ppt

							The New Deal

President Franklin D.
Roosevelt’s New Deal
programs stimulate the
economy and the arts.
The New Deal leaves a
lasting, yet controversial
mark on American
government.



                             President Franklin Delano
                             Roosevelt sitting in the
                             Oval Office.
                                                         NEXT
   Chapter 23 Objectives

• Understand the impetus for FDR’s
  New Deal legislations and the impact
  of these policies on the American
  public.
The New Deal



 SECTION 1   A New Deal Fights the Depression

 SECTION 2   The Second New Deal Takes Hold

 SECTION 3   The New Deal Affects Many Groups

 SECTION 4   Culture in the 1930s

 SECTION 5   The Impact of the New Deal




                                                NEXT
Section 1
A New Deal Fights
the Depression
After becoming president, Franklin Delano
Roosevelt uses government programs to combat
the Depression.



                                               NEXT
       Chapter 23 Section 1
           Objectives
• Summarize the initial steps Roosevelt
  took to reform banking and finance.
• Describe New Deal work programs.
• Identify critics of FDR’s New Deal.
FDR
New Deal
                 7.5 – P:1
• This is one of the most complex indicators in the United States
  History standards and is an area of emphasis in USHC 7.
• It is essential for students to understand that the New Deal was
  not an attempt to introduce socialism in the United States,
  although many critics branded it as such.
• Indeed, some historians argue that because of the New Deal
  policies, capitalism was saved.
• It is also essential for students to understand that, although the
  New Deal policies alleviated some suffering and offered hope to
  Americans in their bleakest hour, they did not solve the
  economic problems of the Depression.
• Rather, government spending during World War II ended the
  Depression.
• They must also understand that, as a result of the reforms
  initiated during the New Deal, the United States has not
  suffered another economic depression of the magnitude of the
  Great Depression.
• Although it is not essential for students to remember the names
  of the legislation passed during the New Deal, it is essential that
  they understand how each of the agencies established was
  intended to address the goals of relief, recovery and reform.
SECTION

  1       A New Deal Fights the Depression

 Americans Get a New Deal
 Electing Franklin Delano Roosevelt
 • Democrats nominate NY governor Franklin
   Delano Roosevelt
   - reform-minded; projects friendliness, confidence
 • Democrats overwhelmingly win presidency,
   Senate, House
 Waiting for Roosevelt to Take Over
 • With “Brain Trust,” FDR formulates policies to
   alleviate problems
 • New Deal—relief for needy, economic recovery,
   financial reform


                                                    Continued . . .
                                                                      NEXT
             SECTION

               1


              continued   Americans Get a New Deal

              The Hundred Days
              • FDR launches Hundred Days; passes over 15 major
                New Deal laws
              • Emergency Banking Relief Act permits Treasury
                Dept. to inspect banks
                - decides which are insolvent, sound, or need
                loans
                - public confidence in banks revived
An Important Fireside Chat                                                  Image

• FDR gives fireside chats—radio talks explaining New Deal
  measures
• First chat discusses need for public support of government, banks


                                                               Continued . . .
                                                                                    NEXT
SECTION

  1


 continued   Americans Get a New Deal

 Regulating Banking and Finance
 • Glass-Steagall Act establishes Federal Deposit
   Insurance Corporation
   - restores public confidence in banks
   - insures individual bank accounts, regulates banking
   practices
 • Federal Securities Act—companies must give all
   information on stocks
   - restores public confidence in the stock market
 • Securities and Exchange Commission created to
   regulate stock market
 • FDR gets law allowing production of some alcoholic
   beverages
 • 21st Amendment repeals prohibition by end of 1933

                                                           NEXT
                 7.5 – P:2
• This indicator requires that students be able to compare the first
  and second New Deals.
• They should be able to identify the first New Deal as the initial
  response started during the First Hundred Days that attempted
  to stabilize the economy, help it recover and relieve human
  suffering.
• It also included some successful and enduring reforms.
• The closing of the banks for a bank holiday stopped the
  escalating collapse of the banking industry.
• Roosevelt’s first fireside chat encouraged people to trust in the
  banks and when the banks reopened, the panic had subsided.
• Government insurance of bank deposits instilled confidence in
  the safety of banks [Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
  (FDIC)].
• Regulations were placed on the stock market to prevent the
  conditions that led to the crash [Securities and Exchange
  Commission (SEC)].
• The federal government sent millions of dollars to the states to
  use for relief, using deficit spending to boost the economy and
  ‘prime the pump.’
             SECTION

