Contents Contents
List of Selected Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi List of Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Outline of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
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List of of Selected Illustrations Selected Illustrations List
VOLUME 1
Page from Noah’s Ark ABC (c. 1872), by Walter Crane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Engraving showing the Ages of Man (c. 18th century). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Boy with a Clubfoot (c. 1642–1652), Jusepe de Ribera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Naked Breton Boy (1889), Paul Gauguin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 The Children of Edward Holden Cruttenden with an Indian Ayah (1759–1762), Joshua Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 First Communion (1896), Pablo Picasso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Young girl at spinning machine in textile mill (c. early 20th century), Lewis Hine . . . . . . . 160 “The Chimney Sweeper” from Songs of Innocence and Experience (c. 1802–1808), William Blake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Calvin Klein ad featuring Brooke Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 John Tenniel’s illustration of Alice from the first edition of Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Beatrix Potter’s The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Dr. Seuss’s The Cat in the Hat (1957) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Illustration by Clement Hurd for Margaret Wise Brown’s Goodnight Moon (1947) . . . . . . . 183 Illustration of Eloise by Hillary Knight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 The Important Visitors (17th century), Jan Brueghel the Elder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Shirley Temple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Still of Judy Garland in The Wizard of Oz (1939) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Page from the 1780 edition of Johann Amos Comenius’s illustrated textbook Orbis sensualium pictus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 The Sick Child (c. 1660), Gabriel Metsu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Soviet postcard to halt spread of contagious diseases (c. 1920s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Still from the movie Boys Town (1938) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Original sketches of Mickey Mouse by Walt Disney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Still from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1938) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Girl with a Doll (Franzi) (1910), Erich Heckel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Unruly School (also known as The Village School and A School for Boys and Girls, c. 1670), Jan Steen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Cranberry Pickers (1910), Lewis Hine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
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The Meeting (1884), Marie Bashkirtseff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Child Bitten by a Crayfish (c. 1558), Sofonisba Anguissola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Girl Mourning over Her Dead Bird (1765), Jean-Baptiste Greuze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 The Graham Children (1742), William Hogarth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
VOLUME 2
Still from Leni Riefenstahl’s Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1936). . . . . . . . . . . 343 Blue Boy (c. 1770), Thomas Gainsborough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 The Richard K. Haight Family (c. 1849), attributed to Nicolino Calyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Eugéne Manet and Daughter at Bougival (1881), Berthe Morisot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Jean Renoir Sewing (c. 1899), Pierre-Auguste Renoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Penelope Boothby (1788), Joshua Reynolds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 The Boit Children (1882–1883), John Singer Sargent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 “Migrant Mother” (1936), Dorothea Lange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Illustration from Under the Window: Pictures and Rhymes for Children (1878), Kate Greenaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Funerary portrait (c. 1909–1930), Juan de Dios Machain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Still from Harry Potter and the Sorceror’s Stone (2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Bubbles (1886), John Everett Millais. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Madonna and Child with Pear (c. 1500), Giovanni Bellini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Portrait of Edward VI of England (1538), Hans Holbein the Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Studio, subtitled A Real Allegory, (1855), Gustave Courbet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 The Double Star (1864), Julia Margaret Cameron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Little Dancer Aged Fourteen (1878–1881), Edgar Degas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Children’s Afternoon at Wargemont (1884), Pierre-Auguste Renoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Sphinx (1994), Judy Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Liberty Leading the People (1830), Eugène Delacroix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Children Playing (1909), Oskar Kokoschka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Death Taking a Child (c. 16th century), Hans Lutzelburger after Hans Holbein the Younger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 The Abandoned Doll (1921), Suzanne Valadon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Seven Ages of Childhood (1909), illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 The Golden Days (1944–1946), Balthus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 The Virgin and Child before a Firescreen (c. 1440), follower of Robert Campin. . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Our Lady of Guadalupe (c. late 17th century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Adoration (c. 1897), Gertrude Käsebier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 The North-West Passage (1874), John Everett Millais. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Young Girl in a Blue Armchair (1878), Mary Cassatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 December, from “The Hours of Adelaide of Savoy” (c. 15th century) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 The Worship of Venus (c. 1560) [detail], Titian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Sistine Madonna (1513), Raphael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Fur Traders Descending the Missouri (c. 1845), George Caleb Bingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 The Snake Charmer (c. 1870), Jean-Léon Gérôme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 Miss Anna Ward with Her Dog (1787), Joshua Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 The First Stage of Cruelty (1751), William Hogarth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 Self-Portrait with Hydroglider (1904), Jacques-Henri Lartigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Final Fantasy, Ursula (1993), Inez van Lamsweerde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Alice Liddell as the Beggar Maid (c. 1859), Lewis Carroll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 Children’s Games (1560), Pieter Brueghel the Elder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 Puberty (1894–1895), Edvard Munch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
