Scientific Thought in Context — eBook version Index(es)

General Index Page numbers in boldface indicate the main essay for a topic, and primary source page numbers are in boldface and italics. An italicized page number indicates a photo, illustration, chart, or other graphic. A AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 2:968, 983 AABB (American Association of Blood Banks), 1:331, 332 Abdominal surgery, 1:452 Abel, Neils Henrick, 2:751 ABMA (Army Ballistic Missile Agency), 1:119 Abortion, 1:402 Abrams, Steve, 1:17, 18, 19 ABS Global, 1:528 Absolute space, 2:776–777, 817, 867–868 Absolute time, 2:776–777, 867–868 Abstinence only sex education, 1:443 Abstract language, 2:953 Abstract reasoning, 2:748–750 Abu al-Qasim, 1:446 Abu’l-Wafa, 2:754 Academia dei Lincei, 2:983 Académie des Sciences, 1:297 L’Academie Royale des Sciences, 2:674–675 Academies, scientific, 2:982–984, 983, 984 See also specific academies Academy of Nature’s Mysteries, 2:983 Acceleration dark energy, 2:738 free fall, 2:767 Galileo, 2:814 gravity, 2:870 inertial guidance systems, 2:723 laws of motion, 2:774, 818 Accelerators. See Particle accelerators An Account of Some New Microscopical Discoveries (Needham), 1:490 Accretion disks, 1:72–73 Acetic acid, 1:265, 2:569, 590 Acetone, 2:572 Acetylcholine. See Epinephrine Acid rain, 2:707–708 Acne, 2:934 Acoustics, 2:775 Acquired characteristics evolution, 1:198, 202, 203, 301 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 1:161, 182–183, 202, 203, 228 Lysenkoism, 2:946–947 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. See AIDS Actinides, 2:609 Actinomyces sp., 1:312 Actinomycin, 1:312 Actuarial science, 2:742 Acupuncture, 2:938, 966 ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), 1:245 Adams, Charles C., 1:192, 193 Adams, Henry Brooks, 2:921–922 Adams, William Grylls, 2:855 Adaptation altruism, 1:293–294 bacterial, 1:313, 319 cultural, 1:294 Adaptation and Natural Selection (Williams), 1:195 Adaptive radiation, 1:301 Addison, Thomas, 1:380 Addison’s disease, 1:380–381 Adenine, 1:163, 218, 224, 232 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 1:162 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 1:161, 162, 205, 2:540, 574 Adipose tissue, 1:384, 426 Adjuvant therapy, 1:338 Administrative Behavior (Simon), 2:626, 627 Adoption, 1:293–294 ADP (Adenosine diphosphate), 1:162 Adrenal glands, 1:380–381, 382–383, 475 Adult stem cells, 1:362 Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), 2:632, 635, 648 Aerobic reactions, 2:571 Aerodynamics, 1:257 Aerology, 2:650, 657 Aerosols, 2:663 Africa, 1:496, 515, 2:672 Africanus, Scipio, 2:670 Against Method (Feyerabend), 2:956 Agassiz, Louis, 1:277 Age, geologic. See Geologic ages Age and aging, 1:335, 528 Age of Enlightenment. See Enlightenment 1337 General Index Agent orange, 2:595 The Ages of Nature. See Les Epoques de la Nature (Buffon) Agricola, Georg, 2:772 Agriculture antibiotic overuse, 1:314–316 climate change, 2:664 cloning, 1:528 gene manipulation, 1:534 Haber-Bosch process, 2:564 irrigation, 2:702, 704, 708 Lysenkoism, 2:947–949, 967 water science, 2:702 Agrippa, Marcus, 2:670 Aguillard, Edwards v., 1:207, 2:968 Aguzzi, Adriano, 1:431 AI. See Artificial intelligence AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 1:515, 516 bacterial resistance, 1:325 germ theory deniers, 1:496–497 tuberculosis, 1:325, 493 vaccines, 1:341, 506 Aiken, Howard, 2:645 Air (element), 1:35, 