Get documents about "AOTS Round-table Discussion to Commemorate the 30th QCTC
Document Sample
SPECIAL FEATURE 1
AOTS Round-table Discussion to
Commemorate the 30th QCTC
Communicating the Japanese Culture of
Quality and Monozukuri
T he Quality Control Training Course (QCTC), one of the longest-lasting and
most famous training programs of the AOTS Management Training Pro-
gram, has been conducted since FY 1979. The 2008 training course (held in
tures and people, and it is likely that
the role of the QCTC will increase fur-
ther in the future. I would like you to
February 2009 at KKC) will mark the 30th anniversary. An AOTS round-table talk about what development can be
discussion to commemorate the 30th QCTC was held in Osaka on October 8, sought hereafter, based on the out-
2008, and was attended by Mr. Kazuo Kaneko, President of AOTS, and Mr. Hideo comes of the QCTC.
Yoshihara, Director as well as General Manager of KKC (acting as MC), and by Yoshihara: At AOTS, the QCTC has
Dr. Yoshio Kondo, Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University, who has assisted this been held once a year for the last 30
course immensely since the very beginning of the course planning stages as the years, but why has it continued so long?
program director, Dr. Hideo Iwasaki, Professor of Kinki University, the current I would first of all like Mr. Ranganathan,
program director, and also by Mr. M. R. Ranganathan (India), who has attended on behalf of the participants of AOTS
other AOTS training courses in Quality Management and other areas. They remi- training programs, to provide us with
nisced on the past QCTC courses, as well as actively exchanged views on future an outline regarding this.
issues and prospects. In this issue, we will introduce to you how the round-table Ranganathan: First of all, the AOTS
discussion progressed. training courses are interesting. The
participants gather from various coun-
tries and are able to exchange informa-
Kaneko: Thank you very much for turers, particularly Professor Kondo tion about what each participant is
making time in your busy schedules to and Professor Iwasaki, have a lot to do doing in their own country. At the time
come here today. I think that the fact with it; QC arrived from America, de- when we were participating in the
that the QCTC course (hereinafter veloped in Japan and then spread to QCTC, quality was said to be impor-
QCTC) is being held for the 30th time many countries in the world, becom- tant in many countries, but it was not
is of tremendous significance. I believe ing, so to speak, the fundamental tech- going well. We wanted the chance to
that the links between the theoretical nique for the manufacturing industry come to Japan and study, and then to
development of QC (Quality Control), across the globe. It is of great signifi- go back home and make use of what
TQC (Total Quality Control) and cance that participants come to Japan, we had learned. Subsequently, the out-
TQM (Total Quality Management) the place where QC theory and Japa- comes brought home by participants
and the training programs of AOTS nese culture and people are interlinked, generated a ripple effect, and the layer
focused on the QCTC are evident from and undergo training programs at of people promoting quality in their
the history of this course. Initially, this AOTS. I would like to hear about how countries increased, thereby spreading
course was aimed at responding pri- this course has been designed and how understanding and practice. The lectur-
marily to the needs of Japanese affili- it is helping developing countries. ers are good, the course content is good,
ated companies, but the course con- I have recently been to Mexico and participants are made to work hard,
tent has changed with the times, and Peru, and attended a seminar for Na- and they can use this knowledge in their
latterly, local companies in each coun- tional Quality Week in Peru; at this own countries. After we went home, we
try have been enthusiastic participants; seminar, the focus was on quality and began QC circle activities and I not only
thus, the global evolution of Japanese participants expressed a desire to make worked on these in my own company,
quality activities is being promoted. quality the foundation of discussions but also went to other companies and
With regard to the question of why about regional integration. It is the spoke about what QC circles are.
this course is so popular and has con- same in India as well. Networks are Secondly, there are the QC tools; at
tinued for so long, the efforts of the lec- formed based on the respective cul- the time that we participated, we learned
2 KENSHU No. 185
about the New Seven Management by quickly when you are actually liv-
Tools as management and development ing it, so you must first of all think
techniques. Until then, we had figures about what you should do.
as data and we gathered information and If we think simply about the situa-
handled the data statistically, processing tion thirty years ago, this was the age
it while looking at the size and location of the old KKC*2. At that time, we
of the problem, so these tools were a new talked about QC circles and were des-
concept for us. After returning home, we perately striving to work out how to
explained the tools to many people and teach people on the front-line of manu-
put them into practice. facturing about statistical techniques.