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VOLUME 3
Cupid as Link Boy (1774), Joshua Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 Louise Vernet (c. before 1816), Théodore Géricault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 The Artist’s Daughters Chasing a Butterfly (c. 1756), Thomas Gainsborough . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 Joe Camel ad, c. 1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 Death of Joseph Bara (1794), Jacques-Louis David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 Work (1852–1865), Ford Madox Brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 New York (c. 1942), Helen Levitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 Two Children with a Kitten and an Eel (c. 1630s), Judith Leyster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 Lady Charlotte Fitzroy (c. 1674), Peter Lely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 The Age of Innocence (c. 1788), Joshua Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 The Hülsenbeck Children (1805–1806), Philipp Otto Runge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 Le Gamin de Paris aux Tuileries (1848), Honoré Daumier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 The Wounded Angel (1903), Hugo Simberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 The Wood Children (1789), Joseph Wright of Derby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 Making a Train (1867), Seymour Guy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Tintin and his dog Snowy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 Boy with Toys on Porch (c. 1909), photographed by Underwood and Underwood . . . . . . . . . 839 The Children’s Holiday (1864), William Holman Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 Cherry Ripe (1879), John Everett Millais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania (1849), Joseph Noël Paton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 Farewell to the Wet Nurse (1777), by Etienne Aubry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 The Old Musician (c. 1861–1862), Édouard Manet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 Engraving of a charivari (18th century), William Hogarth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 Cars and teenagers, from McCall’s Magazine (1953) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
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List of of Articles Articles List
A Abandonment Pier Paolo Viazzo ABC Books Melissa Geisler Trafton Abduction Paula S. Fass Abduction in Modern Africa Tabitha Kanogo Academies Kim Tolley Accidents Mark Tebeau Addams, Jane (1860–1935) Laura S. Abrams Adolescence and Youth Howard P. Chudacoff Adolescent Medicine Heather Munro Prescott Adoption in the United States E. Wayne Carp Advertising Lisa Jacobson Africa Benedict Carton African-American Children and Youth Andrew Thompson Miller Age and Development Stephen Lassonde Age of Consent Vern L. Bullough AIDS Inon I. Schenker Aid to Dependent Children (AFDC) Hamilton Cravens Alcott, Bronson (1799–1888) Rachel Hope Cleves Allowances Lisa Jacobson American Indian Schools Michael C. Coleman Ancient Greece and Rome
OVERVIEW
Australia Jan Kociumbas Autobiographies Arianne Baggerman Rudolf M. Dekker B Baby Boom Generation Don Romesburg Baby Farming Caroline Hinkle McCamant Baby-Sitters Miriam Forman-Brunell Baden-Powell, Robert (1857–1941) Martin J. Dedman Baptism Richard L. DeMolen Barbie Miriam Forman-Brunell Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah Paula E. Hyman Baseball Gai Ingham Berlage Basedow, Johann Bernhard (1724–1790) Pia Schmid Basketball Gerald R. Gems Bastardy Astri Andresen Baumrind, Diana (b. 1927) Hendrika Vande Kemp
Elise P. Garrison
S E L F - F O R M AT I O N
Susanna Elm Andersen, Hans Christian (1805–1875) Jackie Wullschlager Anger and Aggression Deborah C. Stearns Anorexia Linda Smolak Apprenticeship Hal Hansen Ariès, Philippe (1914–1984) Patrick H. Hutton Aristocratic Education in Europe Thomas Lyngby Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) J. J. Chambliss Artificial Insemination Lara Freidenfelds
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List of Ar ticles
Belloti v. Baird Amy L. Elson Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940) Henrik Reeh Beyond the Best Interests of the Child Arlene Skolnick Bible, The Ruth B. Bottigheimer Bicycles and Tricycles Hans-Christian Jensen Bilingual Education Carlos Kevin Blanton Binet, Alfred (1857–1911) Katharine Norris Birth Control James W. Reed Birthday Howard P. Chudacoff Birth Defects Ann Dally Birth Order Frank J. Sulloway Bobby Soxers Kelly Schrum Bowlby, John (1907–1990) René van der Veer Boxing Gerald R. Gems Boyhood Lorinda B. Cohoon Boy Scouts Michael J. Foster Brace, Charles Loring (1826–1890) Lori Askeland Brazil
HISTORY
Bundling Yochi Fisher-Yinon Burt, Cyril (1883–1971) William H. Tucker C Campus Revolts in the 1960s Brendan Dooley Canada Mona Gleason Carroll, Lewis (1832–1898) Diane Waggoner Cars as Toys Niels Jonassen Cassatt, Mary (1844–1926) A. Cassandra Albinson Catholicism Timothy Kelly Century of the Child Ronny Ambjörnsson Charivari Sara Beam Charter Schools Jubal C. Yennie Child Abuse Larry Wolff Child Care IN-HOME CHILD CARE Amy Harris-Solomon
INSTITUTIONAL FORMS
Child Psychology Jerome Kagan Child-Rearing Advice Literature Jay Mechling Children’s Defense Fund Hamilton Cravens Children’s Hospitals Hughes Evans Children’s Libraries Mary Niles Maack Children’s Literature Jan Susina Children’s Rights Mary Ann Mason Children’s Spaces Annmarie Adams Abigail A. Van Slyck Child Saving Caroline Hinkle McCamant Child Stars Samantha Barbas Child Study Hans Pols Child Witch Kristina Tegler Jerselius China Jon L. Saari Christian Thought, Early Martha Ellen Stortz Church, Charlotte (b. 1986) Nika Elder Circumcision Elliot Horowitz Coeducation and Same-Sex Schooling John L. Rury Collections and Hobbies Bjarne Kildegaard Comenius, Johann Amos (1592–1670) Norbert Störmer Comic Books Gene Kannenberg Jr. Commercial Curriculum John L. Rury Common Schools Edith Nye MacMullen Communion, First Richard L. DeMolen
Kerstin Holmlund
U N I T E D S TAT E S
Geraldine Youcha Child Development, History of the Concept of Emily D. Cahan Child Guidance Margo Horn Child Labor in Developing Countries Anette Faye Jacobsen Child Labor in the West Ellen Schrumpf Child Pornography Anne Higonnet Child Prodigies John Mangan Child Prostitution Alyson Brown
