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NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY
TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP
MARCH 2011
Roadmap Participants and Support Staff
Chief Technology Innovation Officer Participants
Terry Oliver, Bonneville Power Administration 1. Mike Bailey Ecos
2. Mark Brune PAE Consulting Engineers
3. Jack Callahan Bonneville Power Administration
Energy Efficiency Engineering Manager 4. Dan Colbert U.C. Santa Barbara, Institute for E.E.
Ryan Fedie, Bonneville Power Administration 5. Todd Currier WSU Extension Energy Program
6. Phil Degens Energy Trust of Oregon
Project Manager 7. Ryan Fedie Bonneville Power Administration
Joshua Binus, Bonneville Power Administration 8. Fred Gordon Energy Trust of Oregon
9. Charlie Grist NW Power & Conservation Council
10. Jeff Harris NW Energy Efficiency Alliance
Strategy Consultant 11. Reid Hart PECI
Tugrul Daim, Portland State University, Department of Engineering and 12. Ray Hartwell Bonneville Power Administration
Technology Management 13. Rem Husted Puget Sound Energy
14. Mike Hoffman Pacific NW National Laboratory
15. Dave Holmes Avista
Technical Support 16. Gary Keyes PCS UtiliData
Ji Sun Kim and Ibrahim Iskin, Portland State University, Department of 17. Bill Koran Quest
Engineering and Technology Management 18. Mark Leddbetter Pacific NW National Laboratory
Rob Penney, WSU Extension Energy Program 19. Carol Lindstrom Bonneville Power Administration
Jack Zeiger, WSU Extension Energy Program 20. Bill Livingood Nat. Renewable Energy Laboratory
Jonathan Livingston, Livingston Energy Innovations 21. Jonathan Livingston Livingston Energy Innovations
22. Terry Oliver Bonneville Power Administration
Facilitation & Logistics Support 23. Nick O’Neil Energy Trust of Oregon
Energetics (Jan Brinch, Ndeye Fall, and Brian Marchionini) 24. Laurence Orsini PECI
Mark Rehley, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance 25. Graham Parker Pacific NW National Laboratory
26. Pete Pengilly Idaho Power
27. Rob Penney WSU Extension Energy Program
2011 R&D Gap Analysis 28. Tom Reddoch Electric Power Research Institute
E Source (Peter Criscione, Katie Elliott, Mary Horsey, Bryan Jungers, Leland 29. Mark Rehley NW Energy Efficiency Alliance
Keller, Ira Krepchin, Andrea Patterson, Essie Snell, Jay Stein, and Tim Stout) 30. Dave Roberts Nat. Renewable Energy Laboratory
31. Mary Smith Snohomish PUD
Graphic Design 32. James Thomas Glumac
Cover design/style sheet: Carol Lindstrom, Bonneville Power 33. Kim Thompson Bonneville Power Administration
Administration 34. Jeremy Wilson PCS UtiliData
Roadmap graphics (in consultation with Ji Sun Kim): Jaeyoung Jung, 35. Jack Zeiger WSU Extension Energy Program
Freelance Designer
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ i
Special Thanks
While the Bonneville Power Administration funded and managed the overall development of the Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap, the effort would not have been possible without the active engagement of thirty-five representatives
from twenty organizations. In particular, the members of the newly formed Regional Emerging Technology Advisory Committee
played a key role the roadmap’s creation. Those members include representatives from Bonneville Power Administration,
Northwest Power and Conservation Council, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, Electric Power Research Institute, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Washington State University Extension Energy Program, Energy Trust of Oregon, Puget Sound
Energy, Snohomish Public Utility District, Seattle City Light, Idaho Power, and Avista. Thanks as well to the project team, who
worked behind the scenes to plan, coordinate, analyze, evaluate, revise, and prepare everything needed to pull this roadmap
together in such a short amount of time. Without the help of contractors from the Department of Engineering and Technology
Management at Portland State University, the Washington State University Extension Energy Program, Livingston Energy
Innovations, and Energetics this roadmap would look very different than it does today. Finally, a special thanks to the staff at
E Source, who brought their collective experience to bear in helping us evaluate the current status of the R&D gaps for the
March 2011 revision of the roadmap.
For more information about the Northwest Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap, contact:
Joshua Binus, jdbinus@bpa.gov, 503.230.5298
ii ■ MARCH 2011
Foreword
Technology has played a central role in the Northwest’s development, from Far more minds are needed to contribute; hence the document is public,
the Federal Columbia River Power System to technology giants like Boeing, freely available for use by others in process, form, and content. As always,
Microsoft and Intel to thousands of businesses, universities and we are distributing this draft with a request: Please evaluate these findings
laboratories. In the Northwest, irrigation is high tech. with a critical mind and send us your comments. We are especially
interested in filling in any holes in regard to existing research and
This savvy has allowed the region to meet half of its load growth through development programs. We are not interested in duplicating efforts already
cost-effective investments in energy efficiency for more than thirty years. underway elsewhere.
Through the leadership of the region’s utilities, labs, universities, energy
organizations and private businesses, the Northwest has been able to
successfully deliver energy efficiency as a reliable resource.
The Northwest Power and Conservation Council’s Sixth Power Plan calls for We will be collecting feedback on this draft on an ongoing basis. Any
roughly 85 percent of the region’s power needs to be met with energy and all comments can be sent directly to our project manager, Joshua
efficiency by 2030. In order to meet these goals, we must find ways to Binus (jdbinus@bpa.gov, 503.230.5298).
increase the adoption rates of existing products and services. At the same
time, we must also strategically target the region’s research and
development resources into efforts that will produce the technologies Sincerely,
needed to enable the products of tomorrow.
Beginning in December 2009, thirty-five experts from twenty organizations
pooled their efforts to develop an energy efficiency technology roadmap that
would define a research agenda for the Northwest. The results of the
intensive ten-week effort, along with revisions based on critical comments
received following the releases of the March and July 2010 drafts, are
contained in the following March 2011 version of the Northwest Energy Terry Oliver
Efficiency Technology Roadmap. The roadmap will always be a draft; it is Chief Technology Innovation Officer
intended as a living document, continuously refined as we move forward. Bonneville Power Administration
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ iii
Table of Contents
Roadmap Participants and Support Staff .......................................... i Task/Ambient Lighting Application and Control.............................................45
Foreword............................................................................................. iii Lighting Controls (Dimming, Occupancy Sensors) .........................................47
Luminaires .......................................................................................................49
Introduction/Using the Roadmap ......................................................v
Day Lighting......................................................................................................51
Roadmap Organizational Chart .........................................................vi
V. Electronics Roadmaps..................................................................54
Roadmap Key ...................................................................................... 1
Sleep Mode ......................................................................................................55
I. High Priority R&D Roadmap............................................................ 2 DC Power Source .............................................................................................57
II. Retrofit Building Design/Envelope Roadmaps ............................ 6 Use and Virtuallization.....................................................................................59
Component Level Efficiency ............................................................................61
Deep Retrofits for Residential and Commercial ...............................................7
Complete Electronic System ...........................................................................63
Labeling ..............................................................................................................9
Interlock Devices to Manage Energy Use .......................................................65
Retrofit and New Construction Windows ....................................................... 11
Transformative Building Materials ................................................................. 13 VI. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Roadmaps .............68
Solar/Smart Roofing ....................................................................................... 15 Fault Detection and Predictive Maintenance.................................................69
Retrofit Insulation............................................................................................ 17 Heat Recovery and Economizer Optimization ................................................75
Insulated Shades ............................................................................................ 19 Variable Refrigerant Flow ................................................................................77
Retrofit and New Construction Air Sealing..................................................... 21 HVAC Motors and Drives .................................................................................79
Infrared Scanning............................................................................................ 23 Modeling, Lab and Field Testing .....................................................................81
III. New Construction Building Design/Envelope Roadmaps........ 26 VII. Sensors, Meters, and Energy Management
Net Zero Energy Home .................................................................................... 27 System Roadmaps.............................................................................86
Labeling ........................................................................................................... 29 Smart Device-Level Controls Responsive to User and Environment.............87
New Construction Insulation........................................................................... 31 Easy/Simple User Interface Controls..............................................................89
Eliminating Home Penetrations...................................................................... 33 Consumer Energy Management Services ......................................................91
Day Lighting Walls ........................................................................................... 35 Low-Cost Savings Verification Technique .......................................................93
Manufactured Housing ................................................................................... 37 Real-Time Smart Electric Power Measurement of Facilities..........................95
IV. Lighting Roadmaps...................................................................... 40 Enterprise Energy and Maintenance Management Systems ........................97
Lighting (General) ............................................................................................ 41 Abbreviations.....................................................................................99
Solid State Lighting ......................................................................................... 44
iv ■ MARCH 2011
1. Barriers to the wider adoption of existing products/services; and
Introduction 2. Necessary components to future market intervention programs and
other initiatives to increase adoption rates for these targeted
products/services.