Thirdly, when I go to stores in my Iwasaki: I think that it was around
own country, there are signs saying the time of the third course, in 1981,
“Please do not touch.” Our culture is when I began to participate in the
to buy things without even touching QCTC as a lecturer. At that time, Pro-
them. However, when I came to Japan, fessor Kondo was the senior lecturer,
I was able to go and touch things, and and AOTS had assembled the leading
buy things based on feeling them. authorities in this field, in the form of
Through this, we were able to under- P r o f e s s o r A n d o * 3, P r o f e s s o r
stand what “monozukuri*1” actually Shimizu*4, Professor Ichikawa*5 and
is. There was not only study in the Professor Ikeda* 6 . Basic training
classroom; we were able actually to see courses had been being run by organi-
how what we had learned is practiced zations such as the Union of Japanese Mr. Kazuo Kaneko,
in Japan. And from this, we were filled Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) and the President of AOTS
with a strong desire to go back home Japanese Standards Association (JSA)
and try this in our own countries. since the early 1950s, and AOTS modi-
Yoshihara: You said that you had “good fied their curriculum to meet new
lecturers,” and I would like to hear from needs; those lecturers came to AOTS sity of lectures concerning statistical
these two truly great lecturers. as a matter of course and it is thanks techniques. We wondered whether par-
Kondo: In a word, although 30 years to the efforts of Professor Kondo that ticipants would follow these statisti-
sounds like a long time, it has actually it was possible to gather this group of cal techniques if we gave such lectures
passed in a flash for me. I believe that the most eminent professors in the on them, but the participants certainly
what is the most important is for ev- Kansai area (Western area of Japan, did keep up. The course was six weeks
eryone to be aware that from now on centering on Osaka). long, so we were able to repeat the
as well, twenty or thirty years will go Initially, there was a very high den- content if necessary. We also provided
guidance about themes. For example,
NOTE
we have participants write a report in
advance about the quality issues faced
*1: The Japanese word Monozukuri literally means production, though its concept by companies in their country, and
involves all operation processes including even design and marketing, as well then present this in front of the other
as the attitude of workers and managers, characterizing Japanese manufactur- participants. The participants write
ing. Monozukuri is the foundation of the productivity and competitiveness of and bring the report, the lecturer pro-
Japanese industry.
vides guidance on a one-to-one basis,
*2: At that time, KKC was located in the city of Suita in Osaka Prefecture. Subsequently, and finally, the participants give their
in June 1994, KKC moved to a larger building in Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City. presentation in front of all of the par-
*3: Mr. Teiichi Ando (Emeritus Professor, Kyoto University): Positions were those ticipants, so it is very practical. I be-
held at the time lieve that this is one of the reasons why
*4: Mr. Shoichi Shimizu (Emeritus Professor, Nagoya University) it has continued for so long.
*5: Mr. Kunisuke Ichikawa (Emeritus Professor, Osaka University) Yoshihara: Professor Kondo, do you
*6: Mr. Junpei Ikeda (Professor, Osaka Electro-Communication University) have any anecdotes to recount about
*7: Written by Professor Kondo (published in Japanese by the Japanese Standards the initial stages of this course?
Association). The author recorded a hundred stories relating to QC based on his Kondo: I wrote an example in my
thoughts and experiences. It is full of excellent material and topics for case book*7 constructed of 100 essays con-
studies and group discussions aimed at teaching QC in a scientific manner on cerning QC. Essay number 57 relates
the front line. to the QCTC at the time of its 20th
Winter, 2009 3
SPECIAL FEATURE 1
Dr. Yoshio Kondo
Professor Emeritus
Kyoto University
1961: Professor, Department of Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto
University
1983-85: Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University
1987: Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University
1988: Honorary Professor, Northeast University of Technology, Shenyang,
China
1992: Honorary Member, Philippine Society for Quality Control
1992-93: President, Japanese Society for Quality Control
1994-96: President, International Academy for Quality
1994: Honorary Member, Japanese Society for Quality Control
1997: Chairman of Board, International Academy for Quality
course duration has changed, being the 1980s, the answer is quality con-
anniversary. I will just introduce it reduced from six weeks to four weeks, trol. “In that case, let us go to Japan
from part of the way through. This and then further shortened to three to study its quality control manage-
course at the initial stage was six weeks weeks; could you please look back and ment” – needs have changed in this
long, but we asked the participants’ provide us with a simple introduction way. The level has increased in the
host companies to allow us to increase to the details of the changes? various countries, and our attitude to
the number of social gathering parties Iwasaki: The biggest change has been respond to their needs is linked to the
for the participants. During the first the shift from statistical techniques to changes in the curriculum that have
party of the course, a participant who management techniques. Initially, we occurred to date and the current ap-
was in charge of inspection at his com- focused on how to collate data, as well proach to it.