Ana Cristina Dubeux Dourado
CONTEMPORARY
Tobias Hecht Breeching Jacqueline S. Reinier British Colonialism in India Nupur Chaudhuri Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Waldo E. Martin Jr. Bühler, Charlotte (1893–1974) Eileen A. Gavin
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Communist Youth Susan B. Whitney Comparative History of Childhood Peter N. Stearns Compulsory School Attendance John G. Richardson Conception and Birth Lisa Forman Cody Confirmation Richard L. DeMolen Construction Toys Inge Aaen Consumer Culture Gary Cross Contagious Diseases John M. Last Convent Schools (Cathedral Schools) Brian Patrick McGuire Cosmetics Elizabeth Haiken D Dating Paula S. Fass Delinquency Victoria L. Getis Dentistry Steven Schlossman Dependent Children Roberta Wollons Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1469–1536) Brian Patrick McGuire Dewey, John (1859–1952) Arthur Zilversmit Diapers and Toileting Caroline Hinkle McCamant Discipline Jacqueline S. Reinier Disney Beverly Lyon Clark Divorce and Custody Mary Ann Mason Dolls Kirsten F. Schmidt Dr. Seuss (1904–1991) Rachel Hope Cleves
Drugs Nancy Campbell Dumas, Alexandre (1802–1870) Sandra L. Beckett E Early Modern Europe Joanne M. Ferraro Eastern Europe
BALKANS
Fascist Youth Kimberly A. Redding Fashion Phyllis Magidson Fathering and Fatherhood Jessica Weiss Fear Rudolf M. Dekker Hugo Röling Female Genital Mutilation Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch Fénelon, François (1651–1715) Anne Elisabeth Sejten Fertility Drugs Lisa H. Harris Fertility Rates David Levine Flappers Laura Mihailoff Foster Care Laura Curran Foundlings Wendy Sigle-Rushton Francke, Aug. Hermann (1663–1727) Juliane Jacobi Frank, Anne (1929–1945) Rudolf M. Dekker Freinet, Célestin (1896–1966) Ellen Nørgaard Freud, Anna (1895–1982) Gail Donaldson Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) Zvi Lothane Friendship Linda W. Rosenzweig Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August (1782–1852) Kevin J. Brehony Furniture Kirsten Hegner G Geddes, Anne A. Cassandra Albinson Gendering Deborah Gorham Gesell, Arnold (1880–1961) Linda C. Mayes
Traian Stoianovich
POLAND
Bogna Lorence-Kot Economics and Children in Western Societies
F R O M A G R I C U LT U R E T O I N D U S T R Y
David Levine
THE CONSUMER ECONOMY
Gary Cross Education, Europe Harry Haue Education, United States William J. Reese Egg Donation Lara Freidenfelds Emotional Life Nicole Eustace Enlightenment, The Arianne Baggerman Rudolf M. Dekker Epidemics Sheldon Watts Erikson, Erik H. (1902–1994) Richard Stevens Eugenics Martin S. Pernick European Industrialization Colin Heywood Ewald, Wendy (b. 1951) Dwayne Emil Dixon Ex Parte Crouse Amy L. Elson F Fairy Tales and Fables Ruth B. Bottigheimer Family Patterns Joanne M. Ferraro
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Girlhood Rachel Devlin Girl Scouts Mary Logan Rothschild Girls’ Schools Rebecca Rogers Globalization Mark Hunter Godparents Agnès Fine Grammar School Charles Dorn Grandparents Linda W. Rosenzweig Great Depression and New Deal Robert Cohen Greenaway, Kate (1846–1901) Diane Waggoner Grief, Death, Funerals Deborah C. Stearns Guilt and Shame Deborah C. Stearns Gulick, Luther (1865–1918) Ellen L. Berg Guns Rachel Hope Cleves Gutmann, Bessie Pease (1876–1960) A. Cassandra Albinson GutsMuths, J. C. F. (1759–1839) Jørn Hansen Gymnasium Schooling Willem Frijhoff Gymnastics Roberta Park H Hall, Granville Stanley (1844–1924) Diana Selig Halloween Shira Silverman Hammer v. Dagenhart Patrick J. Ryan Harry Potter and J. K. Rowling Chris McGee Head Start Josh Kagan Healy, William (1869–1963) Kathleen W. Jones
Herbart, J. F. (1776–1841) Rotraud Coriand High School Stephen Lassonde Hine, Lewis (1874–1940) George Dimock History of Childhood
EUROPE
Infancy of Louis XIII Thomas Lyngby Infant Feeding Sally G. McMillen Infant Mortality Richard Meckel Infant Rulers Steffen Heiberg Infant Sexuality Ole Andkjaer Olsen Infant Toys Shira Silverman Inheritance and Property Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux In re Gault Amy L. Elson Intelligence Testing April Bleske-Rechek International Organizations Sonja L. Taylor Interscholastic Athletics J. Thomas Jable In Vitro Fertilization Lisa H. Harris IQ Hamilton Cravens Isaacs, Susan (1885–1948) Deborah Thom Islam Shireen Mahdavi Israel Joav Merrick J Japan Kathleen Uno Japanese Art, Contemporary Anne Higonnet Jealousy and Envy Susan J. Matt Judaism Jay R. Berkovitz Junior High School P. Gayle Andrews Juvenile Court Laura Mihailoff
Benjamin B. Roberts
U N I T E D S TAT E S
N. Ray Hiner Joseph M. Hawes Hitler Youth John T. Lauridsen Holocaust Jeffrey T. Zalar Holocaust, Jewish Ghetto Education and the Jeffrey Glanz Homeless Children and Runaways in the United States Peggy A. Shifflett Homer, Winslow (1836–1910) Melissa Geisler Trafton Homeschooling Mary Anne Pitman Homework Brian Gill Steven Schlossman Homosexuality and Sexual Orientation Vern L. Bullough Hygiene Jacqueline S. Wilkie Hyperactivity Peter N. Stearns I Images of Childhood Marilyn R. Brown Incest Hughes Evans India and South Asia Nita Kumar Indoor Games Shira Silverman Industrial Homework Hugh D. Hindman
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Juvenile Justice
I N T E R N AT I O N A L
Little Women and Louisa May Alcott Rachel Hope Cleves Locke, John (1632–1704) Peter Schouls Lolita Anne Higonnet Lord of the Rings and J. R. R. Tolkien Dinah Hazell George W. Tuma Love John C. Spurlock Lycée Philippe Savoie M Madonna, Orthodox Bissera V. Pentcheva Madonna, Religious Melissa R. Katz Madonna, Secular Melissa R. Katz Magnet Schools Claire E. Smrekar Manners C. Dallett Hemphill Mann, Horace (1796–1859) Edith Nye MacMullen Mann, Sally (b. 1951) A. Cassandra Albinson Masturbation Lesley A. Hall Mead, Margaret (1901–1978) Ray McDermott Media, Childhood and the Kirsten Drotner Medieval and Renaissance Europe Philip Gavitt Megan’s Law(s) Stephen Robertson Menarche Barbara Brookes Mental Hygiene Hans Pols Mental Illness Steven Noll Middle East Elizabeth Warnock Fernea
Montessori, Maria (1870–1952) Kevin J. Brehony Mortara Abduction John M. Efron Mothering and Motherhood Kathleen Uno Movies Ulrich Breuning Multiple Births Elizabeth Bryan Music Education Gordon Cox N Naming Margareth Lanzinger National Child Labor Committee Kriste Lindenmeyer Native American Children Joseph E. Illick Neill, A. S. (1883–1973) Ellen Nørgaard New York Children’s Aid Society Stephen O’Connor New Zealand Jeanine Graham Nursery Schools Kevin J. Brehony O Obstetrics and Midwifery Alison Klarmont Lingo Oliver Twist Larry Wolff Open Air School Movement Anne-Marie Châtelet Opie, Iona and Peter Ulf Palmenfelt Organized Recreation and Youth Groups Lynn A. Barnett Orphanages Nurith Zmora Orphans Guy Brunet Orphan Trains Laura Curran
Diane E. Hill
U N I T E D S TAT E S
Victor L. Streib C. Antoinette Clarke Juvenile Publishing Paula Petrik K Keene, Carolyn Kimberley Stratemeyer Adams Kerschensteiner, Georg (1854–1932) Knud Jensen Key, Ellen (1849–1926) Ronny Ambjörnsson Kindergarten Ellen L. Berg Kipling, Rudyard (1865–1936) Jennifer Marchant Klein, Melanie (1882–1960) Gail Donaldson L La Leche League Lynn Y. Weiner Latin America