2:602–603, 615, 762–763 Air-defense, 2:626 Air pumps, 1:471 Aircraft, 2:654, 655 Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, 1:383–385 Alabama schools, 1:18 Albertus Magnus, Saint, 1:151, 2:764 Albright, Fuller, 1:383 Albucasis. See Abu al-Qasim Alchemical Allegory of Putrefaction (woodcut), 2:615 The Alchemist at Work (woodcut), 2:616 Alchemy, 2:613–619, 615, 616, 617, 618 Aristotle, 2:614–615, 766 history, 2:561, 603–604 pseudoscience, 2:964 Alcmaeon of Croton, 1:386–387, 422, 456 Alcoholic beverages, 2:567–568, 568, 570–571, 574–579, 575, 576, 577 Aldrin, Edwin “Buzz,” 1:122 Alembert, Jean le Rond d’. See d’Alembert, Jean Le Rond Ales, 2:577 Alexander, Albert, 1:311 Alexander the Great alchemy, 2:613 ancient astronomy, 1:58 Aristotle, 2:614, 759 astrology, 1:62, 68 death of, 1:63 Great Library of Alexandria, 2:631 trigonometry, 2:752 Alexandria, Great Library of, 1:34, 2:603, 631, 633 ALF (Animal Liberation Front), 1:354 Alfonsine Tables, 1:65 Alfonso X (King of Spain), 1:65 Alfred (King of England), 1:151 Algebra Boolean, 2:621, 644, 645, 646–647, 751 Cartesian, 2:718 Algorithms, 1:465–466, 2:628 ALH84001 (meteorite), 1:267–269 Alibek, Ken, 1:495 Alice in Wonderland (Carroll), 2:749 Alkane, 2:591 Alkylating agents, 1:338 All Summer in a Day (Burroughs), 1:111 Allen, Robert, 1:333 Alliance for Progress, 1:519 Allografts, 1:418, 454 Almagest (Ptolemy) astrology, 1:64, 65, 68 astronomy, 1:58–59, 59 cosmology, 1:21, 22, 2:813 mathematical models, 1:103 planetary orbits, 1:36, 2:767 trigonometry, 2:753–754 Almanacs, astrology, 1:67 Almansor (Rhazes), 1:377 Alpha-amylase, 2:576–577 Alpha particles, 2:819–820, 848, 888, 907 Alpha radiation, 2:847, 853–854 Altair 8800, 2:648 Alter, Jonathan, 1:9 Alternative medicine, 2:938, 971 Altman, Sidney, 1:219 Altmann, Richard, 1:159, 161, 229 Altruism, 1:288, 291–292, 293–294, 302 Aluminum oxide, 2:795 Alvarez, Luis, 1:285, 2:694 Alvarez, Walter, 1:285, 2:694 Alzheimer’s disease, 1:255 Amazon basin, 1:156, 2:709 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2:968, 983 American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), 1:331, 332 American Beverage Association, 1:410, 411 American Cancer Society, 1:335 American Eugenics Society, 1:217 American Heart Association, 1:479, 480 American Meteorological Society, 2:655 American Physical Society, 1:125–128 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), 1:351 American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), 2:703 American Thunderstorm Project, 2:655 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 1:245 Amino acids, 1:232–233, 430, 2:539, 586–587 Aminopterin, 1:338 Amish, 1:517 Ammonia, 1:404, 2:564, 591, 794 Ammonium chloride, 2:557–558, 559 Ammunition, 2:572 Amnesty International, 2:636 Ampère, André-Marie, 2:775, 784, 802 Ampère’s law, 2:803 AmpFLP, 1:238 Amphibians, 1:298, 524–526 Amplification, light, 2:793–795 Amputation, 1:450, 450–451 Amundsen, Roald, 2:672 Amyntas III, 2:759 Anabolic reactions, 1:426 Anadromous fi sh, 1:255 Anaerobic bacteria, 2:689 Anaerobic reactions, 2:570, 571 Analog computers, 2:644, 645, 646 Analogous structures, 1:178–179 Analyse des Infiniment Petits four l’intelligence des Lignes Courbes (l’Hôpital), 2:719 Analytic Engine, 2:621, 644 Analytical geometry, 2:718 Analytical mechanics. See Mécanique analytique (Lagrange) Analytical Theory of Probabilities. See Théorie Analytique des Probabilités (Laplace) Anasazi monuments, 1:55–56, 