pany in the Philippines said to me that, as covering the hypothesis test, estima- The first course took place in 1979,
“At my company, the inspection de- tion and design of experimental plans. and the first major revision of this
partment and the manufacturing de- We used to apply quite high-level sta- course took place in 1998, with sub-
partment are enemies. I came to learn tistical analysis techniques. The num- sequent changes in 2000 and 2005. It
how to cope with manufacture.” I re- ber of books in English or local lan- took a very long time before the first
plied, “Let’s talk again after you have guages about statistical techniques in- revision was made, and it has fre-
studied thoroughly what the QC creased, and the accessibility to these quently been changed since then; the
taught on this course actually is.” At books made it possible for the over- intervals have become shorter and
the party after the certificate award- seas technicians to study these before shorter. This is the degree to which
ing ceremony, he said to me, “I have participating in the course. Really, this needs have changed. We have imple-
understood that inspection and manu- was not an adequate level and it cov- mented reforms to the course in order
facturing are actually friends. From the ered only a small portion of the knowl- to respond to these needs.
next course, I will ensure that we send edge required, but the basic data analy- Yoshihara: Initially, the participants
people from the manufacturing depart- sis methods for quality control never- were mainly technicians and experts.
ment.” I was very happy to hear this. theless spread across the globe. In this Following subsequent transitions, the
situation, at the stage of how to use focus is now on managers.
Designing Curriculum that these techniques in management, if we Kondo: Is it just about time to start
Responds to Changing Needs ask what Japan’s secret has been for thinking about a course for top man-
improving quality and creating prod- agement? The number of companies
Yoshihara: Turning enemies into ucts that can win out in global mar- receiving or making efforts for the
friends – that really is a wonderful kets, against the background of the de- Deming Prize has increased. AOTS
story. Over the last thirty years, the velopment of the Japanese economy in should think of something to meet the
4 KENSHU No. 185
Dr. Hideo Iwasaki
Professor
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University
1976: Lecturer, Kinki University
1984: Associate Professor, Kinki University
2000: Professor, Kinki University
2008: Dean, School of Science and Engineering, Kinki University
needs of such people. This kind of area years, interest in the Deming Prize has
would be a key point in my opinion. increased and companies are striving
to do their best. In India, large scale
The Effects and Dissemination companies tend to be part of indus-
of QCTC trial conglomerates, but there are also
many small and medium-sized enter-
Yoshihara: I think that I would like prises in the component manufactur-
to hear a little about the effects and ing industry, to which large scale com-
dissemination of the QCTC. When I panies subcontract work. If these com- among the participants, who came
myself went to New Delhi in India, panies do not ensure good quality, this from many states. Naturally, it is easi-
there were presentations at a Best Prac- will have a negative impact on the large est to communicate about quality if the
tice Convention organized by the scale companies as well, so the large professors from Japan teach directly.
AOTS Alumni Society, and at a gath- scale companies are taking responsi- We also explain in simple terms the
ering of people from South Asia held bility for teaching quality to their sub- things that we learned on the QCTC,
in Dhaka, Bangladesh, which was or- contractors. However, it is necessary and we are now creating books and
ganized by the AOTS Alumni Society. to convey this to them in the language materials. QC circle activities are
What surprised me was that 5S activi- of that particular state, and the AOTS popular, and kaizen, poka yoke (mis-
ties were being applied in various Alumni Societies conduct activities in take-proofing) and 5S are themes for
places, not only in companies, but also the language of their state; I myself QC circle activities.