OVERVIEW
Elizabeth Anne Kuznesof
COLONIALISM
Nara Milanich
WARS IN CENTRAL AMERICA
Anna L. Peterson Latin School Willem Frijhoff Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Hamilton Cravens Law, Children and the Michael Grossberg Levitt, Helen (b. 1913) James Oles Life Course and Transitions to Adulthood John R. Gillis Lindbergh Kidnapping Paula S. Fass Literacy Gavin Kendall
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P Pacifier Jonathan Gillis Parades Martin Zerlang Parenting Steven Mintz Parents Magazine Diana Selig Parent-Teacher Associations William W. Cutler III Parochial Schools JoEllen McNergney Vinyard Pediatrics Jeffrey P. Brosco Pedophilia Ning de Coninck-Smith Perpetua, Saint Susanna Elm Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1746–1827) Daniel Tröhler Peter Pan and J. M. Barrie Larry Wolff Pets Kathleen Kete Photographs of Children George Dimock Physical Education Roberta Park Piaget, Jean (1896–1980) Anne-Nelly Perret-Clermont Marie-Jeanne Liengme Bessire Pierce v. Society of Sisters Patrick J. Ryan Piggy Bank Halina Pasierbska Placing Out Barry M. Coldrey Plato (427–348 B.C.E.) Samuel Scolnicov Play William A. Corsaro Playground Movement Jerry G. Dickason Police, Children and the David Wolcott
Polio John M. Last Posture Peter N. Stearns Potter, Beatrix (1866–1943) Victoria Sears Pram Lene Floris Private and Independent Schools Leonard L. Baird Progressive Education Robert L. Hampel Proms Amy L. Best Protestant Reformation Karen E. Spierling Puberty Crista DeLuzio Public Schools: Britain Nathan Roberts R Radio Anne-Li Lindgren Recovered Memory Rael Jean Isaac Religious Revivals Jon Pahl Retardation Parnel Wickham Rites of Passage John R. Gillis Rock and Roll Eric Weisbard Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778) Hans van Crombrugge S Salzmann, Christian Gotthilf (1744–1811) Signe Mellemgaard Same-Sex Parenting Amanda H. Littauer Sandbox Roger A. Hart SAT and College Entrance Exams Harold S. Wechsler
School Buildings and Architecture
EUROPE
Anne-Marie Châtelet
U N I T E D S TAT E S
Marta Gutman School Choice Peter W. Cookson Jr. School Desegregation Harvey Kantor School Shootings and School Violence Jan Price Greenough School Vouchers Peter W. Cookson Jr. Scientific Child Rearing Julia Grant Scottsboro Boys Waldo E. Martin Jr. Self-Esteem Peter N. Stearns Sendak, Maurice (b. 1928) Thomas Laqueur Series Books Chris McGee Sex Education Jeffrey P. Moran Sexuality Beth Bailey Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act Hamilton Cravens Shyness Patricia A. McDaniel Siblings Linda W. Rosenzweig Slavery, United States Wilma King Sleep Peter N. Stearns Smith, Jessie Willcox (1863–1935) A. Cassandra Albinson Smoking David T. Courtwright Andrew M. Courtwright Social Settlements Laura S. Abrams Social Welfare
HISTORY
Hamilton Cravens
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C O M PA R A T I V E T W E N T I E T H - C E N T U R Y DEVELOPMENTS
T Tattoos and Piercing Michael Hardin Teddy Bear Shira Silverman Teenage Mothers in the United States Velma McBride Murry Dionne P. Stephens Teenagers Kelly Schrum Teen Drinking Ellen L. Berg Teen Magazines Kelly Schrum Teen Pregnancy Kriste Lindenmeyer Television Ingegerd Rydin Temple, Shirley (b. 1928) Samantha Barbas Theme Parks Stephen J. Rebori Theories of Childhood Catherine Burke Theories of Play Kevin J. Brehony Tinker v. Des Moines John W. Johnson Tintin and Hergé Gene Kannenberg Jr. Title IX and Girls’ Sports Andrea Kwon Toilet Training Jay Mechling Tolstoy’s Childhood in Russia Andrew Wachtel Toys Gary Cross Toy Soldiers (Tin Soldiers) Nils Eric Boesgaard Toy Technology Paula Petrik Toy Trains Halina Pasierbska Twain, Mark (1835–1910) Joseph T. Thomas Jr. Twenty-Sixth Amendment Amy L. Elson
U UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Diane E. Hill UNICEF Diane E. Hill Urban School Systems, The Rise of Hal Hansen U.S. Children’s Bureau Kriste Lindenmeyer V Vacations Gary Cross Vaccination John M. Last Venereal Disease Lynn Sacco Verne, Jules (1828–1905) Jennifer Marchant Victorian Art Susan P. Casteras Victory Girls Amanda H. Littauer Violence Against Children Barbara Finkelstein Vocational Education, Industrial Education, and Trade Schools Howard R. D. Gordon Vygotsky, L. S. (1896–1934) Stig Broström W War in the Twentieth Century Monika Janfelt Watson, John B. (1878–1958) James T. Todd Wayland, Francis (1796–1865) Rachel Hope Cleves Welfare Reform Act (1996) Hamilton Cravens Wet-Nursing Jacqueline H. Wolf White House Conferences on Children Marshall B. Jones Wizard of Oz and L. Frank Baum Peter E. Hanff
Ning de Coninck-Smith Bengt Sandin Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Rachel Hope Cleves Sociology and Anthropology of Childhood Barrie Thorne Soldier Children: Global Human Rights Issues James Marten Sonography Lara Freidenfelds Spears, Britney (b. 1981) Nika Elder Special Education Philip Lane Safford Spock, Benjamin (1903–1998) Michael Zuckerman Sports Sarah K. Fields Steiner, Rudolf (1861–1925) Jürgen Oelkers Stepparents in the United States Mary Ann Mason Street Arabs and Street Urchins Clay Gish Street Games Bernard Mergen Student Government Glenn Wallach Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Ann Dally Suicide Brian L. Mishara Summer Camps Abigail A. Van Slyck Sunday Alexis McCrossen Sunday School Jack L. Seymour Surrogacy Lara Freidenfelds Swaddling Kirsten Linde
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Women’s Colleges in the United States Lynn D. Gordon Work and Poverty Hugh Cunningham Working Papers Hugh D. Hindman Wright, Henry Clarke (1797–1870) Rachel Hope Cleves
Y Youth Activism Kenneth J. Heineman Youth Agencies of the New Deal Richard A. Reiman Youth Culture Joe Austin Youth Gangs Laura Mihailoff
Youth Ministries Jon Pahl YWCA and YMCA Margaret A. Spratt Z Zoos Martin Zerlang Zoot Suit Riots David Wolcott
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This topical outline was compiled by the editors to provide a general overview of the conceptual scheme of the Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: In History and Society. Individual entries along with primary source documents found in Volume 3 are organized by broad category, thereby offering teachers and readers an informed map of the field and an alternate entry point into the content of the encyclopedia. Many subjects studied in the history of children and childhood cross thematic and disciplinary lines and articles on this list often appear in more than one category. For example, “Abduction” is listed under Law and Institutions; Child Advocacy, Protection, Politics; and Contemporary Childhood. “Hyperactivity” can be found in the categories Education and Schooling and Health, Medicine, and Disease. The categories below are not listed in alphabetical order. Instead, topics are grouped together by curriculum, an order customary in the fields within the history of childhood. Individual articles are listed alphabetically and documents are listed chronologically. Because topics are not in alphabetical order, please consult the master list of topics that appears directly after this paragraph.