Technology roadmaps are created to develop tactical research and
development (R&D) plans to meet the strategic goals of industries and In order to avoid confusion, the findings articulated by participants in these
organizations ranging from electronics to government services. The latter efforts, including a prioritized top-15 list, are located in the appendix.
Northwest Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap is essentially a snapshot
of stakeholders’ current perspectives in regard to a shared research agenda By creating a regional technology roadmap, the Northwest has taken an
for the next twenty years. It has been primarily developed in order to important step toward the goal of creating continuity between its R&D
provide clarity on: efforts to bring non-existing technologies to market, ongoing work in
emerging technologies, and present and future market intervention
1. Key drivers (environmental/global, market, policy and regulatory, strategies.
and technology innovation) affecting the Northwest in regard to
energy efficiency:
2.
3.
Products/services needed to address identified drivers;
Technologies needing developed in order to bring non-existing
Using the Roadmap
products to market;
The Northwest Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap is a reference tool
4. Gaps in existing R&D programs designed to address identified
designed to be a living, working document. It was not crafted with any
technology needs; and
expectation that it would be read from beginning to end like a traditional
5. Regional priorities in regard to the treatment of R&D gaps.
report or narrative. Rather, it was designed in order to allow for the quick
Ultimately, the goal of identifying and prioritizing R&D gaps allows for a more referencing of research agendas concerning technology development in
rational dedication of limited funding and resources by organizations such regard to specific energy efficiency products/services.
as the BPA, national labs, research universities, private businesses, and
venture capitalists. The majority of content has been organized into six sections, with multiple
product/service-level roadmaps within each section. The six sections are:
BPA’s Office of Technology Innovation has already made quick use of the 1. Retrofit Building Design/Envelope;
roadmap by using it to guide its annual solicitation for proposals for energy 2. New Construction Building Design/Envelope;
efficiency R&D projects. (This annual solicitation typically reopens every 3. Lighting;
year in March. Proposals not linked to technology needs identified in the 4. Electronics;
roadmap are not eligible for awards.) Of course, because the roadmap is a 5. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning; and
shared public resource, any organization can use it to guide their own 6. Sensors, Meters, and Energy Management Systems.
research efforts with some confidence that their work fits into a larger
research agenda crafted and vetted by technical experts from across the Additionally, one cross-cutting roadmap was crafted to convey the top-15
country. regional priorities in regard to the treatment of R&D gaps identified in all of
the six sections noted above. (See the organizational chart below.) All other
In the process of identifying gaps in existing energy efficiency R&D supporting documents are in the Appendices.
programs, roadmapping participants also identified a list of
products/services that were already available in the marketplace but not
widely adopted due to various technical and/or market barriers. While
treating this group of products/services was not the primary purpose of the
roadmapping endeavor, some effort was dedicated to articulate:
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ v
NORTHWEST ENERGY
EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY
ROADMAP
Top 15 R&D Gaps to
Address *
Retrofit Building New Construction Lighting Electronics Heating, Ventilation, and Air Sensors, Meters, and Energy
Design/Envelope Building Design/Envelope Conditioning Management Systems
Deep Retrofits for Residential Net Zero Energy Home Lighting (General) Sleep Mode Fault Detection and Smart Device-Level Controls
and Commercial 8, 15 Predictive Maintenance Responsive to User and
5 Environment
Labeling Labeling Solid State Lighting DC Power Source Heat Recovery and Easy/Simple User Interface
Economizer Optimization Controls
2 12
Retrofit and New New Construction Insulation Task/Ambient Application Use and Virtualization Variable Refrigerant Flow Consumer Energy
Construction Windows and Control 1, 11 Management Services
9, 13 7
Transformative Building Eliminating Home Lighting Controls (Dimming, Component-level HVAC Motors and Drives Low-Cost Savings
Materials Penetrations Occupancy Sensors) Efficiency Verification Technique
Solar/Smart Roofing Day Lighting Walls Luminaires Complete Electronic System Modeling, Lab and Field Real-Time Smart Electric
10 Testing Power Measurement of
Facilities
Retrofit Insulation Manufactured Housing Day Lighting Interlock Devices to Manage Enterprise Energy and
14 4 Energy Use Maintenance Management
Systems
Insulated Shades
* In order to maximize the region’s investments in R&D programs, roadmap participants scored and prioritized
only the identified R&D programs yet to be developed (as opposed to existing programs already underway).
These priorities will be reevaluated, along with the drivers, products/services, technologies, and R&D programs
Retrofit and New through formal workshops every year or two. (BPA is currently working with the Regional Emerging Technology
Construction Air Sealing Advisory Committee to establish a workable strategy in this regard.)
3, 6
Numbers corresponding to the Top 15 Priority R&D program gaps are shown according to their respective
Infrared Scanning product-level roadmaps.
vi ■ MARCH 2011
Roadmap Key
Product/Service Area : Product or Service Area Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Specific Product or Service Roadmap
GAP
Product/Service
Performance Product or service performance gap
needing addressed
GAP
GOAL
Product/Service Targeted Performance for the product or service identified above
Performance ST=Short Term (0-5 yrs; MT=Mid-Term (6-10 yrs); LT=Long Term (11+ yrs)
GOAL
EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGY GAPS
Technology Technologies fulfilling the gaps above Technologies needed to fulfill the gaps above
EXISTING R&D PROGRAMS R&D PROGRAM GAPS
R&D Programs in progress R&D Programs required to develop the technologies needed #
R&D
Program
Priority Score of R&D Gap
Technology Gap (R&D need) R&D Gap (No known R&D) Current R&D (R&D underway) # (Max=100)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 1
High Priority R&D Roadmap
2 ■ MARCH 2011
High Priority R&D Programs
Product & Service NEW CONSTRUCTION BUILDING SENSORS,
RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE LIGHTING HVAC
Area DESIGN/ENVELOPE METERS, & EMS
Environmental & Global Drivers: 1. Climate change; 2. Peak oil; 3. Energy security; 4. Water scarcity and cost, related health concerns; 5. Increasing cost and decreasing availability of raw materials; 6. Environmental impact of centralized power
generation; 7. Fuel switching from combustion to electric
Market Drivers: 1. Increasing and uncertain future cost of electricity and gas; 2. Proliferation of consumer electronics (increased plug loads); 3. More and cheaper products due to globalization of manufacturing; 4. Increase in available funding for EE; 5.