139 Anathomia Mondini (Mondino di Liuzzi), 1:344 An Anatomical Exercise Concerning the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals. See Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus Anatomy brain, 1:458, 459, 459, 460, 461 cardiovascular system, 1:388, 472–477, 473 comparative, 1:177–178, 179, 182, 297, 299, 347–348 dissection, 1:343–355 evolution, 1:198 Galen of Pergamum, 1:346, 376, 377–378, 387, 446 heart, 1:378, 388, 472–475, 473 human gross, 1:386–391, 388, 389 1338 S C I E N T I F I C T H O U G H T: I N C O N T E X T General Index microscopic, 2:805–806, 807 nervous system, 1:388–389, 456–457, 458, 459, 459–460, 460, 461, 465 surgery, 1:447 Vesalius, Andreas, 1:177–178, 346–347, 378, 387, 447 The Anatomy of the Brain and Nerves (Willis), 1:459 Anaxagoras, 1:21, 403, 2:762 Anaximander alchemy, 2:614 astrology, 1:63 cosmology, 1:21 embryology, 1:187 heredity, 1:180 origins of life, 1:264 Anaximenes, 1:33, 63, 2:614, 762 Ancestor worship, 1:56 Ancestry, 1:223 Ancient world astronomy, 1:55, 55–60, 57, 59 blood, 1:328 dissection, 1:440 exploration, 1:116 fermentation, 2:567–568, 574–578 geocentric model, 1:58–59, 59, 63 healing, 1:403 heart, 1:468–469 heredity, 1:212 measurements, 2:733–734 mental illness, 1:434 physiology, 1:421–422 reproductive system, 1:440–441 supernatural theory of diseases, 1:483–485, 484 timepieces, 2:735 written language, 2:631 Andean cultures, 1:434 Andersen, Signe, 2:660 Anderson, Carl, 2:822, 827, 908 Anderson, J. R., 2:628 Anderson, James, 2:657 Anderson-Neddermeyer particles, 2:822 Andreu, Frankie, 2:542, 543 Andrews, Roy Chapman, 1:282 Andrews, Tommie Lee, 1:238 Andromeda Nebula, 1:27, 86, 87 Anemia, sickle cell, 1:221, 333–334 Anesthesia, 1:306, 349, 451 Anfi nsen, Christian, 2:564 Anger, Hal, 1:398–399 Angiocardiography, 1:472 Angiogenesis inhibitors, 2:577 Anglicans, 2:813 Anglo-Saxons, 2:671 Aniline dyes, 1:321, 2:593 Animal Chemistry or Organic Chemistry in its Application to Physiology and Pathology (von Liebig), 1:405 Animal diseases, 1:491, 513 Animal Ecology (Elton), 1:193, 194 Animal Enterprise Protection Act (1992) (U.S.), 1:354 Animal experimentation, 1:348–354, 351, 422, 449, 471 Animal Liberation (Singer), 1:352 Animal Liberation Front (ALF), 1:354 Animal reservoirs, 1:371 Animal rights, 1:350–354 Animalcules, 1:320, 357, 486, 487 Animals antibiotic overuse, 1:314–316 behavior, 1:298, 300, 301–302 classification, 1:167–171, 169, 296, 297–299 cloned, 1:524–530 ecology, 1:193 genetically modified, 1:164, 226, 235, 534–535 New World, 1:296 organ transplantation, 1:415 physiology, 1:421–427 sensation, 1:459 souls, 1:458 Annalen der Physik (journal), 2:978 Annals of the World (Ussher), 1:181 Annihilation, mass-energy equivalence, 1:135 Anning, Mary, 1:277 Annuities, 2:742, 743 Annuities on Lives (de Moivre), 2:742 Ansari X Price, 1:126 Antarctic region, 2:663, 667, 672, 672, 676–677 Antarctic Treaty (1959), 2:672 Anthrax Koch, Robert, 1:394, 428–429, 492, 503 letters, 1:495, 2:980 Pasteur, Louis, 1:491 vaccines, 1:322–323, 492, 503 Anthropic principle, 1:16, 87–88 Anthropogenic classification systems, 2:666 Anthropogenic climate change, 2:662 Anthropology, cultural, 1:290 Anti-fouling research, 1:254–255 Antibiotics, 1:304–317, 307, 310, 312, 314 bacterial resistance, 1:308, 313–314, 315, 325–326, 495, 513–514 broad-spectrum, 1:313 development, 1:304–313, 309, 310, 312, 324, 495, 2:594 fermentation, 2:569–570, 571, 572, 579 mass