HISTORY AND THEORIES OF CHILDHOOD CHILDHOOD IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CHILDREN IN HISTORY PARENTING AND FAMILY RELATIONS EDUCATION AND SCHOOLING PLAY, MUSIC, AND ENTERTAINMENT MATERIAL CULTURE AND CHILDREN’S SPACES RACE AND GENDER PSYCHOLOGY CHILD ADVOCACY, PROTECTION, AND POLITICS LAW AND INSTITUTIONS ECONOMICS AND WORK INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION RELIGION, RITUALS, AND CELEBRATIONS CHILDREN’S LITERATURE REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENCE AND TRANSITIONS TO ADULTHOOD HEALTH, MEDICINE, AND DISEASE BODY AND SEXUALITY CONTEMPORARY CHILDHOOD
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HISTORY AND THEORIES OF CHILDHOOD
Ariès, Philippe (1914–1984) Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) Basedow, Johann Bernhard (1724–1790) Burt, Cyril (1883–1971) Child Development, History of the Concept of Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1469–1536) Dewey, John (1859–1952) Enlightenment, The History of Childhood: Europe History of Childhood: United States Locke, John (1632–1704) Medieval and Renaissance Europe Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1746–1827) Plato (427–348 B.C.E.) Play Progressive Education Protestant Reformation Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778) Sociology and Anthropology of Childhood Theories of Childhood Theories of Play Vygotsky, L. S. (1896–1934) Wright, Henry Clarke (1797–1870) Primary Source: Excerpt from Some Thoughts Concerning Education by John Locke, 1693 Primary Source: Excerpt from Émile, or, On Education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1762 Primary Source: Excerpt from “The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis” by Sigmund Freud, 1910 Primary Source: Excerpt from Schools of To-Morrow by John Dewey, 1915 Primary Source: Excerpt from “Conditioned Emotional Reactions” by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner, 1920
CHILDHOOD IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Abduction in Modern Africa Africa Ancient Greece and Rome: Overview Ancient Greece and Rome: Self-Formation Aristocratic Education in Europe Australia Brazil: Contemporary Brazil: History British Colonialism in India Canada Child Labor in Developing Countries China Communist Youth Comparative History of Childhood Early Modern Europe Eastern Europe: Balkans Eastern Europe: Poland Enlightenment, The Globalization India and South Asia International Organizations Islam Israel Japan Juvenile Justice: International Latin America: Overview Latin America: Colonialism Latin America: Wars in Central America Medieval and Renaissance Europe Middle East New Zealand Soldier Children: Global Human Rights Issues
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UN Convention on the Rights of the Child UNICEF Primary Source: United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1959 Primary Source: United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child,1989 Primary Source: Excerpt from The Child Soldiers Global Report, 2001 Primary Source: Excerpt from Children on the Brink 2002: A Joint USAID/UNICEF/UNAIDS Report on Orphan Estimates and Program Strategies, 2002
CHILDREN IN HISTORY
Baby Boom Generation Fascist Youth Hitler Youth Holocaust Infancy of Louis XIII Infant Rulers Scottsboro Boys Victory Girls Youth Activism Zoot Suit Riots
PARENTING AND FAMILY RELATIONS
Abandonment Adoption in the United States Anger and Aggression Artificial Insemination Baby Boom Generation Baby Farming Baby-Sitters Bastardy Baumrind, Diana (b. 1927) Birth Order Bowlby, John (1907–1990) Child Care: In-Home Child Care Child Care: United States Child-Rearing Advice Literature Child Study Conception and Birth Discipline Divorce and Custody Egg Donation Family Patterns Fathering and Fatherhood Fear Fertility Drugs Foster Care Freud, Anna (1895–1982) Gesell, Arnold (1880–1961) Godparents Grandparents Guilt and Shame Hall, Granville Stanley (1844–1924) Incest Infant Feeding In Vitro Fertilization Jealousy and Envy Klein, Melanie (1882–1960) Love Madonna, Orthodox Madonna, Religious Madonna, Secular Mead, Margaret (1901–1978) Mothering and Motherhood Multiple Births Nursery Schools
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Obstetrics and Midwifery Orphanages Orphans Parenting Parents Magazine Parent-Teacher Associations Same-Sex Parenting Scientific Child Rearing Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act Siblings Sonography Spock, Benjamin (1903–1998) Stepparents in the United States Surrogacy Teenage Mothers in the United States Toilet Training Watson, John B. (1878–1958) Wayland, Francis (1796–1865) Wet-Nursing Primary Source: Excerpt from a Letter from William Penn to His Wife and Children, 1682 Primary Source: Excerpt from Émile, or, On Education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1762 Primary Source: A Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to His Son Ted, Advice and News, 1901 Primary Source: Excerpt from Christian Nurture by Horace Bushnell, 1847 Primary Source: A Letter from Rufus W. Bailey to His Daughters at School, 1857 Primary Source: A Letter from Jeanette Hulme Platt to Samuel C. Damon, 1861 Primary Source: Excerpt from Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs, 1861 Primary Source: Excerpt from Gentle Measures in the Management and Training of the Young by Jacob Abbott, 1871 Primary Source: Excerpt from The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. DuBois, 1903 Primary Source: Excerpt from Schools of To-Morrow by John Dewey, 1915
EDUCATION AND SCHOOLING
ABC Books Academies Adolescence and Youth Age and Development Age Grading Alcott, Bronson (1799–1888) American Indian Schools Ancient Greece and Rome: Self-Formation Aristocratic Education in Europe Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) Basedow, Johann Bernhard (1724–1790) Bilingual Education Binet, Alfred (1857–1911) Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Campus Revolts in the 1960s Charter Schools Child Guidance Child Prodigies Children’s Libraries Coeducation and Same-Sex Schooling Comenius, Johann Amos (1592–1670) Commercial Curriculum Common Schools Compulsory School Attendance Convent Schools (Cathedral Schools) Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1469–1536) Dewey, John (1859–1952) Discipline Dr. Seuss (1904–1991) Education, Europe Education, United States Fénelon, François (1651–1715) Francke, Aug. Hermann (1663–1727)
