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Aaronsohn Family
Chaim I. Waxman
Abadan
Parvaneh Pourshariati
Abbas, Ferhat
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Abbas Hilmi I
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Abbas Hilmi II
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Abbas, Mahmud
List of Michael R. Fischbach
Steve Tamari (1996)
Entries Abbas Mirza, Na eb al-Saltaneh
Eric Hooglund
Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Abbud, Ibrahim
Ann M. Lesch (1996)
Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hassan
Edmund Burke III (1996)
Abd al-Aziz ibn Sa ud Al Sa ud
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Abd al-Ghani, Abd al-Aziz
Robert D. Burrowes
Abd al-Hadi Family
Ann M. Lesch
Abd al-Hadi, Tarab
Ellen L. Fleischmann
Abd al-Hafid ibn al-Hassan
Edmund Burke III (1996)
Abd al-Ilah ibn Ali
Peter Sluglett (1996)
Abd al-Maguid, Esmat
Arthur Goldschmidt
Abd al-Qadir
Byron Cannon (1996)
2477
LIST OF ENTRIES
Abd al-Quddus, Ihsan Abidin, Dino
David Waldner (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi Abu al-Huda, Tawfiq
Robert O. Collins (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham
Edmund Burke III (1996) Abu al-Timman, Ja far
Mahmoud Haddad (1996)
Abd al-Rahman Khan
Ashraf Ghani (1996)
Abu Dhabi
Abd al-Rahman, Umar Anthony B. Toth
Ahmed H. Ibrahim Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Abd al-Raziq, Ali Abuhatzeira, Aharon
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Martin Malin (1996)
Abd al-Sabur, Salah Abu Himara
David Waldner (1996) Edmund Burke III (1996)
Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abu Musa Island
Ali Jihad Racy (1996) Eric Hooglund
M. Morsy Abdullah (1996)
Abdelghani, Mohamed Benahmed
Phillip C. Naylor Abu Nuwwar, Ali
Michael R. Fischbach
Abdesselam, Belaid
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Phillip C. Naylor
Abduh, Muhammad Abu Qir, Battle of (1798)
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Abdülaziz Abu Risha, Umar
Justin McCarthy (1996) Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Abdul-Aziz Bin Baz, Shaykh Abu Zayd, Hikmat
Anthony B. Toth Mona Russell
Abdülhamit II Abu Zeid, Layla
Justin McCarthy (1996) Marilyn Booth
Abdullah I ibn Hussein Acheson, Dean
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Abdullah II ibn Hussein
Achour, Habib
Michael R. Fischbach
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Abdullahi, Muhammad Turshain Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Robert O. Collins (1996)
Adalat Party
Abdülmecit I Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Adamiyat, Abbasquli
Mansoor Moaddel (1996)
Abdülmecit II
Eric Hooglund Adamiyat, Fereydun
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Mansoor Moaddel (1996)
2478 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Adana Afghanistan: Soviet Intervention in
John R. Clark (1996) Robert L. Canfield
Henry S. Bradsher (1996)
Adana Conference
Zachary Karabell (1996) Afghanistan: U.S. Intervention in
Grant Farr
Aden
F. Gregory Gause, III (1996) Afghan Women’s Council
Senzil Nawid
Adenauer, Konrad
Michael R. Fischbach Aflaq, Michel
Zachary Karabell (1996) C. Ernest Dawn (1996)
Agadir Crisis
Adham, Soraya
Jon Jucovy (1996)
Maria F. Curtis
Agam, Yaacov
Adivar, Abdulhak Adnan Ann Kahn (1996)
Kathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Agnon, Shmuel Yosef
Adivar, Halide Edib Yaron Peleg (1996)
Kathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Agop, Gullu
Adli Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Agriculture
Adl wa al-Ihsan, al- Vincent Battesti
Henri Lauzière Alan R. Richards (1996)
Adnan, Etel Agudat Israel
Elise Salem Chaim I. Waxman (1996)
Adonis Ahad Ha-Am
Kamal Abu-Deeb (1996) Steven Zipperstein (1996)
Adot Ha-Mizrah Ahali Group
Shlomo Deshen (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Advisory Council (Palestine)
Philip Mattar
Ahardane, Majoub
Ana Torres-Garcia
Aegean Sea Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
John R. Clark (1996)
Ahd, al-
Mahmoud Haddad (1996)
Afghani, Jamal al-Din al-
Nikki Keddie (1996) Ahdut ha-Avodah
Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Afghanistan: Overview
Eric Hooglund Ahl-e Haqq
Ziba Mir-Hosseini
Afghanistan: Islamic Movements in
Eric Hooglund Ahmad al-Jazzar
M. Nazif Shahrani (1996) Steve Tamari (1996)
Afghanistan: Political Parties in Ahmad Bey Husayn
Grant Farr Larry A. Barrie (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2479
LIST OF ENTRIES
Ahmad Bey of Constantine Ain Shams University
Peter von Sivers (1996) Donald Malcolm Reid
Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Ahmad Durrani
Ashraf Ghani (1996) AISHA: Arab Women’s Forum
Mirna Lattouf
Ahmad Hibat Allah
Edmund Burke III (1996) Ait Ahmed, Hocine
Phillip C. Naylor
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Raysuni
Edmund Burke III (1996) Ajman
Karen Hunt Ahmed
Ahmad ibn Yahya Hamid al-Din
Manfred W. Wenner (1996) Akbulut, Ahmet Ziya
David Waldner (1996)
Ahmad, Muhammad
Ann M. Lesch (1996) Akçura, Yusuf
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ahmad Qajar
Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996) Akhavan-Saless, Mehdi
Pardis Minuchehr (1996)
Ahmad Shah Mas ud
Grant Farr Akhbari
Barnett R. Rubin (1996) Neguin Yavari (1996)
Ahmar, Abdullah ibn Husayn al- Akhondzadeh, Mirza Fath Ali
Maysam J. al Faruqi Hamid Algar (1996)
.
Ahmet Ihsan To kgoz Akkad, Mustafa
David Waldner (1996) Waleed Hazbun
.
Ahmet Izzet AKP (Justice and Development Party)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) M. Hakan Yavuz
Ahmet Rasim Akrad, Hayy al-
David Waldner (1996) Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Ahmet Riza Ala, Hoseyn
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Neguin Yavari (1996)
Ahmet Vefik Al al-Shaykh Family
Zachary Karabell (1996) J. E. Peterson
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Ahram Center for Political and Strategic
Studies, al- Alam, Amir Asadollah
Donald Malcolm Reid Neguin Yavari (1996)
Ahsa i, Ahmad al- Alamayn, al-
Juan R. I. Cole (1996) Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Ahvaz Alami Family, al-
Parvaneh Pourshariati Ann M. Lesch
Aicha, Lalla Alavi, Bozorg
Rabia Bekkar Eric Hooglund
2480 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Alawi Algerian War of Independence
Zouhair Ghazzal John Ruedy (1996)
Majed Halawi (1996)
Algiers
Alawite Dynasty Peter von Sivers
Michael M. Laskier
Donna Lee Bowen (1996) Algiers Agreement (1975)
Eric Hooglund
Al Bu Sa id Family and Tribe of Oman Mia Bloom (1996)
J. E. Peterson
Algiers, Battle of (1956–1957)
Al Bu Sa id, Qabus ibn Sa id Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
J. E. Peterson
Algiers Charter
Al Bu Sa id, Sa id ibn Taymur John Ruedy (1996)
J. E. Peterson (1996)
Alia, Queen
Alcohol Tamara Sonn
Richard W. Bulliet (1996)
Ali Nasir Muhammad al-Hasani
Al-e Ahmad, Jalal Robert D. Burrowes
Michael C. Hillmann (1996)
Ali Riza
Aleppo David Waldner (1996)
Abraham Marcus (1996)
Alishan, Ghevond
Alevi Rouben P. Adalian (1996)
Ruth Mandel
Ali Suavi
Alexandretta Zachary Karabell (1996)
Noah Butler
John R. Clark (1996) Ali, Wijdan
Jessica Winegar
Alexandria
Donald Malcolm Reid Aliyah
Jean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996) Chaim I. Waxman
Alexandria Convention Aliyer, Fatimah
Zachary Karabell (1996) Ayse Durakbasa Tarhan
Alexandria University Alizadeh, Ghazaleh
Donald Malcolm Reid Babak Rahimi
Algeciras Conference (1906) Alkalai, Judah ben Solomon Hai
Jon Jucovy (1996) Martin Malin (1996)
Algeria: Overview Al Khalifa Family
John Ruedy Fred H. Lawson
Algeria: Constitution Allah
Phillip C. Naylor Scott Alexander (1996)
Algeria: Political Parties in Allenby, Edmund Henry
Michael M. Laskier Jon Jucovy (1996)
Algerian Family Code (1984) Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU)
Rabia Bekkar Michael M. Laskier
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2481
LIST OF ENTRIES
Allied Middle East Command Al Thani, Hamad ibn Khalifa
Daniel E. Spector (1996) F. Gregory Gause, III (1996)
Allon, Yigal Al Thunayyan Family
Gregory S. Mahler (1996) J. E. Peterson
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
All-Palestine Government
Avi Shlaim (1996) Altinay, Ahmed Refik
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Al Nahayyan Family
Anthony B. Toth Alusi, Mahmud Shukri al-
M. Morsy Abdullah (1996) Amatzia Baram (1996)
Aloni, Shulamit AMAL
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Meron Medzini
Amanollah Khan
Alpha, Operation
Ashraf Ghani (1996)
Iris Borowy
Amari, Raja
Al Rashid Family Laura Rice
Anthony B. Toth
Malcolm C. Peck (1996) Amer, Ghada
Jessica Winegar
Al Sabah Family
Mary Ann Tétreault American Council for Judaism
George R. Wilkes
Al Sabah, Mubarak
Mary Ann Tétreault (1996) American Israel Public Affairs Committee
Mark A. Raider
Al Saqr Family
Mary Ann Tétreault American Jewish Committee
Jerry Kutnick
Al Sa ud Family Mia Bloom (1996)
Anthony B. Toth
American Jewish Congress
Al Sa ud, Sa ud ibn Abd al-Aziz Jerry Kutnick
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
American University in Cairo (AUC)
Al Sudayri Family Donald Malcolm Reid
J. E. Peterson
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
American University of Beirut (AUB)
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Al Sudayri, Hassa bint Ahmad
Amichai, Yehuda
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Nili Gold (1996)
Al-Suswa, Amat al-Alim Amiens, Treaty of
Susanne Dahlgren Jon Jucovy (1996)
Altalena Amin, Ahmad
Yaakov Shavit (1996) William Shepard (1996)
Alterman, Natan Amin al-Dowleh, Mirza Ali Khan
Zvia Ginor (1996) Lawrence G. Potter (1996)
Al Thani Family Amin al-Soltan, Ali-Asghar
Anthony B. Toth Lawrence G. Potter (1996)
2482 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Amin al-Zarb, Mohammad Hasan Anatolia
Lawrence G. Potter (1996) Eric Hooglund
Amin Bey, al- Anawati, Georges Chehata
Matthew S. Gordon (1996) Charles E. Butterworth
Amin, Hafizullah Andranik Ozanian
Grant Farr (1996) Rouben P. Adalian (1996)
Amini, Ali Anglo–Afghan Treaty (1855)
Neguin Yavari (1996) Grant Farr (1996)
Amini, Fatemeh Anglo–Afghan Wars
Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut Ashraf Ghani (1996)
Amin, Qasim Anglo–American Committee of Inquiry (1946)
Juan R. I. Cole (1996) Amikam Nachmani
Steve Tamari (1996)
Amir, Abd al-Hakim
Karen A. Thornsvard (1996) Anglo–Egyptian Treaty (1954)
Mordechai Bar-On
Amir, Eli
Yarom Peleg (1996)
Anglo–Iranian Agreement (1919)
Eric Hooglund
Amir-Entezam, Abbas Mansoor Moaddel (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Anglo–Iranian Oil Company
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Mansoor Moaddel (1996)
Amir Kabir, Mirza Taqi Khan
Anglo–Iraqi Treaties
Lawrence G. Potter (1996)
Peter Sluglett (1996)
Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté Anglo–Omani Treaties
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Robert G. Landen (1996)
Amit, Meir Anglo–Persian War (1856)
Meron Medzini Eric Hooglund (1996)
Martin Malin (1996)
Anglo–Russian Agreement (1907)
Amman Eric Hooglund (1996)
Michael R. Fischbach
Peter Gubser (1996) Ani, Jananne al-
Jessica Winegar
Amri, Hasan al-
Robert D. Burrowes Anis Al-Jalis Magazine
Mona Russell
Amrouche, Fadhma At Mansour
Jane E. Goodman Anjoman
Nikki Keddie (1996)
Amrouche, Jean
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Ankara
Eric Hooglund
Amrouche, Mary Louise (a.k.a. Marguerite Taos) John R. Clark (1996)
Jane E. Goodman
Ankara, Treaty of (1930)
Amu Darya Burçak Keskin-Kozat
Grant Farr (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2483
LIST OF ENTRIES
Ankara University Arab
Eric Hooglund Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Annaba Arab Academy of Damascus
Dirk Vandewalle (1996) Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Annan, Kofi A. Arab Boycott
Michael R. Fischbach Michael R. Fischbach
George E. Gruen (1996)
Ansar, al-
Ann M. Lesch (1996) Arab Bureau (Cairo)
Roger Adelson
Antakya
Eric Hooglund Arab Club
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Antar, Ali Ahmad Nasir
Robert D. Burrowes Arab College of Jerusalem
Hisham Nashabi (1996)
Antisemitism
Neil Caplan Arab Feminist Union
Maria F. Curtis
Antonius, George
William L. Cleveland (1996) Arab Higher Committee (Palestine)
Ann M. Lesch
Antun, Farah
Michael R. Fischbach Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO)
Zachary Karabell (1996) Mary Ann Tétreault
Aoun, Michel Arabian Horses
As‘ad AbuKhalil Lisa M. Lacy
Aozou Strip Arabian Mission
George Joffe (1996) Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Appelfeld, Aharon Arabian Peninsula
Nili Gold (1996) Martha Imber-Goldstein (1996)
Aqaba Arabic
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Carolyn Killean (1996)
Aqaba, Gulf of Arabic Script
Michael R. Fischbach Elizabeth M. Bergman (1996)
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Arab–Israel Conflict
Aqaba Incident Don Peretz
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Arab–Israeli General Armistice Agreements
Aql, Sa id (1949)
Michael R. Fischbach Mordechai Bar-On
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Arab–Israel War (1948)
Aqqad, Umar Abd al-Fattah al- Don Peretz (1996)
Steve Tamari (1996)
Arab–Israel War (1956)
Aqsa Intifada, al- Don Peretz
Philip Mattar Reeva S. Simon (1996)
2484 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Arab–Israel War (1967) Arafat, Yasir
Don Peretz Michael R. Fischbach
Michael Dunn (1996)
Arab–Israel War (1973)
Don Peretz A raj, Wasini al-
Aida A. Bamia (1996)
Arab–Israel War (1982)
Philip Mattar ˘
Aral, Og uz
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Arabization Policies
Rabia Bekkar Ararat, Mount
John Ruedy (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Arab League Summits
Araz, Nezihe
Philip Mattar
Ayse Durakbasa Tarhan
Arab Legion
Curtis R. Ryan
Arch
Azzedine G. Mansour
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Arab Liberation Army Archaeological Museum (Istanbul)
Steve Tamari (1996) Karen Pinto (1996)
Arab Liberation Front Archaeology in the Middle East
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Arab Maghreb Union
David Gutelius Architecture
Azzedine G. Mansour
Arab Nationalism Walter Denny (1996)
Rashid Khalidi (1996)
Ard, al-
Arab National Movement (ANM) Michael R. Fischbach
Malcolm C. Peck (1996) Bryan Daves (1996)
Arab Revolt (1916) Arens, Moshe
Don Peretz (1996) Martin Malin (1996)
Arab Socialism
Arfa, Hasan
George E. Irani
Eric Hooglund
Arab Socialist Union
Arthur Goldschmidt
Arfa, Muhammad ibn
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Arab Women’s Association of Palestine Argoud, Antoine
Ellen L. Fleischmann Phillip C. Naylor
Arab Women’s Congress Arif, Abd al-Rahman
Steve Tamari (1996) Amatzia Baram (1996)
Arab Women’s Executive Committee Arif, Abd al-Salam
Ellen L. Fleischmann Amatzia Baram (1996)
Arab Women’s Solidarity Association Arif, Arif al-
International Michael R. Fischbach
Rita Stephan Steve Tamari (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2485
LIST OF ENTRIES
Arish, Convention of al- (1800) As ad Family
Zachary Karabell (1996) As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Arkoun, Mohammed Asad, Hafiz al-
As‘ad AbuKhalil Ronald Bruce St John
Muhammed Muslih (1996)
Arlosoroff, Chaim
Chaim I. Waxman As ad, Kamil
Neil Caplan As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN) As ad Wali
John Ruedy (1996) As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Armenian Community of Jerusalem Ashkenazim
Arnold Blumberg (1996)
Rouben P. Adalian
Abraham Terian (1996) Ashmawi, Muhammad Abd al-Rahman Salih al-
Ahmad S. Moussalli
Armenian Genocide
Rouben P. Adalian Ashmawi, Muhammad Sa id al-
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Armenian Millet
Rouben P. Adalian (1996) Ashour, Radwa
Marilyn Booth
Armenian Revolutionary Movement
Rouben P. Adalian (1996) As-Is Agreement
Mary Ann Tétreault (1996)
Armenians in the Middle East
Rouben P. Adalian Askari, Ja far al-
Ahmad Abdul A. R. Shikara (1996)
Arms and Armaments in the Middle East
Zach Levey Asmahan
Virginia Danielson (1996)
Arseven, Celal Esat
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Asmar, Fawzi al-
Philip Mattar
Arslan, Adil Jenab Tutunji (1996)
C. Ernest Dawn (1996)
Association des Femmes Tunisiennes pour la
Arslan Family Recherche et le Développement (AFTURD)
Laura Rice
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Association for the Protection of Women’s Rights
Arslan, Shakib
William L. Cleveland (1996)
(Afghanistan)
Senzil Nawid
Arsuzi, Zaki al- Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama (AUMA)
C. Ernest Dawn (1996)
John Ruedy (1996)
Art Assyrians
Jessica Winegar Charles C. Kolb
Walter Denny (1996)
Aswan
As ad, Ahmad Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Aswan High Dam
Asad, Bashshar al- Gregory B. Baecher
Ronald Bruce St John David Waldner (1996)
2486 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Atabat Awakened Youth
Neguin Yavari (1996) Grant Farr (1996)
Atasi, Hashim al- Awali, al-
Muhammad Muslih (1996) Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Atasi, Jamal al- Ayan
George E. Irani (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Atasi, Nur al-Din al- Aya Sofya
Michael R. Fischbach Zachary Karabell (1996)
Muhammed Muslih (1996)
Ayn, al-
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Anthony B. Toth
Ahmet Kuyas (1996)
Ayn al-Dowleh, Abd al-Majid Mirza
Atatürk University Neguin Yavari (1996)
I. Metin Kunt (1996)
Ayni, Muhsin al-
Atay, Salih Rifki F. Gregory Gause, III (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ayn, Ras al-
Atlas Mountains Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Will D. Swearingen (1996)
Ayyub, Dhu al-Nun
Atrash, Farid al- Amatzia Baram (1996)
Virginia Danielson (1996)
Ayyubi, Ali Jawdat al-
Atrash, Sultan Pasha al- Ahmad Abdul A. R. Shikara (1996)
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Azerbaijan
Neguin Yavari
Attar, Nejat al-
Khalil Gebara
Azerbaijan Crisis
Eric Hooglund (1996)
Attar, Suad al-
Jessica Winegar Azeri Language and Literature
Uli Schamiloglu (1996)
Attas, Haydar Abu Bakr al-
Robert D. Burrowes Azhar, al-
Donald Malcolm Reid
Attlee, Clement
A. Chris Eccel (1996)
Joseph Nevo
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Azhari, Isma il
Robert O. Collins (1996)
Austria–Hungary and the Middle East
Zachary Karabell (1996) Azib
Rahma Bourqia (1996)
Avnery, Uri
Mordechai Bar-On Aziz, Tariq
Martin Malin (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Amatzia Baram (1996)
Awadhi, Badria A. al-
Mary Ann Tétreault Azm, Sadiq al-
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Awad, Louis
Charles E. Butterworth Azuri, Najib
David Waldner (1996) Muhammad Muslih (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2487
LIST OF ENTRIES
Azzam, Abd al-Rahman al- Baharina
Mahmoud Haddad (1996) Anthony B. Toth
Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Bahariya
B Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Ba albak
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996) Bahar, Mohammad Taqi
Michael C. Hillmann (1996)
Ba albakki, Layla
Laurie King-Irani Bahithat al-Lubnaniyyat, al-
Elise Salem
Bab, al-
Juan R. I. Cole (1996) Bahrain
Fred H. Lawson
Bab al-Mandab
Robert D. Burrowes (1996) Bahraini–Qatari Wars
Fred H. Lawson
Baban Family
Bahrain Nationalist Movement
Mamoon A. Zaki (1996)
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Babis Bahrain National Oil Company (BANOCO)
Juan R. I. Cole (1996)
Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Baccouche, Hedi Bahrain Order in Council
Ana Torres-Garcia Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Bahr al-Abyad
Badran, Mudar Robert O. Collins (1996)
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Bahr al-Arab
Badr, Liana Robert O. Collins (1996)
George R. Wilkes
Bahr al-Ghazal
Badr, Muhammad al- Robert O. Collins (1996)
Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Bahr al-Jabal
Baghdad Robert O. Collins (1996)
Ayad Al-Qazzaz
Baida
Baghdadi, Abd al-Latif al- John L. Wright (1996)
Donald Malcolm Reid
Bakdash, Khalid
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Garay Menicucci
Baghdad Pact (1955) Baker, James A.
