HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE
• Dr. Glenn Jonas • Campbell University Department of Religion and Philosophy
I. How Did We Get the Bible?
“Inspiration”
• Who Wrote the Bible?
– Divine Factor (Inspiration)
• Verbal • Dynamic
– Human Factor – Importance of Balancing the Two
• danger of “bibliolotry” • danger of skepticism
What Does Inspiration Involve?
• Writing of scripture • Preservation of scripture • Selection of various books (canonization) • Translation • Interpretation
“Canon”
– “measuring stick” – heresy – grew with the early church
The Old Testament Canon
• Law • Prophets • Writings
How Many Books are in the OT?
• Protestant Bibles: 39 books • Roman Catholic and Orthodox Tradition: 39 books plus the Apocrypha
Two OT Canons
• Palestinian Canon
– 39 books – Defined by rabbis at the Council of Jamnia in 90 C.E.
• Alexandrian Canon
– Referred to as the Septuagint – Greek translation of Hebrew OT – Contains the Apocryphal books
Why do Christians Differ?
• Latin Vulgate
– Jerome – Included Apocrphya
• Protestant Reformers tended to reject it
Why A New Testament Canon?
• Challenges to Christianity
– Gnosticism – Marcion – Montanus
What Writings Must Christians Obey?
Four Definitions of the New Testament
Marcion’s Canon (c. 140)
• Luke • • • • • Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians (Laodiceans) • • • • Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians
• Philemon
Muratorian Canon (c. 200)
• • • • • • • • Luke John Acts Romans 1 & 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians • • • • • • • • • Colossians 1 & 2 Thessalonians 1 & 2 Timothy Titus I & 2 John Jude Revelation of John Wisdom of Solomon Revelation of Peter
Eusebius (c. 325)
• • • • • • • • • Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 & 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians • • • • • • • • Philippians Colossians 1 & 2 Thessalonians 1 & 2 Timothy Titus 1 Peter 1 John Revelation of John
Athanasius (367 C.E.)
• • • • • • • • • • Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 & 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians • • • • • • • • • • • Colossians 1 & 2 Thessalonians 1 & 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 & 2 Peter 13 John Jude Revelation of John
II. How Did The Bible Get Into English?
Hebrew (OT)
Greek (NT)
A. Early Translation Efforts
1. Targums
• Aramaic translations of portions of the OT • Before NT era
2. Septuagint
• 284247 B.C.E. • LXX • Contains Apocrypha • Most NT quotations from OT are from • LXX
3. Jerome
• 342420 C.E. • Latin Vulgate 400 C.E. • Became official Bible of RCC • Patron Saint of Librarians
B. Early English Translation
1. Venerable Bede (673735)
• Gospel of John • Lord’s Prayer • Apostles’ Creed
2. John Wycliffe (133084)
• Called “The Morning Star of the Reformation” • Early reformer of the Church • Believed every Christian should be able to read Bible • Responsible for first complete translation into English although probably actually produced by his disciples called “Lollards • Declared heretic 24 yrs after his death. • Translation from the Latin Vulgate
The Wycliffe Bible
3. William Tyndale (14941535)
• Called “the Father of the English Bible.” 90% of his words are in the KJV and 75% are in the RSV • English Church was opposed to allowing an English translation. • Fled to Germany in 1524 and in 1525 produced translation of the NT from the Greek. • Began work on OT. Completed Pentateuch, and a few other books. • May, 1535 betrayed by a friend. Arrested and burned at the stake. • Last words: “Lord, open the King of England’s eyes.”
5. Other 16th Century English Translations
• The Geneva Bible • DouayRheims (1609) (1560) Nicknamed the First English Catholic “Breeches Bible” translation. Translated because of Gen. 3:7 entirely from the Vulgate. • The Bishop’s Bible (1568) Reaction against the Calvinism of the Geneva bible
C. The Modern Era
Two Different Philosophies of Translations
• Verbal Translation: • Dynamic Translation Attempts to reproduce Attempts to related the modern English ancient thoughts and equivalent of the ideas in their modern ancient world. English equivalents. Often sacrifices verbal • Examples: KJV, RSV, equivalence for the NASV, NIV, NRSV, meaning of the ancient etc. language. • Examples: GNB/TEV, CEV, etc.
1. The King James Version (1611)
• Utilized 54 English scholars of varying theological persuasions • Elevated prose designed for public reading • Psalm 46 and Shakespeare
2. English Revised Version (188185)
• First major revision of KJV • Never replaced KJV in popularity • Produced in England
3. American Standard Version (1901)
• First attempt in America to revise KJV • Slight modifications of English Revised Version for an American context • Popular among scholars but never gained popularity among the people
4. Revised Standard Version (1946 NT, 1952 OT)
• Sponsored by NCC • Ecumenical • Attempt to preserve the majesty of KJV • Controversy
– Is. 7:14 – Communism – Bible Burnings
5. Jerusalem Bible (1966)
• Produced by RCC • First Catholic Bible to rely exclusively on original language manuscripts. • Influenced by Vatican II
6. New American Standard (1971)
• Produced by Evangelical scholars • Revision of American Standard Version • Most literal of 20th century versions
7. New International Version (1973 NT, 1978 OT)
• Over 100 evangelical scholars produced • Combines accuracy and readability • Not without theological bias though
8. New King James Version (1982)
• Attempt to update KJV using the old Textus Receptus • Not very popular • Doesn’t change much except some of the words • Still based on outdated manuscripts
9. New Revised Standard Version (1989)
• Ecumenical • Produced by NCC • Makes use of inclusive language except for God
10. Contemporary English Version (1995)
• Dynamic Translation in the same vein as GNB/TEV • Gives attention to the sound of the text and attempts to remove the rhythm and cadence of Greek and Hebrew from the English.
Bibliography
• Christian History, Issues 3, 16, 43. • Steven M. Sheeley and Robert N. Nash, The Bible in English Translation: An Essential Guide, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1997 • Robert C. Walton, Chronological and Background Charts of Church History, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986.