               1


              Helping the American People
              Rural Assistance
              • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) raises
                food prices, lowers supply
                - pays farmers to lower production
              • Tennessee Valley Authority creates jobs
                renovating, building dams
                - creates prosperity in the impoverished
                Tennessee Valley
                                                                          Chart
Providing Work Projects
• Civilian Conservation Corps—public works jobs for young
   men building roads, and conservation projects
• Public Works Administration—money to states to create jobs
• Civil Works Administration created 4 million new jobs building
   rural schools, and paying teachers                       Continued . . .
- All of these helped reduce unemployment                                         NEXT
          7.5 – P:2
• Farmers were paid government
  subsidies so that they would not plant
  so many crops, which addressed the
  traditional problem of overproduction
  and low prices [Agricultural
  Adjustment Act (AAA)] (USHC 5.3).
• Although this program stabilized prices
  and raised farm income, it hurt
  sharecroppers and tenant farmers by
  taking some farm land out of
  production.
         7.5 – P:3

• Unemployed young men were given
  work in the nations’ parks [Civilian
  Conservation Corps (CCC)].
             SECTION

               1


              continued   Helping the American People

              Promoting Fair Practices
              • NIRA establishes codes of fair practice for
                industries
                - creates National Recovery Administration (NRA)
              • NRA sets standards, prices, limits production
              • It ensures fair business practices and promotes
                industrial growth
Food, Clothing, and Shelter
• Home Owners Loan Corporation gives loans to prevent
  foreclosures this helped families keep their homes
• Federal Housing Administration gives loans for mortgages,
  repairs
• Federal Emergency Relief Administration—direct relief to
  needy
  - provided basic needs for people hit hardest by the
                                                                   NEXT
  Depression
SECTION

  1


 The New Deal Comes Under Attack
 Opposition to the New Deal
 • Deficit spending—spending more money than
   government takes in
   - funds New Deal
 • Liberals: New Deal does not do enough to help
   poor, fix economy
 • Conservatives: New Deal used to control
   business, socialize economy
 The Supreme Court Reacts
 • Supreme Court strikes down NIRA, AAA as
   unconstitutional
 • FDR proposes “Court-packing bill”; Congress,
   press protest
 • Starting in 1937, justices retire; FDR appoints
   seven new ones                                    Continued . . .
                                                                       NEXT
                 7.5 – P:4
• The conservative Supreme Court undermined New Deal
  programs.
• The Court struck down a program designed to help the
  economy stabilize and recover by establishing business codes of
  fair practices written by representatives of business, labor and
  government [NRA].
• By declaring this program [NRA] unconstitutional, the court
  also struck down other provisions that it included such as the
  right of labor unions to organize and bargain collectively for
  workers and minimum wage and maximum hour provisions.
• The court also struck down the subsidies for farmers [AAA].
• The court-packing plan fueled this criticism from the Right.
• Although the court-packing plan promoted a backlash against
  Roosevelt, afterwards the court did not overturn any
  subsequent New Deal legislation.
• FDR was also criticized for the unbalanced budget.
• Critics on the political Left claimed that Roosevelt was not
  doing enough to redistribute income and help the elderly and
  the poor.
• Labor unions demanded recognition.
SECTION

  1


 continued   The New Deal Comes Under Attack

 Three Fiery Critics
 • Some conservative opponents form American
   Liberty League
 • Think measures violate respect for personal
   rights, property
 • Father Charles Coughlin withdraws initial
   support of New Deal
   - wants guaranteed income, banks nationalized
 • Dr. Francis Townsend devises pension plan for
   elderly
 • Presidential hopeful, Senator Huey Long has     Image
   popular social program
   - Share our Wealth
   - assassinated in 1935
   - spokesman for the poor
   - former governor of Louisiana, and Senator             NEXT
            7.5 – P:4
• Students should understand that criticism of
  the New Deal from both conservatives and
  liberals and rulings by the Supreme Court that
  struck down some New Deal programs led to
  the Second New Deal.
• Criticism from the political Right was that
  the New Deal was too expensive and
  socialist.
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt was accused of
  taking too much power for the federal
  government and the executive branch and
  critics compared him to fascist leaders in
  Europe.
Section 2
The Second New Deal
Takes Hold
The Second New Deal includes new programs
to extend federal aid and stimulate the nation’s
economy.



