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Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Human Health
in Asia: From Evidence to Action, Bali Indonesia,
10-12 December 2007
Climate Change and Human
Health in Lao PDR
Prepared by:
Dr Tayphasavanh Fengthong
Director of Environmental Health Division
Department of Hygiene and Prevention, MoH
Contents
Country description Health situations
Economic and industrial
Programs to Reduce/Mitigate
development
greenhouse gas Emissions
characteristics
Climate conditions Climate Change-Related
Studies and Projects
Current Burden of Climate
-Sensitive Health Outcomes Adaptation to Current and
Projected Climate-
Potential Impacts of Climate Related Health Burdens
Change on Health Burdens
Issues and challenges
Particularly Vulnerable
Populations Conclusions
Country description China
Myanmar
Lao PDR is a land-locked country,
and shares border with China, Vietnam,
Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar.
Total area : 236,800 km2 Vietnam
Population: 5.62 mill Density : 24 p/sqkm
17 provinces including Vientiane Capital
Capita income USD 500 /c/y Thailand
Total fertility rate: 4.9%,
Crude birth rates: 41% Crude death rates: 16%,
Cambodia
Adult literacy rate: (F: 50%; M:74%)
Population growth rate: 2.5% per year
Life expectancy: 61 years (F: 63; M: 59)
Population leaving in rural area: 72.8%
Country description
47 ethnic groups, covering
120 ethnic sub-groups and languages
11,000+ small villages and mostly
with poor road access
Agriculture = 80% of jobs, mostly
subsistence farming in remote areas
Economic and industrial development characteristics
Economic growth 7% Agriculture 51%
Industry 26% Service 24%.
Largely depends on its natural resource base.
Local population daily practices are traditional agriculture,
upland rice cultivation (slash and burn), agro-forest
activities (fishing, hunting, collecting forest products
(40%-60%) and water resources.
Economic and industrial development characteristics
Energy use within the country is still dominated
by the use of fuel wood is about 90% of
the total energy requirements.
Industry and service sector are still least developed,
but the industrial sector has also been steadily
expanding, with a growth rate of 11.3% annually.
Climate conditions
Tropical climate Dry season between October and April
Wet season between May and September.
Dominated by the south-west monsoon which brings
high rainfall, high humidity, and high temperatures
between mid-April and mid-October.
Characterized by high inter-annual variability of rainfall
with relatively frequent occurrence of flooding
and drought.
Average temperatures range from 20°C in
the mountainous areas and highland plateaus
to 25–27°C in the plain.
Current Burden of Climate-Sensitive Health Outcomes
Vulnerable to climate change, being subject to disasters
(flood and drought) that can severely affect
especially people living in high risk areas.
Flood impacts include disease outbreaks:
diarrhea, dengue, conjunctivitis, dysentery, typhoid,
malaria, and skin diseases, and contamination
of drinking water.
Drought causes weak health conditions:
tiredness as a result of hot and dry weather),
bad mental health conditions, torpidity,
measles and diphtheria.
Current Burden of Climate-Sensitive Health Outcomes
Formulated a number of policies on health improvement
with priority being given to disease prevention
and maintaining people’s health
Provision of
primary health Health education
care promotion: 3
cleans
Immunization
Mother and child
promotion
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Health Burdens
The larger the area flooded and the longer the flood
exists, and drought, the greater the impact on key sectors
namely water and water resources, agriculture,
forestry and public health (especially on health and
drinking water problems, water quality, sanitation,
hygiene), particularly in rural area.
The household indoor air and urban outdoor air pollution
will become a significant issue in climate change in Laos
in very near future.
Particularly Vulnerable Populations
The rural Population (80%) particularly
in the low land areas are the first group population
considered as the vulnerable population to the impacts
of climate change by flood and drought in each year.
Some of the rural population who live in small communities
in the mountainous areas, many of which are remote and
isolated with lack of connection to transport routes,
are less impacted by flood, but by drought
(water quality, diseases, sanitation)
and indoor air pollution are significant issues
Health situations
Considerable progress has been achieved over the past
ten years in improving the health system in the Lao PDR
which are Maternal, infant and under five infant mortality
rates (MMR, IMR and U5MR, respectively) have dropped
significantly
1995 2000 2005
MMR 656 530 405
IMR 104 82 70
U5MR 170 106 98
Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Five Malaria
leading causes
of morbidity
Gastritis
Influenza
Communities living in or near forested and hilly areas
along streams are most at risk.
Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Five Malaria
leading causes
of mortality
Injury
Heart failure
Communities living in or near forested and hilly areas
along streams are most at risk.
Water and Food borne diseases
•
It is important to note that these are national figures
and that cases are largely unreported or underreported
in rural areas.
Child and maternal malnutrition
The malnutrition rate in children under
five in Lao PDR is very high compared
to other countries in South East Asia
and Asia in general.