production, 1:311–313, 324, 2:572 overuse, 1:314–316 surgery, 1:453 Antibodies biochemistry, 2:539 discovery, 1:307–308, 323–324 immunity, 1:395 induced, 1:494 monoclonal, 1:338–340 Antidepressant drugs, 1:438 Antigens, 1:395, 396 Antikythera mechanism, 2:644 Antimetabolites, 1:418 Antineutrinos, 2:894 Antiparticles, 2:827, 908 Antipsychotic drugs, 1:437–438 Antiseptics, 1:304–317, 315 germ theory, 1:491–492 hand washing, 1:495 surgery, 1:306, 451–452, 453, 491–492 Antivivisection, 1:349–354, 351 Anxiety, 1:438 Aorta, 1:476 Apartheid, 2:641 Apes, 1:204 Apher, Ralph, 1:13 Apieron, 1:63 Apollo (spacecraft), 1:112, 122, 123, 2:639, 673 Apothecaries, 2:960, 961, 961 Appendicitis, 1:452 Apple II, 2:648 Applied geography, 2:684–685 Applied mathematics, 2:748–751 Apprenticeship, 2:960, 961 Aquaculture, 1:254, 256, 2:704, 705 Aqueducts, 2:702 Aquifers, 2:705 Aquinas, Thomas Aristotle, 2:764 astrology, 1:65 heredity, 1:181–182 Primer Mover, 2:763 principle of parsimony, 2:950 principle of sufficient reason, 2:951 psychology, 1:434 Arabic culture alchemy, 2:561, 603–604, 615, 616 anatomy, 1:387 Aristotle, 2:764 astrology, 1:64–65, 66 atmospheric science, 2:650 Galen of Pergamum, 1:377 navigation, 2:696–698 scientific knowledge, 1:139 surgery, 1:446 zoology, 1:295 See also Islamic civilization Arboviruses, 1:521 Archaeology, 1:153 Archaeopteryx fossil, 1:201, 276, 277 Archean eon, 2:688, 689 Archeoastronomy, 1:58 S C I E N T I F I C T H O U G H T: I N C O N T E X T 1339 General Index Archimedes, 2:753, 765–766, 770, 812 Arctic region, 2:663, 672 Ardrey, Robert, 1:288 Arduino, Giovanni, 2:686, 688 Are 2,000 U.S. Deaths “Negligible” (FAIR/Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting) 2:746–747 Area, 2:718 Arecibo radar-radio telescope, 1:94 Arendt, Hannah, 2:940 Argon, 2:608, 847 Ariane (spacecraft), 1:126 Aristarchus of Samos astronomical observations, 1:68 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 1:37 geocentric model, 1:34–35, 58, 63 heliocentric universe, 2:764 stellar astronomy, 1:129 Aristotle academies, 2:982 alchemy, 2:614–615, 766 animal classification, 1:167, 169 assumptions, 2:950 astronomical observations, 1:68 atomism, 2:886 Boyle, Robert, 2:618–619 brain vs. heart, 1:456, 457, 469 cardiovascular system, 1:470 Chain of Being, 1:180–181, 198 cosmology, 1:21, 22, 22, 23, 2:763–764 De Caelo, 1:35, 2:950 dissection, 1:343 embryology, 1:270, 348, 356, 357 epigenesis, 1:356, 357 fl ight, 1:116 four elements, 1:35, 64, 2:602–603, 604, 614–615, 618–619, 762–763 On Generation and Corruption, 2:602 Generation of Animals, 1:181, 295 geocentric model, 1:35–36, 58, 63, 103–104, 2:764 God, 2:763 Harvey, William, 1:470 heat, 2:915 heredity, 1:212 History of Animals, 1:295 inertia, 1:106 Investigation of Animals, 1:181 life of, 2:759 light, 2:831, 833 logic, 2:728 lunar boundary, 1:129 maps, 2:682 marine biology, 1:251, 2:702 mathematics, 2:760 Metaphysics, 2:950 Meteorologica, 1:63, 2:650 Milky Way, 1:77 motion, 2:767, 812 natural philosophy, 1:24, 2:760–762, 764–766 origins of life, 1:264 Paracelsus, 2:604 Parts of Animals, 1:295 physics, 2:759–768, 760, 765, 812 Physics (Aristotle), 2:950 planetary orbits, 1:35–36, 2:767 plant classification, 1:150 plant heredity, 1:212 Plato, 2:758, 950 portrait, 2:760 Primer Mover, 2:988 principle of sufficient reason, 2:951 reproductive system, 1:440 scientific method, 2:990 souls, 2:763 spontaneous generation, 1:159, 490 stellar astronomy, 1:131 