in elementary schools and hospitals. wrote a book in Tamil. I created it as When we identify a failure, we use
Today, a 5S book is available in Tamil a training course material and start QC tools. When solving problems, we
and in English. Although it is a Paki- from “What is quality?” do this on the basis of data. What we
stani book, Quality Management With regard to QC circles, there are always think of are Professor Kondo’s
Practices contains an expression of various groups and at the time of the words, “Creativity is the joy of think-
thanks to Professor Kondo. First National Conference in India, or- ing.” Anybody can “think,” and it is
Mr. Ranganathan, Malaysia has ganized by NIQR (National Institute fun to do something “creative.” In the
been the country with the highest num- of Quality and Reliability) along with case of QC circles, problem solving is,
ber of participants in the QCTC, while our AOTS Alumni Society. Professor fundamentally, creative solving.
India is in fourth place with fifty par- Kondo was kind enough to come to There are three types of problem
ticipants. I would like you to provide Chennai and gave the keynote address solving in Japanese thought. The first
us with an introduction to the specific at a large seminar. Professor Kondo is, literally the problem solving, the
outcomes in India. also inaugurated at that time Quality second is problem preventing, and the
Ranganathan: India has been expe- circles in Madras Port Trust, a Public third is problem anticipation, and all
riencing remarkable economic growth sector service industry which had three are important. If we remember
and has a substantial layer of techni- 13,500 employees and 13 labor various specific things, we can use
cal staff, and Japanese companies are unions. Professor Teiichi Ando also these ourselves in the workplace. Un-
now steadily expanding into India. came the next year. We were able to like the situation before our participa-
However, without good quality, manu- conduct publicity activities about tion in the QCTC, we have come to
facturing will not go well. In recent AOTS and the AOTS Alumni Society understand that even if there seem to
Winter, 2009 5
SPECIAL FEATURE 1
Mr. M.R. Ranganathan
President, Nihon Technology Pvt. Ltd.
1972: Underwent AOTS Technical Training Program in the field of
Harbor Construction
1975: Founding Chairman of ABK-AOTS Dosokai Tamil Nadu Centre
1977: Underwent Production Management Training Course (PMTC)
1985: Underwent Program for Quality Management (PQM)
2002-06: President, Federation of AOTS Alumni Associations of India
(FAAAI)
prises that want to know about the ity or production in their own compa-
Deming Prize. How would it be if we nies. Not only the AOTS Alumni So-
included these points in the new train- cieties, but also the individual ex-
ing course? AOTS participants are also striving
Yoshihara: Mr. Ranganathan has made hard. There are many ex-AOTS par-
various contributions, to his own com- ticipants who actively contribute both
pany, as an expert, in an interpreting in companies that have received the
role, and also to the AOTS Alumni Deming Prize and in those companies
be no problems, there actually are Society and in the arena of international that are striving to win it.
problems if one looks carefully. exchange. He has also been Chairman
At the Best Practice of Quality Con- of the Federation of AOTS Alumni As- Communicating the Culture
vention, held by the Federation of sociations of India. of Quality
AOTS Alumni Associations of India Ranganathan: That’s right. The
and including participants from Egypt AOTS Alumni Societies in India have Iwasaki: Indian companies have mile-
and various countries in Eastern Eu- an expert list, and I send this to the stones and the first is obtaining ISO
rope, we hold seminars jointly, for ex- Alumni Societies across the globe free 9000 certification. Next there is the in-
ample with the AOTS Alumni Society, of charge. troduction of Six Sigma or the Bal-
Egypt, when they come to India. We Yoshihara: The fact that there are now anced Scorecard, and finally they want
also took 16 people with us from the many companies in India that are aim- to win the Deming Prize as one initia-
eight AOTS Alumni Societies in India ing to win the Deming Prize is due in tive in phased TQM activities. How-
to visit Egypt and give presentations, part to the contribution made by Mr. ever, do they really understand the true
as well as viewing plants where em- Ranganathan; of course, the large meaning of TQM at that time? When
ployees are learning about TQM or number of participants in the QCTC we conduct the Deming Prize exami-
participating in QCTC. In addition, we and the AOTS materials available in nation, we express quite strict opin-
also often exchange information about English are also factors. ions through diagnosis and examina-
QC through the WNF*8 program. We Ranganathan: The people who have tion, with regard to the question of
exchange information about Best Prac- studied on the AOTS training course whether the company really under-
tice, focusing on the degree to which return home and are active in various stands the true nature of TQM even
the things we have learned in Japan ways, taking on responsibility for qual- though they may have obtained ISO
are being used on a daily basis in our
plants and companies.