                                                   NEXT
        Chapter 23 Section 2
            Objectives
• Describe the purpose of the second New
  Deal.
• Summarize New Deal programs for
  farmers.
• Identify the Second New Deal programs
  aimed at assisting young people and
  professionals.
• Summarize labor and economic reforms
  carried out under the Second New Deal.
2nd New Deal – E. Roosevelt
SECTION

  2       The Second New Deal Takes Hold

 The Second Hundred Days
 Furthering the New Deal
 • By 1935, economic recovery not as great as FDR
   had expected
 • FDR launches second phase: more relief for
   farmers, workers
 • First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, a social                Image
   reformer, prods president
 Reelecting FDR
 • 1936, Democrats win presidency, large majorities in
   both houses
 • First time most African Americans vote Democratic
 • First time labor unions support presidential
   candidate

                                                                 NEXT
SECTION

  2


 Helping Farmers
 Focusing on Farms
 • Some of the problems farmers endured during
   the Depression was: soil depletion, foreclosure,
   dust storms, lack of electricity and large debt
 • 1936 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment
   Act replaces AAA
   - rewards farmers for practicing soil
   conservation
 • New Agricultural Adjustment Act avoids
   unconstitutional provision
 • Resettlement Administration gives loans to         Image
   small farmers to buy land
 • Farm Security Administration—loans to tenant
   farmers to buy land
 • FSA hires photographers to shoot rural towns,
   farms, farmers                                             NEXT
SECTION

  2


 Roosevelt Extends Relief
 Programs for Urban Workers
 • Works Progress Administration (WPA)—creates
   jobs
 • Helps the unemployed, and tries to curb the
   hopelessness, loss of dignity, poverty, and lack
   of spending money
 • WPA workers build airports, roads, public buildings
 • Women workers sew clothes for the needy
 • WPA employs professional writers, artists,
   performers
 • National Youth Administration (NYA)—education,
   jobs, counseling
 • Gives aid to students in exchange for part-time work


                                                          NEXT
             7.5 – P:3
• Other programs built bridges, hospitals,
  schools and air fields.
• Spending on cultural programs provided
  work to thousands of writers, artists and
  actors and established the precedent for federal
  support of the arts [Works Progress
  Administration (WPA)].
• Job creation programs put some people to
  work, alleviated their despair and economic
  hardship and pumped some money into the
  economy.
• However, the New Deal did not result in
  economic recovery.
SECTION

  2


 Improving Labor and Other Reforms
 Improving Labor Conditions
 • National Labor Relations Act, or Wagner Act,
   replaces NIRA:
   - protects right to join unions, collective
   bargaining
   - prohibits unfair labor practices
 • National Labor Relations Board hears testimony
   about labor practices
 • Holds elections to determine if workers want
   unions
 • Fair Labor Standards Act sets maximum hours,
   minimum wage


                                             Continued . . .
                                                               NEXT
                    7.5 – P:5
•   The second New Deal started in 1935 with a Second Hundred Days
    that rejected the criticisms of the Right and responded to the criticisms of
    the Left.
•   It placed an emphasis on reform of the system while maintaining relief
    and recovery efforts.
•   The New Deal established minimum wage and maximum hours [Fair
    Labor Standards Act] and recognized the right of workers to
    organize in labor unions and bargain collectively [Fair Employment
    Practices Act (Wagner Act)].
•   A national insurance policy was established for the unemployed, the
    disabled, the elderly and dependent children [Social Security Act].
•   Workers would pay into the plan for protection against unemployment
    and for retirement.
•   Although the program did not cover all workers, it became the most
    significant and enduring part of the New Deal and later significantly
    impacted the poverty level.
•   Social Security, however, did nothing to immediately aid the
    recovery from the Depression since it took money out of paychecks
    and did not make payments immediately.
•   Critics of the New Deal cite the Social Security Act as evidence of
    going too far and laying the foundation for excessive social welfare.
SECTION

  2


 continued   Improving Labor and Other Reforms

 The Social Security Act
 • 1935, Social Security Act creates Social Security
   system; provides:
   - insurance for retirees 65 or older
   - unemployment compensation
   - aid to disabled, families with children
 Expanding and Regulating Utilities
 • Rural Electrification Administration brings
   electricity to farms
 • Public Utility Holding Company Act aims to stop
   financial corruption




                                                       NEXT
         7.5 – P:2

• Rural electrification programs
  brought power to many.
Section 3
The New Deal Affects
Many Groups
New Deal policies and actions affect various
social and ethnic groups.