William L. Cleveland Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Bakhtiari
Baghdad Summit (1978) Eric Hooglund
Michael R. Fischbach (1996) Lois Beck (1996)
Baghdad University Bakhtiari, Najaf Qoli Khan Samsam al-Soltaneh
John J. Donohue (1996) Neguin Yavari (1996)
Baha i Faith Bakhtiar, Shapur
Juan R. I. Cole (1996) Ahmed H. Ibrahim
2488 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Bakhtiar, Timur Bani Sadr, Abolhasan
Neguin Yavari (1996) Neguin Yavari
Bakil Tribal Confederation Banking
Manfred W. Wenner (1996) Clement Moore Henry
Bakkar, Jalillah Banna, Hasan al-
Laura Rice Ahmad S. Moussalli
Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Bakr, Ahmad Hasan al-
Amatzia Baram (1996) Banna, Sabri al-
Michael R. Fischbach
Bakr, Salwa Steve Tamari (1996)
Caroline Seymour-Jorn
Bannis, Mohammad
Balaclava, Battle of Aida A. Bamia
Jean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Baqri Family
Balafrej, Ahmed Norman Stillman (1996)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Baraheni, Reza
Balbo, Italo Eric Hooglund
George Joffe (1996) Michael C. Hillman (1996)
Balfour Declaration (1917) Barakat, Hoda
Philip Mattar Elise Salem
Balkan Crises (1870s) Barak, Ehud
John Micgiel (1996) Mordechai Bar-On
Balkans Barakzai Dynasty
John Micgiel (1996) Eric Hooglund
Ashraf Ghani (1996)
Balkan Wars (1912–1913)
Hasan Kayali (1996) Barbary States
Jerome Bookin-Wiener (1996)
Balta Liman, Convention of (1838)
Zachary Karabell (1996) Barbary Wars
Jerome Bookin-Wiener (1996)
Baluchis
Charles C. Kolb Barghuthi Family
Michael R. Fischbach
Baluchistan Steve Tamari (1996)
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Barghuthi, Marwan
Balyan Family Michael R. Fischbach
Rouben P. Adalian
Aptullah Kuran (1996) Bar-Ilan University
Paul Rivlin
Bamyan Miriam Simon (1996)
Grant Farr
Baring, Evelyn
Bandung Conference (1955) Arthur Goldschmidt
Zachary Karabell (1996) Robert L. Tignor (1996)
Bani-Etemad, Rakhsan Barkan, Ömer Lutfi
Roxanne Varzi I. Metin Kunt (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2489
LIST OF ENTRIES
Bar-Lev, Haim Bazzaz, Abd al-Rahman al-
Meron Medzini Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Martin Malin (1996)
Beaufort, Charles-Marie-Napoléon d’Hautpoul de
Baron, Dvora Bassam Namani (1996)
Zvia Ginor (1996)
Bedel-i Askeri
Barzani Family Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Michael R. Fischbach
Chris Kutschera (1996)
Beersheba
Steve Tamari (1996)
Basic People’s Congresses
Begin, Menachem
John L. Wright (1996)
Eric Silver
Basiretci, Ali
¸ Behar, Nissim
David Waldner (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Basma bint Talal Behbehani, Simin
Michael R. Fischbach Roxanne Varzi
Basra Beheshti, Mohammad
Nazar al-Khalaf (1996) Hamid Algar (1996)
Bast Behrangi, Samad
Neguin Yavari (1996) Eric Hooglund
Ba th, al- Behrouzi, Maryam
Peter Sluglett Cherie Taraghi
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Beirut
Baya As‘ad AbuKhalil
Jessica Winegar
Beirut College for Women (BCW)
Bayar, Celal Mirna Lattouf
Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Beitaddin Declaration
Bayati, Abd al-Wahhab al- George E. Irani (1996)
Amatzia Baram (1996)
Beja
Khalid M. El-Hassan
Bayat, Mortaza Qoli
Robert O. Collins (1996)
Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Bejerano, Maya
Baydh, Ali Salim al- Yarom Peleg (1996)
Robert D. Burrowes
Bekir, Fahri
Bayrakdar, Mustafa David Waldner (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Bektashis
Bayram V, Muhammad Maria F. Curtis
Larry A. Barrie (1996) John D. Norton (1996)
Bazaars and Bazaar Merchants Belgrave, Charles Dalrymple
Ahmad Ashraf Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Bazargan, Mehdi Belhadj, Ali
Mansoor Moaddel (1996) Emad Eldin Shahin
2490 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Belkacem, Cherif Bennabi, Malek
Phillip C. Naylor Yahia Zoubir
Bell, Gertrude Ben-Porat, Mordechai
Zachary Karabell (1996) Gregory S. Mahler
Nissim Rejwan (1996)
Bellounis, Muhammad
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Ben Salah, Ahmed
Emad Eldin Shahin
Ben-Aharon, Yitzhak
Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Gregory S. Mahler
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Ben Seddiq, Mahjoub
Ben Ali, Zayn al-Abidine Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Maria F. Curtis
Matthew S. Gordon (1996) Ben Simeon, Raphael Aaron
Norman Stillman (1996)
Ben Ammar, Tahar
Matthew S. Gordon (1996) Bentwich, Norman
Bernard Wasserstein
Ben Badis, Abd al-Hamid
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Benvenisti, Meron
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Ben Barka, Mehdi
Donna Lee Bowen (1996) Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer
Martin Malin (1996)
Ben Bella, Ahmed
Phillip C. Naylor Ben Yousouf, Salah
Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Ben Bouali, Hassiba
Rabia Bekkar
Ben-Zvi, Rahel Yanait
Ben Boulaid, Moustafa Meron Medzini
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Ben-Zvi, Yizhak
Bendjedid, Chadli Donna Robinson Divine (1996)
Phillip C. Naylor
Berber
Benflis, Ali Thomas G. Penchoen (1996)
Phillip C. Naylor
Berber Dahir
Benghazi Dale F. Eickelman (1996)
John L. Wright (1996)
Berber Spring
Ben-Gurion, David Paul Silverstein
Gregory S. Mahler
Berkowitz, Yizhak
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Ann Kahn (1996)
Miriam Simon (1996)
Ben Jelloun, Umar Berlin–Baghdad Railway
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996) Francis R. Nicosia (1996)
Ben Khedda, Ben Youssef Berlin, Congress and Treaty of
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Arnold Blumberg (1996)
Ben M’hidi, Muhammad Larbi Bernadotte, Folke
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Amitzur Ilan
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2491
LIST OF ENTRIES
Berrada, Mohammed Biret, Idil
Aida A. Bamia Filiz Ali
Berri, Nabi Birth Control
As‘ad AbuKhalil Laurie King-Irani
Donna Lee Bowen (1996)
Bethlehem Bir Zeit University
Michael R. Fischbach
Lawrence Tal (1996)
Benjamin Joseph (1996)
Bishara, Abdullah
Bevin, Ernest Mary Ann Tétreault
Lawrence Tal (1996) Les Ordeman (1996)
Bevin–Sforza Plan Bishara, Suha
George Joffe (1996) As‘ad AbuKhalil
Beyoglu Protocol Bisitun
A. Shapur Shahbazi (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Bitar, Salah al-Din al-
Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design
Ann Kahn (1996) Bitat, Rabah
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Bialik, Hayyim Nahman
George R. Wilkes Bittari, Zoubida
Nili Gold (1996) Aida A. Bamia (1996)
Bitton, Simone
Bidonville
George R. Wilkes
Dirk Vandewalle (1996)
Bizerte
Bilhayr, Abd al-Nabi Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
George Joffe (1996)
Bizerte Crisis (1961)
Bilkent University Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Black Panthers
Shlomo Deshen (1996)
Biltmore Program (1942) Black Sea
Neil Caplan
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Binationalism Black September
Neil Caplan Michael R. Fischbach
Steve Tamari (1996)
Bin Diyaf, Muhsen
Aida A. Bamia Black Spring
Paul Silverstein
bin Ladin, Osama
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Black Thursday (1978)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Bint al-Shati Bled al-Siba/Bled al-Makhzan
Sabah Ghandour C. R. Pennell (1996)
Biqa Valley Bliss, Daniel
Fred H. Lawson Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
2492 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Bliss, Howard Bouih, Fatna el-
Karen Pinto Maria F. Curtis
Bludan Conferences (1937, 1946) Boumédienne, Houari
Joseph Nevo Dirk Vandewalle (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Bourguiba, Habib
Blum–Viollette Plan Michael M. Laskier
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Lisa Anderson (1996)
B’nai B’rith Bouteflika, Abdelaziz
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez Phillip C. Naylor
Norman Stillman (1996)
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros
Bodrum Bryan Daves (1996)
Maria F. Curtis
Karen Pinto (1996)
Bouyali, Moustafa
Henri Lauzière
˘
Bog aziçi (Bosporus) University
Brahimi, Abdelhamid
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
Phillip C. Naylor
I. Metin Kunt (1996)
Brenner, Yosef Hayyim
Bogazköy
George R. Wilkes
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ann Kahn (1996)
Bonaparte, Napoléon Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich
Jean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Oles M. Smolansky (1996)
Boratav, Pertev Naili Brichah
Burçak Keskin-Kozat Ann Kahn (1996)
Kathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Britain and the Middle East from 1914 to the
Borochov, Ber Present
Chaim I. Waxman
Bernard Wasserstein (1996)
Borujerdi, Hosayn Britain and the Middle East up to 1914
Neguin Yavari (1996) J. C. Hurewitz (1996)
Bost British–French Oil Agreement
Grant Farr Ibrahim M. Oweiss
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Bouabid, Abderrahim
Ana Torres-Garcia Brookings Report (1975)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996) George R. Wilkes
Boucetta, Muhammad Browne, Edward Granville
Matthew S. Gordon (1996) John R. Perry (1996)
Boudiaf, Mohamed Buber, Martin
Phillip C. Naylor Paul Mendes-Flohr
Boudjedra, Rachid Bubiyan Island
Phillip C. Naylor Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Bouhired, Jamila Bucharest, Treaty of (1812)
Rabia Bekkar Zachary Karabell (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2493
LIST OF ENTRIES
Budapest Convention (1877) Busnach Family
Zachary Karabell (1996) Norman Stillman (1996)
Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas-Robert Bustani, Sulayman
Kenneth J. Perkins (1996) Mahmoud Haddad (1996)
Bu Hamara
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
C
Buhayra Cairo
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Donald Malcolm Reid
Bulgarian Horrors Cairo Conference (1921)
John Micgiel (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Bunche, Ralph J. Cairo Family Planning Association
Brian Urquhart Angel M. Foster
Bund Cairo University
Chaim I. Waxman Donald Malcolm Reid
Buraymi Oasis Dispute Caland, Huguette
Anthony B. Toth Jessica Winegar
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Caliphate
Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig Hasan Kayali
Benjamin Braude (1996)
Calligraphy
Bureau of Translation Muhammad Zakariya (1996)
Carter V. Findlay (1996)
Cambon–Lansdowne Agreement (1904)
Bureaux Arabes Rémy Leveau (1996)
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Camels
Burg, Avraham Mia Bloom (1996)
Gregory S. Mahler
Camp David Accords (1978)
Burg, Yosef Laurie Z. Eisenberg
Gregory S. Mahler Don Peretz (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Camp David Summit (2000)
Burla, Yehuda Philip Mattar
Ann Kahn (1996)
Camus, Albert
Bursa Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Canning, Stratford
Benjamin Braude (1996)
Burton, Richard Francis
George R. Wilkes Cantonnement/Refoulement
Benjamin Braude (1996) Dirk Vandewalle (1996)
Bush, George Herbert Walker Capitulations
Michael R. Fischbach C. Max Kortepeter (1996)
Bush, George Walker Carpets, Persian
Michael R. Fischbach Michael C. Hillmann (1996)
2494 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Carter, Jimmy Chamoun, Camille
Laurie Z. Eisenberg Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Mia Bloom (1996)
Chamoun, Dany
Casablanca Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
C. R. Pennell (1996)
Champollion, Jean-François
Catroux, Georges Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Chamran, Mostafa
Cattan, Henry Neguin Yavari (1996)
Philip Mattar
Lawrence Tal (1996) Chazan, Naomi
George R. Wilkes
Caylak
David Waldner (1996) Chédid, Andrée
Nabil Boudraa
Cemal Pasa
¸
Rouben P. Adalian Chehab, Bashir
Hasan Kayali (1996) As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Chehab Family
Michael R. Fischbach As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Kathleen M. Christison (1996)
Chehab, Fu ad
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Chehab, Khalid
Centre de Recherches, d’Études, de Documentation
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
et d’Information sur la Femme (CREDIF)
Laura Rice Chenik, Muhammad
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Ceramics
Charles C. Kolb
China and the Middle East
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
P. R. Kumaraswamy
Kazuo Takahashi (1996)
Çerkes Hasan Incident
David Waldner (1996)
Chraibi, Driss
Ceuta Aida A. Bamia
C. R. Pennell (1996)
Chrakian, Artin
Cevdet, Abdullah Rouben P. Adalian (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Christians in the Middle East
Cevdet, Ahmed George E. Irani
Carter V. Findley (1996) Dale L. Bishop (1996)
Chalabi, Ahmad Chubak, Sadeq
Karim Hamdy Pardis Minuchehr (1996)
Challe, Maurice Churchill White Paper (1922)
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Philip Mattar (1996)
Chamchian, Mikayel Churchill, William
Rouben P. Adalian (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2495
LIST OF ENTRIES
Churchill, Winston S. Colonialism in the Middle East
Martin Gilbert (1996) Peter Sluglett
Cilicia Colonial Office, Great Britain
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Bernard Wasserstein
Çiller, Tansu Colons
Burçak Keskin-Kozat John Ruedy (1996)
Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
Comité d’Action Marocaine (CAM)
Circassians Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Seteney Shami
Comité de Coordination et d’Exécution
Circumcision John Ruedy (1996)
Ephraim Tabory
Comité Juif Algérien d’études Sociales
Civil Code of 1926 Norman Stillman (1996)
Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
Comité Révolutionnaire d’Unité et d’Action
Civil Service School (Ottoman) (CRUA)
David Waldner (1996) John Ruedy (1996)
Clark–Darlan Agreement (1942) Commercial and Navigation Treaties
Zachary Karabell (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Clayton, Gilbert Committee for Defense of Freedom and Human
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Rights
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Clemenceau, Georges
O. W. Abi-Mershed Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights
Zachary Karabell (1996) Anthony B. Toth
Climate Committee for Union and Progress
John F. Kolars (1996) Hasan Kayali (1996)
Clinton, William Jefferson Communication
Michael R. Fischbach Michael R. Fischbach
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Clot, Antoine Barthélémy
David Waldner (1996) Communism in the Middle East
Joel S. Beinin
Clothing
Faegheh Shirazi Compagnie Française des Pétroles (CFP)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Club National Israélite
Norman Stillman (1996) Condominium Agreement (1899)
Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Code de I’lndigénat
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Confédération Démocratique du Travail (CDT)
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Cohen, Ge ula
Gregory S. Mahler Confederation of Iranian Students
Yaakov Shavit (1996) Afshin Matin-asgari
Cole, USS Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions
George R. Wilkes Frank Tachau (1996)
2496 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Congress of Ottoman Liberals (1902) Crane, Charles R.