Almost two in every five children under
age five in Lao PDR are moderately and
severely underweight (37.9 percent)
Stunting: 41.2% Wasting: 7.4%
Cases and deaths of tuberculosis
from 2001-2006
Cases Deaths
2431 142
2001
2645 133
2002
2003 2798 160
2004 3206 185
3809 154
2005
2006 4065 NA
Source: Center for Tuberculosis Control in 2007
Vector-borne diseases
Up to present, impregnated mosquito net
can cover 2 360 544 people.
Malaria morbidity rate is 5.4/1000
Malaria mortality rate is 1.37/100 000.
Dengue fever is prevalent in cities and
increasingly in rural areas. Children
under 15 years are particularly at risk
Cases, deaths and case fatality rate of dengue/DHF
Case fatality
Year Cases Deaths Rate (CFR) %
1998 7438 70 0.4
1999 2507 04 0.15
2000 1377 04 0.29
2001 3968 03 0.8
2002 9176 22 0.23
2003 17645 63 0.35
2004 3414 10 0.29
2005 5471 13 0.23
2006 6449 06 0.09
Source: Preventive Division, Department of Hygiene and Prevention, Ministry of Health, July 2007
Programs to Reduce/Mitigate
greenhouse gas Emissions
First Communication on Climate Change for Lao PDR
(2000) and under preparation to starting the Second
Communication on Climate Change for Lao PDR
(July 2007),
Assessment on technology needs and priorities
for mitigation green gas emissions (2004)
Proposed CDM Project Activities: CDM Decree,
Country Guideline and establishment of
Lao DNA Board and its secretariat
Programs to Reduce/Mitigate
greenhouse gas Emissions
National adaptation Plan of Action development
and its following phase
Climate change mitigation project: “Removing
Barriers to the Use of Renewable Energy for
Rural Energy Services”,
Biodiversity: Agro-biodiversity project,
Bio-safety projects and protected areas management
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Lao P.D.R.
Programs to Reduce/Mitigate
greenhouse gas Emissions
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
for Mekong Basin (GEF).
National Capacity Strengthening Assessment project
to implementation of Environment Conventions
Ozone Layer Project (GEF)
Awareness on Climate Change issues
Climate Change-Related Studies
and Projects
Reducing CO2 emission through use of CFL
in the government and commercial sector
Developing project proposal for ICS
demonstration project
Promoting biogas use for GHG emission reduction
Climate Change-Related Studies
and Projects (First NC)
Assessing small- scale hydropower potential
and demonstration project in combination with
dissemination of electric cook stove
Removing barriers to adoption of 4 - stroke engine
or two wheelers Role in Second National Communications
Decentralized energy supply through Solar
home systems in rural households
Adaptation to Current and Projected
Climate-Related Health Burdens
The immediate and Urgent Needs for Climate Change
Adaptation to current and projected climate-related
health burdens are following:
1. Improve and build management systems for
sustainable use of drinking water and sanitation with
the participation of communities in flood
and drought affected areas.
2. Improve knowledge and skills on of water and
sanitation system engineering.
3. Raise the public awareness on sanitation
among people in impacted areas.
4. Prevent and treat epidemic waterborne diseases.
Adaptation to Current and Projected
Climate-Related Health Burdens
5. Analyze and improve the quality of potable water
to meet acceptable standards.
6. Improve the information reporting sytems on epidemic
Diseases so that they are accurate and timely.
7. Expand epidemic disease analysis laboratories at the
regional level in response to flood and drought areas
on time.
8. Improve the capacity of the epidemic disease
surveillance system and expected programs a
nd activities to adapt to climate change
Issues and Challenges
Data on existing impacts and strategies to overcome
climate change issues both national and local levels
Limited local experts (Human Resources) on climate
Change involved during the consultation
meetings/workshops,
Results of rapid participatory Vulnerability & Adaptation
assessment and adaptation activity prioritization.
Implementation of NAPA (Financing)
National capacities building on climate change
(flood and drought), indoor and outdoor air pollution.
Incorporating the climate change to curriculum
of general education.
Conclusions
No serious problem on climate change
but will become significant issues in becoming years.
CO2 emissions are largest from
the energy sector followed by the forestry sector
CH4 emissions from the agriculture sector
followed by the forestry sector.
Government policy is to integrate climate change concern
into the national social and economic development.
Raising public awareness on climate change is one
of the principal government policy and implement the
NAPA follow up project.
National Environment Committee
(Environment and Health)
Chairperson
Vice prime Minister
Vice Chairperson Vice Chairperson
Minister of MAF President of Water Resources
and Environment
Members of the
NEC
Secretariat
Department of Hygiene Department of
and Prevention Environment
Coordinator:
Environmental Health
Division
And International Six Thematic Working
Environment Division group
Environment and
Health
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