                                               NEXT
        Chapter 23 Section 3
            Objectives
• Analyze the effects of the New Deal
  programs on women.
• Describe Roosevelt’s attitude toward
  African Americans.
• Identify the groups that formed a New Deal
  Coalition.
• Describe the supporter of FDR’s New Deal.
SECTION

  3       The New Deal Affects Many Groups

 The New Deal Brings New Opportunities
 Women Make their Mark
 • Frances Perkins, secretary of labor, is first
   female cabinet member
 • FDR also appoints 2 women as diplomats, 1 as
   federal judge
 • Women still face discrimination in workplace
   from male workers
 • NRA sets some lower minimum wages for
   women
 • Federal work programs hire far fewer women
   than men
 • Only slight increase in overall % of women working
   for wages

                                                        NEXT
              7.5 – P:7
• During the Depression, women had to “use it up, wear
  it out, make it do or do without.”
• They also had to find whatever work they could to
  help their families, despite job discrimination based
  on the idea that they were taking jobs away from men.
• The New Deal did not address the specific problems
  of women.
• The CCC was limited to young men and other New
  Deal programs hired many more men than women.
• Some early business codes [National Recovery
  Administration (NRA)] allowed a lower minimum
  wage for women.
• The Social Security Act failed to provide coverage
  for many women workers.
• However, President Roosevelt named the first
  woman to a cabinet level position and relied upon
  his wife Eleanor for advice and information.
SECTION

  3


 African-American Activism
 African Americans Take Leadership Roles
 • FDR appoints more than 100 African Americans to
   government
   - Mrs. Roosevelt plays key role
 • Educator Mary McLeod Bethune heads
   Division of Negro Affairs of NYA
 • Helps organize ―Black Cabinet‖ of African-
   American advisers
 • Daughters of American Revolution refuse Marian
   Anderson concert
 • Mrs. Roosevelt resigns; arranges for Lincoln
   Memorial concert
 • Segregation, discrimination, poll taxes, racism,
   and racial violence are some problems not
   solved by the New Deal                        Continued . . .
                                                                   NEXT
                   7.5 – P:6
•   African Americans were affected by the privation of the Depression
    and by discrimination and racial hostility.
•   They were the last hired and the first fired.
•   Forty-eight percent of black workers were unemployed in 1933 and the
    programs of the New Deal did not protect them.
•   The farm subsidies paid to landowners hurt the sharecropper and
    tenant farmers, who were often African American.
•   The CCC was racially segregated and the TVA gave skilled jobs to
    whites.
•   However there were significant attempts to address racial
    discrimination as President Roosevelt consulted the “Black Cabinet,”
    a group of African American government employees (not Cabinet
    members, however).
•   Eleanor Roosevelt championed Marian Anderson against the
    Daughters of the American Revolution and arranged for her concert on
    the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
•   After African Americans threatened a march on Washington, a
    commission was established to protect the rights of African American
    workers in wartime industries [Fair Employment Practices
    Commission (FEPC)].
•   Consequently, northern blacks began to vote for the Democratic
    Party.
SECTION

  3


 continued   African-American Activism

 The President Fails to Support Civil Rights
 • FDR afraid of upsetting white Southern Democratic
   voters
 • Refuses to approve antilynching law, end to poll tax
 • New Deal agencies discriminate against African
   Americans
   - pay them lower wages, favor whites
 • African Americans help organize Southern Tenant
   Farmers Union
 • Generally support Roosevelt administration,
   New Deal




                                                          NEXT
SECTION

  3


 Mexican-American Fortunes
 Mexican Americans Under FDR
 • Mexican Americans generally support New Deal
 • Many come to U.S. in 1920s, settle mainly in    Image