David Waldner (1996) William L. Cleveland
Mia Bloom (1996)
Conseil National de la Révolution Algérienne
(CNRA) Creech Jones, Arthur
John Ruedy (1996) Bernard Wasserstein
Constantine Crémieux Decree
Dirk Vandewalle (1996) Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Constantinople Crimean War
Paul S. Rowe C. Max Kortepeter (1996)
Constitutional Bloc Crimes of Honor
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996) Lynn Welchman
Constitutional Democratic Rally Crossman, Richard
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez Bernard Wasserstein
Constitutional Revolution Curiel Family
Eric Hooglund (1996) Michael M. Laskier (1996)
Constitutional Revolution, Impact on Women Curzon, George Nathaniel
Mangol Bayat Eric Hooglund (1996)
Coordination des Archs (Algeria) Cyprus
Robert Mortimer Alexander Kitroeff (1996)
Coptic Museum Cyprus Convention (1878)
Donald Malcolm Reid Zachary Karabell (1996)
Donald Spanel (1996)
Cyrenaica
Copts Ronald Bruce St John
Milad Hanna John L. Wright (1996)
Gawdat Gabra
Donald Spanel (1996) Cyril IV
Donald Spanel (1996)
Corcos Family
Norman Stillman (1996) Cyril V
Donald Spanel (1996)
Corsairs
Jerome Bookin-Weiner (1996) Cyril VI
Donald Spanel (1996)
Cossack Brigade
Jack Bubon (1996)
D
Cotton Dabbagh, Marzieh
Richard W. Bulliet (1996) Janet Afary
Council for Development and Reconstruction Dabbas, Charles
(CDR) As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
As‘ad AbuKhalil
George E. Irani (1996) Daddah, Mokhtar Ould
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Cox, Percy
Michael R. Fischbach Daftari, Ahmad Matin
Peter Sluglett (1996) Neguin Yavari (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2497
LIST OF ENTRIES
˘
Dag larca, Fazil Hüsnü Darwaza, Muhammad Izzat
Kathleen R. F. Burrill (1996) Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Dahlan, Muhammad Darwish, Ishaq
Michael R. Fischbach Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Damanhur Darwish, Mahmud
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Robyn Creswell
Kamal Boullatta (1996)
Damascus
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Darwish, Sayyid
Virginia Danielson (1996)
Damascus Affair (1840)
Dashnak Party
Michael R. Fischbach
Rouben P. Adalian
Jane Gerber (1996)
Dashti, Ali
Damascus University Eric Hooglund
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Michael C. Hillmann (1996)
Dammam, al- Dates
J. E. Peterson Albertine Jwaideh (1996)
Dance Daud, Muhammad
Maria F. Curtis M. Nazif Shahrani (1996)
Daneshvar, Simin Da ud Pasha
Eric Hooglund As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Michael C. Hillmann (1996)
Da wa al-Islamiyya, al-
Dar al Da wa wa al-Irshad Maysam J. al Faruqi
Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Dayan, Moshe
Dar al-Fonun Nathan Yanai (1996)
Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Dayan, Yael
Dar al-Islam Meron Medzini
Cyrus Moshaver (1996)
Dayr al-Zawr Province
Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Donald Malcolm Reid
Dayr Yasin
Don Peretz
Dar al-Mo allamin
Grant Farr
Dead Sea
Peter Gubser (1996)
Dar al-Ulum
Donald Malcolm Reid Dead Sea Scrolls
Mia Bloom (1996)
D’Arcy Concession (1901)
Eric Hooglund De Bunsen, Maurice
Daniel E. Spector (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Dardanelles, Treaty of the (1809) Decentralization Party
Daniel E. Spector (1996) Hasan Kayali (1996)
Darülfünün Declaration of La Celle St. Cloud
Zachary Karabell (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
2498 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Dede Zekai Denktash, Rauf
David Waldner (1996) Pierre Oberling (1996)
Deedes, Wyndham Dentz, Henri-Fernand
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) George R. Wilkes
De Gaulle, Charles Derakhshandeh, Puran
John P. Spagnolo (1996) Roxanne Varzi
De Haan, Ya akov Yisrael Desalinization
Bryan Daves (1996) Karim Hamdy
John F. Kolars (1996)
Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar
Michael C. Hillmann (1996) Deserts
John F. Kolars (1996)
.
Dellalzade Ismail
David Waldner (1996) Devrim, Izzet Melih
David Waldner (1996)
Delouvrier, Paul
Phillip C. Naylor Dhahran
J. E. Peterson
Delta
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Dhimma
Ilai Alon
Delta Barrages
Gregory B. Baecher
Dhow
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Dhufar
De Menasce Family
Calvin H. Allen, Jr
Michael M. Laskier (1996)
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Demetrius II Dhufar Rebellion
Donald Spanel (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Demirel, Süleyman
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
Diaspora
Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
Gabriel Sheffer
Democratic Organization of Afghan Women Diba, Farah
(1965) Haleh Vaziri
Senzil Nawid
Dib, Mohammed
Democratic Party of Azerbaijan Phillip C. Naylor
Audrey L. Altstadt (1996)
Didouche, Mourad
Democratic Party of Kurdistan (Iran; KDP) Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Parvaneh Pourshariati
Dilmun
Democratic Party of Kurdistan (Iraq) Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Chris Kutschera
Dimona
Democratic Women’s Association (Tunisia) Yehuda Gradus
Angel M. Foster Zachary Karabell (1996)
Democrat Party Dinka
David Waldner (1996) Robert O. Collins (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2499
LIST OF ENTRIES
Dinshaway Incident (1906) Dreyfus Affair
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Chaim I. Waxman
Diseases Drugs and Narcotics
Nancy Gallagher W. Kenneth Thompson (1996)
Diwan Drummond–Wolff Convention
Mia Bloom (1996) Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Diyarbakir Druze
Eric Hooglund Samy S. Swayd
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Robert Betts (1996)
Djaout, Taher Druze Revolts
Aida A. Bamia (1996) As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Djebar, Assia Dual Containment
Marilyn Booth Eric Hooglund
F. Gregory Gause III (1996)
Djema a
Thomas G. Penchoen (1996) Dual Control
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Djerba
Laurence Michalak (1996)
Dubai
Anthony B. Toth
Dlimi, Ahmed
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Doha Dubs, Adolph
Anthony B. Toth Grant Farr (1996)
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Dufferin Report (1883)
Dolmabahçe Palace David Waldner (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Dukan Dam
Dönme Albertine Jwaideh (1996)
Benjamin Braude
Dulles, John Foster
Dor De a Neil Caplan
Norman Stillman (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Dorner, Dalia Durand Line
Meron Medzini Grant Farr
Dost Mohammad Barakzai Durrani Dynasty
Grant Farr (1996) Ashraf Ghani
Dou aji, Ali al-
Aida A. Bamia (1996)
E
Doughty, Charles Eastern Desert
Benjamin Braude Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Dowlatabadi, Mahmoud Eastern Orthodox Church
Eric Hooglund Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Dragomans Eastern Question
Zachary Karabell (1996) J. C. Hurewitz (1996)
2500 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
East India Company Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty (1979)
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Laurie Z. Eisenberg
Ebadi, Shirin Egyptian Museum
Ziba Mir-Hosseini Donald Malcolm Reid
Eban, Abba (Aubrey) Egyptian Women’s Union
Gregory S. Mahler (1996) Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Ebtekar, Ma sumeh 8 Mars Newspaper
Nayereh Tohidi Laurie King-Irani
Ecevit, Bülent Eisenhower, Dwight David
Burçak Keskin-Kozat Zachary Karabell (1996)
Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
Eitan, Rafael
Ecevit, Rahsan
¸ Martin Malin (1996)
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
Eldem, Sedad Hakki
Economic and Military Aid Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Paul Rivlin
Marvin G. Weinbaum (1996) Elites
Donald Maolcolm Reid (1996)
Economics
Jean-François Seznec Emergency Regulations
Benjamin Joseph (1996)
Eddé, Emile
Sami A. Ofeish
Entebbe Operation
Zev Maghen (1996)
Eddé, Raymond
Michael R. Fischbach
Ente Nazionale Idrocarboni (ENI)
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Dirk Vandewalle (1996)
Eden, Anthony
Enver Pasa
¸
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Hasan Kayali (1996)
Edirne
Eric Hooglund
Eqbal, Manouchehr
Neguin Yavari
Education
Linda Herrera Erbakan, Necmeddin
M. Hakan Yavuz
Efflatoun, Inji Frank Tachau (1996)
Jessica Winegar
Erbil, Leyla
Ege University David Waldner (1996)
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Erdogan, Tayyip
M. Hakan Yavuz
Egypt
Arthur Goldschmidt Eretz Yisrael
Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (1996) Chaim I. Waxman
Egyptian Feminist Union Ersoy, Mehmet Akif
Marilyn Booth Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Egyptian Geographical Society ˘
Ertug rul, Muhsin
Donald Malcolm Reid (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2501
LIST OF ENTRIES
Erzurum Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Sa ud
Eric Hooglund Anthony B. Toth
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Erzurum Congress (1919) Fahd Plan (1981)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Erzurum, Treaty of (1823) Fahmi, Mahmud Pasha
Eric Hooglund Maysam J. al Faruqi
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Sa ud
Esendal, Memduh S
¸evket Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Faisal I ibn Hussein
Esfandiary, Fereydun Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Michael C. Hillmann (1996) Faisal II ibn Ghazi
Peter Sluglett (1996)
Eshkol, Levi
Martin Malin (1996) Faisal–Weizmann Agreements
Neil Caplan (1996)
Eskinazi, Roza
Stavros Frangos Falconry
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Esmati-Wardak, Masuma
Senzil Nawid Fanon, Frantz
John Ruedy (1996)
Etemadi, Saleha Faruq
Senzil Nawid Fao Peninsula
Albertine Jwaideh (1996)
Ethiopian Jews
Emanuela Trevisan Semi Faqir, Fadia
Shalvah Weil (1996) Elise Salem
Euphrates Dam Faraj, Maysaloun
John R. Clark (1996) Jessica Winegar
Evian Accords (1962) Faraj, Murad
Phillip C. Naylor Michael M. Laskier (1996)
Evren, Kenan Far a, Wahiba
M. Hakan Yavuz Susanne Dahlgren
David Waldner (1996)
Farès, Nabile
Exodus (1947) Laurie King-Irani
Rachel Weissbrod
Farhad, Ghulam Muhammad
˘
Eyübog lu, Bedri Rahmi Grant Farr (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Farhat al-Zawi
Ezra and Nehemiah Operations Rachel Simon (1996)
Nissim Rejwan (1996)
Farhi Family
Michael M. Laskier (1996)
F
Fadlallah, Shaykh Husayn Farhud
As‘ad AbuKhalil Sylvia G. Haim (1996)
2502 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Farid, Nagwa Kamal Female Genital Mutilation
Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Farmanfarma, Abd al-Hoseyn Mirza Feraoun, Mouloud
Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996) Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Farmanfarmian, Settareh Ferit, Damat Mehmet
Cherie Taraghi Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Farouk Ferman
Robert L. Tignor (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Farrokhzad, Forugh Fertile Crescent
Michael C. Hillmann (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Fashoda Incident (1898) Fertile Crescent Unity Plans
Zachary Karabell (1996) H. G. Balfour-Paul (1996)
Fasi, Allal al- Fes, Treaty of (1912)
C. R. Pennell (1996) Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Fasi, Muhammad al- Fez, Morocco
C. R. Pennell (1996) Donna Lee Bowen (1996)
Fassih, Ismail Fezzan
Pardis Minuchehr (1996) John L. Wright (1996)
Fatah, al- Fida iyyun
Michael R. Fischbach Philip Mattar
Michael Dunn (1996) Lawrence Tal (1996)
Fatat, al- Film
Muhammad Muslih (1996) Roxanne Varzi
Fath Ali Shah Qajar Fiqh
Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996) Maysam J. al Faruqi
Fatwa Fish and Fishing
Maysam J. al Faruqi Eric Hooglund
Wael B. Hallaq (1996)
Flapan, Simha
Fawwaz, Zaynab Gregory S. Mahler
Marilyn Booth Zachary Karabell (1996)
Fayruz Fly Whisk Incident (1827)
Christopher Reed Stone Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Faysal ibn Turki Al Sa ud Food: Ash
Malcolm C. Peck (1996) Neguin Yavari (1996)
Faysal, Tujan Food: Baklava
Curtis R. Ryan Clifford A. Wright (1996)
Feda iyan-e Islam Food: Borek
Ervand Abrahamian Cyrus Moshaver (1996)
Feda iyan-e Khalq Food: Bulgur
Ervand Abrahamian Clifford A. Wright (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2503
LIST OF ENTRIES
Food: Chelow Food: Tahina
Clifford A. Wright (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Food: Coffee Food: Tajin
Clifford A. Wright (1996) Clifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: Couscous Foreign Office, Great Britain
Clifford A. Wright (1996) Roger Adelson
Food: Dolma Forqan
Clifford A. Wright (1996) Ervand Abrahamian
Food: Felafel Forughi, Mirza Mohammad Ali Khan Zaka al-
Zachary Karabell (1996) Molk
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Food: Ful
Clifford A. Wright (1996) Foucauld, Charles Eugène de
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Food: Hummus
Zachary Karabell (1996) Fourth Shore, The
George Joffe (1996)
Food: Kufta
Clifford A. Wright (1996) France and the Middle East
John P. Spagnolo (1996)
Food: Mansaf
Zachary Karabell (1996) Franco–Tunisian Conventions
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Food: Mazza
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Franjiyya Family
Michael R. Fischbach
Food: Muhammara
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Franjiyya, Sulayman
Michael R. Fischbach
Food: Mujaddara As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Freedom Movement (Nezhat-e Azadi Iran)
Food: Mulukhiyya Eric Hooglund
Tayeb El-Hibri (1996) Neguin Yavari (1996)
Food: Olives Freedom Party
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Frank Tachau (1996)
Food: Pilaf Free French Mandate
Clifford A. Wright (1996) Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Food: Shashilik Freemasons
Clifford A. Wright (1996) Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Food: Shawarma Free Officers, Egypt
Clifford A. Wright (1996) Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Food: Shish Kebab Free Officers, Yemen
Clifford A. Wright (1996) Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Food: Tabbula Free Republican Party
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Frank Tachau (1996)
2504 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Free Yemenis Galilee
Robert D. Burrowes (1996) Zev Maghen (1996)
Freier, Recha Galilee, Sea of
George R. Wilkes Bryan Daves (1996)
French Foreign Legion Gallei Tzahal
Kenneth J. Perkins (1996) Ann Kahn (1996)
Frischmann, David Gallipoli
Sara Reguer (1996)
Ann Kahn (1996)
Gamal, Samiyah
Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)
Roberta L. Dougherty
John Ruedy (1996)
Ganim, Halil
Front for the Liberation of South Yemen Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Ganji, Akbar
Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) Babak Rahimi
Bradford Dillman (1996)
Garang, John
Front pour la Défense des Institutions Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Constitutionelles (FDIC) Paul Martin (1996)
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Gardanne Mission
Fu ad Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Robert L. Tignor (1996)
Gaspirali, Ismail Bey
Fujayra Uli Schamiloglu (1996)
Anthony B. Toth
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Gaza (City)
Mallika Good
Fujayra–Sharjah Conflict Gaza Strip
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Sara M. Roy
Fundamental Pact Geagea, Samir
Matthew S. Gordon (1996) As‘ad AbuKhalil
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Futuwwa
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996) Gebeyli, Claire
Mona Takieddine Amyuni
G Gecekondu
Eric Hooglund
Gafsa Incident (1980)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Gencer, Leyla
Filiz Ali
Gailani, Ahmad
Grant Farr Genç Kalemler
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Galata
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Gender: Gender and the Economy
Khaled Islaih
Galatasaray Lycée
Anthony B. Toth Gender: Gender and Education
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Rachel Christina
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2505
LIST OF ENTRIES
Gender: Gender and Law Ghanim, al-
Laurie King-Irani Mary Ann Tétreault
Gender: Gender and Politics Ghanim, Fathi
Wanda C. Krause Maysam J. al Faruqi
Gender: Study of Ghanmi, Azza
Laura Rice Laura Rice
General Directorate on the Status and Problems Ghannouchi, Rached
of Women Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
Gharb
Rahma Bourqia (1996)
General Federation of Iraqi Women
Elizabeth Fernea Gharbzadegi
Michael C. Hillmann (1996)
General People’s Committees
Lisa Anderson (1996) Ghashmi, Ahmad Husayn
Robert D. Burrowes
General People’s Congress (GPC)
Lisa Anderson (1996) Ghassemlou, Abdul Rahman
Amir Hassanpour
General Tunisian Union of Students (UGTE)
Larry A. Barrie (1996) Ghazali, Muhammad al-
George R. Wilkes
General Union of Palestinian Women’s
Committees (GUPWC) Ghazali, Zaynab al-
Mallika Good Marilyn Booth
General Women’s Union of Syria Ghazi ibn Faisal
Mirna Lattouf Peter Sluglett (1996)