Increased adoption of LEED; 6. Changes in types of industries in the Northwest; 7. Market awareness (e.g., BPA E3T, utility demos and outreach); 8. Increased interest in and availability of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles; 9. Energy efficiency promoted
through mainstream media
Behavior / Social Drivers: 1. Employer pressure to increase productivity; 2. Consumer desire to be “green” and reduce embedded & used energy; 3. Consumer desire for comfort and aesthetics; 4. Changing demographics impacting purchasing choices
Driver and behavior; 5. Personal energy independence/interest in living off the grid; 6. Increased awareness of impact of behavior on energy usage; 7. Aging workforce, lack of trained workforce; 8. Pushback against over-regulation; 9. People like cool, new
technologies; 10. People more "plugged in" electronically, digital information, social networking
Policy & Regulatory Drivers: 1. Carbon emissions penalties and/or incentives; 2. Use of codes to lock in efficiency gains; 3. Increasing budgets for emerging technology R&D; 4. American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009; 5. Integrated resource
planning; 6. Increased interest among legislators in efficiency and renewables; 7. Limits to existing transmission and generation capacity; 8. Smart grid technology development
Technology Innovation Drivers: 1. Diffusion of common communication protocols into energy-consuming devices; 2. Integration of info, communication & entertainment devices; 3. Availability of new technologies such as solid state lighting;
4. Availability of cross-cutting, low-cost technology building blocks (i.e. wireless, ultra compact heat exchangers, advanced controls, ASDs)
Design Not tie d to buildin g needs/l oads
rai
T ning / meth ods Awareness – iden tificati on o f need rai
T ning i mprov ements i n Measurable
Education a nd trai ning cost/com plexit y
and tech nolo gies at a low cos t, easier to ins tall identif yi ng me tho ds of e ffectiv e
Don’t c urrentl y o ptimize use of am bient or
air sealing are too co mplex a nd Current hi gh-e nerg y use f or distrib utio n of
indoor co nditi ons, e.g., ec ono mizer,
poorl y un dersto od b y man y Effectiv e New heat and c oolin g be yon d actual v ent nee d
indoor v entilatio n con trols, hea t recov ery
Product/Service practitioners design technol og y
Follo w codes/co de
Weak understan ding of h ow t o weav e task
/ambient func tions toge ther; Need con trol
Does no t consider demo graphic
Lower cos t & be tter tech nolo g y Informa tion on energ y perfor mance, operabilit y
Performance Architect an d engi neers,
installers, code/ma nufac turin g
improv ement strategies tha t are easy to desi gn & i nstall, and
that make i t eas y for users to sav e energy while
Need reliable and c ost-ef fectiv e sensors,
controls, an d algori thms optimizati on, an d mini -split s ys tem
Concep ts for nex t generati on “same Buildin g air sealing is control best practices
Panels that can easil y ensuring v isual comf ort Make user experience as
R-v alue as a wall” or ZNE win do ws too o ften poorl y d one
GAP
installed – spra y o n importa nt t o E MS man ufacturers
by c ontract ors as it is to In tuit an d Son y
VRF energ y sav ings pote ntial, co ntrol
Eliminatio n of duct work optimizati on n ot well un derstoo d
Awareness / traini ng /
technol og y
Easier to use, aff ordable Need the eq uiv alent of ASH RAE Manual c hapter o n
insulatio n materials New applia nce energ y VRF design, c ontr ol, and ener g y sav ings Surv ey consumer needs
standards an d sup porti ng Cheap, streamli ned co nstruc tion a nd optimizati on
technol ogies and i nstallati on installatio n of e nerg y efficie nt Easy-t o-desi gn, ins tall, imple men t task /
Product/Service Cheap, streamli ned tes ting a nd
retrofitti ng o f existin g
techniq ues to eli minate manufac tured housi ng – reflecti ng ambient s ys tems t hat sav e significan t energ y
Clarify v ariable refrigerant flo w s ystem e nerg y
Control mana gemen t s ystem
should be imple mente d where
Better insula ted v ampire loads in the h ome best practices in other manu facturin g and impr ov e v isual comfort relativ e to
Performance buildin gs to ac hiev e optimu m
sav ings at minimu m t otal cos t
wind ows Data bet ter/met hods industries alternativ es
benefits, trade-o ffs, an d op timal co ntrol s trategies appropriate, re flect user/occ upan t
known preferences
Streamlined, si mpler
GOAL A wind ow that ca n
effectiv ely cut e nerg y use i n
metho dolo g y for air sealin g Mini mize po wer conv ersion losses
among l oads an d zones; assess Better desig n sup port Controls to meet in door air needs
Deliv ery of onl y what the space of occ upan t
needs (L T)
both heatin g and c ooling buildin g stock for DC power tools – no excess v ented air beyond
climates oppor tuni ties occupan t needs Maxim um e fficient distrib utio n of HVAC
(don’ t use d ucts if yo u do n’t nee d the m)
Make cost -effec tiv e and reliable
heat recov ery av ailable in R TUs Clarify v ariable refrigerant flo w s ystem
Window frames be tter Smarter electrical plugs, and ot her HVAC s yste ms
Hav e specialists energy benefi ts, trade -of fs, and o pti mal
A “taxono m y” of b uilding insulated than fiberglass program mable, ad dressable (in Easier, cheaper dayli ght
perform air sealin g control stra tegies f or mini -split A C and
types tha t elimina tes dev elopment) modelin g to ols tha t giv e heat pu mps
guesswork and red uces energy benefi ts
retrofit tes t and
recommen datio n op tions New ma terials, Low po wer, DC wire d
cheaper and easier to homes Task / a mbien t lumi naires designs to Need to d ownscale what’s av ailable
install prov ide both lig htin g fu nctio ns on big c hiller for smaller units an d
Technology Dev ice or method t o
Mo dular, pre-i nsulate d wall,
synergis ticall y integrate with main tenance s yste ms
better insula te walls Task /a mbien t con trols to e nsure
floor, and ceili ng u nits Variable refrigerant fl ow s yste ms
Next-ge n coatin gs for energy sav ings relativ e to sim ply and con trols
triple-glazed I Gs wi th adding task ligh ting
superior SHGC and U - Auto mated/r obo tic assembl y
An aff ordable, “idio t-pr oof”
factor ratin gs (R5+ )
metho dolo g y for air sealin g Variable refrigerant fl ow s yste ms and
Reliable & effec tiv e economizers controls f or mi ni-split AC an d heat
controls & s ys tems pump a pplicati ons
What is there beyond Heat recov ery opti mizatio n Variable speed ev erythin g wi th lo w
fiberglass that has controls an d algori thms cost, hig h reliabilit y
excellent insulation Develop cheap and reliable smart
Categorize building stock characteristics and is
Research to move air plugs; create protocols for
for better, easier testing lightweight and durable
sealing to prescriptive appliance compatibility with smart Innovative shop floor
@ DOE, EPA, Energy Star in window
and into hands of plugs; study human factors for technologies similar to
and E Source 5 applications?
quality control and out design, installation, and use of auto indu stry @ Toyota Human factor (usability and
Aerogels? 13 Heat recovery optimization
of contractors smart plugs and Panasonic
R&D 3
8 4 comfort) @ PG&E 7 routines such that economizer
performance is not impacted 2
Better mini-split controls for
variable refrigerant flow
Program Next-generation coatings for triple
glazed IGs with low SHGC and U-
(VRF) applications 1
factor ratings @ LBNL 9 Application technology that
is easy and inexpensive 6 Low power, DC-wired homes to
reduce conversion losses 15 Cheaper and simpler self-
calibrating dimming Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), more
“Smart” material that fills all controls @ Watt Stopper/ information about energy use, improving Study of what energy
cavities, is mistake-free, and NEMA Lighting Controls controls @ BPA, EPRI, SCE et al. management devices people
11 actually use
inexpensive 14 10 12
Product and Service Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need)
# Priority Ranking (1 to 15)
Product and Service Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D under way) R&D Gap ( No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 3
High Priority R&D Programs
1. Better mini-split controls for variable refrigerant flow (VRF) applications: VRF and mini-splits, particularly with improved controls, can more efficiently
respond to space conditioning needs than conventional HVAC systems with air ducts. To successfully realize the opportunity associated with broad interest and
increasing application of variable refrigerant flow systems, more R&D is needed to optimize controls for mini-split system energy savings.
2. Heat recovery optimization routines such that economizer performance is not impacted: Make better use of exhaust air heat recovery and economizers.
Develop algorithms that would most efficiently optimize the use of both systems.
3. Research to move air sealing to prescriptive and into hands of quality control and out of contractors: Building air sealing is too often poorly done by
contractors. By having highly trained specialists perform air sealing, average infiltration rates will drop.
4. Innovative shop floor technologies similar to auto industry: Manufactured housing is generally overlooked. It can generate big energy and financial benefits
with some optimization and lessons from other industries. Apparently, most of the work being done, to date, has been happening in Japan under the leadership
of Toyota and Panasonic (http://www.joplinglobe.com/dailybusiness/x1383437018/Toyota-Panasonic-sally-into-nascent-green-housing-sector). NOTE: Prior to
the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
5. Categorize building stock for better, easier testing: If a wide range of building stock is sorted into categories, energy assessments can be performed more
expeditiously. DOE and EPA have collaborated on a national Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey that collects information on the stock of U.S.
commercial buildings, their energy-related building characteristics, and their energy consumption and expenditures (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/). The
EPA has designed an Energy Star portfolio manager tool to help facility managers track and benchmark energy and water consumption across an entire portfolio
of buildings (http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager). DOE’s Residential Energy Consumption Survey
characterizes U.S. homes through such data as structural features, fuels used, heating and cooling equipment, appliances, and energy usage patterns
(http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/). E Source’s EnFocus system integrates geographic information system (GIS) data with utility billing records and could be
used to categorize building stock and identify individual buildings (contact Michael Shepard at 303.345.9129). NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the
roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
6. Application technology that is easy and inexpensive: If a common methodology for air sealing common building envelope types could be developed, a wider
range of builders could implement it more effectively and consistently.