   Southwest
   - work on farms
 • CCC, WPA help some Mexican Americans, but
   for the most part, Mexican Americans received
   few benefits from New Deal programs
 • Disqualify migrant workers with no permanent
   address




                                                           NEXT
SECTION

  3


 Native Americans Gain Support
 Native Americans and the New Deal
 • 1924, Native Americans receive full citizenship
 • John Collier, commissioner of Indian affairs,
   changes policies
 • Indian Reorganization Act favors native
   autonomy, mandates changes:
   - lands belong to entire tribe; government can’t
   sell unclaimed areas
   - children can attend schools on reservations
   - tribes elect tribal councils to govern
   reservations




                                                      NEXT
              SECTION

                3


               FDR Creates the New Deal Coalition
               The New Deal Coalition
               • New Deal Coalition—different groups that
                 support Democratic Party
Labor Unions Flourish
• Prolabor legislation leads unions to donate money for FDR
  reelection
• A major problem was that big businesses did not like unions
  because it usually led to violence and work stoppage
• 1933–1941, union membership grows from 3 million to over
  10 million
• American Federation of Labor traditionally craft unions only
• Committee for Industrial Organization organizes industrial
  unions
• Expelled by AFL, becomes Congress of Industrial
  Organizations (CIO)                                          Continued . . .
                                                                                 NEXT
            SECTION

              3


             continued   FDR Creates the New Deal Coalition

             Labor Disputes                                          Image
             • Sit-down strike important bargaining tactic of
               1930s
               - prevents owners from hiring strikebreakers
             • NLRB forces Republic Steel to negotiate after clash
               with strikers
             • Gains unions made under the New Deal:
               - better working conditions
               - Increased bargaining power
               - increase in union membership
FDR Wins in 1936
• Political organizations in large Northern cities support FDR
• Urban, religious, Southern whites, various ethnic groups also
  support FDR
  - FDR appoints officials of urban-immigrant background
                                                                             NEXT
1936 Election
Section 4
Culture in the 1930s
Motion pictures, radio, art, and literature blossom
during the New Deal.




                                                      NEXT
      Chapter 23 Section 4
          Objectives
• Describe the entertainment provided
  by motion pictures and radio.
• Identify some of the artists and
  writers of the New Deal era.
Hindinberg
SECTION

  4       Culture in the 1930s

 The Lure of Motion Pictures and Radio
 Movies are a Hit
 • About 65% of population goes to movies once a week
 • Films offer escape from reality; show wealth, romance, fun
 • Gone With the Wind—perhaps most famous film of era (Clark
   Gable, Vivien Leigh) It was a movie about life of Southern
   plantation owners during the Civil War                    Image

 • Musicals—live action or animated—way to forget problems
 • Comedies, realistic gangster movies especially popular
 • Several films present New Deal policies in positive light
 • Mr. Smith goes to Washington is a film by Frank Capra. It
   shows kindhearted honest people winning out over greedy
   special interest groups

                                                 Continued . . .
                                                                   NEXT
SECTION

  4


 continued   The Lure of Motion Pictures and Radio

 Radio Entertains
 • 90% of households have a radio; families listen
   together every day
 • Dramas, variety shows play in evening
 • Orson Welles—actor, director, producer, writer
   - War of the Worlds was a radio drama, by
   Orson Wells, of the Martians invading the earth
 • Soap operas for homemakers broadcast in middle
   of day
 • Children’s shows after school hours
 • Immediate news coverage becomes customary




                                                     NEXT
Orson Wells
SECTION

  4


 The Arts in Depression America
 Artists Decorate America
 • Federal Art Project pays artists to make art,
   teach in schools
 • Aim to promote art appreciation, positive image
   of America
 • Murals typically portray dignity of ordinary people
   at work
 • Many outstanding works painted by artists,                   Image

   including Grant Wood’s (American Gothic)
   Two stern faced farmers during the
   Depression
 • Federal Theater Project hires actors, artists
 Woody Guthrie Sings of America
 • Singer, songwriter Woody Guthrie sings of plight
   of poor                                         Continued . . .
                                                                        NEXT
SECTION