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Freinet, Célestin (1896–1966) Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August (1782–1852) Girls’ Schools Grammar School Great Depression and New Deal GutsMuths, J. C. F. (1759–1839) Gymnasium Schooling Head Start Herbart, J. F. (1776–1841) High School Holocaust, Jewish Ghetto Education and the Homeschooling Homework Hyperactivity Intelligence Testing Interscholastic Athletics IQ Isaacs, Susan (1885–1948) Junior High School Kindergarten Latin School Literacy Locke, John (1632–1704) Lycée Magnet Schools Mann, Horace (1796–1859) Manners Montessori, Maria (1870–1952) Music Education Neill, A. S. (1883–1973) Nursery Schools Open Air School Movement Parent-Teacher Associations Parochial Schools Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1746–1827) Physical Education Pierce v. Society of Sisters Plato (427–348 B.C.E.) Private and Independent Schools Progressive Education Public Schools: Britain Radio Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778) SAT and College Entrance Exams School Buildings and Architecture: Europe School Buildings and Architecture: United States School Choice School Desegregation School Shootings and School Violence School Vouchers Special Education Steiner, Rudolf (1861–1925) Student Government Sunday School Title IX and Girls’ Sports Urban School Systems, The Rise of Vocational Education, Industrial Education, and Trade Schools Vygotsky, L. S. (1896–1934) Wayland, Francis (1796–1865) Wright, Henry Clarke (1797–1870) Primary Source: Republic by Plato, 370–65 B.C.E. Primary Source: Excerpt from Some Thoughts Concerning Education by John Locke, 1693 Primary Source: Excerpt from Émile, or, On Education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1762 Primary Source: Excerpt from How Gertrude Teaches Her Children by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, 1801 Primary Source: Excerpt from “A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School” by Catharine E. Beecher, 1841
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Primary Source: Excerpt from Christian Nurture by Horace Bushnell, 1847 Primary Source: Lesson Eight from McGuffey’s Fifth Eclectic Reader by William Holmes McGuffey, 1879 Primary Source: Excerpt from Schools of To-Morrow by John Dewey, 1915 Primary Source: Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 1923 Primary Source: Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 Primary Source: English Language Education for Immigrant Children, California Education Code, Proposition 227, 1998
PLAY, MUSIC, AND ENTERTAINMENT
Baden-Powell, Robert (1857–1941) Barbie Baseball Basketball Bicycles and Tricycles Bobby Soxers Boxing Boy Scouts Cars as Toys Charivari Child Prodigies Child Stars Church, Charlotte (b. 1986) Collections and Hobbies Construction Toys Disney Dolls Drugs Flappers Girl Scouts Gulick, Luther (1865–1918) GutsMuths, J. C. F. (1759–1839) Gymnastics Harry Potter and J. K. Rowling Indoor Games Infant Toys Interscholastic Athletics Juvenile Publishing Lord of the Rings and J.R.R. Tolkien Media, Childhood and the Movies Music Education Opie, Iona and Peter Organized Recreation and Youth Groups Parades Pets Play Playground Movement Proms Radio Rock and Roll Sandbox Spears, Britney (b. 1981) Sports Steiner, Rudolf (1861–1925) Street Games Summer Camps Sunday Teddy Bear Teen Drinking Television Temple, Shirley (b. 1928) Theme Parks Theories of Play Tintin and Hergé Toy Soldiers (Tin Soldiers)
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Toy Technology Toy Trains Toys Vacations Youth Culture YWCA and YMCA Zoos Primary Source: Excerpt from The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets by Jane Addams, 1909 Primary Source: Children’s Bureau Pamphlet #189, Public Dance Halls, 1929
MATERIAL CULTURE AND CHILDREN’S SPACES
Advertising Baden-Powell, Robert (1857–1941) Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940) Bicycles and Tricycles Child Care: In-Home Child Care Children’s Spaces Collections and Hobbies Construction Toys Consumer Culture Cosmetics Diapers and Toileting Fashion Furniture Guns Infant Toys Media, Childhood and the Pacifier Pets Photographs of Children Piggy Bank Pram Radio Sandbox School Buildings and Architecture: Europe School Buildings and Architecture: United States Spears, Britney (b. 1981) Summer Camps Swaddling Teddy Bear Television Theme Parks Toy Soldiers (Tin Soldiers) Toy Technology Toy Trains Toys Vacations
RACE AND GENDER
African-American Children and Youth American Indian Schools Bilingual Education Boyhood Brazil: History Breeching Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Coeducation and Same-Sex Schooling Dolls Fashion Female Genital Mutilation Fénelon, François (1651–1715) Gendering Girlhood
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Girls’ Schools Girl Scouts Native American Children School Desegregation Scottsboro Boys Slavery, United States Title IX and Girls’ Sports Twain, Mark (1835–1910) Urban School Systems, The Rise of Women’s Colleges in the United States Work and Poverty Primary Source: Excerpt from A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552 Primary Source: Excerpt from Émile, or, On Education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1762 Primary Source: Excerpt from Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs, 1861 Primary Source: Excerpt from A New England Girlhood, Outlined from Memory by Lucy Larcom, 1889 Primary Source: Excerpt from The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. DuBois, 1903 Primary Source: Excerpt from Adolescence by G. Stanley Hall, 1904 Primary Source: Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 Primary Source: English Language Education for Immigrant Children, California Education Code, Proposition 227, 1998
PSYCHOLOGY
Adolescent Medicine Age and Development Anger and Aggression Anorexia Baumrind, Diana (b.1927) Binet, Alfred (1857–1911) Birth Order Bowlby, John (1907–1990) Bühler, Charlotte (1893–1974) Burt, Cyril (1883–1971) Child Development, History of the Concept of Child Guidance Child Psychology Child-Rearing Advice Literature Child Study Emotional Life Erikson, Erik H. (1902–1994) Fear Freud, Anna (1895–1982) Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) Gendering Gesell, Arnold (1880–1961) Grief, Death, Funerals Guilt and Shame Hall, Granville Stanley (1844–1924) Healy, William (1869–1963) Infant Sexuality Isaacs, Susan (1885–1948) Jealousy and Envy Klein, Melanie (1882–1960) Love Mead, Margaret (1901–1978) Mental Hygiene Mental Illness Parenting Parents Magazine Recovered Memory Retardation Scientific Child Rearing Self-Esteem Shyness Spock, Benjamin (1903–1998)
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Watson, John B. (1878–1958) Primary Source: Excerpt from Adolescence by G. Stanley Hall, 1904 Primary Source: Excerpt from “The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis” by Sigmund Freud, 1910 Primary Source: Excerpt from “Conditioned Emotional Reactions” by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner, 1920
CHILD ADVOCACY, PROTECTION, AND POLITICS
