleman, 1996). He stated that; “An individual who has a high emotional intelligence is an individual who could control his or her feelings and actions, has self defense to achieve life’s objectives, able to manage negative feelings as well as easily form friendship with others” Based on the statement, students are supposed to be able to control themselves from negative aspects. This self control refers to students’ ability to control their emotions and feelings. Basically, human’s emotions will response towards one’s behaviors. The importance of emotions which influenced the acquisition level had also been stated by Watson (1913) in his learning theory which was known as the Watson’s Conditioning Theory (1878-1958). In this learning theory, he stated that a behavior was a form of conditioned response sequence towards stimulation and environment. He also felt that emotions which were being related to the theory could be conditioned classically. In order to strengthen his opinions, Watson conducted an experiment on a white rat and a male toddler aged 11 months with the name of Albert. Watson showed the white rat to Albert. At first Albert 65 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 9, Number 1 (2009) was not scared of the rat. However, when a loud sound was made with the existence of the rat, Albert felt scared and started to cry. This condition was being repeated until Albert was scared of their white rat. The conclusion which could be made based on this theory was that one’s emotion could be conditioned, predicted and controlled human’s behaviors. When being related to this language problem, if students could control their anger and laziness for instance, they will definitely be working hard to learn the knowledge presented to them by teachers. Students will be more prepared to accept teacher’s teaching easily and work to enhance their performances in mastering language skills. Students’ preparation to accept knowledge is considered important and is given emphasis. This is also discussed by Thorndike (1913) in the behaviorism theory through ‘Law of readiness’ learning theory. According to Thorndike when students could control themselves, they would be more prepared to accept knowledge. Hence because of these reasons, students are supposed to have a high emotional disciple in themselves because without self control, emotions would be ruined. Controlled emotions could form a good personality of the students, in fact they could think better. This situation later could form better impact towards their language achievement level. Self control is very important to avoid students from doing something against the life’s norms. Therefore, all individuals especially students need to have a positive attitude towards the stimulation accepted in order to control feelings, actions and themselves. This is because students would be more exposed to the negative elements gathered from their environments such as watching television, listening to the radio, reading magazines and newspapers that give exposure which portray the diversity of reading materials and stories that could leave impacts and influence their thinking and lifestyle. Students should also avoid themselves from all emotional disturbances that could distract their smoothness of language mastery process. All these distractions could cause pressure on them. Hurlock (1973) has mentioned that a high and ongoing emotional disturbance or stress will not only influence one’s behavior but also influence their attitudes and physiological condition, values and their abilities. This disturbance will cause stress on them. According to Romas and Sharma (2004), pressure that go higher than certain level if not being controlled will cause various problems to every individuals. This situation will give negative impacts towards health level, personality, social interaction and academic achievement. Sometimes when going through learning process, students will tend to get stressed as they do not understand and could not follow the teachers’ lessons. For example in making the summary of an essay, students need to identify the explicit and implicit ideas. Problems may occur when students would want to identify the implicit points as these points could not be identified other than using one’s thinking skill. In order to enable students to think well to identify the ideas they need to have good emotions. This is because a calm condition could enable the students to think well. The difficulties in finding the ideas will sometimes cause them to be left out and dropped out in the teachers’ lessons. Due to the drop out, their assignments will be delayed and later became a burden for them until it caused them to lose the will and desire to continue studies. If students could not control themselves, hence the negative element gained could influence their language skills. In term of speaking skill they will tend to use impolite words and do not follow proper language type. The focus on listening skill is also limited as they lose interest towards the lessons which are being taught. This situation will later leave negative impact when the students are required to produce writings. This is where their style of writings will tend to use language which is not suitable and usually in the form of code mixing. Therefore self control is very important and need to be given emphasis on so that students’ language skills will achieve a good level of achievement. Motivation Students need to be able to manage their emotions well in order to master language skills. This is because one’s emotion could influence their behaviors which have been stated previously. Therefore