Historical Background
• No State EM Offices Prior to Cold War • 1950 CD Act -- Creation of State Offices
– Established in All States – Primarily Small, Obscure Line Agencies – Focus is on National Security-Related CD – Highly Dependent on Federal Government
• 70’s and 80’s Evolution to All-Hazards
• Large Disasters Caused Further Evolution
• Now State EM Integral Part of State Gov.
State Government Roles in E.M.
• • • • • • • Enact EM Legislation, Codes, Regulations Enforce National Laws Develop Integrated CEM,4-Phased Pgms. Coordinate State Agency Activities Assist Local Governments Serve as Interface with Federal Agencies Fund Emergency Management Activities
Substantial State Disasters 1997
• 4,783 Required “Substantial” State Help
• 915 of these (19%) declared State Disasters • 49 of these (1%) Presidential Declarations
(NEMA/CSG 1998, 10)
Key State “Players”
• Legislature
• Governor and Aides • State Office of Emergency Management • Other State Agencies • Private Sector Organizations
• Public Interest Groups
Role of State Legislature
• • • • • • • Shape Emergency Management Vision Develop State Strategy and Policy Provide Funding Influence Program Development Promote Good Land Use Policies Enact Statewide Building Codes Enact Mutual Aid Compacts
Emergency Management Funding
• Regular Appropriations
• Supplemental Appropriations • Multiple Funding Sources • Trust Funds, Fees and Surcharges
– Florida Surcharge on Residential and Commercial Property Insurance Premiums
30 states
Funds are appropriated by the legislature for specific incidents after each major disaster occurs. A separate disaster fund exists and funds are appropriated as needed to keep an adequate amount of money available at all times. A disaster trust fund exists in which revenues from specified sources (such as tax on insurance policies or a certain percentage of tax receipts specified in statute) are deposited and used as needed for a specified purpose. Other funding mechanisms exist from generated funds for state programs or the nonfederal share of federal programs. More than one fund exists and money is obligated from each fund depending upon the type of disaster or situation that has occurred. Note: Some states reported multiple mechanisms.
23 states
2 states
15 states
14 states
Role of Governor
• Responsible for Emergency Management
• Declares State Disaster • Directs State’s Disaster Response • Commands State National Guard • Sole Authority to Request Federal Aid
• Interstate Mutual Aid Agreements
Typical Gubernatorial Emergency Powers
• Authority to Declare Disasters
• Suspend State Laws • Mobilize National Guard • Seize Personal Property • Direct Evacuation
• Authorize Emergency Funding
Typical Key State Agencies
• • • • • • • • • Planning Office Department of the Environment, Forestry Budget Office State Police and Fire Marshall’s Office Transportation, Public Works, Energy Health and Human Services, Labor State Emergency Response Commission National Guard Attorney General
Appointed By Official Other Than Governor
8
28 14
Non-Appointed Position Appointed By Governor
Public Safety Director or Assistant Director
Governor
13
17
4
Other
16
Adjutant General
Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Indiana Massachusetts Michigan Alaska Arizona Hawaii Idaho Iowa Kansas
Office of the Governor District of Columbia Mississippi Georgia New Hampshire Illinois Department of Public Safety Minnesota New Mexico Missouri North Carolina Nevada Ohio New Jersey Puerto Rico
Oklahoma Pennsylvania Texas Utah Vermont Virginia
Department of Military Affairs Kentucky New York Virgin Islands Louisiana North Dakota Washington Maine Rhode Island West Virginia Maryland South Carolina Wisconsin Montana South Dakota Wyoming Nebraska Tennessee Department of State Police Oregon Department of Local/Community Affairs Colorado Florida
Components of a Successful State Emergency Mgmt. Agency
• Professionally Trained Staff • Good Relationship with: – Governor’s Office – Legislature – Key State Agencies • Sufficient Funding Arrangements • Support for Four-Phased Program • EM Integrated into Land-Use Planning, Economic Development, Environmental Protection
– (National Conf. Of State Legislatures, 1997, 7)
State Office of E.M. Staffing
• Low of Couple Dozen Employees (1997)
• High of About 300 in California (1997) • National Average of 38 Personnel (1997)
Total Spending ($US Billion)
$3.0 $2.5
$2.77 Billion
$2.08
$2.0
$1.62
$1.5 $1.0 $0.5 $0.0 1992 1993 1994
$1.62
$1.18
$1.25
1995
1996
1997
Fiscal Year
Response $319,662,991
Preparedness $468,607,241
12%
18%
Recovery $738,737,337
27% 45%
Mitigation $1,243,136,739
State Population Grouping
Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million)
Average Spending
$19,011,210 $8,381,180 $76,429,781 $301,884,697
$1,600
Spending ($US Millions)
$1,400 $1,200 $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 $0 1992 1993 1994 1995
$1.2 Billion $690 $611
$130
$198
$206
1996
1997
Fiscal Year
State Population Grouping
Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million)
Average Spending
$3,451,620 $2,122,093 $46,863,654 $178,027,797
Post-Disaster
10%
90%
Pre-Disaster
Spending ($US Millions)
$600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
$440 $456 $462 $429 $414 $486
Fiscal Year
State Population Grouping
Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million)
Average Spending
$4,587,606 $1,859,508 $7,476,522 $48,051,024
$400
Spending ($US Million)
$350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0
$328 M $309 M $271 M $248 M
$323 M
$319 M
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Fiscal Year
State Population Grouping
Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million)
Average Spending
$5,312,720 $1,717,207 $4,659,725 $31,340,880
$1,000
$738 M
Spending ($US Millions)
$800
$625 M
$600
$661
$300 M
$400
$329 M
$332 M
$200
$0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Fiscal Year
State Population Grouping
Small (up to 1 million) Medium (1-4 million) Large (4-10 million) Very Large (over 10 million)
Average Spending
$7,922,980 $3,373,845 $17,429,880 $97,156,236
State Strengths and Shortcomings
• Strengths:
– – – – Laws and Authorities In-Place Finance and Administration Operations and Procedures Exercising
• Shortcomings:
– Resource Management – Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment – Response/Recovery Logistics/Facilities/Service
(FEMA Capability Assessment)
State Emergency Mgmt. Trends
• Increased Spending
• Increased Emphasis on Mitigation
• Establishment of Funding Mechanisms
• Comprehensive State Planning Mandates
• State Building Codes • Interstate Mutual Aid Agreements • Staff Professionalization
Florida’s Disaster Trust Fund
• Emergency Management Preparedness and Assistance Trust Fund • Created in 1992 by Legislature, Following Hurricane Andrew • Component of Insurance Premiums
– $2.00 on all Residential Insurance Policies – $4.00 on all Commercial Property Premiums
• $16 Million Created in 1996
Uses of Florida’s Disaster Trust Fund
• Critical Care Facility Upgrading and Retrofitting • Hurricane Shutter Installation of Shelters • Clearing Floodway Passages • Financing Studies on
– Evacuation – Citizen Disaster Education – Hazards Research
Emergency Management Assistance Compacts (EMAC)
• All States Can Participate
• EMAC Legislation Needs to be Passed • 17 States and Territories Have Done So • Endorsed by FEMA, NEMA, IEMA
Interstate Mutual Aid Agreements
• Clarify Legal/Regulatory Questions
– Mutual Assistance – Tort Responsibility for Out-Of-State Workers
• Specify Reimbursement for Use of Personnel and Equipment Between States • Facilitates Quicker State Assistance • Enhances Knowledge, Skills, Abilities of Personnel Involved