Abduction Addams, Jane (1860–1935) Age of Consent Aid to Dependent Children (AFDC) Brace, Charles Loring (1826–1890) Century of the Child Child Abuse Child Labor in the West Child Pornography Child Prostitution Children’s Defense Fund Children’s Rights Child Saving Compulsory School Attendance Dependent Children Ex Parte Crouse Foundlings Gulick, Luther (1865–1918) Guns Head Start Hine, Lewis (1874–1940) Homeless Children and Runaways in the United States Key, Ellen (1849–1926) Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Mortara Abduction National Child Labor Committee New York Children’s Aid Society Organized Recreation and Youth Groups Orphan Trains Playground Movement Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act Social Settlements Social Welfare: Comparative Twentieth-Century Developments Social Welfare: History Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Soldier Children: Global Human Rights Issues Tinker v. Des Moines Twenty-Sixth Amendment U.S. Children’s Bureau UN Convention on the Rights of the Child UNICEF Violence Against Children War in the Twentieth Century White House Conferences on Children Youth Agencies of the New Deal YWCA and YMCA Primary Source: Ex parte Crouse, 1839 Primary Source: Excerpt from “The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon” by W. T. Stead, 1885 Primary Source: Excerpt from a Report on Child Labor in New York City Tenements by Mary Van Kleeck, 1908 Primary Source: Excerpt from The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets by Jane Addams, 1909 Primary Source: Children’s Bureau Pamphlet #189, Public Dance Halls, 1929 Primary Source: United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1959 Primary Source: Excerpt from In re Gault, 1967 Primary Source: United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child,1989 Primary Source: Excerpt from The Child Soldiers Global Report, 2001
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Primary Source: Excerpt from Children on the Brink 2002: A Joint USAID/UNICEF/UNAIDS Report on Orphan Estimates and Program Strategies, 2002
LAW AND INSTITUIONS
Abandonment Abduction Addams, Jane (1860–1935) Adoption in the United States Aid to Dependent Children (AFDC) Apprenticeship Bastardy Belloti v. Baird Beyond the Best Interests of the Child Birth Control Birth Order Brace, Charles Loring (1826–1890) Brazil: History Child Guidance Children’s Rights Child Saving Common Schools Communist Youth Delinquency Dependent Children Divorce and Custody Eugenics Ex Parte Crouse Foster Care Great Depression and New Deal Hammer v. Dagenhart Healy, William (1869–1963) Holocaust Homeless Children and Runaways in the United States Infant Rulers Inheritance and Property In re Gault Juvenile Court Juvenile Justice: International Juvenile Justice: United States Law, Children and the Lindbergh Kidnapping Megan’s Law(s) Orphanages Orphans Orphan Trains Pierce v. Society of Sisters Placing Out Police, Children and the Social Welfare: Comparative Twentieth-Century Developments Social Welfare: History Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Stepparents in the United States Tinker v. Des Moines Twenty-Sixth Amendment U.S. Children’s Bureau Welfare Reform Act (1996) Youth Agencies of the New Deal Youth Gangs Primary Source: Isaiah Thomas’s Indenture Papers, 1756 Primary Source: Ex parte Crouse, 1839 Primary Source: Excerpt from a Report Issued by the First White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children, 1909 Primary Source: Hammer v. Dagenhart, 1918 Primary Source: Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 1923 Primary Source: Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
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Primary Source: Excerpt from In re Gault, 1967 Primary Source: Excerpt from California Megan’s Law, 1996 Primary Source: English Language Education for Immigrant Children, California Education Code, Proposition 227, 1998
ECONOMICS AND WORK
Allowances Apprenticeship Baby Farming Baby-Sitters Child Labor in Developing Countries Child Labor in the West Child Stars Church, Charlotte (b. 1986) Commercial Curriculum Consumer Culture Economics and Children in Western Societies: From Agriculture to Industry Economics and Children in Western Societies: The Consumer Economy European Industrialization Fertility Rates Great Depression and New Deal Hammer v. Dagenhart Hine, Lewis (1874–1940) Industrial Homework Inheritance and Property National Child Labor Committee New York Children’s Aid Society Placing Out Slavery, United States Street Arabs and Street Urchins Temple, Shirley (b. 1928) Vocational Education, Industrial Education, and Trade Schools Work and Poverty Working Papers Primary Source: Isaiah Thomas’s Indenture Papers, 1756 Primary Source: Two Interviews with English Workhouse Children from the Ashton Chronicle, 1849 Primary Source: Excerpt from Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs, 1861 Primary Source: Excerpt from Germinal, Émile Zola, 1885 Primary Source: Excerpt from A New England Girlhood, Outlined from Memory by Lucy Larcom, 1889 Primary Source: Excerpt from a Report on Child Labor in New York City Tenements by Mary Van Kleeck, 1908 Primary Source: Hammer v. Dagenhart, 1918
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION
African-American Children and Youth Apprenticeship Child Care: In-Home Child Care Child Labor Children’s Spaces Economics and Children in Western Societies: From Agriculture to Industry European Industrialization Social Welfare Play Playground Movement Social Settlements Street Games Urban School Systems, Rise of Work and Poverty. Primary Source: Two Interviews with English Workhouse Children from the Ashton Chronicle, 1849 Primary Source: Excerpt from Germinal, Émile Zola, 1885 Primary Source: Excerpt from A New England Girlhood, Outlined from Memory by Lucy Larcom, 1889 Primary Source: Excerpt from a Report on Child Labor in New York City Tenements by Mary Van Kleeck, 1908 Primary Source: Hammer v. Dagenhart, 1918
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RELIGION, RITUALS, AND CELEBRATIONS
Baptism Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah Birthday Breeching Catholicism Charivari Child Witch Christian Thought, Early Circumcision Communion, First Confirmation Convent Schools (Cathedral Schools) Early Modern Europe Godparents Grief, Death, Funerals Halloween Islam Judaism Manners Mortara Abduction Naming Parochial Schools Perpetua, Saint Proms Protestant Reformation Religious Revivals Rites of Passage Sunday Sunday School Wayland, Francis (1796–1865) Youth Ministries YWCA and YMCA Primary Source: Matthew 2, King James Bible, 1611 Primary Source: Kings 1:3, 15–28, King James Bible, 1611 Primary Source: The Qur’an, 2:233, 4:11, Pickthall translation, 1930 Primary Source: Excerpt from a Letter from William Penn to His Wife and Children, 1682 Primary Source: Excerpt from Christian Nurture by Horace Bushnell, 1847 Primary Source: Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 1923
CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
ABC Books Andersen, Hans Christian (1805–1875) Autobiographies Bible, The Carroll, Lewis (1832–1898) Children’s Literature Comic Books Dr. Seuss (1904–1991) Dumas, Alexandre (1802–1870) Fairy Tales and Fables Frank, Anne (1929–1945) Harry Potter and J. K. Rowling Juvenile Publishing Keene, Carolyn Kipling, Rudyard (1865–1936) Little Women and Louisa May Alcott Lord of the Rings and J.R.R. Tolkien Oliver Twist Opie, Iona and Peter Peter Pan and J. M. Barrie Potter, Beatrix (1866–1943) Sendak, Maurice (b. 1928) Series Books Teen Magazines
