Chinese Religions
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Daoism
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Confucianism
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Buddhism
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Folk Religion
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Imperial Cult
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The Chinese Religious View of the World
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1. Chinese religion is inclusive
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2. It is humanistic, concerned with people in this world
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3. It is transformative – seeks to make you a different, better person
Confucianism: Mental transformation into a morally perfect person
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3. It is transformative – seeks to make you a different, better person
Daoism: Mental and physical transformation into an immortal
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3. It is transformative – seeks to make you a different, better person
Buddhism: achievement of state of enlightenment here on earth
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4. It is ethical: everything is seen as an ethical situation and ethics are relational; there are NO absolutes in ethical dealings
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A. Confucian Ethics
Filial Piety (Xiao)
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A. Confucian Ethics
Compassion
Rightenouness
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A. Confucian Ethics
Loyalty
Ritual Relationship (li)
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B. Daoist ethics
Accord with the way of nature (dao)
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B. Daoist ethics
Non-action (wu-wei)
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B. Daoist ethics: Compassion
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5. It emphasizes change. Nothing is static and Yin-Yang are the agents of change
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6. It stresses that all gods were once human and thus understand human concerns
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7. It is concerned with helping people achieve the four goals of life:
Long life Many children High position Wealth
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Daoism
Philosophical and religious strains (dao jia and dao jiao)
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Dao Jia
Laozi
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Dao Jia
Dao De jing
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Dao Jia
Zhuangzi
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Dao Jiao: religion of ordinary people: gods to help with all problems
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Dao Jiao: religion of ordinary people
Aims:
To meet everyday needs to bring people to a better life
To transform people into more ethical beings in accord with Dao
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Dao Jiao: religion of ordinary people
To understand how to succeed in the world
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Sacrifice and ritual
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Dao Jiao: religion of ordinary people
To attain the Chinese goals of: Long life, many children, high position and wealth
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Dao Jiao: religion of ordinary people
To achieve immortality: create “perfected men” (only a few dedicated practitioners)
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Methods:
-Faith Healing
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Methods:
-Fasting and repentance
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Methods:
-Pantheon of gods and deities
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Queen mother of the West:Female Deities important
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Feng Shui: aligning the world
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Methods -Physical exercises (Tai ji, Qi gong)
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-Horoscopes and astrological Methods signs
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Modern businessmen participate in a ceremony at a Daoist temple in Taipei
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Rituals and ceremonies
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Methods
-Festivals honoring gods: give and take between gods and people
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Methods -Sacred mountains: sacred
land
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Methods
-Recitation of scriptures
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Daoist establishment:
Temples Priests Nuns Sects and lineages
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-Temples
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Daoist Priests and Nuns
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Confucianism
Confucius: (Kung Fuzi)
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Confucianism
Mencius (Mengzi)
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Confucianism
Aim:
To create a just society
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Aim:
To transform all people into ethical beings
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Aim:
To attain the good things in life
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Methods:
Study the classics and other scriptures
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Methods:
Study the world around you
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Methods:
Revere your ancestors
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Methods:
Respect the relations between peoples
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Methods:
Put the needs of others before your own
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Methods:
Associate only with good people
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Confucian establishment:
Imperial cult
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Confucian establishment:
City gods
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Confucian establishment
Confucian Temples and ceremonies
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Buddhism in China
Mahayana Buddhism adapts to China
Reliance on Boddhisattvas Family oriented policies Emphasis on filial piety and the afterlife Connections with ruling: the ideal ruler Emphasis on compassion rather than wisdom Amalgamation with Daoism
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4th Century Chinese Buddha: Note the Western features
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Wei Dynasty Buddha: note the long ears and the top knot
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Standing Buddha in Maijishan caves: Western Wei Dynasty
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Tang Dynasty (8th Century) Buddha
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Tang dynasty Boddhisattvas from Dunhuang
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5th and 6th centuuy Guanyins
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Tang Guanyin: The Evolution of a Boddhisattva
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Divine kings of the four directions
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Apsaras: the Soul in flight
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Buddha, Boddhisattvas and guardian gods of strength
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Buddha and Disciples
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Map of typical temple layout
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Entrance gate
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Bell Tower and Drum Tower
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Hall of the divine kings: guardian deities of the four directions
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Main Worship Hall
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Buddha flanked by two Boddhisattvas
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Scripture Hall
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Abbott lecturing to the monks
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Monks in Shaolin monastery
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Monks reciting sutras at Shaolin Monastery
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Gong Fu at Shaolin
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Statue of donor to be placed in the temple
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Guanyin on Putuoshan
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Temple on Putuoshan
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Puxian (Samantabhadra): Boddhisattva of Great deeds
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Emeishan temple
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Pagoda at Emeishan
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Dizang (Kshitigarbha): the Boddhisattva of the underworld:
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Jiuhuashan: Home of Dizang: the boddhisattva of the Underworld
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Oven for burning spirit money
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Wenshu (Manjusri): Boddhisattva of Wisdom
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Wutaishan
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One of many temples at Wutaishan
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Buddhist Cemetery at Wutaishan
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Monks in Wutaishan village
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Buddhist festival: Buddha’s Birthday: Outdoor altar
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Dragon dance and procession
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Monks processing to ceremony
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Children’s procession
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Bathing the Buddha
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