Education and HIV/AIDS: A Sourcebook of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs
©200 3 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. This Sourcebook is available electronically at http://www.schoolsandhealth.org or http://www.unesco.org/education/ibe/ichae. Reports in French and Portuguese and in CD format are planned. For further information or to order printed copies of the Sourcebook or CDs, contact the World Bank Education Advisory Service on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/education or by e-mail at eservice@worldbank.org or by mail at Education Advisory Service The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA
Contents
v Acronyms and Acknowledgments
1 7
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Section 1: About the Sourcebook Section 2: Program Summaries
Mozambique — Action Aid: Stepping Stones Program Mozambique — UNFPA and Pathfinder International: Geração Biz, Youth-Friendly Health Clinics Senegal — The Group for the Study and Teaching of Population Issues (GEEP): An Experiment to Prevent the Spread of HIV/AIDS Among Schoolchildren South Africa — loveLife: Promoting Sexual Health and Healthy Lifestyles for Young People in South Africa South Africa — Soul Buddyz:A Multimedia Edutainment Project for Children in South Africa Tanzania — AMREF LSHTM, and NIMR: MEMA Kwa Vijana Program , Tanzania — Students Partnership Worldwide: School Health Education Program (SHEP) Uganda — GOAL: The Baaba Project Uganda — Straight Talk Foundation Zambia — Copperbelt Health Education Project (CHEP): The In-School Program Zambia — Planned Parenthood Association of Zambia (PPAZ), Family Life Movement of Zambia (FLMZ), and Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (RFSU): Kafue Adolescent Reproductive Health Project (KARHP), Peer Education Through Family Life Education Clubs Zimbabwe — Africare: Adolescent Reproductive Health Project, AIDS Action Clubs in Schools Zimbabwe — Midlands AIDS Service Organisation (MASO): Youth Alive Initiatives Project
20 21
23
27 49 73
Section 3: The Programs
Action Aid: Stepping Stones Program UNFPA and Pathfinder International: Geração Biz, Youth-Friendly Health Clinics The Group for the Study and Teaching of Population Issues (GEEP): An Experiment to Prevent the Spread of HIV/AIDS Among Schoolchildren
Mozambique
Senegal
South Africa 103 123 153 173 205 235 265 295 loveLife: Promoting Sexual Health and Healthy Lifestyles for Young People in South Africa Soul Buddyz: A Multimedia Edutainment Project for Children in South Africa AMREF LSHTM, and NIMR: MEMA Kwa Vijana Program , Students Partnership Worldwide: School Health Education Program (SHEP) GOAL: The Baaba Project Straight Talk Foundation Copperbelt Health Education Project (CHEP): The In-School Program PPAZ, FLMZ, and RFSU: Kafue Adolescent Reproductive Health Project (KARHP), Peer Education Through Family Life Education Clubs Africare: Adolescent Reproductive Health Project; AIDS Action Clubs in Schools Midlands AIDS Service Organisation (MASO): Youth Alive Initiatives Project
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe 325 353
379 Section 4: Appendix. Lessons Learned About School-Based Approaches to Reducing HIV/AIDSRelated Risk
Acronyms and Acknowledgments
ACRONYMS
ACESS ACI AIC AIDS AIDSCAP AIDSCOM AMREF AMODEFA ANC ARVs ASRH BBC BP CAA CBD CBO CBoH CEO CEFOREP CHEP CIDA/SAT CINDI COIN CPDs CRDI CRETF CTA
Alliance for Children’s Entitlement to Social Security Africa Consultants International AIDS Information Centre acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS Control and Prevention Project AIDS Technical Support: Public Health Communication Component African Medical and Research Foundation Associacão Mozambican para Defesa da Familia antenatal clinic antiretrovirals adolescent sexual and reproductive health British Broadcasting Corporation British Petroleum Community AIDS Abroad community-based distributor community-based organization Central Board of Health chief executive officer Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Santé de la Reproduction Copperbelt Health Education Project Southern African Training Program Children in Distress (project) Centre d’Orientation et d’Information des Jeunes (Youth Corner) condom promoters and distributors Centre de Recherche pour le Développement International Centre Régional d’Enseignement Technique Féminin chief technical adviser
v
E D U C AT I O N A N D H I V / A I D S : A S O U R C E B O O K O F H I V / A I D S P R E V E N T I O N P R O G R A M S