7. Human factor (usability and comfort): The elements for broad application are present - need human factors R&D on design and control approaches to realize
the potential. This work could potentially be informed by researchers such as Joan Roberts, of Fordham, and Jennifer Veitch at the National Research Council of
Canada, who are both working on designing healthy workplaces. PG&E also completed a study of how occupants respond to task-ambient lighting systems in
2009 (http://www.etcc-ca.com/component/content/article/21/2892-high-efficiency-office-low-ambienttask-lighting-large-office-). There is still much to be
explored in this R&D space. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
8. Develop cheap and reliable smart plugs. Create protocols for appliance compatibility with smart plugs; study human factors for design, installation, and
use of smart plugs: Make smart outlets a standard feature in new construction requires innovation in technology and building industry practices. Research is
needed primarily to develop the ability of plugs to turn off equipment when not in use; secondarily, to enable participation in demand response events. The
University of Florida at Gainesville has conducted some limited research on smart plugs and smart environments that addresses the design of the plugs, their
capabilities, and their installation. In this research, the ability of the home operating system is explored, but their integration with the smart grid for demand
response is not addressed.
4 ■ MARCH 2011
9. Develop next-generation coatings for triple-glazed windows with low SHGC and R-value over 5: Develop a glazing product with high R-value and low SHGC
that performs well in all seasons and climates. LBNL (High Performance Building Façade Solutions) is engaged in ongoing research into new coatings and highly
insulated window technologies for both commercial and residential applications. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was
identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
10. Cheaper and simpler self-calibrating dimming controls: Making daylighting cost-effective continues to be a challenge. Cheaper, easier to use, and self-
calibrating controls can help to make daylighting more attractive. Dorene Maniccia of Watt Stopper (and chair of the NEMA Lighting Controls) is researching dual-
loop daylight control systems that self commission and offer continual calibration. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was
identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
11. Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), more information about energy use, improving controls: Develop reliable engineering and technical information on how to
optimize VRF energy savings while assuring comfort and reliability. BPA, EPRI, Southern California Edison, and others met in February 2011 to develop a short-
term (2 – 3 year) roadmap for variable capacity heat pumps. This roadmap will be integrated into the Northwest Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap as early
as the end of March 2011. Other projects being carried out by BPA and EPRI are conducting VRF assessments and demos and analyzing the market position of
VRF systems in the U.S. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
12. Study of what energy management devices people actually use: Creating standard, easy-to-use EMS interfaces can move them from fairly clunky software
that is only occasionally accessed to being regularly used by maintenance personnel along with other duties. Human factors and usability studies will allow for
optimization of device design, interface design, and communication protocols for the end user.
13. What is there beyond fiberglass that has excellent insulation characteristics and is lightweight and durable in window applications?: Other materials
may be available to allow a more effectively insulated frame. E Source has identified aerogels as being among the lightest materials made, with great potential
for a variety of building applications, ranging from insulating building studs (to reduce thermal bridging) to use in skylights and other daylighting applications.
14. “Smart” material that fills all cavities, is mistake-free, and inexpensive: Overall, the cost of sprayed insulation is still around twice that of installing
fiberglass batting (http://www.toolbase.org/pdf/techinv/insulationalternatives_techspec.pdf).
15. Low power, DC-wired homes to reduce conversion losses: Design homes with both AC and DC outlets so that DC-ready electronic appliances can use the
DC directly, eliminating conversion losses.
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 5
Retrofit Building Design/Envelope Roadmaps
6 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Deep Retrofits for Residential & Commercial Technology Roadmap
Easier methods to determine needs, financing, product
Awareness / training / technology development, codes and enforcement certification and branding
Product/Service
Performance
Lack of waste heat recovery in
GAP Non-utility weatherization funding
commercial buildings
Cheap, streamlined testing and
50% less energy consumption (LT)
retrofitting of existing buildings to
Product/Service achieve optimum savings at minimum
Performance total cost Better capture and utilization of waste 10% of market 30% savings (MT)
GOAL heat from commercial buildings
5% of market 30% savings (ST)
Self-programmable Technology exists, need to apply it at an
Smart Thermostats acceptable cost for homeowners
A “taxonomy” of building types
that eliminates guesswork and
reduces retrofit test and Existing building commissioning tools;
Mixed use: use heat from commercial Building screening tools;
Technology recommendation options for residential, integrate markets Energy savings and estimates (CA Pier Project)
District heat Controls, demand Building control
planning, sharing response on schedule/strategy
Research commercial heat recovery
options for providing space and domestic
water heating for adjacent residential
buildings
69
R&D
Program Categorize building stock for better,
easier testing @ DOE, EPA, Energy
Star, and E Source 95
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 7
R&D Project Summaries
Categorize building stock for better, easier testing: If a wide range of building stock is sorted into categories, energy assessments can be performed more
expeditiously. DOE and EPA have collaborated on a national Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey that collects information on the stock of U.S.
commercial buildings, their energy-related building characteristics, and their energy consumption and expenditures (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/).
The EPA has designed an Energy Star portfolio manager tool to help facility managers track and benchmark energy and water consumption across an entire
portfolio of buildings (http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager). DOE’s Residential Energy Consumption Survey
characterizes U.S. homes through such data as structural features, fuels used, heating and cooling equipment, appliances, and energy usage patterns
(http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/). E Source’s EnFocus system integrates geographic information system (GIS) data with utility billing records and could
be used to categorize building stock and identify individual buildings (contact Michael Shepard at 303.345.9129). NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of
the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Research commercial heat recovery options for providing space and domestic water heating for adjacent residential buildings: With co-located
commercial and residential buildings, commercial waste heat recovery can be more cost effective by utilizing it for adjacent residential use.
8 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Labeling Technology Roadmap
Product/Service
Determine what it is Strong branding
Performance
GAP Get stakeholders to adopt
Develop national/regional stakeholder
Product/Service Consensus on labels (ST) Mandatory (LT)
Performance
GOAL 20% of homes meet
standard (MT)
Labeling Data aggregation systems
Technology Energy benchmarking tools Applications that make testing easier to do
R&D
Program
Test – new tools for modeling that are
attempting new approaches to
computer applications @ LBNL, DOE
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 9
R&D Project Summaries
Test – new tools for modeling that are attempting new approaches to computer applications @ LBNL, DOE: In order to achieve wide-spread adoption of a
consistent energy labeling program, better modeling tools are needed. DOE maintains a Building Energy Software Tools Directory that provides a
comprehensive list of currently available software tools (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/).
10 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap
Retrofit and New Construction Windows Technology Roadmap
Code national/regional (day lighting) Design – education
Lower cost & better Concepts for next generation “same R-value as a wall” specs training
Product/Service technology or ZNE windows
Performance
Shift industry focus from residential to commercial performance
GAP Address seamless PV integration into fenestration standards
Better labeling
Electrochromic issues such as cost, life, performance
Increase window codes
residential and commercial (ST)
Product/Service
Performance
Switchable window/PV 5% of replacement market (ST) Residential envelope
GOAL A window that can effectively cut Better insulated windows performance standards (MT)
energy use in both heating and cooling
climates Net energy producing 50% market Skylights become
alternative for lighting (LT)
Fiberglass frames
Next-gen coatings for triple-glazed IGs SH6 with low-E windows
Self-powered electrochromic-PV
with superior SHGC and U-factor ratings windows
(R5+)
Methods to facilitate
Technology Heavily insulated orientation specific
Integral low-E and PV electrochromic windows glazing
windows
Glazing, vacuum filled 1-
pane, low-E windows Window frames better
insulated than fiberglass
Add a small PV panel to
Develop next-generation Heavily insulated
electrochromic windows that will
coatings for triple glazed electrochromic windows
increase tinting proportionally
windows with low SHGC and R- 79
or insulate during the cooling
value over 5 @ LBNL
91 season @ NREL 80
R&D What is there beyond fiberglass that
Program is highly insulated & lightweight?