  4


 continued   The Arts in Depression America

 Diverse Writers Depict American Life
 • Federal Writers’ Project supports many who become major
   writers
 • Richard Wright, African-American author, writes Native Son.
   - It describes the difficulties faces by a young man trying to
   survive in a racist world
 • John Steinbeck writes The Grapes of Wrath about Dust Bowl
   migrants that leave for California
 • Some writers examine difficulty of life in 1930s
 • Others show dignity of ordinary people, values of small-
   town life
 • Waiting for Lefty is a play by Clifford Odets that describes
   the labor struggles of the 1930’s
 • Our Town is a play by Thornton Wilder that shows the
   warmth and beauty of small town life in New England
                                                               NEXT
Section 5
The Impact of the
New Deal
The New Deal affects American society not only in
the 1930s but also in the decades that follow.




                                                    NEXT
       Chapter 23 Section 1
           Objectives

• Summarize opinions about the
  effectiveness of the New Deal.
• Describe the legacies of the New
  Deal.
SECTION

  5       The Impact of the New Deal

 New Deal Reforms Endure
 The New Deal Ends
 • By 1937, economic improvement convinces many
   Depression is ending
 • Congress wants to cut back programs; by 1939,
   New Deal over
 Supporters and Critics of the New Deal
 • Conservatives think FDR made federal
   government too large
   - stifled free enterprise, individual initiative
 • Liberals: didn’t do enough to socialize
   economy, end inequalities
 • Supporters: did help country recover from
   economic difficulties
                                                      Continued . . .
                                                                        NEXT
SECTION

  5


 continued   New Deal Reforms Endure

 Expanding Government’s Role in the
 Economy
 • FDR expands power of federal government,
   president
 • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
   regulates banking
 • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
   regulates investment
 • New Deal does not end Depression; does
   reduce suffering, give hope
 • Federal government goes deeply into debt to
   create jobs, give aid
 • Massive spending on equipment, supplies for
   WW II end Depression
                                             Continued . . .
                                                               NEXT
           SECTION

              5


            continued   New Deal Reforms Endure

            Protecting Workers’ Rights
            • New Deal laws set standards, ban child labor,
              permit unions (Wagner Act)
              - establish policies followed today
            • National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) still
              mediates labor disputes
Banking and Finance
• SEC still monitors stock market, enforces laws on stock,
  bond sales
• FDIC still protects individual investors in case of bank
  failure

Agriculture
• AAA gave aid to farmers for crop rotation, contour
  plowing, terracing and farm price supports                  NEXT
SECTION

  5


 Social and Environmental Effects
 Social Security
 • Federal government takes responsibility for
   citizens’ welfare
 • Social Security Act gives a form of
   responsibility to the government for the social
   welfare of its citizens
 • Provides for aged, disabled, needy
The Rural Scene
• Commodity Credit Corporation makes loans to farmers
  - based on amount of farmer’s surplus, parity price
• Parity price—price intended to keep farmers’
  income steady
• Agricultural price supports set precedent of federal aid
  to farmers
                                                    Continued . . .
                                                                      NEXT
SECTION

  5


 continued   Social and Environmental Effects

 The Environment
 • CCC plants trees, builds hiking trails, fire
   lookout towers
 • Soil Conservation Service teaches methods to
   preserve soil
 • Taylor Grazing Act reduces grazing on public
   lands                                               Chart

 • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) creates
   electricity, prevents floods                        Image
 • Government adds national parks, wildlife refuges,
   wilderness areas
 • Government-sponsored strip-mining, coal burning
   cause pollution
 • These programs protect the nation’s natural
   resources and help deter pollution
                                                               NEXT
         7.5 – P:2
• The government built dams to
  generate electricity for people in
  seven states [Tennessee Valley
  Authority (TVA)].
• This created jobs for thousands of
  people who spent their government
  paychecks and thus stimulated the
  economy.
           7.5 – P:8
• The New Deal should be understood as part
  of the pattern of reform movements in the
  United States.
• Although the New Deal recognized the role
  of labor unions and established minimum
  wage and maximum hours standards that
  were a goal of the unions of the late 1800s
  and the progressive movement of the early
  20th century, advancements for unions came
  under attack again in the 1950s.
• The New Deal was both a continuation of the
  progressive movement and a precursor to
  the reform movement of the 1960s, including
  the civil rights movement and the Great
  Society.
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