Geneva Peace Conference (1973) Ghorbal, Ashraf
Benjamin Joseph (1996) George R. Wilkes
David Waldner (1996)
Geography
John F. Kolars (1996)
Ghoussoub, Mai
Jessica Winegar
Germany and the Middle East
Ghozali, Ahmed
Philip Mattar
Phillip C. Naylor
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Ghuri, Emile al-
Gezira Scheme Philip Mattar
Ann M. Lesch (1996)
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Gezira Sporting Club GIA (Armed Islamic Groups)
Jean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996) Azzedine G. Mansour
Ghab, al- Giado Concentration Camp
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996) Norman Stillman (1996)
Ghali, Boutros Gibran, Khalil
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Ghallab, Abd al-Karim Gilboa, Amir
Aida A. Bamia Zvia Ginor (1996)
2506 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Giza Grand Mosque
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Anthony B. Toth
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Glawi Family, al-
Rahma Bourqia (1996) Graziani, Rodolfo
George Joffe (1996)
Glubb, John Bagot
Avi Shlaim (1996) Greater Syria
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Gökalp, Ziya
Taha Parla (1996) Greater Syria Plan
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Golan Heights
Yehuda Gradus Great Game, The
Muhammad Muslih (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Goldberg, Leah Greco–Turkish War (1897)
Ann Kahn (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Alexander Kitroeff (1996)
Golden Square
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Greeks in the Middle East
Goldmann, Nahum Alexander Kitroeff (1996)
Gregory S. Mahler
Neil Caplan
Greek War of Independence
Alexander Kitroeff (1996)
Golestan, Ebrahim
Eric Hooglund
Greenberg, Uri Zvi
Ann Kahn (1996)
Golestan Palace
Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996) Green Book
Lisa Anderson (1996)
Golpayagani, Mohammad Reza
Hamid Algar (1996) Green Line
David Newman
Golshiri, Houshang Bryan Daves (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Pardis Minuchehr (1996) Green March
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Golsorkhi, Khosrow
Afshin Matin-asgari Griboyedov Incident
Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Gordon, Aaron David
Donna Robinson Divine Grivas, Georgios Theodoros
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Gordon, Charles
Jean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996) Grobba, Fritz Konrad Ferdinand
Francis R. Nicosia (1996)
Gorst, John Eldon
Peter Mellini (1996) Grossman, Haika
George R. Wilkes
Government
Oliver Benjamin Hemmerle Gruenbaum, Yizhak
Bernard Reich (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Gozanski, Tamar Guest Workers
Laurie King-Irani Eric Hooglund
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2507
LIST OF ENTRIES
Guilds Habash, George
Richard W. Bulliet (1996) George R. Wilkes
Mouin Rabbani (1996)
Guinness, Walter Edward
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Habibi, Emile
Michael R. Fischbach
Gülbenkian, Calouste
David Waldner (1996) Habibollah Khan
Grant Farr (1996)
Gülen, Fetullah
M. Hakan Yavuz
Habib, Philip Charles
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Gulf Cooperation Council Habous
Anthony B. Toth
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Hacene, Farouk Zehar
Gulf Crisis (1990–1991) Aida A. Bamia
Philip Mattar (1996)
Hacettepe University
Gulf of Oman Burçak Keskin-Kozat
J. E. Peterson I. Metin Kunt (1996)
Gulf of Suez Ha-Cohen, Mordechai
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Maurice M. Roumani (1996)
Gulf War (1991) Hadassah
Daniel E. Spector Mia Bloom (1996)
Gülhane Imperial Edict (1839) Haddad, Malek
Cemil Aydin Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Güney, Yilmaz Haddad, Sa d
David Waldner (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Haddad, Wadi
Guri, Chaim Michael R. Fischbach
Adina Friedman
Lawrence Tal (1996)
Ann Kahn (1996)
Hadith
Gur, Mordechai Maysam J. al Faruqi
Gregory S. Mahler Wael B. Hallaq (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Hadj, Messali al-
Gürpinar, Hüseyin Rahmi Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Hadramawt
Gürsel, Cemal Sumit Mandal (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Hafiz, Abd al-Halim
Gush Emunim Virginia Danielson (1996)
David Newman
Hafiz, Amin al-
Michael R. Fischbach
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
H
Ha-avarah Agreement Haganah
Michael R. Marrus Pierre M. Atlas
2508 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Haggiag Family Hama Massacre
Maurice M. Roumani (1996) Fred H. Lawson
Ha-Halutz HAMAS
Donna Robinson Divine Michael R. Fischbach
Haifa Hamas (Movement for a Peaceful Society)
Philip Mattar Emad Eldin Shahin
Haifa University Hamdi, Ibrahim al-
Zachary Karabell (1996) Manfred W. Wenner (1996)
Haigazian College Hamid al-Din Family
George E. Irani (1996) Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Haik Hamina, Mohammed Lakhdar
Rhimou Bernikho-Canin (1996) Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Hajir, Abd al-Hoseyn Hammarskjöld, Dag
Neguin Yavari (1996) Brian Urquhart
Hajji Baba of Ispahan Hammer, Zevulun
Michael C. Hillmann (1996)
Gregory S. Mahler
Martin Malin (1996)
Hajri, Abdullah al-
Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Hamra Riots
Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Hakim, Adnan al-
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Hamrouche, Mouloud
Hakim Family Phillip C. Naylor
Amatzia Baram (1996)
Hamzawi, Rashid al-
Hakim, Tawfiq al- Aida A. Bamia
Roger Allen (1996)
Hanafi, Hasan
Halakhah As‘ad AbuKhalil
Ephraim Tabory
Samuel C. Heilman (1996) Hanafi School of Law
Wael B. Hallaq (1996)
Halukka
Chaim I. Waxman Hananu, Ibrahim
Michael R. Fischbach
Hama Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Geoffrey D. Schad
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996) Hanbali School of Law
Wael B. Hallaq (1996)
Hamadan
Parvaneh Pourshariati Hand of Fatima
Laurence Michalak (1996)
Hamadi, Sabri
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996) Hanoune, Louisa
Robert Mortimer
Hamama, Faten
Andrew Flibbert Haq, al-
David Waldner (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2509
LIST OF ENTRIES
Harel, Isser Hashimi, Yasin al-
Ian Black Michael R. Fischbach
Zev Maghen (1996) Mamoon A. Zaki (1996)
Harem Ha-Shomer
Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Hareven, Shulamit Ha-Shomer Ha-Tza ir
Adina Friedman Chaim I. Waxman
Nili Gold (1996)
Hasidim
Hariri, Rafiq Baha uddin al- Chaim I. Waxman
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Bassam Namani (1996) Haskalah
Martin Malin (1996)
Harkabi, Yehoshafat
Mordechai Bar-On Hass, Amira
Martin Malin (1996) Khaled Islaih
Harkis Hassan I
Rémy Leveau (1996)
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Harratin Hassan II
Rémy Leveau
Rahma Bourqia (1996)
Harriman, W. Averell Ha-Tikva
George R. Wilkes
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Hatim Sultans of Hamdan
Hasa, al-
Robert D. Burrowes
Anthony B. Toth
Malcolm C. Peck (1996) Hatoum, Mona
Jessica Winegar
Hasan, Fa iq
Amatzia Baram (1996) Hawatma, Nayif
Michael R. Fischbach
Hasan, Hani al-
Michael R. Fischbach Hawi, George
Lawrence Tal (1996) Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Hasani, Taj al-Din al- Hawi, Khalil
George E. Irani (1996) Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Hasan, Khalid al- Hawrani, Akram al-
Michael R. Fischbach Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Lawrence Tal (1996)
Haycraft Commission (1921)
Hashemi, Faezeh Philip Mattar
Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut
Hayim, Yusef
Hashim, Ibrahim Sylvia G. Haim (1996)
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn
Hashimi, Taha al- Ahmad S. Moussalli
Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996) Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Hashimite House (House of Hashim) Haykal, Muhammad Husayn
Michael R. Fischbach Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
2510 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Haza, Ofra High Commissioners (Palestine)
Laurie King-Irani Philip Mattar
Hazara High State Council (Algeria)
Grant Farr John Ruedy
Hazaz, Hayyim Hijab
Ann Kahn (1996) Laurie King-Irani
Hazzan, Elijah Bekhor Hijaz
Norman Stillman (1996)
Anthony B. Toth
Hebrew Khalid Y. Blankinship (1996)
Ruth Raphaeli (1996)
Hijaz Railroad
Hebrew University of Jerusalem David Waldner (1996)
Pierre M. Atlas
Hikma University, al-
Hebron John J. Donohue (1996)
Michael R. Fischbach
Benjamin Joseph (1996) Hilal, al-
Thomas Philipp (1996)
Hedayat, Sadegh
Eric Hooglund Hillel, Shlomo
Michael C. Hillmann (1996) Meron Medzini
Hekmatyar, Golbuddin Hilmi, Ahmad
Grant Farr Lawrence Tal (1996)
Helmand River Hilu, Charles
Grant Farr
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Herat
Grant Farr
Hilu, Pierre
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Herzl, Theodor
Shimon Avish (1996) Hindu Kush Mountains
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Herzog, Chaim
Meron Medzini Hinnawi, Sami al-
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Herzog, Izhak Halevi
Chaim I. Waxman (1996) Hirawi, Ilyas al-
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Herzog, Ya acov David
Meron Medzini Histadrut
Paul Rivlin (1996)
Heskayl, Sasson
Sasson Somekh (1996)
Historiography
Hess, Moses John T. Chalcraft
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Hizbullah
Hezb-e Islami As‘ad AbuKhalil
Grant Farr
Hobeika, Elie
Hibbat Zion As‘ad AbuKhalil
Donna Robinson Divine (1996) George E. Irani (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2511
LIST OF ENTRIES
Hodeida Husari, Sati al-
Manfred W. Wenner Rita Stephan
Hoffman, Yoel Husayni, Abd al-Qadir al-
Adina Friedman Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Nili Gold (1996)
Husayn ibn Ali
Holocaust Michael R. Fischbach
Dan Michman Zachary Karabell (1996)
Holy Land Husayni Family, al-
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Michael R. Fischbach
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Husayni, Hind al-
Ellen L. Fleischmann
Holy Sepulchre, Church of the
Michael R. Fischbach Husayni, Husayn al-
Jenab Tutunji (1996) As‘ad AbuKhalil
Homs Husayni, Jamal al-
Fred H. Lawson (1996) Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Hope-Simpson Commission (1930) Husayni, Muhammad Amin al-
Philip Mattar Philip Mattar
Hoss, Salim al- Husayni, Musa Kazim al-
As‘ad AbuKhalil Michael R. Fischbach
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Hostage Crises
Eric Hooglund Husayn–McMahon Correspondence (1915–1916)
Philip Mattar
Hourani, Albert
Peter Sluglett Husayn, Taha
Roger Allen (1996)
Hoveyda, Amir Abbas
Afshin Matin-asgari Hussein ibn Talal
Neguin Yavari (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Peter Gubser (1996)
Hula Swamps
Donna Robinson Divine Husseini, Rana
Isis Nusair
Human Rights
Lynn Welchman Hussein, Saddam
Paul Martin (1996) Louay Bahry
Humphreys, Francis Hut, Shafiq al-
George R. Wilkes
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Mouin Rabbani (1996)
Hunchak Party
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
I
Hunkar-Iskelesi, Treaty of (1833) Ibadiyya
Zachary Karabell (1996) Tayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Hürriyet Ibn Musa, Ahmad
Stephanie Capparell (1996) Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
2512 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Ibn Tulun Mosque Ikhlassi, Walid
Jonathan M. Bloom (1996) Sabah Ghandour (1996)
Ibrahim, Abdullah Ikhwan
Ana Torres-Garcia Anthony B. Toth
C. R. Pennell (1996) Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Ibrahim, Fatima Ahmed Ilaysh, Muhammad
Sondra Hale Khalid Blankinship
.
Ibrahimi, Ahmed Taleb Ilmiyye
Phillip C. Naylor Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ibrahimi, Bashir Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) John Ruedy
Richard C. Bulliet (1996)
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Ali
Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (1996) Incense
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Ibrahimi, Lakhdar al-
Ana Torres-Garcia Industrialization
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Waleed Hazbun
Rodney J. A. Wilson (1996)
Ibrahim, Izzat
Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996) Infitah
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Ibrahim, Muhammad Hafiz
Kenneth S. Mayers (1996)
.
Inönü, Erdal
M. Hakan Yavuz
Ibrahim, Sa ad al-Din David Waldner (1996)
Rita Stephan
. .
. Inönü,Ismet
Idadi Schools Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Institut d’Égypte
Idlibi, Ulfat al-
Donald Malcolm Reid
Marilyn Booth
Institute for Palestine Studies
Idlib Province
Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Institute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World
Idris al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sanusi
Julie Zuckerman (1996)
(Lebanon)
Mirna Lattouf
Idrisids
Manfred W. Wenner (1996)
Institute of Women’s Studies of Bir Zeit
University
Idris, Yusuf Mona Ghali
Roger Allen (1996)
Intelligence Organizations
Ifni Maria F. Curtis
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman Dale F. Eickelman (1996)
Ignatiev, Nikolas Pavlovich International, Dana
Zachary Karabell (1996) Yael Ben-zvi
Ikha al-Watani Party International Debt Commission
Peter Sluglett (1996) Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2513
LIST OF ENTRIES
International Monetary Fund Irshad An-Niswaan
Khalil Gebara Senzil Nawid
David Waldner (1996)
Iryani, Abd al-Rahman al-
Intifada (1987–1991) Robert D. Burrowes
Don Peretz
. Isa Family, al-
Ipekci, Abdi Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Isawiyya Brotherhood
Iqbal, Muhammad Rahma Bourqia (1996)
Maysam J. al Faruqi
Isfahan
Iradeh-ye Melli Party Eric Hooglund
Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Farhad Arshad (1996)
Iran
Ahmad Ashraf
Isfahan University
Parvaneh Pourshariati
Iran–Contra Affair
Oliver Benjamin Hemmerle Ishaaq, Kamala Ibrahim
Bryan Daves (1996) Jessica Winegar
Iranian Bureau of Women’s Affairs Ishaq, Adib
Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut Zachary Karabell (1996)
Iranian Languages Islah Party
P. Oktor Skjaervo (1996) Robert D. Burrowes
Jillian Schwedler (1996)
Iranian Revolution (1979)
Eric Hooglund Islah Taleban Party
Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
Eric Hooglund Islam
Efraim Karsh (1996) Maysam J. al Faruqi
Tayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Iran Novin Party
Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996) Islamic Action Front
Curtis R. Ryan
Iraq
Ayad Al-Qazzaz Islamic Congresses
Reeva S. Simon (1996) Charles E. Butterworth
Martin Kramer (1996)
Iraqi National Congress
Kristian P. Alexander
Islamic Countries Women Sport Solidarity Games
Iraqi Women’s Union (1992 and 1997)
Jacqueline Ismael Cherie Taraghi
Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) Islamic Jihad
Mary Ann Tétreault (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Irbid Islamic Salvation Army (AIS)
Michael R. Fischbach (1996) Yahia Zoubir
Irgun Zva i Le umi (IZL) Islamic University of Medina
Chaim I. Waxman Anthony B. Toth
2514 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Isma il, Abd al-Fattah J
Robert D. Burrowes (1996) Jababdi, Latifa
Maria F. Curtis
Isma il ibn Ibrahim
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Jabal al-Akhdar, Libya
Laurence Michalak (1996)
Isma ili Shi ism
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Jabal al-Akhdar, Oman
Anthony B. Toth
Israel: Overview
Bernard Reich Jabal al-Khalil
Yehuda Gradus
Israel: Military and Politics Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Mordechai Bar-On
Jabal, Badawi al-
Israel: Overview of Political Parties in Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Gregory S. Mahler
Walter F. Weiker (1996) Jabal Druze
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Israel: Political Parties in
Gregory S. Mahler Jabal Nablus
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Israeli Settlements
David Newman Jabal Shammar
Anthony B. Toth
Istanbul Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Eric Hooglund
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Ja bari Family
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Istanbul Technical University
Niyazi Dalyanci (1996) Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al-
Walter Armbrust (1996)
Istanbul University
Eric Hooglund Jabha al-Wataniyya, al-
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Lisa Anderson (1996)
Istiqlal Party: Libya Jabotinsky, Vladimir Ze ev
John L. Wright (1996) Pierre M. Atlas
Istiqlal Party: Morocco Jabr, Salih
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Istiqlal Party: Palestine Jacir, Emily
Muhammad Muslih (1996) Jessica Winegar
Istiqlal Party: Syria Jadid, Salah
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Italy in the Middle East Jaffa
George Joffe (1996) Reeva S. Simon (1996)
.
Izmir Jallud, Abd al-Salam
Burçak Keskin-Kozat Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Lisa Anderson (1996)
.