Aerogels? 84
Integral low-E and PV windows
@ Brookhaven and Los Alamos Glazing, vacuum filled
Natl. Labs 1-pane, low-E
80
windows 75
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 11
R&D Project Summaries
Develop next-generation coatings for triple-glazed windows with low SHGC and R-value over 5: Develop a glazing product with high R-value and low SHGC
that performs well in all seasons and climates. LBNL (High Performance Building Façade Solutions) is engaged in ongoing research into new coatings and
highly insulated window technologies for both commercial and residential applications. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box
was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
What is there beyond fiberglass that is highly insulated and lightweight?: Other materials may be available to allow a more effectively insulated frame. E
Source has identified aerogels as being among the lightest materials made, with great potential for a variety of building applications, ranging from insulating
building studs (to reduce thermal bridging) to use in skylights and other daylighting applications.
Integral low-E and PV windows: By applying a thin, clear PV film on windows, power can be generated to help buildings achieve Net Zero Energy status.
Brookhaven National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory are collaborating on the development of a new type of transparent thin-film PV material
referred to as large area polymer honeycomb thin films (http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-transparent-material-power-generating-windows.html).
NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Add a small PV panel to electrochromic windows that will increase tinting proportionally or insulate during the cooling season: An electrochromic
window powered by a small PV panel can vary tint with solar heat during the cooling system without low-voltage power distribution. NREL is developing a
prototype window with an integrated PV panel used to control and power the windows (http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/electrochromic_activities.html). NOTE:
Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Glazing, vacuum-filled 1-pane, low-E windows: Combining the insulating property of vacuum between panes and low-E coatings results in a higher R-value
glazing. According to E Source, Guardian Industries is developing a vacuum-filled window product; however, there is currently no data available.
Heavily insulated electrochromic windows: Adding electrochromic tinting to a high R-value glazing allows a window to block heat transfer and selectively
block solar radiation.
12 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap
Transformative Building Materials Technology Roadmap
Make it easy for inexperienced Reduce carbon footprint of typical
Product/Service Prefab components for low-cost ZNE workers to build right materials
Performance construction
GAP
Affordable, widely available
construction materials with
Product/Service
outstanding insulating and/or
Performance
energy storage characteristics
GOAL
Modular, pre-insulated wall, Self heating insulation
floor, and ceiling units
Insulating sheetrock Insulated building exterior Products that may or may not have EE components but
alternative material improve building designs and improve techniques that
Technology can save energy
PCM wall board, etc., Transitive building envelope designs,
phase change material load shape
Develop cost-competitive insulated
sheetrock alternatives 71
R&D
Program Develop insulated building exterior
material @ NAHB Research Center 81
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 13
R&D Project Summaries
Develop insulated building exterior material: A cost-effective insulating material that can be applied to building exteriors would help achieve Net Zero
Energy retrofits in buildings for which interior insulation is impractical. The National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Research Center currently has two
R&D programs underway. One is focused on the development of an exterior insulation finishing system that can provide added insulation and can provide
architectural benefits to buildings. The other is focused on developing insulated vinyl siding products. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap,
this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Develop cost-competitive insulated sheetrock alternatives: A cost-effective, insulated alternative to sheetrock would help achieve Net Zero Energy retrofits
in buildings where wall cavities are shallow. E Source has identified “phase change materials” as a possibility for exploration. These materials are designed
to absorb and release energy into the surrounding environment, thereby saving energy and shifting HVAC loads to off-peak times.
14 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Solar / Smart Roofing Technology Roadmap
Distribution / adoption
Need to match up home locations with Google Maps,
Product/Service
Performance Technology / price / standards GPS, or equivalent, plus site-specific data collection by
non-technical auditors, possibly the homeowner Local restrictions
GAP
Data / easy to install
Products readily available in
Product/Service Intelligent buildings with PV (MT) Buildings codes that required solar (LT)
marketplace at a low cost (ST)
Performance
GOAL
Cool / PV / solar water heating Modular PV installation systems, including
roofing electronics
Solar shingles Water collection systems
Technology
Solar survey mobile
application for residential
(exists for commercial)
Cool / PV / solar water heating
roofing @ NREL, Florida Solar
Energy Center, and Oak Ridge
National Laboratory
74
R&D Efficient, cost-competitive solar
Program shingles 72
Solar survey mobile application
for residential @ NREL 60
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 15
R&D Project Summaries
Cool/PV/solar water heating roofing: Develop affordable roofing systems with integrated solar PV and solar collectors for domestic hot water (DHW) while
shading the building. According to E Source, NREL, Florida Solar Energy Center, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory are working on building-integrated solar
systems involving both PV and solar thermal. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored
accordingly.
Efficient, cost-competitive solar shingles: Building-integrated PV helps make solar power more affordable and easier to incorporate into a building.
Although there are currently solar shingle products in the market, they tend to have relatively low efficiencies and higher costs when compared with standard
small PV systems.
Solar survey mobile application for residential: A simple, inexpensive, accurate approach to surveying residential buildings' solar potential will assist in
owners' decision-making and reduce overhead costs for installers. NREL’s In My Backyard (IMBY) system estimates PV electricity production based on such
factors as location and system size. The IMBY system uses a Google Maps interface to allow users to easily choose a system location with pinpoint accuracy
(http://www.nrel.gov/eis/imby/). NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
16 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Retrofit Insulation Technology Roadmap
Awareness – identification of need at
Product/Service Training / methods and technologies
Performance
a low cost, easier to install
GAP
Develop cost-effective methods
to quickly increase market
Product/Service penetration of insulation
Performance augmentation Easier to use, affordable
insulation materials
GOAL
Comprehensive, affordable building survey for
missing or ineffective insulation
Neighborhood scale
New materials, cheaper and easier to approaches
Community aerial infrared scan + install
GPS data systems
Insulation optimization via IR
Technology Device or method to better scanning & analysis software
insulate walls
Device that scans infrared and
calculates heat load
Utilize aerial infrared scanning
with GPS and GIS to quickly
prioritize attic and roof insulation “Smart” material that fills all cavities and is
opportunities in a community 73 mistake-free and inexpensive 87
R&D
Program
Device that scans infrared and
calculates heat load 79
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 17
R&D Project Summaries
“Smart” material that fills all cavities and is mistake-free and inexpensive: The NAHB Research Center provides info on both sprayed fiber and foam
insulation, including cost data, factors to consider, and even a couple case studies. Overall, the cost of sprayed insulation is still around twice that of
installing fiberglass batting (http://www.toolbase.org/pdf/techinv/insulationalternatives_techspec.pdf).
Device that scans infrared and calculates heat load: With a bit more data input and programming capability, an infrared camera could translate surface
temperature into heat load.
Utilize aerial infrared scanning with GPS and GIS to quickly prioritize attic and roof insulation opportunities in a community: Implementation costs of
weatherization programs may be reduced and impacts greatly improved by utilizing aerial infrared scanning to quickly prioritize opportunities within a
community.
18 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Insulated Shades Technology Roadmap
Product/Service Better
Performance Aesthetically appealing
product/awareness
GAP
Product/Service
Performance
GOAL
New materials for thin, Window-integrated PV-integrated window
super-insulating fabrics insulating shades shades
Technology
R&D
Program
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 19
R&D Project Summaries
No R&D projects identified as of June 2010
20 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Retrofit & New Construction Air Sealing Technology Roadmap
Building air sealing is too often
Product/Service poorly done by contractors
Performance
Training improvements in identifying
GAP Methods of effective air sealing are too complex and
poorly understood by many practitioners
Data better/methods
Product/Service
Performance
Streamlined, simpler methodology for air
GOAL sealing
Have specialists perform air sealing Next-gen substitute for blower door testing –
cheap & easy
Technology An affordable, “idiot-proof” methodology for
air sealing
Checklists (test effectiveness)
Research to move air sealing to prescriptive and into
hands of quality control and out of contractors 97
R&D
Program Application technology that is easy and inexpensive
95
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 21
R&D Project Summaries
Research to move air sealing to prescriptive and into hands of quality control and out of contractors: Building air sealing is too often poorly done by
contractors.
Application technology that is easy and inexpensive: If a common methodology for air sealing common building envelope types could be developed, a wider
range of builders could implement it more effectively and consistently.