Exactly a month ago, when Profes- NOTE
sor Katsutoshi Ayano*9 came to New
Delhi, the AOTS Alumni Society, Delhi *8: WNF: World Network of Friendship (Implements training cooperation programs
and the AOTS Alumni Association of and so forth between AOTS Alumni Societies. For further details, please see
Western India held two-day seminars. page 15 of this publication.)
Large scale companies can invite lec- *9: Mr. Katsutoshi Ayano (Professor, Tokai University): Scheduled to be Program
turers from Japan, but there are also Director of the Program for Quality Management Promotion (PQMP) and the
many small and medium-sized enter- Program on Quality Control for Vietnam (VNQC) for FY2009.
6 KENSHU No. 185
9000 and introduced Six Sigma. They is fine as long as it meets standards.
often counter that they have not pre- When it comes to important quality,
viously had this pointed out to them, greater efforts must be made to ensure
that they got their ISO certification compliance with specifications or com-
without any problems, and that Six pliance with the specifications set by
Sigma is going well, so why are these customers.
things still being highlighted in the di- With regard to the characteristics of
agnosis and examination for the each country or region of the world,
Deming Prize? However, they then for example, although there is a ten-
think again. If they then realize for the dency to see Africa as a single entity, it
first time that the top managers must consists of various countries. Japan
engage seriously in quality control ac- and the countries of the West are at a
tivities and that they must rethink their very competitive level, but there is
contacts with customers through qual- quite a wide range of levels in other
ity, their endeavors gain momentum regions of the world. A single region
and they reach almost the Deming may have characteristics, but there are
Prize level. also differences between companies.
They continue TQM activities in ear- Kaneko: I went to a meeting in Peru
nest and they last a long time thereaf- the other day and listened to what
ter. Real quality is created in the rela- some people from the AOTS Alumni
tionship with the customer. One can Society had to say; I was told that for
define quality through close commu- people at local companies, the signifi- Mr. Hideo Yoshihara,
nication with the customer, with man- cance of the AOTS training program Director and
agement activities being implemented was that it is applicable not only within General Manager of KKC
in order to achieve this. I believe that manufacturing industry, but also in the
thoughts in this sense are on the right wider realm of industry, that it is the
track. only guidepost or yardstick in the
One of the main reasons why the world, and that it is a cornerstone is that quality comes first, then pro-
QCTC has continued for so long is the when thinking about what to do from ductivity, followed by cost; with regard
fact that it places quality at the very now on in one’s own management to cost, for customers this is the price,
core of management. As Professor work. I gained the feeling that the at- while for manufacturers this is the cost
Kondo always says, in the concept of titude to quality created in Japan will of production. From the customer’s
quality there is a philosophy. There- hold significance in a variety of places perspective, productivity is hardly rel-
fore, this will never collapse. The com- in the future. evant. What matters is being able to
mon language of manufacturers and The Deming Prize winners and chal- obtain a product when one needs it.
consumers is found in quality. One lengers are now growing in India and On the other hand, for manufacturers,
cannot go wrong so long as one main- Thailand. It would be good to have the productivity is important. However,
tains this management stance. perspective that we should cultivate per- the importance of quality is almost the
Yoshihara: With regard to the dissemi- sonnel who will take on responsibility same for both customers and manu-
nation and effects of quality, Profes- for worldwide standards through the facturers.
sor Kondo in particular has seen many Deming Prize, including the successors Yoshihara: There are more than 560
countries on almost all of the five con- to the professors, who will support people who have participated in
tinents of the world through various them in Japan. QCTC in various countries around the
activities such as the AOTS Lecturing Kondo: I often say that one must put world, so I think that the number of
Tours, so I would be grateful if Pro- in place the triplet of quality, produc- people with the awareness of quality
fessor Kondo could tell us about what tivity and cost, but it is a fact that of is increasing steadily.
effects and significance quality has these, quality has a nature that differs Kondo: I certainly think so. And I
had, based on these experiences. from that of the other two elements. think that their number will increase
Kondo: Compliance with specifica- Good quality has a nature that can be further in the future. We must increase
tions and how to understand and sat- described as the culture of quality. I that number.