zoology, 1:295 Aristotelian physics, 2:759–768, 760, 765, 766, 812 Aristotelians, 1:373 Arithmetic, 2:725, 728, 731 Arkansas, Epperson v., 2:968 Arkansas Board of Education, McLean v., 1:206–209 Armstrong, Neil, 1:122 Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), 1:119 Aromaticity, 2:592–593 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), 2:632, 635, 648 Arrhenius, Svante, 2:562, 657, 662 Arrhythmias, 1:473 Ars Conjectandi (Bernoulli), 2:740 Arsenic, 1:308, 324, 2:615 The Art of Conjecture. See Ars Conjectandi (Bernoulli) Arteries, 1:475–476 Arthropods, 1:195 Articles, peer review, 2:977–981 Artifacts, 2:761 Artificial heart, 1:478, 478, 479, 480 Artificial intelligence, 2:620–624, 622, 623 economics, 2:625–630 neurosciences, 1:465–466 As We May Think (Bush), 2:634 Aselli, Gaspero, 1:347 Asexual reproduction, 1:212 Ashurbanipal, 2:631 ASLO (American Society of Limnology and Oceanography), 2:703 ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), 1:351 Aspect, Alain, 2:926, 929 Aspergillus oryzae, 2:574 Aspirin, 2:594 Assembling the Tree of Life, 2:648 Assembly lines, 2:623 Assessing Genetic Risks (Institute of Medicine), 1:244 Assumptions, 2:950 Assyria, 2:702 Astbury, William, 1:230 Asteroids impact craters, 1:285, 2:693, 694–695 Lagrangian points, 1:6 solar system, 1:102 triple, 1:114 Aston, Francis, 2:610, 825 Astro-Theology: Or a Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God from a Survey of the Heavens (Derham), 1:3 Astrochemistry, 1:26–27 Astrolabe, 1:37, 2:644, 698, 698 Astrology, 1:61–70, 65, 66, 67 history, 1:59, 61–67, 68 modern culture, 1:67–69 pseudoscience, 1:59, 65, 2:969 Astronauts. See Manned space exploration Astronomers Aim to Shine Light on Universe’s “Dark Energy” (Spotts), 1:99–100 Astronomia Nova (Kepler), 2:754 The Astronomical Advantages of an Extra-Terrestrial Observatory (Spitzer), 1:148 Astronomical observatories. See Observatories Astronomical tables, 1:35 Astronomy ancient, 1:55, 55–60, 57, 59 Aristotle, 2:764 calculators, 2:644 galactic, 1:77–90, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 Galileo, 1:143–144 instruments, 1:26–27 Islam, 1:36 physics, 1:24–26 radio, 1:147 spectroscopy, 2:879 stellar, 1:26, 129–141, 131, 136 trigonometry, 2:752, 753, 754, 757 women in science, 1:138 x-ray, 1:147 Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium (Decadal Survey), 1:127 Astrophysics, 1:24–26, 96, 134–137 Atalla, Martin, 2:859 Atanasoff, John, 2:645 Atheism, 2:985 Athletes, 1:222–223, 2:541–543 Atkins diet, 1:409 1340 S C I E N T I F I C T H O U G H T: I N C O N T E X T General Index Atkinson, Robert, 2:825 Atlantic Ocean, 2:656, 707 Atlantis (space shuttle), 1:124 Atmosphere, primordial, 1:267 Atmospheric convection, 2:546, 549 Atmospheric science, 2:650–661, 652, 656, 657, 658, 659 history, 2:650–658 instruments, 2:650, 651–652, 652 ozone layer, 2:653, 657–660, 659 The Atom and the Molecule (Lewis), 2:557 Atomic bombs, 2:823–825, 824, 849–850, 869, 891 See also Nuclear weapons Atomic clocks, 2:736, 736 Atomic Energy Commission, 1:194–195, 2:798, 825 Atomic force microscopes, 2:790 Atomic numbers, 2:609–611, 848–849 Atomic theory Berzelius, Jöns Jacob, 2:581 Bohr model, 1:27, 2:562, 610, 882–885, 884, 885 Dalton, John, 1:405, 2:562, 581, 606, 886–887 development, 2:882–884, 886–888, 905–907 gases, 2:601 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 2:789–790 nutrition, 1:405 planetary model, 2:882 plum pudding model, 