dd Mannerism

							High Renaissance
Mannerism
machiavellianism
Pietà
scenographic
balustrade
consort

High Renaissance-1494-1520-1at phase of the creative period. Classical principles of beauty, balance, order,
serenity, harmony, and rational design were nearly perfected.

Center of Culture- shifted from Florence to Rome.

Mannerism- 1520-1600 self-conscious or mannered style. Antihumanistic view of the world.

Politics
Balance of Power- come about because of ongoing rivalries between France, England, and Spain. This concept
is still used in politics today.

Peace of Lodi- was shattered in 1494 by the French invasion. For the next 35 years Italy was a battleground
where France, Spain, and The Holly Roman Empire fought among themselves. At times including the papacy
and Italian States.

Two major consequences from the notorious “Sack of Rome” in 1527- (Hapsburg-Valois War)
1. Cast doubt on Rome’s ability to control Italy.
2. Ended papal patronage of the arts for almost a decade. This contributed to the rise of Mannerism.

Treaty of Cambrai- (1529) ended the 1st phase of the Hapsburg-Valois Rivalry.

Venice- Became the last haven for artistic and intellectuals in Italy for the rest of the 16th century. It was the
only Italian state to keep its political independence.

Charles V- thought that the French King was a land-hungry upstart who stood in the way of Christendom- Eu-
rope united under a Christian prince.

Valios- Saw Charles as having an insatiable appetite for power and control of the Continent.

Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis- (1559) allowed a brief period of peace after several wars and French victories.

Charles V- a paradox- could be considered on of the world’s most powerful rulers to ever live if you just consid-
ered the size of his empire. But because of the size he could never really control all of it.

By the end of the 15th century center of commerce shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast. Cities
like London and Antwerp became financial and merchandising centers.

Inflation- brought hardship to peasants and impoverished nobility as prices rose faster than wages.

Slave labor- became a major factor in the production of gold, silver, cotton, and sugarcane in Central and South
America and the West Indies.
High Renaissance Style- let by painters, sculptors, and architects the High Renaissance was mostly affected by
the visual arts.

High Renaissance Authors- Appropriated two aesthetic aims.
1. Secularism- belief that contemporary events arose from human causes rather than from divine action.
2. Idealism-

High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
Mannerist painters, sculptors, and architects moved away from two of the guiding principles of High Renais-
sance.
1. The imagination of nature.
2. The devotion to classical ideas.

Mannerist painters- chose odd perspectives that called attention to the artists technical effects and points of
view.

Mannerist sculptors- rejecting idealism, turned and twisted the human figure into unusual and bizarre poses to
express their own notions of beauty.

Mannerist architects-designed buildings that were intended to surprise.

Literature
Niccole Machiavelli-believed that the human race was flawed. Had a negative view of human nature and made
human weakness the focus of his writings. His most noted contribution was “The Prince”.

Machiavelliannism- was coined to describe the amoral notion that “the end justifies the means” his name be-
came synonymous with dishonesty and treachery.

The Courtier- published in 1528 became the bible of courteous behavior for Europe’s upper class. It is idealistic
and hence expressive of High Renaissance.

Painting

Davinci’s “The Last Supper”- depicts the moment when Christ says that one of his disciples would betray him.
Mona Lisa- created a new type of portrait, the half-length view.

Michelangelo Buonarroti- foremost a sculptor.
Nude male- a symbol of human dignity.
Sistine Chapel- nine panels depicting the early history of the world. Including creation of the universe, the fall
of Adam and Eve, and episodes in the life of Noah.

The Creation of Adam-The most famous image from the panels. Depicts the mortal Adam receiving his soul
through God’s touch.

Raphael Santi- at the heart of his success was his talents for blending the sacred with the secular.
The School of Athens- among the Stanze Fresco’s. Shows Raphael’s mastery of ordered space.
Sistine Madonna- best known in a group of portrait paintings don by Raphael of the Virgin
Mary. It is set up in the pyramid style to give each character its importance.

The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian

Giorgione: Two major innovations.
1. The female nude
2. The landscape

Titian
His paintings portrayed easy grace and natural lighting, but most importantly was his use of
rich color to create dramatic effects.

The School of Parma: Parmigiano
Parma- a mannerist who loved eccentric composition such as (figure 12.17) Madonna with
the Long Neck.

Sculpture
David- commissioned by the city of Florence. Carved from a damaged and abandoned block
of marble the statue was considered on of Michelangelo’s greatest works.

Architecture
Donata Bramante- believed that architecture should appeal to human reason. He also be-
lieved a building should be unified like a sculpture.

Andrea di Pietro- his most influential design was the Villa Rotonda that was inspired by an-
cient Roman farmhouses. He was the preeminent architect of the mannerist style.

Music
Adrian Willaert
By a variety of musical mechanisms, such as altering and combining voices, contrasting soft,
loud, and arranging echo effects, he created beautiful and expressive sounds.

Violin- was the only notable development. It came from the Arabic “rebec” and the Medi-
eval fiddle.