DAAC DAC DANIDA DEO DFID DHMT DoE DoH DPE DSW EDF EFS EJAF EMP EU EVF EPS FHT FLE FLMZ FNUAP FRESH GEEP GPA GTZ HALIRA HIV HST IATT IBE ICT IDRC IEC IIED IIEP INDE IPPF IT KAB KABP KAP KAPB KARHP KASH
vi
District AIDS Action Committee development assistance committee Danish International Development Agency District Education Officer Department for International Development (United Kingdom) district health management team Department of Education Department of Health disease prevention education German Foundation for World Population European Development Fund économie familiale et sociale (social and family economics) Elton John AIDS Foundation éducation en matière de population (population education) European Union éducation à la vie familiale (family life education) éducation pour la santé (health education) Family Health Trust family life education Family Life Movement of Zambia Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population (United Nations Population Fund) Focusing Resources on Effective School and Health Groupe pour l’Etude et l’Enseignement de la Population (Group for the Study and Teaching of Population Issues) Global Programme on AIDS Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for Technical Cooperation) Health and Lifestyle Research human immunodeficiency virus Health Systems Trust Inter-Agency Task Team International Bureau of Education information communication technology International Development Research Centre information, education, and communication International Institute for Environment and Development International Institute for Educational Planning Institute Nacional de Desenvolvimento Educacional (National Institute of Educational Development) International Planned Parenthood Foundation information technology knowledge, attitudes, and behavior knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and practices knowledge, attitudes, and practice knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs Kafue Adolescent Reproductive Health Project knowledge, attitudes, skills, and habits
ACRONYMS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LSE LSHTM MASO MBOD MFD MoE MoEC MoH MoYS MPH MTCT MTN NACP NAFCI NASHI NCRC NGO NIMR NORAD NPA NSHP PDIS PEEP PHC PNLS PNPF PPASA PPAZ PPP PSG PSI/CMS PTA PTC PWAs RFSU RHRU SABC SAFAIDS SANASO SCF SCI SDC SHEP SIDA SPW
life skills education London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Midlands AIDS Service Organisation Medical Bureau for Occupational Diseases Media for Development Ministry of Education Ministry of Education and Culture Ministry of Health Ministry of Youth and Sport Master’s Degree in Public Health (degree) mother-to-child transmission Mobile Telephone Network National AIDS Control Program National Adolescent Friendly Clinic Initiative National Adolescent Sexual Health Initiative National Children’s Rights Committee nongovernmental organization National Institute for Medical Research Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation National Plan of Action National School Health Program Programme de Développement Intégré de la Santé (Integrated Health Development Program) Parent Elder Education Program primary health care Programme Nationale de Lutte contre le SIDA (National Program for the Fight Against AIDS) National Family Planning Programme Planned Parenthood Association of South Africa Planned Parenthood Association of Zambia peer, parent, and provider project support group Population Services International Parent-Teacher Association Prevention Training Centres persons living with AIDS Swedish Association for Sexuality Education Reproductive Health Research Unit South Africa Broadcasting Corporation Southern Africa AIDS Information Dissemination Service Southern Africa AIDS Network Save the Children Fund Sara Communication Initiative Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation School Health Education Program Swedish International Development Authority Students Partnership Worldwide
vii
E D U C AT I O N A N D H I V / A I D S : A S O U R C E B O O K O F H I V / A I D S P R E V E N T I O N P R O G R A M S
SRH STD STF STI SYFA TA TAMWA TANESA TASO TOP TOT TSh UMATI UNAIDS UNDP UNESCO UNFPA UNICEF UNIFEM USAID US VCT WHO YCDP YDC YFHS YFM YWCA ZD ZECAB ZIHP