Izmir Economic Congress Jalluli Family
Frank Tachau (1996) Larry A. Barrie (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2515
LIST OF ENTRIES
Jamahiriyya Jewish Agency for Palestine
Lisa Anderson (1996) Donna Robinson Divine
Jamali, Muhammad Fadhil al- Jewish Brigade
Michael R. Fischbach Bryan Daves (1996)
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Jewish Colonial Trust
Jamalzadeh, Mohammad Ali Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Pardis Minuchehr (1996)
Jewish Colonization Association
Jami a al-Islamiyya, al- Bryan Daves (1996)
Maria F. Curtis
Jewish Legion
Jami at-e Islami Neil Caplan
Grant Farr Zachary Karabell (1996)
Jangali Jewish National Fund
Neguin Yavari (1996) Paul Rivlin
Janissaries Jews in the Middle East
Harvey E. Goldberg
Eric Hooglund
Norman Stillman (1996)
Avigdor Levy (1996)
Jarallah Family Jezreel Valley
Geremy Forman
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Jibril, Ahmad
Jarash
Michael R. Fischbach
Michael R. Fischbach
Lawrence Tal (1996)
Jarring, Gunnar Jidda
Meron Medzini
J. E. Peterson
Jawahiri, Muhammad Mahdi al- Jihad
Peter Sluglett (1996) Roxanne Varzi
Scott Alexander (1996)
Jazeera, al-
Karim Hamdy Jinnah, Muhammad Ali
Hafeez Malik
Jehad-e Sazandegi
Eric Hooglund Jizya
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Jenin
Michael R. Fischbach Jma a Tribal Council
Rahma Bourqia (1996)
Jericho
Benjamin Joseph (1996) Johnson–Crosbie Committee Report (1930)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Jericho Congress (1948)
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Johnson, Lyndon Baines
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Jerusalem
Michael R. Fischbach Johnston Plan (1953)
Reeva S. Simon (1996) Sara Reguer (1996)
2516 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
John XIX Justice Party
Donald Spanel (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Joint Distribution Committee
Paul Rivlin K
Bryan Daves (1996)
Ka ba
Maysam J. al Faruqi
Jordan
Michael R. Fischbach Kabak, Aaron Abraham
Peter Gubser (1996) Ann Kahn (1996)
Jordanian Civil War (1970–1971) Kabul
Michael R. Fischbach Grant Farr
Peter Gubser (1996)
Kabul University
Jordanian Option Grant Farr
Avi Shlaim (1996)
Kabylia
Jordan River Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Curtis R. Ryan Thomas G. Penchoen (1996)
Sara Reguer (1996)
Kadivar, Mohsen
Joseph, Dov Farzin Vahdat
Chaim I. Waxman
Kadri, Mufide
Jubayl, al- Jessica Winegar
J. E. Peterson
Kafr Qasim
Judaism Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Samuel C. Heilman (1996)
Kahan Commission (1983)
Judeo-Arabic Laurie Z. Eisenberg
Norman Stillman (1996) Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Jumayyil, Amin Kahane, Meir
Gregory S. Mahler
Michael R. Fischbach
Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Majed Halawi (1996)
Kaid, Ahmed
Jumayyil, Bashir
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Kalemiyye
Jumayyil, Pierre Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Majed Halawi (1996)
Kalischer, Hirsch
Jumblatt Family Martin Malin (1996)
Michael R. Fischbach
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996) Kalvaryski, Chaim Margaliut-
Neil Caplan
Jumblatt, Kamal
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996) Kamal, Ahmad
Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Jumblatt, Walid
Michael R. Fischbach Kamal, Zahira
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996) Rachel Christina
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2517
LIST OF ENTRIES
Kamil, Kibrish Mehmet Karp Report (1984)
David Waldner (1996) Gregory S. Mahler
Martin Malin (1996)
Kamil, Mustafa
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Karzai, Hamid
Robert L. Canfield
Kanafani, Ghassan
Lawrence Tal (1996) Kasap, Teodor
David Waldner (1996)
Kandahar
Grant Farr
Kashani, Abu al-Qasem
Kaniuk, Yoram Hamid Algar (1996)
Stephen Schecter
Zeva Shapiro (1996) Kashif al-Ghita Family
Michael Eppel (1996)
Kan, Suna
Filiz Ali Kashwar Kamal, Meena
Senzil Nawid
Karacan, Ali Naci
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Kasravi, Ahmad
Eric Hooglund (1996)
Karaites
Samuel C. Heilman (1996) Kassallah
Robert O. Collins (1996)
Karak, al-
Michael R. Fischbach Kasztner Affair
Peter Gubser (1996) Zev Maghen (1996)
Karama, Battle of (1968)
Kateb, Yacine
Lawrence Tal (1996)
Yahia Zoubir
Karame, Abd al-Hamid
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996) Kattani, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Kabir al-
Edmund Burke III (1996)
Karame, Rashid
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996) Kattaniya Brotherhood
Dale F. Eickelman (1996)
Karam, Yusuf
George E. Irani (1996) Katznelson, Berl
Donna Robinson Divine (1996)
Karbala
Scott Alexander (1996) Kawakibi, Abd al-Rahman al-
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Karbaschi, Gholamhosain
Ali Akbar Mahdi Kaylani, Abd al-Rahman al-
Michael Eppel (1996)
Kariyuka, Tahiya
Roberta L. Dougherty
Kaylani, Rashid Ali al-
Karmal, Babrak Peter Sluglett (1996)
Grant Farr
Keban Dam
Kar, Mehrangiz Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ziba Mir-Hosseini
Keinan, Amos
Karnouk, Liliane Donna Robinson Divine
Jessica Winegar Ann Kahn (1996)
2518 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Kemalettin Bey Khalid ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Sa ud
Eric Hooglund Anthony B. Toth
David Waldner (1996) Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Kemalism Khalidi, Husayn Fakhri al-
Taha Parla (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Kenaz, Yehoshua
Stephen Schecter Khalidi, Wahida al-
Zeva Shapiro (1996) Ellen L. Fleischmann
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald Khalidi, Walid
Michael R. Fischbach Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Khalid, Khalid Muhammad
Kenter, Yildiz Maysam J. al Faruqi
David Waldner (1996)
Khalifa, Sahar
Keren Hayesod Laurie King-Irani
Chaim I. Waxman
Khalil, Samiha Salama
Kerman Laurie King-Irani
Parvaneh Pourshariati
Khalis, Mohammad Unis
Kessar, Israel Grant Farr (1996)
Gregory S. Mahler
Khal, Yusuf al-
Martin Malin (1996)
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
KGB Khamenehi, Ali
Charles C. Kolb
Roxanne Varzi
Hamid Algar (1996)
Khaddam, Abd al-Halim
Michael R. Fischbach
Kharg Island
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Khader, Asma
Isis Nusair Kharrazi, Kamal
Ali Akbar Mahdi
Khalaf, Abdulhadi
Eric Hooglund Khartoum
Emile A. Nakhleh (1996) Ann M. Lesch
Khalaf, Salah Khatami, Mohammad
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Eric Hooglund
Khaldunniyya Khatibi, Abdelkabir
Kenneth J. Perkins (1996) Aida A. Bamia
Khaled, Leila Khattabi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-
Frances Hasso C. R. Pennell (1996)
Khal, Helen Khayr al-Din
Jessica Winegar Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Khalidi, Ahmad al-Samih al- Khaz al Khan
Michael R. Fischbach John R. Perry (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2519
LIST OF ENTRIES
Khaznader, Mustafa Kikhya Family
Larry A. Barrie (1996) John L. Wright (1996)
Khemir, Sabiha Kikhya, Rushdi al-
Jessica Winegar George E. Irani (1996)
Khider, Mohamed Kimche, David
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Ian Black
Ann Kahn (1996)
Khidhir, Zahra
Jacqueline Ismael
King–Crane Commission (1919)
Khomeini, Ruhollah Philip Mattar (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Neguin Yavari (1996) King David Hotel
Mordechai Bar-On
Khorasan
Parvaneh Pourshariati King Sa ud University
Anthony B. Toth
Khraief, Bechir
Aida A. Bamia (1996) Kirkbride, Alec Seath
Joseph Nevo
Khrimian, Mkrtich Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Rouben P. Adalian (1996)
Kirkuk
Khrushchev, Nikita S. Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Oles M. Smolansky (1996)
Kiryat Arba
Khubar, al-
David Newman
Eric Hooglund
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Les Ordeman (1996)
Khuri, Bishara al- Kisakürek, Necip Fazil
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Khutba Kisch, Frederick Hermann
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Neil Caplan (1996)
Khuzistan Kissinger, Henry
Parvaneh Pourshariati Paola Olimpo
David Waldner (1996)
Khyber, Mir Akbar
Grant Farr Kitchener, Horatio Herbert
Peter Mellini (1996)
Khyber Pass
Grant Farr Kléber, Jean-Baptiste
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Kianuri, Nur al-Din
Ervand Abrahamian
Knesset
Kiarostami, Abbas Gregory S. Mahler
Roxanne Varzi Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Kibbutz Koç, Vehbi
Chaim I. Waxman Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Kibbutz Movement Kollek, Teddy
Donna Robinson Divine (1996) Gregory S. Mahler
2520 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Kol, Moshe Kurds
Gregory S. Mahler Chris Kutschera
Martin Malin (1996)
Kütahya, Peace of
Konya Zachary Karabell (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Kut al-Amara
Konya, Battle of Karen Pinto (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Kuttab
Kook, Abraham Isaac Hacohen Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Chaim I. Waxman (1996)
Kuwait
Kook, Zvi Yehuda Mary Ann Tétreault
Chaim I. Waxman (1996) Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Koor Industries Kuwait City
Paul Rivlin (1996) Mary Ann Tétreault
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Koprülü, Mehmet Fuat
Uli Schamiloglu (1996) Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development
Mary Ann Tétreault
Kordofan Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Robert O. Collins
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
Kosher Mary Ann Tétreault
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Kuwait University
Kovner, Abba Anthony B. Toth
George R. Wilkes Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Zev Maghen (1996)
Krim, Belkacem L
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Laabi, Abdellatif
Aida A. Bamia
Kuchek Khan-e Jangali
Neguin Yavari (1996) Laayounne
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Kudsi, Nazim al-
Michael R. Fischbach Labor and Labor Unions
Muhammad Muslih (1996) Ellis Goldberg
Kurd Ali, Muhammad Labor Zionism
William L. Cleveland (1996) Donna Robinson Divine
Kurdish Autonomous Zone Lacheraf, Mostefa
Chris Kutschera Phillip C. Naylor
Kurdish Revolts Lacoste, Robert
Amir Hassanpour Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Kurdistan Ladino
Chris Kutschera Norman Stillman (1996)
Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) Lado Enclave
Martin Van Bruinessen Robert O. Collins (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2521
LIST OF ENTRIES
Lahad, Antoine Lausanne Conference (1949)
As‘ad AbuKhalil Michael R. Fischbach
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Lausanne, Treaty of (1923)
Lahhud, Emile Eric Hooglund
As‘ad AbuKhalil Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Lahiji, Shahla Lavon Affair
Cherie Taraghi Mordechai Bar-On
Amos Perlmutter (1996)
Lahouel, Hocine
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez Lavon, Pinhas
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Meron Medzini
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Lamari, Mohamed
Azzedine G. Mansour Law, Modern
Nathan J. Brown
La Marsa Convention Ann E. Mayer (1996)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Law of Return
Lamrani, Muhammad Karim Chaim I. Waxman
Ana Torres-Garcia Zev Maghen (1996)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Lawrence, T. E.
Land Code of 1858 Zouhair Ghazzal
David Waldner (1996) Benjamin Braude (1996)
Land Day League of Arab States
Lawrence Tal (1996) Charles G. MacDonald
Land Reform Lebanese Arab Army
Martin Bunton As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Alan R. Richards (1996)
Lebanese Civil War (1958)
Landsmannschaften Irene Gendzier (1996)
Zev Maghen (1996)
Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)
Langer, Felicia As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Lebanese Crises of the 1840s
Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty Tayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Fitzmaurice
Zachary Karabell (1996) Lebanese Forces
Michael R. Fischbach
Laraki, Ahmad As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Lebanese Front
Lata’if al-Musawwara Magazine George E. Irani (1996)
Mona Russell
Lebanese National Movement (LNM)
Latakia George E. Irani (1996)
Abdul-Karim Refaq (1996)
Lebanese University
La Tunisie Martyre Michael R. Fischbach
Matthew S. Gordon (1996) As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
2522 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Lebanese Women’s Council Liberty, USS
Lara Deeb Ian Black
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Lebanon
As‘ad AbuKhalil Libya
Ronald Bruce St John
Lebanon, Mount Lisa Anderson (1996)
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
LICA
Legislative Council (Palestine) Norman Stillman (1996)
Philip Mattar
Ligue Tunisienne pour la Défense des Droits de
Leibowitz, Yeshayahu l’Homme (LTDH)
Chaim I. Waxman Ana Torres-Garcia
Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Lemsine, Aicha
Aida A. Bamia Likud
Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Lend-Lease Program
Zachary Karabell (1996) Lilienblum, Moses Leib
Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Leskofcali Galip
David Waldner (1996) Litani Operation (1978)
Laurie Z. Eisenberg
Lesseps, Ferdinand de Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Litani River
Levantine Sara Riguer (1996)
Philip Mattar
Literature: Arabic
Jean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Pierre Cachia
Levinger, Moshe Literature: Arabic, North African
David Newman
Aida A. Bamia
Levin, Hanoch Literature: Hebrew
Donna Robinson Divine Nili Gold (1996)
Ann Kahn (1996)
Literature: Persian
Levin, Shmaryahu Eric Hooglund
Martin Malin (1996) Michael C. Hillmann (1996)
Levin, Yizhak Meir Literature: Turkish
Ann Kahn (1996) Kyle T. Evered
Kathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Levontin, Zalman
Bryan Daves (1996) Livnat, Limor
Meron Medzini
Levy, David
Gregory S. Mahler Lloyd George, David
Bryan Daves (1996) Bernard Wasserstein
Liberal Constitutionalist Party Lohamei Herut Yisrael
David Waldner (1996) Pierre M. Atlas
Liberation Rally Loi Cadre
David Waldner (1996) Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2523
LIST OF ENTRIES
London Conference (1956) Maccabi
Mordechai Bar-On Norman Stillman (1996)
London Convention MacDonald, Malcolm
Arnold Blumberg (1996) Joseph Nevo
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
London (Roundtable) Conference (1939)
Neil Caplan MacDonald, Ramsay
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
London, Treaty of (1871)
Zachary Karabell (1996) MacMichael, Harold
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
London, Treaty of (1913)
Zachary Karabell (1996) Madani, Abassi al-
Robert Mortimer
Lotz, Wolfgang
Zev Maghen (1996)
Madani, Abdullah al-
Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Luke, Harry
Madani, Tawfiq al-
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Phillip C. Naylor
Lurs Madkour, Ibrahim
Eric Hooglund
Charles E. Butterworth
Luxor Madrasa
Paul Rowe Denise A. Spellberg (1996)
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Madrid Conference (1991)
Luz, Kadish Kenneth W. Stein
Zev Maghen (1996)
Magen David Adom (MDA)
Lyautey, Louis-Hubert Gonzalve Neil Caplan
Remy Leveau (1996) Miriam Simon (1996)
Lydda Maghrib
Yehuda Gradus Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Magic Carpet Operation
Norman Stillman (1996)
M Magnes, Judah
Ma al-Aynayn Chaim I. Waxman
Edmund Burke III (1996) Neil Caplan
Bryan Daves (1996)
Ma a lot
Yehuda Gradus Mahalla al-Kubra, al-
Zev Maghen (1996) Ellis Goldberg (1996)
Ma ariv Mahalle Schools
Ann Kahn (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ma barah Mahdawi, Fadil Abbas al-
Shlomo Deshen Louay Bahry (1996)
Mabarrat Muhammad Ali Mahd-e Ulya, Malek Jahan Khanum
Nancy Gallagher Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
2524 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Mahdi Makhmalbaf, Mohsen
Denise A. Spellberg Roxanne Varzi
Mahdist State Makki, Hasan Muhammad
Ann M. Lesch (1996) Robert D. Burrowes
Mahfuz, Najib Maksoud, Clovis
Roxanne Varzi George E. Irani
Pierre Cachia (1996)
Maktum Family, al-
Mahir, Ahmad M. Morsy Abdullah (1996)
Roger Allen (1996)
Mala ika, Nazik al-
Mahir, Ali Elise Salem
Roger Allen (1996)
Malik, Charles Habib
Mahmud II Michael R. Fischbach
Eric Hooglund George E. Irani (1996)
Avigdor Levy (1996)
Maliki School of Law
Mahmud Durrani Wael B. Hallaq (1996)
Grant Farr (1996)
Malkom Khan, Mirza
Mahmudiyya Canal Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Ma louf, Amin
Mahmud, Muhammad George E. Irani
Arthur Goldschmidt
Roger Allen (1996) Mamluks
Albertine Jwaideh (1996)
Mahmud, Mustafa
Arthur Goldschmidt Manama
Fred H. Lawson
Mahmud of Sulaymaniya
Chris Kutschera (1996) Mandaeans
Mamoon A. Zaki (1996)
Maimon, Yehudah Leib Hacohen
Chaim I. Waxman (1996) Mandate System
Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Majali Family
Michael R. Fischbach Manifesto of the Algerian Muslim People
John Ruedy (1996)
Majali, Hazza al-
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Mansura, al-
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Majles al-Shura
Eric Hooglund Mansure Army
Neguin Yavari (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Majlis Shura al-Nuwwab Manufactures
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Charles Issawi (1996)
Makdashi, Hesna Maqarin Dam
Caroline Seymour-Jorn Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Makhmalbaf Family Marabout
Roxanne Varzi Dale F. Eickelman (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2525
LIST OF ENTRIES
Maratghi, Mustafa al- Masada
David Waldner (1996) Benjamin Kedar
Mardam, Jamil Mas adi, Mahmoud al-
Muhammad Muslih (1996) Aida A. Bamia
Mardom Party Mashhad
Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996) Eric Hooglund
Cyrus Moshaver (1996)
Mareth Line
Larry A. Barrie (1996) Masira Island
Anthony B. Toth
Ma rib Robert G. Landen (1996)
Robert D. Burrowes
Masmoudi, Muhammad
Mariette, Auguste Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Maspéro, Gaston
Mar i, Mariam
Donald Malcolm Reid
Isis Nusair
Masri, Mai
Marine Barracks Bombing (Lebanon) Laurie King-Irani
George E. Irani (1996)
Matrah
Maritime Peace in Perpetuity, Treaty of (1853) Robert G. Landen (1996)
Anthony B. Toth
Matzpen
Marja al-Taqlid George R. Wilkes
Eric Hooglund
Neguin Yavari (1996) Maude, Frederick Stanley
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Mark VIII
Donald Spanel (1996) Mauritania
Naomi Zeff
Marmara University Bradford Dillman (1996)
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Mawdudi, Abu al-A la al-
Maysam J. al Faruqi
Maronites
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Maysalun
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Marrakech
Mazar-e Sharif
Edmund Burke III (1996)
Grant Farr
Marriage and Family Maziq, Husayn
Rita Stephan Ronald Bruce St John
Marsh Arabs McMahon, Henry
Albertine Jwaideh (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Ma rufi, Abbas Meah She arim
Eric Hooglund Chaim I. Waxman
Pardis Minuchehr (1996)
Mecca
Marzouki, Moncef Anthony B. Toth
George R. Wilkes Khalid Y. Blankinship (1996)
2526 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Meddeb, Abdelwahhab Mestiri, Ahmad
Aida A. Bamia Ana Torres-Garcia
Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Medicine and Public Health
Evelyn A. Early (1996) Meushi, Paul Peter
George E. Irani (1996)
Medina
Anthony B. Toth Mevlevi Brotherhood
Rita Stephan
Mediterranean Sea Tayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) MI-6
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Meged, Aharon
George R. Wilkes Michael, Sami
Ann Kahn (1996) Nancy Berg
Zvia Ginor (1996)
Mehmet Rauf
David Waldner (1996) Middle East
Karen Pinto (1996)
Mehmet V Resat
¸
Eric Hooglund
Middle East Defense Organization (MEDO)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Meir, Golda Middle East Supply Center (MESC)
Zaki Shalom
Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Gregory S. Mahler (1996)
Middle East Technical University
Meknes
Eric Hooglund
Rahma Bourqia (1996)
I. Metin Kunt (1996)
Meknes, Treaty of (1836)
C. R. Pennell (1996)
Midfa i, Jamil al-
Peter Sluglett (1996)
Melilla
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman Midhat Pasa
¸
Roderic H. Davison (1996)
Memmi, Albert
Stefanie Wichhart Mihrab
Will D. Swearingen (1996) Scott Alexander (1996)
Menderes, Adnan Milani, Tahmineh
Eric Hooglund Roxanne Varzi
Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Military in the Middle East
Menou, Jacques François Daniel E. Spector
David Waldner (1996)
Millet System
Mernissi, Fatema Benjamin Braude (1996)
Laura Rice
Milli Görüs Hareketi
¸
Mesopotamia Campaign (1914–1918) M. Hakan Yavuz
Zachary Karabell (1996) Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
.