isfy the requirements of customers and have not really heard of “the culture of
users. These are extremely important productivity” or “the culture of cost.” The Future of the QCTC
factors in pursuing quality. This is dif- Ranganathan: One of the things that
ferent from the attitude that everything I have learned from Professor Kondo Kaneko: People overseas say that there
Winter, 2009 7
SPECIAL FEATURE 1
The Number of QCTC Participants by Country/Region mesh structure, while Professor
(FY 1979 – 2007: A total of 563 participants from 42 countries) Iwasaki spoke of adapting the course
to the diverse development stages of
countries, and listening to the discus-
Europe Northeast Asia: 25 sions today, I believe that we must de-
11 vise various means in order to create
Latin America training courses that respond to a di-
60 Asia Southeast Asia: 279
versity of actual needs. It will become
431
Africa diffuse if there is no central focus, so I
44 would certainly like to maintain the
South Asia: 127 QCTC, with its 30-year history, as the
Middle East
17 primary focus, and then to decide how
to respond to the diversified needs. I
do believe that we should maintain it
as an opportunity for people who re-
is extremely great significance in hold- Yoshihara: Countries and regions ally need it.
ing this course in Japan. If one asks with different development stages India has also developed consider-
them what that significance is, they should be divided up. ably, but even in India, there are still
reply that when they actually came to Iwasaki: Yes, it will be necessary to needs for training courses especially for
Japan, they understood the importance divide them up. Irrespective of whether companies in regional areas. If we look
of quality for the very first time, real- participants’ companies are large or at the countries of the world, there is
izing that it is a culture. I believe that small, even if the company is a Japa- a wide range of development stages,
it is of very great significance that par- nese affiliated one, there are significant and I think we need to be even more
ticipants actually come to Japan and disparities and differences in level de- conscious than previously of how we
properly learn to take on the total pending on the country. In this sense, are targeting which strata.
quality future. we must think about the direction of Yoshihara: Quality is a major theme
Iwasaki: At the end of the day, the the focus of the QCTC. on the other management training
world is 24 hours wide, and it is al- Kondo: When thinking about ap- courses as well and the QCTC can be
ways daytime somewhere. For ex- proaches to the QCTC in the future, said to be one of the roots of such
ample, integrated circuits designed in I sometimes use the term “mesh courses. Quality is truly essential and
Japan are manufactured in Silicon Val- structure.” If we see relationships be- AOTS Management Training Courses
ley, software and embedded hardware tween countries as being like a mesh, cannot exist without a focus on qual-
are manufactured in Hyderabad in rather than a one-way flow, they ity.
India, and assembly takes place in have various combinations and dif- Kondo: Please think about the ques-
China or Taiwan. The worldwide de- ferent directions, speeds and flows, tion of why quality is indispensable.
velopment, design and production pro- so the question is how we can make As I spoke a little of this earlier, if we
cesses result in a product. The proper use of this effectively. It may even be talk of a culture, the culture of quality
implementation of quality control ten years from now, but should we is possible as a concept. However, is
must be established within a global not have a system whereby people there a culture of productivity? Is there
network, and quality in this sense in from developing countries come to a culture of cost? There is something
information technology means a sys- Japan to give lectures or do some- different here. When we think about
tem in which good products cannot be thing else that not only involves at- the true nature of quality, I believe that
produced unless a proper network is tending as lecturers, but also various it is vitally important to be absolutely
put in place. other elements and combinations clear that quality is different from pro-
Today, the discussions have centered thereof? ductivity or cost, in that sense.
on India, but India now has a suffi- Yoshihara: We currently use a video Yoshihara: Thank you very much for
cient foundation to carry on autono- conference system to introduce the giving your valuable opinions today.
mously. The problem is determining cases of practice from overseas coun-
the priority direction with regard to tries including India and Thailand; I * This manuscript is a summary of the
how this QCTC can be of use in other would like these to be taken into con- content of the round-table discussions
developing countries. It is necessary to sideration when expanding such pro- that took place on October 8, 2008
make active approaches to such coun- grams to other countries. I think this and has been compiled by the Edito-
tries and amend the curriculum of this approach is worth considering. rial Staff of KENSHU magazine.
course accordingly. Kaneko: Professor Kondo spoke of a (The Editorial Staff)
8 KENSHU No. 185