2:562, 819, 882, 905 Rutherford, Ernest, 2:562, 609, 882, 888, 905–906, 995 spectroscopy, 2:879 Atomic weights, 2:562, 605–610 Atomism, 2:762, 886, 905 Atoms, structure. See Atomic theory Atoms for Peace, 2:825 Atoms in Motion (Feynman), 2:778–779 Atoxyl, 1:308 ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), 1:161, 162, 205, 2:540, 574 ATPase, 1:162 Atrioventricular node, 1:473, 474–475 Attraction, universal law of, 2:971 Aubrey, William, 1:56 Aubrey holes, 1:56 Augurs, 1:64 Augustus, 1:64 Aureomycin, 1:313 Auschwitz, 2:935 Austen, Jane, 1:460 Australian creationism, 1:54 Australopithecus africanus, 1:279 Autapomorphy, 1:170 Autism, 1:506 Autografts, 1:418, 454 Autoimmune diseases, 1:326 Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, 2:645 Automobile navigation systems, 2:676 Autonomic nervous system, 1:475 Autonomy, 2:939, 941 Autopsies, 1:346, 377–378, 421, 449 Avagadro, Madeo, 2:599 Avenzoar, 1:387 Averroës, 1:36, 344, 2:764, 765 Avery, Oswald, 1:163, 218, 229–230 Avicenna anatomy, 1:387 Canon of Medicine, 1:377, 446 dissection, 1:344 nervous system, 1:458 reproductive system, 1:441 Axioms, 2:749 Axis mundi, 1:55–56 Ayer, A. J., 2:627 Azidothymidine (AZT), 1:515 Azimuth, 2:675, 755 Azoic theory, 1:253 AZT (Azidothymidine), 1:515 Aztecs, 2:734 Bacteria adaptation, 1:313, 319 anaerobic, 2:689 antibiotic-resistant, 1:308, 313–314, 325–326, 495, 513–514 classification, 1:154, 319, 320–321 defi ned, 1:319 DNA, 1:163, 218, 229–230, 313, 319 ethanol from, 2:565, 565 fermentation, 2:567, 570, 572 genetically modified, 1:164 genome, 1:247 germ theory, 1:307–308 gram-negative, 1:319 gram-positive, 1:319 Koch’s postulates, 1:428–429 staphylococcus, 1:309 transformation, 1:163, 218, 229–230 viruses of, 1:513–514 Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), 1:244 Bacterial infections, 1:304–317, 330 Bacteriology, 1:318–327, 321, 325 dissection, 1:349 epidemics, 1:367–368 origins, 1:320–324 vaccines, 1:502–504 Bacteriophages, 1:219, 314, 513–514 Bada, Jeffrey, 1:267 Baer, Karl Ernst von, 1:171, 186, 358 Bahcall, John, 1:98 Bain, Alexander, 1:463 Bak, Per, 2:551 Bakker, Robert T., 1:281 Balanced Treatment for CreationScience and Evolution-Science Act (U.S.), 1:206–209 Balancing scales, 2:737 Balanus nublius, 1:255 Bald, 1:151 Baleen whales, 1:272 Ballard, Bob, 2:673 Ballistics, 2:765–766, 773 Balloon-universe analogy, 1:12 Balloons, weather, 2:655 Balmer series, 2:883 Baltimore, David, 1:221, 514 Ban Ki-moon, 2:667 Banality of evil, 2:940 Band spectrum, 2:879 Bang, Fred, 1:256 Banks, blood, 1:331–332, 333 Banks, Joseph, 1:161, 502, 2:672 Banting, Frederick, 1:382 Bardeen, John, 2:858 Barger-Surgeons Company, 1:448 Barium 2:608 Barley, 2:576–577, 579 B B cells, 1:392, 396 B-F bonds, 2:585 Baade, Walter, 1:86, 92, 93 Babbage, Charles, 2:621, 644 Baboons, 1:479 Baby Faye, 1:479 Babylonians astrology, 1:61, 62 astronomy, 1:55, 58–59 fermentation, 2:574–575 geocentric model, 1:32 maps, 2:681–682 nutrition, 1:403 planetary orbits, 1:34 trigonometry, 2:752 Bachelet, Dominique, 2:667 Bachelot, Roselyne, 2:542 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), 1:323, 504 Bacillus anthracis, 1:323, 492 Bacon, Francis astrology, 1:67 mechanics, 2:772 Ockham’s razor, 2:950 optics, 2:832 physiology, 1:348 scientific method, 2:991 surgery, 1:448 Bacon, John W., 1:17 Bacon, Roger, 1:65 BACs (Bacterial artificial chromosomes), 1:244 S C I E N T I F I C T H O U G H T: I N C O N T E X T 1341