sexual and reproductive health sexually transmitted disease Straight Talk Foundation sexually transmitted infection Safeguard Youth from AIDS technical adviser The Tanzania Media Women’s Association Tanzania Netherlands Support for AIDS The AIDS Support Organisation trainer of peers trainer of trainers Tanzanian shilling(s) National Family Planning Association Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS United Nations Development Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization United Nations Population Fund United Nations Children’s Fund United Nations Development Fund for Women United States Agency for International Development Ugandan shilling(s) voluntary counseling and testing World Health Organization youth community development group Youth Development Centre youth-friendly health service Youth FM Young Women’s Christian Association Zimbabwean dollar(s) Zambia Educational Capacity Building Program Zambia Integrated Health Program
viii
ACRONYMS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document was prepared by members of the World Bank’s education team led by Alexandria Valerio and Don Bundy, with technical support from Helen Baños Smith, Katie Tripp, and Lesley Drake (Partnership for Child Development, Department of Infectious Disease
Epidemiology, Imperial College, United Kingdom), and Seung-Hee F. Lee (World Bank).We
appreciated the leadership and overall support of Birger Fredriksen, Ruth Kagia, Debrework Zewdie, Oey Meesook, Keith Hansen, and Dzingai Mutumbuka (World Bank). The production of the Sourcebook was supported by Ireland Aid. We are grateful to El Hadji Habib Camara, Glynis Clacherty, David Kaweesa, Esther Kazilimani-Pale, Adeline Kimambo, Anne Salmi, and Evelyn Serima for collecting the data and writing drafts of the program reports. We also thank Carolien Albers, Nicola Brennan, Ebrahim Jassat, Kevin Kelly, Michael Kelly, Dr. Kiwara, Nicole McHugh, Pronch Murray, Warren Naamara, Justin Nguma, and Malick Semebene for providing their expert advice and guidance in the participating countries. Many other people have contributed to discussions of the issues considered here and made contributions to the reviewing process: David Clarke (Department for International Development, United Kingdom), Delia Barcelona (UNFPA), Amaya Gillespie (UNICEF), Michael Kelly (University of Zambia), Brad Strickland (United States Agency for International Development), Jack Jones (World Health Organization), Inon Schenker (UNESCO), Carol Coombe (University of Pretoria, South Africa), and from the World Bank, Sheila Dutta, Hope Phillips, Elizabeth Lule, and Mercy Tembon. We appreciated the inputs from our partner agencies, with special thanks to Christine Abbo (Straight Talk Foundation), Terry Allsop (Department for International Development, United Kingdom), Rita Badiani (Pathfinder International, Mozambique), Tara Bukow (UNESCO International Institute for Education Planning), Kevin Byrne (Save the Children, South Africa), Isabel Byron (UNESCO International Bureau of Education), Jim Cogan (Students Partnership Worldwide, United Kingdom), Mary Crewe (University of Pretoria, South Africa), Amy Cunningham (United States Agency for International Development), Babacar Fall (GEEP, Senegal), Craig Ferla (Students Partnership Worldwide, Tanzania), Laura Ferguson (AMREF, United Kingdom), Alexander Heroys (AMREF, United Kingdom), Anna-Marie Hoffman (UNESCO), Aida Girma (UNAIDS, Mozambique), Sue Goldstein (Soul City, South Africa), Simon Gregson (Imperial College, United Kingdom), Liz Higgins (Ireland Aid), Clement Jumbe (Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture, Zimbabwe), Virgilio Juvane (Ministry of Education, Mozambique), Gloria Kodzwa (UNICEF, Mozambique), Irene Malambo (Ministry of Education, Zambia), Peter Masika (Youth Aware, Tanzania), Kirsten Mitchell (GOAL, Uganda), Alick Nyirenda (CHEP, Zambia), Vera Pieroth (AMREF Tanzania), Faye Richardson and David , Ross (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom), Berit Rylander (Swedish International Development Authority), Alfredo Santos (Action Aid, Mozambique), Bobby Soobrayan (Ministry of Education, South Africa), Angela Stewart-Buchanan (loveLife, South Africa), Kenau Swaru (Ministry of Health, South Africa), George Tembo (UNAIDS, Zimbabwe), Miriam Temin (Department for International Development, United Kingdom), Alan
ix
E D U C AT I O N A N D H I V / A I D S : A S O U R C E B O O K O F H I V / A I D S P R E V E N T I O N P R O G R A M S
Whiteside (University of Natal, South Africa), John Williamson (United States Agency for International Development), and from the World Bank, Jaap Bregman, Donald Hamilton, Cathal Higgins, Wacuka Ikua, Bruce Jones, Noel Kulemeka, Rest Lasway, Emmanuel Malangalila, Mmamtsetsa Marope, Paud Murphy, Khama Rogo, and Clement Siamatowe. We also appreciated the technical inputs of Jess Lipson and the staff of Grammarians, Inc., for the editing, design and layout of the book and the French translations of Gillian Lonsdale and Bakary Diaby.
x