Messianism Milli Istihbarat Teskilati
¸
David Waldner (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2527
LIST OF ENTRIES
Millspaugh, Arthur Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Daniel E. Spector (1996) Eric Hooglund
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Milner Mission
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Mohammadi, Maulawi Mohammad Nabi
Grant Farr
Mimouna Festival
Harvey E. Goldberg Mohilever, Samuel
Martin Malin (1996)
Mimouni, Rachid
Rabia Bekkar Mojaddedi, Sebghatullah
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Grant Farr
Minaret Mojahedin
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Grant Farr
Minorities
Mojahedin-e Khalq
Benjamin Braude (1996)
Ervand Abrahamian
Minz, Benjamin
Ann Kahn (1996) Mojtahed-Shabestari, Mohammad
Farzin Vahdat
Misri, Aziz Ali al-
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Mollet, Guy
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Missionary Schools
John J. Donohue (1996) Moltke, Helmuth von
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Mission Civilisatrice
Zachary Karabell (1996) Monastir
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Mixed Armistice Commissions
Neil Caplan (1996) Mond, Alfred Moritz
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Mixed Courts
Donald Malcolm Reid (1996) Montazeri, Hosayn Ali
Eric Hooglund
Mizrahi Movement Hamid Algar (1996)
Chaim I. Waxman (1996)
Montefiore, Moses
Moadda, Mohamed
Zachary Karabell (1996)
George R. Wilkes
Moda i, Yitzhak Montgomery, Bernard Law
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Gregory S. Mahler
Zev Maghen (1996)
Montreux Convention (1936)
Modernization Zachary Karabell (1996)
Charles Issawi (1996)
Moroccan–Algerian War
Mogannam, Matiel Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Ellen L. Fleischmann
Moroccan Question
Moghaizel, Laure Edmund Burke III (1996)
Elise Salem
Morocco: Overview
Mohajerani, Ataollah Henri Lauzière
Ali Akbar Mahdi Larry A. Barrie (1996)
2528 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Morocco: Constitution Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés
Henri Lauzière Démocratiques
John Ruedy (1996)
Morocco: Political Parties in
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman Movement for Unity and Reform (MUR)
Emad Eldin Shahin
Morrison–Grady Plan (1946)
Zachary Karabell (1996) Movement of Renewal
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Moshav Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Paul Rivlin (1996)
Mozaffar al-Din Qajar
Mosque Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Scott Alexander (1996)
M’Rabet, Fadela
Mossad Aida A. Bamia
Mordechai Bar-On
Mu alla Family, al-
Mossadegh, Mohammad Anthony B. Toth
Mansoor Moaddel (1996)
Muasher, Marwan
Mostaghanemi, Ahlam Michael R. Fischbach
Michelle Hartman
Mubarak, Husni
Mosul Arthur Goldschmidt
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Mufide Kadri
Mosul, Anglo–Turkish Dispute over David Waldner (1996)
Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Muhammad
Tayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Motahhari, Mortaza
Hamid Algar (1996)
Muhammad V
Rémy Leveau (1996)
Motherland Party
M. Hakan Yavuz
Muhammad VI
Frank Tachau (1996)
Michael M. Laskier
Mou awwad, Naila Muhammad Ali
Elise Salem Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Moudawana, al- Muhammad Ali Mosque
Laura Rice Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Mourou, Abdelfattah Muhammad al-Sadiq
Emad Eldin Shahin Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Mouvement de l’Unité Populaire (MUP) Muhammad, Aziz
Ana Torres-Garcia Michael R. Fischbach
Larry A. Barrie (1996) Michael Eppel (1996)
Mouvement National Algérien Muharram
John Ruedy (1996) Peter Chelkowski (1996)
Mouvement Populaire (MP) Muharraq
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman Fred H. Lawson (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2529
LIST OF ENTRIES
Muhsin, Zuhayr Muslim Brotherhood
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Maysam J. al Faruqi
Muhtar, Gazi Ahmet Muslim Sisters Organization
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Muhyi al-Din, Khalid Muslim World League
Maysam J. al Faruqi Khalid Y. Blankinship (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Mustafa Fazil
Muhyi al-Din, Zakariyya Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
George R. Wilkes
David Waldner (1996) Mustafa Resid
¸
David Waldner (1996)
Mukhtar, Umar al-
George Joffe (1996) Mustafa Suphi
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Mukrani Family
Peter von Sivers (1996) Muwahhidun
Maria F. Curtis
Munif, Abdel Rahman Bassam Namani (1996)
Caroline Seymour-Jorn
Mzab
Muntada al-Adabi, al- Thomas G. Penchoen (1996)
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Mzali, Mohammed
Muntasir Family Ana Torres-Garcia
George Joffe (1996) Lisa Anderson (1996)
Murabitun
Bassam Namani (1996)
N
Musa Dagh Na amaat
Rouben P. Adalian (1996) Paul Rivlin
Musa Kazim Nabavi, Behzad
Zachary Karabell (1996) Ali Akbar Mahdi
Musa, Nabawiyya Nabi Musa Pilgrimage
Linda Herrera Emma Aubin Boltanski
Benjamin Joseph (1996)
Musa, Salama
David Waldner (1996) Nabi Salih, al-
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Musavi-Ardebili, AbdolKarim
Eric Hooglund Nabizade Nazim
Neguin Yavari (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Musavi, Mir-Hosain Nablus
Ali Akbar Mahdi Michael R. Fischbach
Benjamin Joseph (1996)
Muscat
Anthony B. Toth Nabulsi, Sulayman al-
Robert G. Landen (1996) Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Music Nadir Barakzai, Mohammad
Virginia Danielson (1996) Grant Farr (1996)
2530 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Nadi, Yunus Naser al-Din Shah
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Eric Hooglund
Nafud Desert Nashashibi Family
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Naguib, Muhammad
David Waldner (1996) Nasir, Ahmed Sayf al-
John L. Wright (1996)
Nahal
Zev Maghen (1996) Nasir, Hanna
Michael R. Fischbach
Nahalal
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Donna Robinson Divine (1996)
Nahda, al- Nasir, Najib
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Emad Eldin Shahin
Nahhas, Mustafa al- Nasrallah, Emily
Michael R. Fischbach (1996) Elise Salem
Nahnah, Mahfoud Nasrallah, Hasan
Emad Eldin Shahin As‘ad AbuKhalil
Nahum, Halfallah Nasruddin Hoca
Maurice M. Roumani (1996) Burçak Keskin-Kozat
Kathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Nahum, Hayyim
Michael M. Laskier (1996) Nassar, Sadhij
Ellen L. Fleischmann
Najaf, al-
Michael R. Fischbach Nasser, Gamal Abdel
Mamoon A. Zaki (1996) Raymond William Baker (1996)
Najd Nasser, Lake
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996) Gregory B. Baecher
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Najibullah
Grant Farr Nassif, Malak Hifni
Caroline Seymour-Jorn
Najjada, al-
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Nateq-Nuri, Ali Akbar
Farhad Arshad (1996)
Nakba, al- (1948–1949)
Philip Mattar
National Bloc
Namik Kemal Michael R. Fischbach
Eric Hooglund George E. Irani (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
National Congress Party
Namir, Mordekhai Lisa Anderson (1996)
Zev Maghen (1996)
National Democratic Front (NDF)
Namir, Orah Robert D. Burrowes
Meron Medzini
National Democratic Front for the Liberation of
Naqshbandi Oman and the Arab Gulf
JoAnn Gross (1996) Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2531
LIST OF ENTRIES
National Democratic Party (Iraq) National Union (Egypt)
Reeva S. Simon (1996) Raymond William Baker (1996)
National Front for the Liberation of South National Unity Committee (Turkey)
Yemen Frank Tachau (1996)
Manfred W. Wenner
National Water System (Israel)
National Front for the Salvation of Libya Sara Reguer (1996)
Lisa Anderson (1996)
National Women’s Committee (Yemen)
National Front, Iran Susanne Dahlgren
Afshin Matin-asgari
Natural Gas: Economic Exploitation of
National Front, Lebanon Mary Ann Tétreault
George E. Irani (1996)
Natural Gas: Middle East Reserves of
Nationalism Jean-François Seznec (1996)
Richard W. Bulliet (1996)
Navon, Yizhak
Gregory S. Mahler
Nationalist Action Party
Miriam Simon (1996)
M. Hakan Yavuz
Frank Tachau (1996)
Nawfal, Hind
Marilyn Booth
National Liberal Party
George E. Irani (1996) Nazareth
Laurie King-Irani
National Liberation Front (Bahrain)
Benjamin Joseph (1996)
Fred H. Lawson
Nazif, Süleyman
National Oil Corporation (Libya) David Waldner (1996)
Mary Ann Tétreault (1996)
Nazmi, Ziya
National Pact (Lebanon) David Waldner (1996)
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Ne eman, Yuval
National Party (Egypt) Mordechai Bar-On
Arthur Goldschmidt
Negev
National Party (Syria) Yehuda Gradus
Mahmoud Haddad (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (Negev Desert) (1996)
National Progressive Front (Syria) Nerval, Gérard de
Khalil Gebara Maysam J. al Faruqi
National Progressive Unionist Party Neshat, Shirin
Raymond William Baker (1996) Jessica Winegar
National Salvation Front (Lebanon) Nesin, Nüsret Aziz
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
National Salvation Party Netanyahu, Benjamin
Eric Hooglund Eric Silver
Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996) Julie Zuckerman (1996)
National Security Council (Turkey) Neturei Karta
M. Hakan Yavuz Chaim I. Waxman (1996)
2532 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Neutral Zone North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Emile A. Nakhleh (1996) Andrew Flibbert
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Newspapers and Print Media: Arab Countries
William A. Rugh Northern Tier
Zach Levey
Newspapers and Print Media: Iran
Eric Hooglund Nouakchott
Naomi Zeff
Newspapers and Print Media: Israel
Nouira, Hedi
Dov Shinar
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Newspapers and Print Media: Turkey Nu aymi Family, al-
Brian Silverstein Anthony B. Toth
New Wafd Nubar, Boghos
George R. Wilkes Rouben P. Adalian (1996)
Raymond William Baker (1996)
Nubar Pasha
Nezzar, Khaled Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Phillip C. Naylor
Nubians
Nhaisi, Elia Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Maurice M. Roumani (1996) Aleya Rouchdy (1996)
Niati, Houria Nuclear Capability and Nuclear Energy
Robert E. Harkavy
Jessica Winegar
Nuer
Nile River Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Gregory B. Baecher
Robert O. Collins (1996)
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Numeiri, Muhammad Ja far
Nimr, Faris Robert O. Collins
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Numismatics
Nissim, Isaac Michael L. Bates (1996)
Chaim I. Waxman (1996)
Nuqrashi, Mahmud Fahmi al-
Nixon, Richard Milhous Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Nuri, Abd al-Malik
Nizam al-Jadid, al- Sasson Somekh (1996)
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Nuri, Fazlollah
Hamid Algar (1996)
Nizamiye Courts
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Nursi, Said
M. Hakan Yavuz
Nizip, Battle of (1839) Nico Landman (1996)
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Nusayba Family
Noor al-Hussein (Queen Noor) Michael R. Fischbach
Curtis R. Ryan Lawrence Tal (1996)
Nordau, Max Nuun Magazine
Martin Malin (1996) Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2533
LIST OF ENTRIES
O Organization of the Islamic Conference
Oasis Group Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Mary Ann Tétreault Scott Alexander (1996)
Occidental Petroleum Orientalism
Mary Ann Tétreault John Lundquist
Oil Embargo (1973–1974) Orientalists, International Congress of
Bryan Daves (1996) Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Richard W. Bulliet (1996)
Oman
Calvin H. Allen, Jr. Ormanian, Maghakia
Robert G. Landen (1996) Rouben P. Adalian (1996)
Omar, Muhammad (Mullah) Ormsby-Gore, William George Arthur
Charles E. Butterworth Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Omar Mukhtar Club Ortaoyunu
John L. Wright (1996) Kathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Omdurman Osirak
Khalid M. El-Hassan Ronen Zeidel (1996)
Robert O. Collins (1996)
Oslo Accord (1993)
Opium Philip Mattar
Ana Torres-Garcia
Karen Pinto (1996) Osman, House of
I. Metin Kunt (1996)
Oran
Peter von Sivers (1996) Ottoman Empire: Overview
Donald Quataert (1996)
Ordinances on Veiling
Senzil Nawid Ottoman Empire: Civil Service
Carter V. Findley (1996)
Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS)
John Ruedy (1996) Ottoman Empire: Debt
Donald Quataert (1996)
Organisation Marocaine des Droits de l’Homme
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez Ottomanism
Larry A. Barrie (1996) Hasan Kayali (1996)
Organization for the Liberation of the Occupied Ottoman Liberal Union Party
South Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Manfred W. Wenner
Ottoman Military: Army
Organization of African Unity (OAU) Avigdor Levy (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Ottoman Military: Navy
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Avigdor Levy (1996)
Countries (OAPEC)
Karim Hamdy Ottoman Parliament
Emile A. Nakhleh (1996) Hasan Kayali (1996)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Ouary, Malek
(OPEC) Ana Torres-Garcia
Mary Ann Tétreault Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
2534 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Ouazzani, Mohamed Hassan Palestine Economic Corporation
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Oufkir, Muhammad Palestine Exploration Fund
Matthew S. Gordon (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Oujda Group Palestine Land Development Company
John Ruedy (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ould Sid Ahmed Taya, Ma ouiya Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Naomi Zeff Philip Mattar
Ouled Sidi Cheikh Palestine National Charter (1968)
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Ouziel, Ben Zion Meir Hai Palestine National Council
Chaim I. Waxman (1996)
Maria F. Curtis
OYAK (Ordu Yardimlasma Kurumu) Mouin Rabbani (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Palestine National Covenant (1964)
Özal, Turgut Muhammad Muslih (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Palestine Research Center
Oz, Amos Michael R. Fischbach
Adina Friedman Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Zvia Ginor (1996)
Palestinian Arab Congresses
Oz ve Shalom (Netivot shalom) Philip Mattar
Mordechai Bar-On Ann M. Lesch (1996)
Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Palestinian Authority
Michael R. Fischbach
P
Palestinian Citizens of Israel
Pachachi, Muzahim al-
Don Peretz
Mamoon A. Zaki (1996)
Pagis, Dan Palestinians
Philip Mattar
Adina Friedman
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Julie Zuckerman (1996)
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Palin Commission Report (1920)
Ahmad Ashraf (1996) Ann M. Lesch (1996)
Pahlavi, Reza Palmah
Ahmad Ashraf Pierre M. Atlas
Amos Perlmutter (1996)
Pakistan and the Middle East
Rasul Bakhsh Rais (1996) Palmerston, Lord Henry John Temple
Eric Hooglund
Palestine Arnold Blumberg (1996)
Neil Caplan
Ann M. Lesch Palmyra
Don Peretz (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Palestine Arab Revolt (1936–1939) Pamir Mountains
Rashid Khalidi (1996) Grant Farr
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2535
LIST OF ENTRIES
Pan-Arabism Peace and Amity, Treaty of (1805)
Ronald Bruce St John Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Pan-Turkism Peace Corps
Hasan Kayali (1996) Christopher Reed Stone
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Parcham
Grant Farr (1996) Peace Now
Mordechai Bar-On
Paris Peace Settlements (1918–1923)
Eric Hooglund Peake, Frederick Gerard
Fawaz A. Gerges (1996) Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Paris, Treaty of (1857) Pearl Diving (Bahrain)
Farhad Shirzad (1996) Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Parliamentary Democratic Front Peel Commission Report (1937)
Michael R. Fischbach Ann M. Lesch
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Peled, Mattityahu
Parsipur, Shahrnush Mordechai Bar-On
Michael C. Hillmann (1996) Bryan Daves (1996)
Parti de l’Avant-Garde Socialiste (PAGS) Pelt, Adrian
Yahia Zoubir
Ronald Bruce St John
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
People’s Assembly
Parti Démocratique Constitutionnel (PDC)
Raymond William Baker (1996)
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Parti Démocratique de l’Indépendance (PDI)
Grant Farr (1996)
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Parti d’Unité Populaire (PUP) People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen
Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Ana Torres-Garcia
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
People’s Houses
Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA) Paul J. Magnarella (1996)
John Ruedy (1996)
People’s Socialist Party
Parti National Manfred W. Wenner
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Pera
Parti National Démocratique (PND) I. Metin Kunt (1996)
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Peres, Shimon
Partition Plans (Palestine) Gregory S. Mahler
Avi Shlaim (1996)
Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier
Patriarch Ronald Bruce St John
Zachary Karabell (1996) Bryan Daves (1996)
Patriarchs, Tomb of the Perim
Chaim I. Waxman (1996) Robert D. Burrowes
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) Permanent Mandates Commission
Chris Kutschera Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
2536 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Persian Phosphates
M. A. Jazayary (1996) Karim Hamdy
Persian (Arabian) Gulf Pinsker, Leo
Eric Hooglund Martin Malin (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Plague
Persian Cats Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Plumer, Herbert Charles Onslow
Persian Script Ann M. Lesch (1996)
Roxanne Varzi
Pogrom
Petah Tikvah Jon Jucovy (1996)
Chaim I. Waxman
Point Four
Peter VII
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Donald Spanel (1996)
Petra POLISARIO
Peter Gubser (1996) Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Petrochemicals Politi, Elie
Jean-François Seznec George R. Wilkes
Mary Ann Tétreault (1996) Michael M. Laskier (1996)
Petroleum, Oil, and Natural Gas Pollard Affair
Mary Ann Tétreault Ian Black
Petroleum Reserves and Production Polygamy
Jean-François Seznec Jenab Tutunji (1996)
PETROMIN Popular Front
Jean-Francois Seznec (1996) Charles U. Zenzie (1996)
Phalange Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Michael R. Fischbach Maria F. Curtis
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996) Mouin Rabbani (1996)
Pharaonicism Popular Front for the Liberation of
James Jankowski (1996)
Palestine–General Command
George R. Wilkes
Pharaon, Rashad
Mouin Rabbani (1996)
George R. Wilkes
Les Ordeman (1996)
Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied
Philae Arabian Gulf
John Lundquist Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Population
Philby, Harry St. John Paul Rivlin
Neil Caplan Justin McCarthy (1996)
Benjamin Braude (1996)
Port Sa id
Phoenicianism Charles C. Kolb
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996) David Waldner (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2537
LIST OF ENTRIES
Postage Stamps Qafih, Yihye ben Solomon
Donald Malcolm Reid Michael M. Laskier (1996)
Potash Industry Qa ida, al-
Chaim I. Waxman As‘ad AbuKhalil
Peter Gubser (1996)
Qairawan
Potsdam Convention Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Qajar, Abdullah Mirza
Powell, Colin L. Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Michael R. Fischbach
Qajar, Agha Mohammad
Princess Basma Women’s Resource Center Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Isis Nusair
Qajar Dynasty
Progressive Socialist Party Eric Hooglund
As‘ad AbuKhalil John Foran (1996)
George E. Irani (1996)
Qalqiliya
Protectorate States Michael R. Fischbach
Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Qanun
Protestantism and Protestant Missions Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Eleanor Abdella Doumato
Qaradawi, Yusuf al-
Protocols of the Elders of Zion Abdin Chande
Michael R. Marrus
Jane Gerber (1996) Qaramanli Dynasty
Rachel Simon (1996)
Pushtun
Eric Hooglund Qarawiyyin, al-
Ashraf Ghani (1996) Rahma Bourqia (1996)
Pyramids Qasim, Abd al-Karim
Donald Malcolm Reid Louay Bahry (1996)
Qasimi Family of Ra s al-Khayma, al-
Anthony B. Toth
Q
Qabbani, Nizar Qasimi Family of Sharjah, al-
Michael R. Fischbach Anthony B. Toth
Bassam Namani (1996)
Qassam, Izz al-Din al-
Qaddafi, Muammar al- Philip Mattar
Ronald Bruce St John
Lisa Anderson (1996) Qatar
Anthony B. Toth
Qaddumi, Faruq Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Michael R. Fischbach
Qatar Petroleum
Qadi Anthony B. Toth
Scott Alexander (1996) Mary Ann Tétreault (1996)
Qadiriyya Order Qa war, Widad
Laurence Michalak (1996) Laurie King-Irani
2538 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Qawuqji, Fawzi al- Rabin, Yitzhak
Ann M. Lesch (1996) Gregory S. Mahler
Qiyomijian, Ohannes Rabiyya Ali, Salim
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996) Robert D. Burrowes
Qom Radio and Television: Arab Countries
Parvaneh Pourshariati William A. Rugh
Qotbzadeh, Sadeq Radio and Television: Israel
Neguin Yavari (1996) Dov Shinar
Queen Surraya Radio and Television: Turkey
Senzil Nawid Brian Silverstein
Qurai, Ahmad Sulayman Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi
George R. Wilkes Eric Hooglund
Mouin Rabbani (1996) Hamid Algar (1996)
Qur an Rahnavard, Zahra
Maysam J. al Faruqi Janet Afary
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Rajavi, Masud
Qusayr, al- Ervand Abrahamian
Donald Malcolm Reid
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Rajub, Jibril
Michael R. Fischbach
Qutb, Sayyid
Ahmad S. Moussalli Ramadan, Taha Yasin
Jean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Amatzia Baram (1996)
Quwatli, Shukri al-
Muhammad Muslih (1996) Ramallah
Michael R. Fischbach
Lawrence Tal (1996)
R Ramgavar Azadagan Party
Raab, Esther As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Shibolet Zait (1996)
Ramla
Raad, In am Yehuda Gradus
Michael R. Fischbach Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
George E. Irani (1996)
Ramses College for Girls
Rabat Linda Herrera
Donna Lee Bowen (1996)
Rania al-Abdullah (Queen Rania)
Rabbani, Burhanuddin Curtis R. Ryan
Grant Farr
Rasafi, Ma ruf al-
Rabbi Sasson Somekh (1996)
Samuel C. Heilman (1996)
Ra s al-Khayma
Rabi, Mubarak Anthony B. Toth
Aida A. Bamia Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2539
LIST OF ENTRIES
Rassemblement National Démocratique (RND) Refugees: Palestinian
Azzedine G. Mansour Philip Mattar
Don Peretz (1996)
Rassemblement National des Indépendants (RNI)
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman Rejection Front
Michael R. Fischbach
Rassemblement pour la Culture et la Démocratie Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
(RCD)
Azzedine G. Mansour Republican Brotherhood
Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Rateb, Aisha
Maria F. Curtis Republican People’s Party (RPP)
Nermin Abadan-Unat
Ratebzad, Anahita
Grant Farr Revolutionary Association of the Women of
Afghanistan (RAWA)
Ratosh, Yonatan Senzil Nawid
Bryan Daves (1996)
Revolutionary Command Council (Egypt)
Rauf Ezzat, Heba Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Marilyn Booth
Revolutionary Command Council (Libya)
Ravikovitch, Dahlia Ronald Bruce St John
Zafrira Lidovsky-Cohen
Nili Gold (1996) Revolutionary Guards
Eric Hooglund
Reagan Plan (1982)
Laurie Z. Eisenberg Richmond, Ernest T.