22 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : RETROFIT BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Infrared Scanning Technology Roadmap
Need affordable, widely-available IR Identifying need at a lower cost – part of labeling
Product/Service photography capability
Performance
Lower cost/more awareness Similar to Carfax
GAP
Cheap products widely available to realtors and
Comprehensive, affordable building contractors (ST)
Product/Service
survey for missing or ineffective
Performance insulation
Thermal overlay major meter areas
GOAL (MT)
Infrared Smart phone Insulation optimization via infrared scanning & analysis software
Community aerial IR scan + GPS data systems Google street view w/ IR
Technology
Aerial photos to target
Marry the energy technology with smart
phone/device technology 76
R&D
Program
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 23
R&D Project Summaries
Marry the energy technology with smart phone/device technology: To make infrared scanners more effective, find a way to link them to smart phones or
devices, or develop a cell phone application that would allow the cell phone to function as an IR camera.
24 ■ MARCH 2011
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 25
New Construction Building Design/Envelope
26 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : NEW CONSTRUCTION BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap
Net Zero Energy Home Technology Roadmap
Code change
Product/Service Effective design New technology
Performance Encouraging high density
Education and training
GAP Architect and engineers,
installers, code/manufacturing Branding urban areas and
certification / commissioning
Easy-to-use tools and techniques to New appliance energy standards and supporting technologies and 5% - 50% better than code (ST)
Product/Service optimize contributions of energy installation techniques to eliminate vampire loads in the home
Performance efficiency and renewable generation on 20% - 50% or better of that 50% are net
an individual dwelling unit scale zero after that code (MT)
GOAL Minimize power conversion losses among loads
and zones; assess building stock for DC power Building America – risk lies going
All new construction zero opportunities from 50% to 70%
energy by 2030 (LT)
Non-conductive framing members
Design & analysis tools to integrate components and predict Non stick built homes
whole-system energy performance
R10 structural sheeting
Technology
Smarter electrical plugs, programmable, Micro heat exchangers that can
addressable (in development) handle low temp waste heat
Low power, DC-wired homes Renewable building
materials
Predictive modeling to
determine what knobs to have Develop cheap and reliable smart plugs; create
and control – work at USCB, protocols for appliance compatibility with smart
LBNL plugs; human factors R&D for design,
installation, and use of smart plugs 92
R&D
Program
2030 Challenge, DOE, PNNL, Low power, DC-wired homes to reduce
NREL, ORNL, LBNL conversion losses 88
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 27
R&D Project Summaries
Develop cheap and reliable smart plugs; create protocols for appliance compatibility with smart plugs; human factors R&D for design, installation, and
use of smart plugs: Make smart outlets a standard feature in new construction requires innovation in technology and building industry practices. Research is
needed primarily to develop the ability of plugs to turn off equipment when not in use; secondarily, to enable participation in demand response events. The
University of Florida at Gainesville has conducted some limited research on smart plugs and smart environments that addresses the design of the plugs, their
capabilities, and their installation. In this research, the ability of the home operating system is explored, but their integration with the smart grid for demand
response is not addressed.
Low power, DC-wired homes to reduce conversion losses: Design homes with both AC and DC outlets so that DC-ready electronic appliances can use the DC
directly, eliminating conversion losses.
Predictive modeling to determine what knobs to have and control – work at USCB, LBNL: Integrating and operating the variety of energy technologies
required to achieve ZNE requires advanced modeling and controls.
2030 Challenge, DOE, PNNL, NREL, ORNL, LBNL: To achieve carbon-neutrality by 2030 requires buildings, which contribute almost 50 percent of
greenhouse gas emissions, to be designed to 50 percent of current average energy use for the building type and region.
28 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : NEW CONSTRUCTION BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Labeling Technology Roadmap
Get stakeholders to adopt Determine what it is Develop national/regional stakeholder
Product/Service
Performance Standards for labeling
GAP
Have labels (ST) 20% are using labels (ST) Net zero label (LT)
Product/Service
Performance
Labeling mandatory increasing to meet zero energy (MT)
GOAL
Energy benchmarking tools Data aggregation systems Faster/cheaper approaches
Uniform MLS Requirement Valuation of label
Technology
Access to utility billing data
Cal Arch, Energy I2 Action, Ecotype tool
R&D
Program Energy information systems –
numerous existing (see LBNL reports)
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
#
Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D) (Max=100)
Performance Goal
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 29
R&D Project Summaries
Cal Arch, Energy I2 Action, Ecotype tool: The broad adoption of building energy labels requires better energy modeling tools.
Energy information systems – numerous existing (see LBNL reports): Energy information and systems to collect and make it available to building designers
and facility management staff are key to achieving carbon-neutrality by 2030, which requires buildings, which contribute almost 50 percent of greenhouse
gas emissions, to be designed to 50 percent of current average energy use for the building type and region. The establishment of building energy labeling
requires sharing of enough building energy performance data to establish performance benchmarks in addition to ratings.
30 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : NEW CONSTRUCTION BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
New Construction Insulation Technology Roadmap
Better modeling / technology Better materials with higher EE Modular homes
Product/Service value
Performance Easier to install
GAP
Affordable, widely available
Product/Service
Performance construction materials with outstanding
insulating characteristics
GOAL
Foam/siding attachment
Insulation optimization via IR scanning & analysis software
Insulating structural panels
Technology
Application technology, “easy and cheap” @ CA
PIER, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab, Ec Manufacturing, and
MIT 82
R&D
Program
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 31
R&D Project Summaries
Application technology, “easy and cheap”: To achieve widespread use of more efficient building insulation, develop new materials that are cost-competitive
with existing materials and that are easy to install. California’s Public Interest Energy Research program is exploring the feasibility of using a low-cost perlite
based ceramic insulator material for buildings (http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/portfolio/Content/06/EISG/Improved%20Insulation%20for%20Buildings.htm). Oak
Ridge National Laboratory is developing a panelized wall system with foam core insulation that can be easily assembled, airtight, and extremely energy
efficient (http://www.ornl.gov/adm/partnerships/factsheets/10-G01077_ID1581.pdf). Ec Manufacturing is developing studs made from insulated lumber
(http://www.jetsongreen.com/2010/10/new-thermally-broken-rstud-lumber.html#). MIT has been researching insulated concrete forms to determine the
advantages over conventional wood-framed construction (http://web.mit.edu/cshub/news/pdf/BuildingsLCAsummaryDec2010.pdf). NOTE: Prior to the
March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
32 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : NEW CONSTRUCTION BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Eliminating Home Penetrations Technology Roadmap
Better designs Codes/products/technology Training
Product/Service
Performance
GAP
Product/Service
Performance
GOAL
Modular, pre-insulated wall, floor, and
Surface mount electrical Double wall systems
ceiling units
With foam based framing, how do you
Technology Products unrelated to energy savings
remove or add material for wiring,
but eliminate wall penetrations
plumbing, and how do you wire it?
R&D
Program
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 33
R&D Project Summaries
No R&D projects identified as of June 2010
34 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : NEW CONSTRUCTION BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Technology Roadmap
Day Lighting Walls Technology Roadmap
Product/Service
Cost, ease of use,
Performance Measurable Design cost/complexity
predictable benefits
GAP
Product/Service
Performance Affordable, widely-available day
lighting options
GOAL Better design support tools
Devices for deeper penetration of light into Retrofitable exterior window shades
spaces, i.e.: light shelf
Technology Easier, cheaper daylight modeling tools that
give energy benefits
Devices for deeper penetration into space @
UBC, LBNL
R&D
Program Develop easier, cheaper daylighting models
that determine energy saving benefits @
Architectural Energy Corporation 91
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 35
R&D Project Summaries
Develop easier, cheaper daylighting models that determine energy savings benefits: Affordable daylighting design and commissioning software with
intuitive design features for ease of usability will assist in optimum placement of sensors and optimum daylight harvesting, promoting successful and long-
lasting applications. The Architectural Energy Corporation’s Sensor Placement and Optimization Software (SPOT) has been in development since 2005, with
funding from multiple organizations from California and the Pacific Northwest (http://www.archenergy.com/SPOT/) . According to the company, “SPOT is
intended to assist a designer in quantifying the existing or intended electric lighting and annual daylighting characteristics of a given space and to help
establish the optimal photosensor placement for the space relative to annual performance and annual energy savings. The software was developed with
classroom daylighting in mind, but can be used for all types of spaces. SPOT™ handles top and side daylight sources and can model any electric lighting
source. The software uses a Microsoft® Excel platform with a RADIANCE engine and is available at no cost.” The Daylighting Collaborative also maintains a
list of all current daylighting modeling software (http://www.daylighting.org/designaids.php#computer). NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the
roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Devices for deeper penetration into space @ UBC, LBNL: For more effective daylighting, develop devices to transfer daylight deeper into building spaces.
