Approaches 1. Standing: injury, causation, redress 2. Congress a. Commerce clause i. 10th amendment: not area regularly regulated by states ii. Relation between act and interstate commerce iii. Lopez restrictions 1. Fed Power: the law, intent must clearly appear relates to commerce 2. Cannot force states to take regulatory action 3. State Powers a. 10th amendment i. Fed Pre-emption ii. Dormant commerce clause - regulation 1. invalid if discriminate and undue burden on commerce a. burden: benefit and burden 2. if both discrim and burden = strict scrutiny b. State Tax i. No discrim interstate commerce ii. No multiple burdens on taxpayer iii. Nexus between benefits and protections provided 4. Due Process a. Procedural i. Deprivation of life, liberty, or property ii. Intentional/reckless govt conduct iii. Balance test 1. importance of interests 2. procedural safeguards 3. govt interest b. Substantive i. Fundamental rights 5. Equal protection a. State action b. Is classification discriminatory – on face, not face – impact & intent c. What is class/standard d. Does it meet standard 6. Speech a. 1st amendment applied through 14th b. Prior restraint c. Vagueness/overbreadth d. Time,place,manner or content i. Content-ss, content netrual-mid e. Where speech f. Strict scrutiny g. Unprotected speech: incitement, defamation, obscenity, fighting, commercial i. Symbolic 1. within const power 2. unrelated to suppression of free speech 3. narrowily tailored 4. no more speech then necessary