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Reagan, Ronald
Michael R. Fischbach Rida, Rashid
Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem
David Waldner (1996) Rif
C. R. Pennell (1996)
Red Crescent Society
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez Rifaat, Alifa
Caroline Seymour-Jorn
Red Line Agreement
Mary Ann Tétreault (1996) Rifa i, Samir al-
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Refah Partisi
Nermin Abadan-Unat Rifa i, Zaid al-
Michael R. Fischbach
Refugees: Afghan
Grant Farr Rif War
C. R. Pennell (1996)
Refugees: Balkan Muslim
Noah Butler Rishon le-Zion
Justin McCarthy (1996) Yehuda Gradus
Bryan Daves (1996)
Refugees: Jewish
Meron Medzini Riyadh
Michael M. Laskier (1996) J. E. Peterson
Refugees: Kurdish Riyad, Mahmud
Chris Kutschera George E. Irani (1996)
2540 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Riyad, Mustafa al- Russia and the Middle East
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996) Robert O. Freedman
Oles M. Smolansky (1996)
Rockefeller Museum
Michael R. Fischbach Russian–Ottoman Wars
Mia Bloom (1996) Eric Hooglund
Oles M. Smolansky (1996)
Rogers, William Pierce
Ahmed H. Ibrahim Rutenberg, Pinhas
Zachary Karabell (1996) Neil Caplan
Sara Reguer (1996)
Rolo Family
Michael M. Laskier (1996)
Roman Catholicism and Roman Catholic Missions S
John J. Donohue (1996) Sa ada, Antun
Sami A. Ofeish
Romanization Charles U. Zenzie (1996)
Kathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Saadawi, Nawal al-
Rome, Treaty of (1935) Rita Stephan
Zachary Karabell (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Rommel, Erwin Saade, George
Daniel E. Spector (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
George E. Irani (1996)
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
Daniel E. Spector (1996) Saba Family
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Roosevelt, Kermit
Neguin Yavari Sabah, Rasha al-
Mary Ann Tétreault
Rothschild, Edmond de
Reeva S. Simon (1996) Sabah, Suad al-
Rita Stephan
Royal Dutch Shell
Jean-François Seznec (1996) Sabbagh, Hasib
George R. Wilkes
Rub al-Khali Mouin Rabbani (1996)
J. E. Peterson
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996) Sabbagh, Salah al-Din al-
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Rubinstein, Amnon
Gregory S. Mahler Sabbath
Bryan Daves (1996) Samuel C. Heilman
Rumelia Sabra
Karen Pinto (1996) Bryan Daves (1996)
Ruppin, Arthur Sabra and Shatila Massacres
Donna Robinson Divine (1996) Philip Mattar
Rusdiye Schools
¸ Sabri, Ali
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Rusk, Dean Sadat, Anwar al-
Charles C. Kolb Fred H. Lawson (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2541
LIST OF ENTRIES
Sadat, Jihan al- Sa id Pasha
Arthur Goldschmidt Donald Malcolm Reid
Sadawi, Bashir Sa idzadeh, Seyyed Mohsen
John L. Wright (1996) Ziba Mir-Hosseini
Sadiqi College Saint Catherine’s Monastery
Aida A. Bamia (1996) Thomas Stransky
Sadi, Said Saint Joseph University
Yahia Zoubir As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Sadr, Muhammad Baqir al- Saint Mark’s Cathedral
Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996) Raymond William Baker (1996)
Sadr, Muhsin Sa iqa, al-
Neguin Yavari (1996) George R. Wilkes
Mouin Rabbani (1996)
Sadr, Sitt Rabab al- (Charafeddine)
Rula Jurdi Abisaab Saison
Pierre M. Atlas
Sa dun, Abd al- Muhsin al-
Albertine Jwaideh (1996) Sakakini, Khalil al-
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sa dun Family, al-
Albertine Jwaideh (1996) Salafiyya Movement
Mahmoud Haddad (1996)
Sa edi, Gholamhossein
Pardis Minuchehr (1996) Salam Family
Michael R. Fischbach
Safed
Bryan Daves (1996) Salam, Sa ib
Michael R. Fischbach
Safveti Ziya As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Salant, Samuel
Sagues, Albert Chaim I. Waxman (1996)
Michael M. Laskier (1996)
Salih, Ali Abdullah
Sahara Manfred W. Wenner
Bruce Maddy-Weitzmann (1996)
Salih, Teyib
Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) Khalid M. El-Hassan
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Salim Hasan
Sahnoun, Ahmed Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Emad Eldin Shahin
Salim, Ali
Sa id, Amina al- Nancy Berg
Linda Herrera Roger Allen (1996)
Said, Edward Salim, Jawad
John M. Lundquist Sasson Somekh (1996)
Sa id, Nuri al- Sallal, Abdullah al-
Louay Bahry (1996) Robert D. Burrowes
2542 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Salonika Sarid, Yossi
Eric Hooglund Mordechai Bar-On
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Bryan Daves (1996)
Salt, al- Sarkis, Ilyas
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Bassam Namani (1996)
Samaritans Sartawi, Issam
Benyamim Tsedaka Benjamin Joseph (1996)
Samarra Sasson, Eliyahu
Paul S. Rowe Itamar Rabinovich
Nazar al-Khalaf (1996) Neil Caplan
Samar, Sima Sassoon Family
Senzil Nawid Sylvia G. Haim (1996)
Samman, Ghada Satellite Cities Development
Elise Salem Maria F. Curtis
Hani Fakhouri (1996)
Samuel, Herbert Louis
Bernard Wasserstein Saudi Arabia
J. E. Peterson
San a
Robert D. Burrowes
Saudi, Mona
Jessica Winegar
San a University
Saunders, Harold
Robert D. Burrowes
George R. Wilkes
Sanctions, Iraqi
Saygun, Ahmed Adnan
Peter Sluglett
David Waldner (1996)
Sane‘i, Yusef Sayyab, Badr Shakir al-
Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut
Kamal abu-Deeb (1996)
San Remo Conference (1920) Sayyida Zaynab Mosque
Zachary Karabell (1996) Raymond William Baker (1996)
San Stefano, Treaty of (1878) Sayyidna Husayn Mosque
Oles M. Smolansky (1996) Raymond William Baker (1996)
Sant Egidio Platform School for Hak¯mat
¯
George R. Wilkes Nancy Gallagher
Sanusi, Muhammad ibn Ali al- Science and Technology
Rachel Simon (1996) Antoine Benjamin Zahlan
Sanusi Order Scouts
Rachel Simon (1996) Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Sanu, Ya qub Sebastiani, Horace
David Waldner (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Sapir, Pinhas Sebbar, Leila
Martin Malin (1996) Aida A. Bamia
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2543
LIST OF ENTRIES
Sediq, Sohaila Shab a Farms
Senzil Nawid As‘ad AbuKhalil
Sefrioui, Ahmed Shabbi, Abu al-Qasim al-
Aida A. Bamia Larry A. Barrie (1996)
¸eker Ahmet
S Sha bi Family
David Waldner (1996)
Manfred W. Wenner
Selçuk, Munir Nurettin
David Waldner (1996)
Shader, Joseph
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Selim III
I. Metin Kunt (1996) Shafi i School of Law
Wael B. Hallaq (1996)
Semitic Languages
David Waldner (1996) Shafiq, Durriyya
David Waldner (1996)
Sepehri, Sohrab
Eric Hooglund Shahada, George
Pardis Minuchehr (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
September 11th, 2001
As‘ad AbuKhalil Shahbandar, Abd al-Rahman
Charles U. Zenzie (1996)
Seri, Dan-Benaya
Zvia Ginor (1996) Shahin, Tanyos
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Setif
Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Shahin, Yusuf
Setif Revolt (1945) Roxanne Varzi
Phillip C. Naylor (1996) David Waldner (1996)
S
¸evket, Mahmut Shaltut, Muhammad
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Crystal Procyshen
Raymond William Baker (1996)
Sèvres Protocol (1956)
S. Ilan Troen Shalvi, Alice
George R. Wilkes
Sèvres, Treaty of (1920)
Sara Reguer (1996) Shami, Ahmad Muhammad al-
Robert D. Burrowes
Sezer, Ahmet
M. Hakan Yavuz Shamikh, Mubarak Abdullah al-
Ronald Bruce St John
Sfar, Bashir
Laurence Michalak (1996)
Shami, Muhammad Abdullah al-
Sfar, Tahar Robert D. Burrowes
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Matthew S. Gordon (1996) Shamir, Moshe
Donna Robinson Divine
Sfax Ann Kahn (1996)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Shamir, Yitzhak
Sfeir, Nasrallah Charles Enderlin
As‘ad AbuKhalil Yaakov Shavit (1996)
2544 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Shamlu, Ahmad Sharjah
Eric Hooglund Eric Hooglund
Michael C. Hillmann (1996) Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Shammas, Anton Sharm al-Shaykh
Michael R. Fischbach Arthur Goldschmidt
Ann Kahn (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Shapira, Hayyim Moshe Sharon, Ariel
Bryan Daves (1996) Eric Silver
Yaakov Shavit (1996)
Sharabati, Ahmad al-
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996) Sharqi Family, al-
Anthony B. Toth
Sha rawi, Huda al- M. Morsy Abdullah (1996)
Marilyn Booth
David Waldner (1996)
Shatt al-Arab
Neguin Yavari
Sha rawi, Muhammad Mutwalli al- Sha ul, Anwar
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Sasson Somekh
Sharef, Ze ev Shawa, Laila
Gregory S. Mahler Jessica Winegar
Bryan Daves (1996)
Shaw Commission
Sharett, Moshe Philip Mattar (1996)
Gregory S. Mahler (1996)
Shawqi, Ahmad
Shari a Irfan Shahîd
Wael B. Hallaq (1996)
Shaykh
Shari ati, Ali Marilyn Higbee (1996)
Hamid Algar (1996)
Shaykh al-Islam
Shariatmadari, Kazem Scott Alexander (1996)
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Shaykh, Hanan al-
Sharif Elise Salem
Scott Alexander (1996)
Shaykhi
Sharif, Aziz Juan R. I. Cole
Michael R. Fischbach
Shazar, Shneour Zalman
Marion Farouk-Sluglett (1996)
Bryan Daves (1996)
Sharif-Emami, Ja far Shazli, Sa d al-Din
Neguin Yavari David Waldner (1996)
Sharifian Dynasties Shekel
Edmund Burke III (1996) Bryan Daves (1996)
Sharif of Mecca Shenhar, Yitzhak
Khalid Y. Blankinship (1996) Bryan Daves (1996)
Sharif, Omar Shenouda III
Roxanne Varzi Arthur Goldschmidt
David Waldner (1996) Donald Spanel (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2545
LIST OF ENTRIES
Shepheard’s Hotel Shuf
Zachary Karabell (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Sheshbesh
Cyrus Moshaver (1996) Shufman, Gershon
Ann Kahn (1996)
Shiberghan
Grant Farr Shukri, Mohammad
Aida A. Bamia
Shid, Nahid
Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut Shultz, George
Oliver Benjamin Hemmerle
Shidyaq, Ahmad Faris al-
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996) Shumayyil, Shibli
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Shihabi, Zlikha al-
Ellen L. Fleischmann Shuqayri, Ahmad
Michael R. Fischbach
Shi ism
Roxanne Varzi Shuqayri Family
Tayeb El-Hibri (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Shilluk Shura
David Waldner (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Shiloah, Reuven Shuster, W. Morgan
Ian Black Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Shim un, Mar Sib, Treaty of (1920)
Peter Sluglett (1996) Robert G. Landen (1996)
Shin Bet Sidera, Zineb
Ian Black Jessica Winegar
Julie Zuckerman (1996)
Sidon
Shiraz Charles C. Kolb
Eric Hooglund George E. Irani (1996)
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Sidqi, Bakr
Shirazi, Mirza Hasan Peter Sluglett (1996)
Farhad Arshad (1996)
Sidqi, Isma il
Shiraz University David Waldner (1996)
Parvaneh Pourshariati
Sidra, Gulf of
Shitreet, Bekhor Stuart J. Borsch (1996)
Bryan Daves (1996)
Silk
Shlonsky, Avraham Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Mordechai Bar-On
Silver, Abba Hillel
Shochat, Manya Mark A. Raider
George R. Wilkes Mia Bloom (1996)
Shorfa Simavi, Sedat
Rahma Bourqia (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
2546 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Sinai Peninsula Soheyli, Ali
Paul S. Rowe Neguin Yavari (1996)
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sokolow, Nahum
.
S
¸inasi, Ibrahim Pierre M. Atlas
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Soltani, Abdellatif
S
¸irket-i Hayriye Emad Eldin Shahin
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Somikh, Abdullah
Sirry, Gazbia Michael R. Fischbach
Jessica Winegar Sasson Somekh (1996)
Sisco, Joseph SONATRACH
Ana Torres-Garcia
George R. Wilkes
Dirk Vandewalle (1996)
Sistan and Baluchistan Soroush, AbdolKarim
Parvaneh Pourshariati
Afshin Matin-asgari
Sistani, Ali al- Sousse
Michael R. Fischbach Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Sitra Soustelle, Jacques
Fred H. Lawson (1996) Zachary Karabell (1996)
Sivas Conference (1919) South Arabian Armed Forces
Ahmet Kuyas (1996) Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Siwa Oasis South Arabian League
Arthur Goldschmidt Manfred W. Wenner (1996)
Slave Trade Southeastern Anatolia Project
Ehud R. Toledano (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Smilansky, Moshe South Lebanon Army
George R. Wilkes Laurie Z. Eisenberg
Ann Kahn (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sneh, Moshe South Persia Rifles
Eric Hooglund
Gregory S. Mahler
Jack Bubon (1996)
Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Spain and the Middle East
Sobol, Yehoshua
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Donna Robinson Divine
Julie Zuckerman (1996) Spanish Morocco
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan
Audrey L. Altstadt (1996) Special Forces of the Levant
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Social Democratic Populist Party
M. Hakan Yavuz Sphinx
Frank Tachau (1996) Donald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Socotra Sprinzak, Joseph
Robert D. Burrowes Bryan Daves (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2547
LIST OF ENTRIES
Srvantziants, Garegin Suez Canal
Rouben P. Adalian (1996) Jean-François Seznec
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Stack, Lee
Oles M. Smolansky (1996) Suez Canal University
Donald Malcolm Reid
Stanhope, Hester
Marilyn Booth Suez Crisis (1956–1957)
Mordechai Bar-On
Stark, Freya
Ronald Bruce St John Suez–Mediterranean Pipeline
Jean-François Seznec
Star of North Africa
John Ruedy (1996) Sufism and the Sufi Orders
Maysam J. al Faruqi
State Planning Organization (SPO)
Nermin Abadan-Unat Suissa, Albert
Donna Robinson Divine
Stern, Abraham Zvia Ginor (1996)
Julie Zuckerman (1996)
Sulayman, Hikmat
Stock Market Peter Sluglett (1996)
Jean-François Seznec
Sulaymaniya
Storrs, Ronald Nazar al-Khalaf (1996)
Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Suleiman, Mulay
Straits Convention Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Sulh, Kazem al-
Straits, Turkish Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
J. C. Hurewitz (1996)
Sulh, Rashid al-
Struma Michael R. Fischbach
Miriam Simon (1996) Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Students in the Line of the Imam Sulh, Riyad al-
Eric Hooglund Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Sulh, Sami al-
Suarès Family As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Michael M. Laskier (1996)
Sulh, Taki al-Din al-
Sublime Porte Michael R. Fischbach
Zachary Karabell (1996) Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Sudan Sultan
Ann M. Lesch I. Metin Kunt (1996)
Sudanese Civil Wars Sultan Ahmet Mosque
Ann M. Lesch Aptullah Kuran (1996)
Sudanese Women’s Union Sultan Hasan Mosque
Sondra Hale Raymond William Baker (1996)
Sudd Sultani Schools
Robert O. Collins Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
2548 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Sumud Syrkin, Nachman
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Donna Robinson Divine (1996)
Sunay, Cevdet Szold, Henrietta
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Mia Bloom (1996)
Sun Language Theory
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) T
Taba
Sunna
Philip Mattar
Maysam J. al Faruqi
Ann M. Lesch (1996)
Scott Alexander (1996)
Taba Negotiations (1995, 2001)
Sunni Islam
Philip Mattar
Maysam J. al Faruqi
Tayeb El-Hibri (1996) Tabaqa Dam
John R. Clark (1996)
Suphi Ezgi
David Waldner (1996) Tabataba i, Mohammad
Eric Hooglund
Supreme Muslim Council Hamid Algar (1996)
Philip Mattar
Tabataba i, Ziya
Sursock, Lady Cochrane Hamid Algar (1996)
Mona Takieddine Amyuni
Tabriz
Sursuq Family Neguin Yavari
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Tabriz University
Suwaydi Family Parvaneh Pourshariati
Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996) Neguin Yavari (1996)
Suwaydi, Tawfiq al- Tagger, Sioneh
Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996) Julie Zuckerman (1996)
Suwaydiya Oil Fields Taha, Mahmud Muhammad
Abdul-Karim Rafeq Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Suwayhli, Ramadan al- Tahir, Kemal
George Joffe (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Sykes, Mark Tahtawi, Rifa a al-Rafi al-
Roger Adelson Abdel Aziz EzzelArab (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Ta if Accord
Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916) George E. Irani
Zachary Karabell (1996) Bryan Daves (1996)
Syria Ta if, al-
Ronald Bruce St John J. E. Peterson
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Ta if, Treaty of al-
Syrian Desert Anthony B. Toth
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996) F. Gregory Gause, III (1996)
Syrian Social Nationalist Party Ta iz
Ronald Bruce St John Robert D. Burrowes
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2549
LIST OF ENTRIES
Tajiks Taner, Haldun
Grant Farr Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Takfir wa al-Hijra, al- Tangier, Treaty of
Ahmad S. Moussalli Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Tanpinar, Ahmed Hamdi
Talabani, Jalal David Waldner (1996)
Chris Kutschera
Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyid al-
Talal ibn Abdullah Ahmad S. Moussalli
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Tanzimat
Talat, Mehmet Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Taqla, Philippe
Taleqani, Azam Khalil Gebara
Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Talfa, Adnan Khayr Allah Tarhan, Abdülhak Hamit
Amatzia Baram (1996) David Waldner (1996)
Taliban Tarikh Tolana
Grant Farr
Hafeez Malik
Tariki, Abdullah
Tallal, Chaibia
Anthony B. Toth
Jessica Winegar
Les Ordeman (1996)
Tall al-Za tar Refugee Camp
Tashilhit Language
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Rahma Bourqia (1996)
Tall, Mustafa Wahbi al- Taurus Mountains
Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
John R. Clark (1996)
Tall, Wasfi al- Tax Farming
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Ariel Salzmann (1996)
Talmud Tchernichovsky, Saul
Ephraim Tabory Ann Kahn (1996)
Benjamin Joseph (1996)
Tea
Tamimahs Eric Hooglund
Calvin H. Allen, Jr. (1996) Clifford A. Wright (1996)
Tamimi, Amin al- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Miriam Simon (1996)
Tamir, Shmuel Tehran
Gregory S. Mahler Eric Hooglund
Julie Zuckerman (1996) Mansoureh Ettahedieh (1996)
Tammuz, Benyamin Tekeli, S
¸irin
Ann Kahn (1996) Yesim Arat
Tanburi Cemil Tekke
David Waldner (1996) Scott Alexander (1996)
2550 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Tel Aviv Tindouf
Donna Robinson Divine (1996) David Gutelius
Tel Aviv University Tiran, Strait of
Miriam Simon (1996) Anthony B. Toth
Tel Hai Tlas, Mustafa
Donna Robinson Divine Michael R. Fischbach
Templars Tlatli, Moufida
Michael R. Fischbach Laura Rice
Terrorism Tlemcen
Eric Hooglund Laurence Michalak (1996)
Richard W. Bulliet (1996)
Tlili, Mustafa
Tetuan Aida A. Bamia
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Tobacco Revolt
Tevfik Fikret Eric Hooglund
David Waldner (1996) Roshanak Malek (1996)
Textile Industry Tobruk
Charles Issawi (1996) Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Thaalbi, Abd al-Aziz Topkapi Palace
Kenneth J. Perkins (1996) Eric Hooglund
Aptullah Kuran (1996)
Tharthar Project
Albertine Jwaideh (1996) Toumi, Khalida
Yahia Zoubir
Tharwat, Abd al-Khaliq
David Waldner (1996) Tourism
Anthony B. Toth
Theater
Dina Amin Trade
Mary Ann Tétreault
Tiberias Charles Issawi (1996)
Bryan Daves (1996)
Trad, Petro
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
John R. Clark (1996)
Trans-Arabian Pipeline
Tikrit Mary Ann Tétreault
Michael R. Fischbach
Amatzia Baram (1996) Trans-Iranian Railway
Jack Bubon (1996)
Tikriti Families
Ayad Al-Qazzaz Transjordan Frontier Force
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Tikriti, Hardan al-
Michael R. Fischbach Transport
Amatzia Baram (1996) Anthony B. Toth
Charles Issawi (1996)
Timar
Eric Hooglund Trans-Turkey Pipeline
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Niyazi Dalyanci (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2551
LIST OF ENTRIES
Treaty of 1815 Tripartite Treaty of Alliance
Eric Hooglund Eric Hooglund
Treaty of Protection (1886) Tripoli
Robert D. Burrowes (1996) John L. Wright (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Arabian Peninsula Tripoli Conference (1977)
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Butayna Tribe Tripoli Programme (1962)
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996) Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Dawasir Tribe Tripolitania
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996) Ronald Bruce St John
Tribes and Tribalism: Fadan Kharasa Tribe Trucial Coast
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996) Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Guish Tribes True Path Party
Rahma Bourqia (1996) M. Hakan Yavuz
Frank Tachau (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Hassana Tribe
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996) Truman, Harry S.