36 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : NEW CONSTRUCTION BUILDING DESIGN/ENVELOPE Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Manufactured Housing Technology Roadmap
Product/Service Follow codes/code Panels that can be easily
Elimination of duct work Retro structurally engineered
Performance improvement installed – spray on
GAP
Product/Service
Performance Cheap, streamlined construction and installation of energy efficient manufactured
housing – reflecting best practices in other manufacturing industries
GOAL
Modular, pre-insulated wall, floor, and
ceiling units Automated/robotic assembly
Technology
Innovative shop floor technologies similar to
auto industry @ Toyota and Panasonic 97
R&D
Program
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 37
R&D Project Summaries
Innovative shop floor technologies similar to auto industry: Manufactured housing is generally overlooked. It can generate big energy and financial
benefits with some optimization and lessons from other industries. Apparently, most of the work being done, to date, has been happening in Japan under the
leadership of Toyota and Panasonic (http://www.joplinglobe.com/dailybusiness/x1383437018/Toyota-Panasonic-sally-into-nascent-green-housing-sector).
NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
38 ■ MARCH 2011
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 39
Lighting Roadmaps
40 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Lighting (General) Technology Roadmap
Optimize use of fluorescent, SSL, halogen IR Optimized design of lamp, ballast / driver, luminaire, controls
Product/Service technologies by application for ease of installation, operation, maintenance
Performance
GAP
80% reduction in avg. lighting electric use in new buildings (through combination of more efficient light sources, more efficient luminaires,
Product/Service better controls, better application, and more use of natural light (LT)
Performance
GOAL
Hybrid fluorescent / SSL technologies for Red LED integrated into FCL for
Luminaire optics for plasma light
optimum performance, cost & aesthetics improved CRI
Technology
Lighting productivity research Red LED integrated into CFL for
@ LRC, Heschong Mahone improved CRI 67
R&D Self-cleaning luminaires @
Program Study health impacts of Holophane and Schreder 77
lighting @ LRC, others
Luminaire optics for plasma light 69
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 41
R&D Project Summaries
Self-cleaning luminaires: Explore surface films and treatments to reduce reductions in luminaire reflectivity and transmittance due to surface deterioration
and contamination. Both Holophane (the Prismpack, see http://www.holophane.co.uk/downloads/Prismpack_UK.pdf) and Schreder (the Furyo, see
http://www.schreder.com/272-1-259-520/product/print_fiche.aspx) have developed self-cleaning luminaries. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the
roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Luminaire optics for plasma light: Plasma lighting claims 120 lumens per watt and 30,000 hour life. Research on luminaire optics is needed to take better
advantage of this new lamp technology. According to E Source a number of luminaires were shown at LightFair for the Luxim plasma lamp.
Red LED integrated into CFL for improved CRI: Research the combination of red LEDs into CFLs to raise color rendering index (CRI), making it closer to that
of incandescent, which is still the current favorite for residential applications.
Lighting productivity research @ LRC, Heschong Mahone: To expand the utilization of some efficient lighting techniques, research is needed to better
document positive impacts on productivity, building on work by Heschong-Mahone and the Lighting Resource Center.
Study health impacts of lighting @ LRC, others: To expand the utilization of some efficient lighting techniques, research is needed to better document
positive impacts on human health, building on work by Lighting Resource Center and others.
42 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Technology Roadmap
Solid State Lighting Technology Roadmap
Better understanding
Reduce cost by lighting
Product/Service Better CRI
Performance professionals
Increase efficiency Improve stability over time Improve lumen
GAP maintenance Full dimming while
maintaining all of the
qualities above
Product/Service
Standardized, affordable, reliable SSL
Performance components allowing fixture designers Target early, cost-effective
200 lm/W for 3500 CCT (50% of 80% goal) (LT)
wide freedom to innovate and meet applications
GOAL consumer needs
SSL that can operate on AC
power without rectification, or an
ultra-efficient DC to DC converter
well-suited to SSL driver
Thermoelectric Demonstrations applications
Better lens designs to aim
light without excessive glare
generation mounted
on LED driver chip to
reduce power Training / education
requirements and
waste heat output Tiny lights
Technology
Fixture design for many Super-SSL – next generation L-prize winner Manufacturing
different applications that use meeting all needs identified in Gap column methods
Thermoelectric heat Electric system
recovery from LEDs @ compatibility @
Nextreme and ITRI Emerge Alliance,
Can it focus 60 LRC, Lunera
better? @ Lighting, Redwood
Philips, Cree, etc. Improved light SSL life extension @ Systems, and Nextek
R&D extraction @ Philips, Philips, Cree, etc.
Program Cree, etc.
72
Better fixture Substrate growth
design @ many SSL heat dissipation @ improvements @ DOE
luminaire mfgs. Philips, Cree, NSC, etc. contractors
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 43
R&D Project Summaries
Electric system compatibility: Unlike most other light sources, most LED products require conversion of AC to DC power, which introduces system
inefficiencies. Multiple parties are researching this issue. Emerge Alliance is developing standards for DC power for commercial buildings, which would
provide an environment where LEDs could be used directly (http://www.emergealliance.org/). The Lighting Research Center is researching electronic walls
and ceilings that are compatible with LEDs (http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/or_adaptableSSL.asp). Lunera Lighting and Redwood systems are
also engaged in R&D on this topic. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Thermoelectronic heat recovery from LEDs: Heat dissipation is essential to good performance of LED lighting. One approach suggested for dissipating the
heat is to actually generate electricity from the generated heat using thermoelectric (or thermoelectronic) devices (similar to PV, but they operate on heat, not
light), increasing the effective efficiency of the system. Nextreme is developing the ability to cool high-power LED packages with thin-film thermoelectric
technology (http://www.ledjournal.com/images/PDFs/Online%20Issues/Articles/LED_Sept_Oct08_Nextreme.pdf). The Industrial Technology Research
Institute in Taiwan has also reported through IEEE of the cooling performance of a silicon-based thermoelectric device on high power LEDs
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?reload=true&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F10188%2F32527%2F01519885.pdf%3Farnu
mber%3D1519885&authDecision=-203). NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored
accordingly.
Substrate growth improvements @ DOE contractors: LEDs are grown on substrates and there is ongoing research to improve the process for such things as:
higher external quantum efficiency performance, better electrostatic discharge durability, simple low-cost fabrication, high product yield with high brightness,
and better heat management (DOE SSL).
SSL life extension @ Philips, Cree, etc.: Electrical and thermal design of the LED system or fixture determine how long LEDs will last and how much light they
will provide. Driving the LED at higher than rated current will increase relative light output but decrease useful life. Operating the LED at higher than design
temperature will also decrease useful life significantly. (DOE SSL)
SSL heat dissipation @ Philips, Cree, NSC, etc.: Excess heat directly affects both short-term and long-term LED performance. The short-term (reversible)
effects are color shift and reduced light output, while the long-term effect is accelerated lumen depreciation and thus shortened useful life. (DOE SSL)
Improved light extraction @ Philips, Cree, etc.: Constant development of higher efficacy LED/driver packages is ongoing with the goal of more lumens/watt
without sacrificing lamp life.
Can it focus better? @ Philips, Cree, etc.: Designing luminaires that take best advantage of SSL characteristics to deliver luminous flux on the task rather
attempting to mimic traditional fixtures leads to the best performance. The DOE and other groups are sponsoring a variety of design competitions.
Better fixture design @ many luminaire manufacturers: Designing luminaires that take best advantage of SSL characteristics rather than look like
traditional fixtures leads to the best performance. Dealing with replacement parts for premature failure is an issue. Lack of interchangeability will hamper the
market. The DOE and other groups are sponsoring a variety of design competitions.