as 66 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 9, Number 1 (2009) a student, one should be able to understand one’s own emotions. If emotions get distracted, this will affect a student’s mastery of language. With the right emotion management, students could overcome their language problems well. In order to achieve this objective, they should have a high motivation. Motivation is very important to put into realization certain objectives. Motivation is the drive to achieve success. Motivation could also be described as a highly determined will in doing something to achieve something. Whereas Kamus Dewan (3rd edition, 1994) defined motivation as a strong desire or high determined will in a person which encourage him or her to work hard or do something for the purpose of achieving success. With a high self motivation, students could increase the skill which needs to be mastered. As a student, one should have a high determination and physically as well as mentally strong to face all problems in future. A good solution should be found in order to overcome the difficulties in mastering knowledge so that students could master language skills well. Therefore, these students should have a high commitment where they should always be patience and find initiatives to overcome their problems. If students have a low motivation level, they would definitely not able to master language skills well. The most important thing is that they do not give up fast and treat the challenges as the determining factor to be successful. They should also keep in mind that it is not an easy issue to be successful. However, the success achieved would give satisfaction that could be felt other than giving happiness to their parents. Empathy According to Mohd. Azhar Abd. Hamid (2008), the ability to master a condition and act smartly requires our concern towards other people’s feelings. This means that we need to have compassion, tolerance, not being selfish as well as looking from the lens of others. Thus consideration and being not too emotional are very important. With that, the importance of empathy in influencing students’ language skills need to be given attention and should not be taken lightly. Students will tend to be considerate and control themselves from being too emotional with the feeling of empathy. This situation is very closely related to students’ interpersonal skills. Gardner (1983) in his book, Frames of Mind mentions about interpersonal intelligence is one of the 7 human intelligences which have been identified. Gardner added that the interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand others or which is known as empathy. A person who is an expert in being empathy could comprehend the real meaning of emotions contain in sign language such as face mimics, voices, actions and others. These are the things that are related with learning language through speaking and listening. Students will be able to accept a particular knowledge easily if one’s way of presentation such as the teacher in his or her lessons which use intonation, body language and interesting stimulation materials. With interpersonal intelligence students could evaluate and react accordingly based on feelings, talents, motivation and other people’s desires. These examples could be seen through the teaching of written skill such as reading and writing. When students are not able to identify important facts from passages or stories which they have read, this means that they could not understand the meanings presented by the writers. This shows their weaknesses in empathy or interpersonal. These weaknesses cause the students not able to use the language well. Contrary, students who have interpersonal intelligence could understand the meanings of passages or stories which they have read successfully. Social Skill Social skill is a person’s skill in handling relationships with others. This skill assists a person to communicate effectively. It involves language as a medium of interaction. Language is an important mode of communication in human’s life. Edward Sapir (1921: 8) regards language which is use 67 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 9, Number 1 (2009) specially by humans to convey ideas, emotions and needs. According to the Kamus Linguistik (1977) in Naffi Mat (2006), language is humans’ natural ability which referred to a sound symbol system, arbitrary sound symbol system agreed together by a social group and used as the mode of interaction. According to Nik Safiah Karim (2002) in interpersonal field for instance, the use of language refers to students’ ability to start, build and maintain friendship as well as relationship with others. When students mix a lot with others and could communicate well, they will be more sociable and encourage effective communication. With this progress, they will be more exposed to a better environment. A good relationship will encourage discussions on various matters. A student’s mind will be more developed and progress better through the socialization and discussions. If a student has a high social skill, he or she will be able to use the language better. This is because he or she will be more exposed to new and various vocabulary. The diversity will increase his or her knowledge in using the language. When one learns new vocabulary, he or she will be able to use and apply it in other skills such as in the writing skill. The situation will defer if the student has low social skill where he or she tend to be quiet and communicate less. This condition will cause one to be isolated and may not be able to use language in a proper manner. Spiritual Intelligence (SI) According to Zohar and Marshall (2000), Spiritual Intelligence is an intelligence which encounter question of meanings or ‘values’ whereby the intelligence places our characters and life in a broader and richer context of meanings as well as the intelligence to evaluate a person’s action or way of life which is more meaningful compared to others. Zohar and Marshall (2000) regarded SI as more complete compared to EI because other than being based on the emotions itself, SI is also based on human socio and spirituality. Thus SI is seen as the platform needed to operate human’s brain and emotions effectively. This means that by having a high spiritual intelligence, one could control his or her emotions well and later influence good thinking towards certain individuals. Augustin (2001) stated that SI is closely related to God or religion. Whereas Tischler, Biberman and Mckeage (2002) stated that SI refers to one’s personal experience interpersonally about God and something extraordinary or about something that is pure. SI’s focus is a direct experience about something which differ from daily routines, materials, feelings as well as emotional reality. This has been related to an individual’s internal strength which has been mentioned in Islam as having a pure heart. A person with a pure heart will be able to control all their actions. The importance of the heart has been mentioned by Bukhari and Muslim as been stated by Rasullulah SAW in the book by Mohd Azhar Abdul Hamid (2006) “whereby in Adam’s body contained a piece of meat in physical from that in fact refers to the pure heart. If the heart is good, the whole body will be good and if the heart is bad, the whole body will be bad as well”. Spiritual intelligence could function as the guidelines in our life to differentiate the good and bad things. This situation is related to those who have balanced and could control themselves from doing things which are against the norms such as killing themselves because of life’s stresses and as the final solution to the problems. A person with a high spiritual intelligence will avoid himself or herself from doing such things. This is because the pureness of one’s heart will cause one’s mind to control the actions which are not supposed to be done such as talking roughly and to have impolite manners. When relate to a learning context, this situation shows that spiritual intelligence is very much related to emotions and intellectual in order to ensure a student to achieve a high mastery of language. A good and pure spiritual will cause one to have a deep desire to achieve a particular wish and this will encourage him or her to work hard to achieve his or her dreams. This situation will ensure the gaining process to go smoothly and become easier. Therefore, a student who wishes to master language skills well should increase his or her level of spiritual intelligence. This could be done by always approach God who created us and purify our 68 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 9, Number 1 (2009) souls from all dilemmas. They should instill honestly, responsibility, cooperation, discipline and others in themselves to overcome the problems faced. With high spiritual intelligence, students could also solve all problems and avoid negative attitudes. High level of SI will also help students to control their laziness to study, avoid all the other emotional disturbances which could lead to negative impacts in influencing their mastery of language level. Hence, SI is very much related with an individual’s emotions and this could not be separated. Conclusion As a whole, humans have various intelligence levels. The diversity of intelligence levels owned by humans will influence their life. This includes intelligence level in term of intellectual, emotions and spiritual. The discussions found that the level of emotional and spiritual intelligence is very important and influence the students’ level of language compared to intellectual intelligence. This situation shows a significant relationship between the level of emotional and spiritual intelligence with students’ language use achievement. In other words, a high level of emotions and spiritual will influence and cause high affects of language use achievement. In contrast, a low level of emotional and spiritual intelligence will lead to a low achievement of the students. As a student who has already pursued studies at the secondary level, language problems should be avoided from taking place continuously. This situation will only lead to poorer implication if it is not solve fast. Students’ thinking should be equal with their increase of age. This is important to ensure the country to be able to produce more intellects who could lead the country in future. With a high emotional and spiritual intelligence, students will not only be able to use language well but also could control themselves from doing something against the law or discipline which is needed to be followed. This will decrease discipline problems which have always been related to school students. High emotional and spiritual intelligence will also ensure a student to think logically and use his or her mind the best way possible. This could be seen when the student has a high motivation and self awareness. This will also indirectly encourage the students to study hard to excel not only in their studies but also in their life. The achievement in life is related to a good relationship that can be built in a society. Students are required to be smart in facing all the positive and negative influences from the environments. 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