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Tintin and Hergé Tolstoy’s Childhood in Russia Twain, Mark (1835–1910) Verne, Jules (1828–1905) Wizard of Oz and L. Frank Baum Primary Source: Matthew 2, King James Bible, 1611 Primary Source: Kings 1:3, 15–28, King James Bible, 1611 Primary Source: The Qur’an, 2:233, 4:11, Pickthall translation, 1930 Primary Source: “Before the Birth of One of Her Children” by Anne Bradstreet, c. 1645 Primary Source: “Rosalie and Hetty” from Little Ferns for Fanny’s Little Friends by Fanny Fern (Sarah Willis), 1854 Primary Source: Excerpt from Ragged Dick by Horatio Alger, 1868 Primary Source: Lesson Eight from McGuffey’s Fifth Eclectic Reader by William Holmes McGuffey, 1879 Primary Source: “Sleep, Sleep, Happy One” by Christina Rossetti, c. late nineteenth century Primary Source: Excerpt from Tarzan of the Apes by Edgar Rice Burroughs, 1914 Primary Source: “Stormy Nights” by Robert Louis Stevenson, 1922
REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD
Advertising Autobiographies Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940) Bible, The Boyhood Cassatt, Mary (1844–1926) Child Pornography Children’s Literature Comic Books Ewald, Wendy (b. 1951) Frank, Anne (1929–1945) Geddes, Anne Girlhood Greenaway, Kate (1846–1901) Gutmann, Bessie Pease (1876–1960) Hine, Lewis (1874–1940) Homer, Winslow (1836–1910) Images of Childhood Japanese Art, Contemporary Levitt, Helen (b. 1913) Lindbergh Kidnapping Little Women and Louisa May Alcott Lolita Madonna, Orthodox Madonna, Religious Madonna, Secular Mann, Sally (b. 1951) Mothering and Motherhood Oliver Twist Peter Pan and J. M. Barrie Pets Photographs of Children Sendak, Maurice (b. 1928) Smith, Jessie Willcox (1863–1935) Sonography Street Arabs and Street Urchins Victorian Art Primary Source: “Before the Birth of One of Her Children” by Anne Bradstreet, c. 1645 Primary Source: “The Barefoot Boy” by John Greenleaf Whittier, 1855 Primary Source: A Letter from Jeanette Hulme Platt to Samuel C. Damon, 1861 Primary Source: Excerpt from Ragged Dick by Horatio Alger, 1868 Primary Source: “Sleep, Sleep, Happy One” by Christina Rossetti, c. late nineteenth century
ADOLESCENCE AND TRANSITIONS TO ADULTHOOD
Adolescence and Youth Adolescent Medicine
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Age of Consent Anorexia Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah Belloti v. Baird Bobby Soxers Bundling Campus Revolts in the 1960s Cosmetics Dating Delinquency Erikson, Erik H. (1902–1994) Flappers Frank, Anne (1929–1945) Gymnasium Schooling Hall, Granville Stanley (1844–1924) Healy, William (1869–1963) High School Hitler Youth Junior High School Life Course and Transitions to Adulthood Menarche Proms Puberty Rites of Passage Smoking Spears, Britney (b. 1981) Teenage Mothers in the United States Teenagers Teen Drinking Teen Magazines Teen Pregnancy Youth Activism Youth Culture Youth Gangs Primary Source: Excerpt from Adolescence by G. Stanley Hall, 1904 Primary Source: Excerpt from The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets by Jane Addams, 1909 Primary Source: Children’s Bureau Pamphlet #189, Public Dance Halls, 1929
HEALTH, MEDICINE, AND DISEASE
Accidents Adolescent Medicine AIDS Anorexia Artificial Insemination Baby Farming Birth Control Birth Defects Child-Rearing Advice Literature Children’s Hospitals Conception and Birth Contagious Diseases Dentistry Diapers and Toileting Drugs Egg Donation Epidemics Eugenics Fertility Drugs Fertility Rates Hygiene Hyperactivity Infant Feeding Infant Mortality In Vitro Fertilization La Leche League
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Mental Illness Multiple Births Obstetrics and Midwifery Pediatrics Physical Education Polio Posture Recovered Memory Retardation Scientific Child Rearing Sex Education Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act Sleep Smoking Spock, Benjamin (1903–1998) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Suicide Teen Drinking Vaccination Venereal Disease Violence Against Children Wet-Nursing Primary Source: Excerpt from a Report Issued by the First White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children, 1909 Primary Source: Excerpt from Report on the Physical Welfare of Infants and Mothers, 1917 Primary Source: Excerpt from Children on the Brink 2002: A Joint USAID/UNICEF/UNAIDS Report on Orphan Estimates and Program Strategies, 2002
BODY AND SEXUALITY
Abduction Adolescence and Youth Age of Consent AIDS Anorexia Belloti v. Baird Birth Control Bundling Child Abuse Child Pornography Child Prostitution Circumcision Coeducation and Same-Sex Schooling Cosmetics Dating Female Genital Mutiliation Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) Gymnastics Homosexuality and Sexual Orientation Hygiene Incest Infancy of Louis XIII Infant Sexuality Lolita Mann, Sally (b. 1951) Masturbation Menarche Pedophilia Posture Puberty Sex Education Sexuality Spears, Britney (b. 1981) Swaddling Tattoos and Piercing Teen Pregnancy
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Venereal Disease Victory Girls Primary Source: Excerpt from “The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon” by W. T. Stead, 1885 Primary Source: Excerpt from “The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis” by Sigmund Freud, 1910 Primary Source: Excerpt from California Megan’s Law, 1996
CONTEMPORARY CHILDHOOD
Abduction Abduction in Modern Africa Advertising AIDS Aid to Dependent Children (AFDC) Anorexia Artificial Insemination Baby Boom Generation Baumrind, Diana (b.1927) Birth Control Brazil: Contemporary Charter Schools Child Abuse Child Care: In-Home Child Care Child Care: Institutional Forms Child Care: United States Child Pornography Drugs Egg Donation Fertility Drugs Fetal Imaging Globalization Guns Head Start Hyperactivity In Vitro Fertilization Intelligence Testing International Organizations IQ Juvenile Justice: International Latin America: Wars in Central America Magnet Schools Mann, Sally (b. 1951) Megan’s Law(s) Multiple Births Pedophilia SAT and College Entrance Exams School Choice School Shootings and School Violence School Vouchers Smoking Soldier Children: Global Human Rights Issues Sonography Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Suicide Surrogacy Teenage Mothers in the United States Teen Drinking Teen Pregnancy Violence Against Children War in the Twentieth Century Welfare Reform Act (1996) Primary Source: Excerpt from California Megan’s Law, 1996 Primary Source: English Language Education for Immigrant Children, California Education Code, Proposition 227, 1998 Primary Source: Excerpt from The Child Soldiers Global Report, 2001 Primary Source: Excerpt from Children on the Brink 2002: A Joint USAID/UNICEF/UNAIDS Report on Orphan Estimates and Program Strategies, 2002
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