Antonio Donno
Tribes and Tribalism: Matawirah Tribe
Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996) Trumpeldor, Yosef
Donna Robinson Divine
Tribes and Tribalism: Muntafiq Tribe
Albertine Jwaideh (1996) Tsemel, Leah
Mona Ghali
Tribes and Tribalism: Murrah, al-
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996) Tubi, Tawfiq
Bryan Daves (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Mutayr Tribe
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996) Tudeh Party
Ervand Abrahamian
Tribes and Tribalism: Qashqa i
Lois Beck (1996) Tuhami al-Glawi
Edmund Burke III (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Quraysh Tribe
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996) Tuman Bey
Bassam Namani (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Shammar
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996) Tunb Islands
Eric Hooglund
Tribes and Tribalism: Tebu Tribe Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Stuart J. Borsch (1996)
Tunis
Tribes and Tribalism: Utayba Tribe Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Tunisia: Overview
Tribes and Tribalism: Yazidis Angel M. Foster
Reeva S. Simon (1996) Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Yemeni Tunisia: Personal Status Code
Robert D. Burrowes (1996) Mounira Charrad
2552 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Tunisia: Political Parties in Turkish Linguistic Society
Ana Torres-Garcia Uli Schamiloglu (1996)
Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Turkish National Pact
Tunisi, Bayram al- Frank Tachau (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Turkish Script
Tuqan, Fadwa Noah Butler
Michael R. Fischbach
Abla M. Amawi (1996) Turkish Workers Party
Frank Tachau (1996)
Tuqan Family
Michael R. Fischbach Turkism
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Turabi, Hasan al- Turkmanchai, Treaty of (1828)
Ahmad S. Moussalli Eric Hooglund
Jillian Schwedler (1996) Farhad Shirzad (1996)
Turabi, Wisal al-Mahdi
Turko–Iranian War (1821–1823)
Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Türkes, Alparslan
M. Hakan Yavuz
Turkology
Uli Schamiloglu (1996)
Frank Tachau (1996)
Turkey Turks
Eric Hooglund Eric Hooglund
David Waldner (1996)
Twareg
Turki, Fawaz Thomas G. Penchoen (1996)
Michael R. Fischbach
Jenab Tutunji (1996) Twayni, Ghassan
Michael R. Fischbach
Turkish–Afghan Treaty (1928) Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
David Waldner (1996)
Twin Pillars Policy
Turkish Grand National Assembly Eric Hooglund
Nermin Abadan-Unat Zachary Karabell (1996)
Turkish Hearth Association Tyre
Paul J. Magnarella (1996) George E. Irani (1996)
Turkish Historical Society
Uli Schamiloglu (1996)
U
Turkish–Italian War (1911–1912) Uganda Project
Eric Hooglund Chaim I. Waxman
Rachel Simon (1996)
Ulama
Turkish Language Denise A. Spellberg
Eric Hooglund
Erika Gilson (1996) Umar, Madiha
Jessica Winegar
Turkish Law on the Protection of the Family
(1998) Umayyad Mosque
Burçak Keskin-Kozat Muhammad Muslih (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2553
LIST OF ENTRIES
Umm al-Qaywayn United Arab Republic (UAR)
Anthony B. Toth Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
United Jewish Appeal (UJA)
Umm al-Qura University Paul Rivlin
Khalid Y. Blankinship (1996)
United Nations and the Middle East
Umma Party Thomas G. Weiss
Robert O. Collins F. T. Liu (1996)
Umm Kulthum United Nations Conciliation Commission for
Virginia Danielson (1996) Palestine (UNCCP)
Neil Caplan
Umm Na san
Fred J. Khouri (1996)
Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Union Démocratique du Manifeste Algérien United Nations Economic Survey Mission (1949)
Zach Levey
(UDMA)
John Ruedy (1996)
United Nations Emergency Force
F. T. Liu (1996)
Union Générale des Travailleurs Marocains
(UGTM) United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
Ana Torres-Garcia
Brian Urquhart
Larry A. Barrie (1996)
As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Union Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for
(UGTT)
Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
Ana Torres-Garcia
Michael R. Fischbach
Larry A. Barrie (1996)
F. T. Liu (1996)
Union Marocaine du Travail (UMT)
Ana Torres-Garcia
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM)
Ayad Al-Qazzaz
Bradford Dillman (1996)
Union Nationale des Etudiants Marocains United Nations Special Committee on Palestine,
(UNEM) 1947 (UNSCOP)
Joseph Nevo
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
F. T. Liu (1996)
Union Nationale des Forces Populaires (UNFP)
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
Bradford Dillman (1996) (UNTSO)
Neil Caplan
Union of Tunisian Women Charles U. Zenzie (1996)
Angel M. Foster
United States of America and the Middle East
Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires (USFP) Don Peretz
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Unity Party
Union Tunisienne des Industrialistes, Frank Tachau (1996)
Compagnies, Artisans (UTICA)
Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez University of Jordan
Larry A. Barrie (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
United Arab Emirates
Anthony B. Toth University of Khartoum
Malcolm C. Peck (1996) Robert O. Collins
2554 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
University of Tehran Vance, Cyrus
Eric Hooglund Daniel E. Spector
Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Van, Lake
Urabi, Ahmad John R. Clark
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Vanunu Affair
Urbanization Gregory S. Mahler
Anthony B. Toth Julie Zuckerman (1996)
John R. Clark (1996)
Varlik Vergisi
Urban Planning Elizabeth Thompson
Eric Hooglund
Vatican and the Middle East
Hooshang Amirahmadi (1996)
George E. Irani
Urwa al-Wuthqa, al- Vazhapetian, Nerses
Nikki Keddie (1996) Rouben P. Adalian
Usakligil, Halit Ziya
¸ Vazir Afkham, Soltan Ali Khan
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Neguin Yavari
Üsküdar Vaziri, Qamar al-Moluk
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Parvaneh Pourshariati
Ussishkin, Menahem Velayat-e Faqih
Donna Robinson Divine Eric Hooglund
Hamid Algar (1996)
Usuli
Neguin Yavari Velayati, Ali Akbar
Ali Akbar Mahdi
Utaybi, Juhayman al-
Eric Hooglund Versailles, Treaty of (1920)
Abdel Aziz EzzelArab (1996) Daniel E. Spector
Uthman, Muhammad Ali Victoria College
Robert D. Burrowes William L. Cleveland
Alain Silvera (1996)
Uthman, Uthman Ahmad
Arthur Goldschmidt
Village Institutes
Paul J. Magnarella
Uzbeks
Volpi, Giuseppe
M. Nazif Shahrani (1996)
George Joffe
Vozuq al-Dowleh, Mirza Hasan Khan
V Neguin Yavari
Va ad Le umi
Neil Caplan
W
Vaka-i Hayriye Wadi Hadramawt
Eric Hooglund Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Avigdor Levy (1996)
Wadi Natrun
Valensi, Alfred Arthur Goldschmidt
Norman Stillman Raymond William Baker (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2555
LIST OF ENTRIES
Wafd West Bank
J. Janice Terry David Newman
Geoffrey Aronson (1996)
Wafdist Women’s Central Committee
Maria F. Curtis Westernization
Peter Sluglett
Wahrhaftig, Zerah
Gregory S. Mahler Western Sahara
Bryan Daves (1996) Ana Torres-Garcia
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Wallach, Yona
Nili Gold (1996) Western Sahara War
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Waqf
Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad
Western Wall
Denise A. Spellberg (1996)
Samuel C. Heilman (1996)
War in Iraq (2003)
Michael R. Fischbach
Western Wall Disturbances
Philip Mattar (1996)
Warnier Law
Peter von Sivers (1996) West German Reparations Agreement
Paul Rivlin
War of Attrition (1969–1970)
Arthur Goldschmidt Wheelus Air Force Base
Benjamin Joseph (1996) Stuart J. Borsch (1996)
Water White Flag League
David B. Brooks Kenneth S. Mayers (1996)
Wattar, al-Taher White Papers on Palestine
Azzedine G. Mansour Ann M. Lesch
Aida A. Bamia (1996)
White Revolution (1961–1963)
Wauchope, Arthur Eric Hooglund
Bernard Wasserstein
Karen A. Thornsvard (1996) Wifaq, al-
Norman Stillman (1996)
Wavell, Archibald Percival
Daniel E. Spector (1996) Wilson, Arnold T.
Peter Sluglett (1996)
Wazir, Intisar al- (Umm Jihad)
Khaled Islaih Wilson, Woodrow
Lawrence Davidson
Wazir, Khalil al-
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Mouin Rabbani (1996)
Wazzani, Muhammad Hassan al- Wingate, Charles Orde
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996) Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Weizman, Ezer Wingate, Reginald
Gregory S. Mahler Janice J. Terry (1996)
Weizmann, Chaim Wise, Stephen S.
Bernard Wasserstein Mark Raider
Weizmann Institute of Science Wolff, Henry Drummond
Miriam Simon (1996) Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
2556 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Women and Family Affairs Center World War II
Islah Jad Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Women in Black World Zionist Organization (WZO)
George R. Wilkes Bernard Wasserstein
Women’s Affairs Center (Gaza)
Islah Jad
Y
Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and Counseling Ya’ari, Me’ir
Islah Jad Bryan Daves (1996)
Women’s Forum for Research and Training Yacine, Abdessalame
(Yemen) Henri Lauzière
Susanne Dahlgren
Yacoubi, Rachida
Women’s International Zionist Organization Rabia Bekkar
Shimon Avish
Women’s Library and Information Center Yadin, Yigael
Gregory S. Mahler
(Istanbul)
Mia Bloom (1996)
Yesim Arat
Women’s Organization of Iran (WOI) Yad Mordekhai
Haleh Vaziri Jon Jucovy
Women’s People’s Party (1923) Yad Vashem
Burçak Keskin-Kozat Jon Jucovy (1996)
Women’s Religious Rituals Yahya ibn Muhammad Hamid al-Din
Sabine Kalinock Manfred W. Wenner (1996)
Women’s Renaissance Club Yamani, Ahmad Zaki
Jacqueline Ismael Anthony B. Toth
Women’s Services Yanbu
Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996) J. E. Peterson
Women’s Studies Center (Jerusalem) Yariv, Aharon
Islah Jad Julie Zuckerman (1996)
Woodhead Commission (1938)
Yarmuk River
Pierre M. Atlas
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Benjamin Joseph (1996)
World Bank Yarmuk University
Jean-François Seznec Jenab Tutunji (1996)
World Federation of Sephardi Communities Yasar Kemal
Mia Bloom (1996) Chris Kutschera
Kathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries
(WOJAC) Yasin, Ahmad Isma il
Michael M. Laskier As‘ad AbuKhalil
World War I Yata, Ali
Sara Reguer (1996) C. R. Pennell (1996)
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2557
LIST OF ENTRIES
Yazd Yosef, Ovadiah
Eric Hooglund Ephraim Tabory
Julie Zuckerman (1996)
Yazdi, Ibrahim
Neguin Yavari Young Algerians
John Ruedy (1996)
Yaziji, Ibrahim
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996) Young Egypt
James Jankowski (1996)
Yaziji, Nasif
Mark Mechler (1996)
Young Ottomans
Hasan Kayali (1996)
Yehoshua, Avraham B.
Stephen Schecter
Ann Kahn (1996)
Young Tunisians
O. W. Abi-Mershed
Yellin-Mor, Natan
Pierre M. Atlas Young Turks
Bryan Daves (1996) Hasan Kayali (1996)
Yemen Youssef, Mulay
Manfred W. Wenner Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Yemen Arab Republic Youssoufi, Abderrahmane
Robert D. Burrowes (1996) Henri Lauzière
Yemen Civil War Youth Aliyah
Robert D. Burrowes (1996) Donna Robinson Divine
Yemen Dynasties Youth Movements
Manfred W. Wenner (1996) Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Yemen Hunt Oil Company Yücel, Hasan Ali
Robert D. Burrowes
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Yemeni Socialist Party
Manfred W. Wenner ˘
Yüksek Ög retim Kurulu (YOK)
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
Yemeni Women’s Union I. Metin Kunt (1996)
Susanne Dahlgren
Yunis Jabir, Abu Bakr
Yeshiva Ronald Bruce St John
Samuel C. Heilman (1996)
Yurdakul, Mehmet Emin
Yiddish David Waldner (1996)
Neil Caplan
Reeva S. Simon (1996) Yusufian, Boghos
Rouben P. Adalian (1996)
Yildirim Army
Elizabeth Thompson (1996) Yusuf, Yusuf Salman
Marion Farouk-Sluglett (1996)
Yishuv
Donna Robinson Divine
Yizhar, S. Z
Donna Robinson Divine Zab Rivers
Bryan Daves (1996) John R. Clark (1996)
2558 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
LIST OF ENTRIES
Zabul Zaydism
Grant Farr Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Zach, Natan Zaytuna University
Adina Friedman Aida A. Bamia (1996)
Yaron Peleg (1996)
Zayyat, Latifa
Zaghlul, Sa d Marilyn Booth
Janice J. Terry (1996)
Zbiri, Tahar
Phillip C. Naylor
Zagros
Parvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Zeid, Fahralnissa
Jessica Winegar
Zahawi, Jamil Sidqi al-
Jacqueline Ismael Zelda
Donna Robinson Divine
Zahedan Zvia Ginor (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Zell al-Soltan, Mas ud Mirza
Zahir Shah Lawrence G. Potter (1996)
M. Nazif Shahrani
Zeroual, Liamine
Zahla Yahia Zoubir
George E. Irani (1996) Mia Bloom (1996)
Za im, Husni al- Ziadeh, May
Eyal Zisser Elise Salem
Charles U. Zeznie (1996)
Zikhron Ya akov
Zamzam Bryan Daves (1996)
Scott Alexander (1996)
Zili, Ridha
Aida A. Bamia
Zana, Leyla
Shahrzad Mojab
Zionism
Neil Caplan
Zanan Magazine Donna Robinson Divine (1996)
Nayereh Tohidi
Zionist Commission for Palestine
Zangwill, Israel Donna Robinson Divine (1996)
Miriam Simon (1996)
Zionist Organization of America
Zanzibar Jerry Kutnick
Malcolm C. Peck (1996) Bryan Daves (1996)
Zaqaziq University Zionist Revisionist Movement
Donald Malcolm Reid Yaakov Shavit (1996)
Zaraniq Confederation Ziwaj Mut a
Robert D. Burrowes (1996) Rula Jurdi Abisaab
Zarqa, al- Ziya, Abdülhamit
Abla M. Amavi (1996) Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Zaydan, Jurji Zohar, Uri
Thomas Philipp (1996) Chaim I. Waxman
E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2559
LIST OF ENTRIES
Zohrab, Krikor Zu bi, Mahmud al-
Rouben P. Adalian (1996) Michael R. Fischbach
Charles U. Zenzie (1996)
Zonnenfeld, Yosef Hayyim
Chaim I. Waxman (1996) Zurayk, Constantine
Michael R. Fischbach
Zoroastrianism Charles U. Zenzie (1996)
Eric Hooglund
Jamsheed K. Choksky (1996)
Zubayri, Qa id Muhammad Mahmud al-
Manfred W. Wenner (1996)
2560 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
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