Property Management Treaty

							                             Stratospheric Ozone and Global Warming Term Review

            Term                                            Definition
Stratosphere                   Contains 97% of ozone in atmosphere, lies 9-25 miles above earth

                               formed when uv radiation hits oxygen, reverse occurs when uv radiation
Ozone                          hits ozone, keeps ozone fairly constant

                               UVA - 320-400nm wavelength, closest to blue light, usually causes
UV Radiation - 3 Forms         tanning,
                               UVB - 290-320nm wavelength, causes sunburns, associated with skin
                               cancer
                               UVC - 10-290nm wavelength, found only in stratosphere, responsible for
                               ozone formation

Ozone Depletion                Thinning of ozone first discovered in 1985.
                               Occurs seasonally and is due to human made compounds contain
                               halogens (chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine)
                               Ozone over Antarctica decreased as much as 60% since 1970s
                               Largely due to CFCs, which last on average 200 years, (see book for
                               reaction)
                               Bromine - 50 times more effective in destroying ozone than Chlorine
                               (from CFCs)

                               Increases in skin cancer, sunburns,cataracts,climate change, reduction
Effects of Ozone Depletion     in crop production

Strategies for Reducing Ozone HCFC has replaced CFC, with hydrogen instead of chlorine, but it still
Depletion                     destroys ozone

                             C02, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, HFCs, PFCs, and SF4 (Diagram on 330 in
Greenhouse gasses and effect barrons)


Impacts of Global Warming      acidification lowering the ph of the oceans, adversely affects ocean life
                               Air temperatures are 5 to 9 degrees F warmer than pre-industrial earth,
                               other adverse weather patterns, more hurricanes
                               by 2050, 150 million people will need to be relocated due to climate
                               change - coastal flooding, erosion, etc.
                               Increase in forest fires, decrease in ice sheets, increase in diseases such
                               as malaria, increased property loss
                               Loss of bio diversity, release of methane from permafrost, a rise in sea
                               levels
                               Slowing or shutdown of thermohaline circulation - shift the salt/fresh
                               water balance and ocean circulation patterns
                               Stratospheric Ozone and Global Warming Term Review

           Term                                                   Definition
    Reducing Climate Change

                                Decrease in methane emissions by 8%, decrease in nitrous oxide
To stabilize climate change:    emissions by 50%, decrease in carbon emissions by up to 80%

Six ways to do that:            1. increase car efficiency
                                2. use energy more efficiently
                                3. find chemical substitutes that don't impact environment
                                4. slow rate of deforestation and encourage reforestation
                                5. reduce dependence on inorganic fertilizers
                                6. support treaties, protocols, and legislation to reduce emissions

                                50% of coastal wetlands lost, 70% of beaches eroding at faster than
Loss of Bio Diversity           natural rate

Overfishing                     70% of stocks fully exploited, overfished or depleted

                                15% of the 6,000 non-native plant and animal species in U.S. cause
Introduced species              sever economic or ecological impacts

                                examples -- zebra mussels, tumbleweed,kudzu,mongoose,gypsy moths

Endangered and Extinct          103 species extinct since 1800 - a rate 50 times background extinction
Species                         rate
                                approx. 1/3 species at risk of becoming extinct
                                more stats on 340

                                Protect endangered species via legislation, preserve balanced
Protecting Bio Diversity        ecosystems, manage game species sustainably
                                       Stratospheric Ozone and Global Warming (Relevant Laws and Treaties)

       Law/Treaty           Date                                                   Description

Migratory Bird Treaty Act   1918 protection of migratory birds
Multiple-Use Act            1960 directed national forests be managed for multiple uses
Convention on
International Trade in
Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora        1963 international agreement to ensure trade of wild animals doesn’t threaten their survival
Fur Seal Act                1966 prohibited taking of fur seals
National Wildlife Refuge
System Act                  1966 initiated National Wildlife Refuge System
Marine Mammal Protection
Act                         1972 established federal responsibility to conserve marine animals
Marine Protection and
Sanctuaries Act             1972 established national marine sanctuaries

Endangered Species Act      1973 provided a program for conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals
Fishery Conservation and
Management Act              1976 reserved 200 mile zone of U.S. , off limits to foreign fishing
Alaska National Interest
Lands Conservation Act      1980 reserved large areas of Alaska as national parks, forests, and refuges

Convention for the
Conservation of Antarctic          treaty requiring management of southern ocean fisheries that might negatively impact Antarctic
Marine Living Resources     1980   ecosystems
                                   Designed to protect ozone layer, said CFCs and other ozone destroying chemicals to be phased out
Montreal Protocol           1987   by 2000.
London                      1990   Reinforced phase-out of CFCs
Lacey Act                   1990   aided in restoring birds in parts of U.S. where they had become scarce
Nonindigenous Aquatic
Nuisance Prevention and
Control Act                 1990 federal program to prevent introduction of aquatic invasive species
Copenhagen                  1992 Reinforced phase-out of CFCs, accelerated it