44 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Task/Ambient Lighting Application and Control Technology Roadmap
Better user control of task lighting, including user-
Product/Service Weak understanding of how to weave task /ambient moveable luminaires
Performance functions together
Need control strategies that are easy to design &
GAP Ability to have task lighting quantifiable reduce
install, and that make it easy for users to save energy
overall light levels and lighting energy consumption
while ensuring visual comfort
Product/Service
Easy-to-design, install, implement task / ambient (15% of 80% goals) Establish as standard
Performance
systems that save significant energy and improve practice: reduced ambient light levels coupled
GOAL visual comfort relative to alternatives with increased use of task lighting (LT)
Training/education Codes
Task / ambient luminaires designs to provide
both lighting functions synergistically
Technology User-aware controls that reduce
Task /ambient controls to ensure energy savings ambient levels for task and energy
relative to simply adding task lighting optimization Avoid “cave effect”
Fine light for office lighting and
classrooms integrated
Human factor (usability and comfort) @
PG&E Design standards @ IES
95
R&D
Program Lighting systems for school, office, etc. @
Finelight / PIER
Hospital lighting systems 79
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 45
R&D Project Summaries
Human factor (usability and comfort): The elements for broad application are present - need human factors R&D on design and control approaches to
realize the potential. This work could potentially be informed by researchers such as Joan Roberts, of Fordham, and Jennifer Veitch at the National Research
Council of Canada, who are both working on designing healthy workplaces. PG&E also completed a study of how occupants respond to task-ambient lighting
systems in 2009 (http://www.etcc-ca.com/component/content/article/21/2892-high-efficiency-office-low-ambienttask-lighting-large-office-). There is still
much to be explored in this R&D space. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored
accordingly.
Hospital lighting systems: Optimize lighting in hospitals by reducing ambient lighting and instituting effective task lighting.
Design standards @ IES: Utilize design standards as they become available from IES for applications in task and ambient applications.
Lighting systems for school, office, etc. @ Finelight/PIER: Review research from existing programs that adopt the Integrated Classroom Lighting System
(and similar classroom lighting systems) and the Personal Lighting System (and related lighting systems) for offices. These maximize the effectiveness of
lighting, reducing the need for over-lighting.
46 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Roadmap
Lighting Controls (Dimming, Occupancy Sensors) Technology Roadmap
More reliable controls
Product/Service
Performance Better human interface Cheaper controls
GAP Training and education
Product/Service
Performance 50% reduction (25% of 80% goal) (LT)
GOAL
Improved sensing technology to make
controls more natural for users (poss. military-
derived)
Adjust lighting levels to Easy to change
time of day Sensors don’t light setting on sensors
Link to HVAC and Plug Load Controls
Technology empty spaces
Sensors that do not turn Cheaper, simpler self
calibration Better location of occupancy of sensors
off when occupied
Building-wide user fixtures
Predictive modeling for
dynamic lighting needs @ MIT
77 R&D for Cheaper, simple self-calibration @
R&D MIT 84
Program
Dynamic control of occupancy-based lighting
[Wattstopper, Lithonia?]
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 47
R&D Project Summaries
Cheaper, simpler self-calibration: Some controls try to adjust settings according to the habits of the user. Cheaper, simpler, and more effective ways of
doing this will be helpful. This will likely take advantage of better predictive modeling. MIT’s Media Lab is currently researching feedback controlled solid
state lighting, with a specific focus on “low-cost sensing modalities that are attuned to human factors such as user context, circadian rhythms, or productivity
[and integrating] these data with atypical environmental factors to move beyond traditional lux measurements.”
(https://www.media.mit.edu/research/groups/responsive-environments) NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified
as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Predictive modeling for dynamic lighting needs: Research on modeling that will better predict lighting needs by taking into account the time of day and day
of the week will make lighting controls more useful and more acceptable to users. MIT’s Media Lab is currently researching feedback controlled solid state
lighting, with a specific focus on “low-cost sensing modalities that are attuned to human factors such as user context, circadian rhythms, or productivity [and
integrating] these data with atypical environmental factors to move beyond traditional lux measurements.”
(https://www.media.mit.edu/research/groups/responsive-environments) NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified
as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Dynamic control of occupancy-based lighting [WattStopper, Lithonia?]: Likely using the modeling from above, controls that dynamically predict lighting
needs by taking into account the time of day and day of the week for the user will make lighting controls more useful and more acceptable to users.
48 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Luminaires Technology Roadmap
Product/Service Market needs to be rewarded for Change common metrics from source Use FTE for outdoor
Performance efficient luminaires efficacy to luminaire efficacy lighting
GAP
Better light quality as perceived by users
Product/Service In residential sector, begin shifting emphasis from
Performance Design lighting and efficient sources, to efficient luminaires
Make mesopic
luminaires to optimize the
GOAL lighting standards
effectiveness for the task accessible to
from the user's point of appropriate users
view
Metrics for light delivered, task and aesthetic performance, Ballast for CFL with low on/off Higher lumen watt stick
not light emitted penalty forecast
Technology
Legitimize mesopic Change IES metrics @
lighting @ LRC IES
Human factors – research on
R&D parameter for optimizing ? @ LRC
Program
Review and audit of various luminaire designs for
various lighting applications @ DOE
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 49
R&D Project Summaries
Review and audit of various luminaire designs for various lighting applications.: The importance of luminaires has often been overlooked in specifications
and codes. Need to rate luminaires so better data are available, then educate architects and designers on which luminaires to use for which applications to
improve efficiency and effective lighting. DOE’s Commercial Lighting Solutions provides good tools in this area
(https://www.lightingsolutions.energy.gov/comlighting/login.htm).
Human factors – research on parameters for optimizing @ LRC: Regardless how efficient lighting is, it's only useful if it actually helps humans. Research on
the relevant human factors is important and may apply to luminaires.
Legitimize mesopic lighting @ LRC: Mesopic lighting, to be fully accepted by the market, needs to have standards changed to legitimize it. Provide data to
support IES standards modifications.
Change IES metrics @ IES: Metrics and standards have evolved as we learn more about how humans use light most effectively. More work needs to be done
to continue to improve IES metrics.
50 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : LIGHTING Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Day Lighting Technology Roadmap
Product/Service Better light quality as perceived More responsive controls, esp. for Easier to design, commission and
Performance
by users horizontal day lighting operate
GAP
More responsive, reliable,
long-lived controls for
Product/Service vertical day lighting
Performance
GOAL
80% reduction in avg. lighting electric use in part due to combination of better Affordable, widely available day
controls, better application, and more use of natural light lighting options
Next gen ambient and task Core day lighting Cheaper and more simple self
Day lighting sensors
Technology lighting sensors and controls system calibrating dimming controls
Skylight design
Research human and technology Skylight design @ CLTC &
barriers @ LRC CEDR 78
Optimize daylighting with PC Software for daylight design –
R&D use @ LRC? sensor placement @ CEC PIER
Program
Cheaper and simpler self-
Core Lighting project @ calibrating dimming controls @
UBC & CLTC Watt Stopper/NEMA Lighting
Controls 81
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 51
R&D Project Summaries
Cheaper and simpler self-calibrating dimming controls: Making daylighting cost-effective continues to be a challenge. Cheaper, easier to use, and self-
calibrating controls can help to make daylighting more attractive. Dorene Maniccia of Watt Stopper (and chair of the NEMA Lighting Controls) is researching
dual-loop daylight control systems that self commission and offer continual calibration. NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box
was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Skylight design: Making daylighting cost-effective continues to be a challenge. Effective, affordable, leak-resistant skylight design could help make
daylighting easier and more affordable to adopt. The California Lighting Technology Center is researching core sunlighting systems
(http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/content/view/796/409/) and is working to improve the solatube tubular skylight (http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/content/view/113/139/).
California’s Energy Design Resources is also working to design skylights for facilities with suspended ceilings
(http://www.energydesignresources.com/media/1786/EDR_DesignBriefs_skysuspceil.pdf). NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D
box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Research human and technology barriers @ LRC: Investigate both human factors and technical barriers to adopting daylighting.
Core Lighting project @ UBC & CLTC: Daylighting has traditionally concentrated on perimeter zones (near windows). Current research is finding ways to use
daylighting in core zones. More research is needed to find more affordable and effective ways of doing this.
Optimize daylighting with PC use @ LRC: Research on how to effectively use personal computers to monitor and control daylighting.
Software for daylight design – sensor placement @ CEC PIER: Develop good, affordable software for designing daylighting systems, including determining
optimum placement of sensors.
52 ■ MARCH 2011
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 53
Electronics Roadmaps
54 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Technology Roadmap
Sleep Mode Technology Roadmap
Retain
Integration of sleep mode application with intelligence
Product/Service Responsive to user needs and Minimal user
product standby software and hardware
Performance preferences interaction required
configurations Capability to
GAP restore to full
functionality
Require sleep mode features that reduce
Optimize sleep mode energy Reduce overall energy use by energy usage by 90% (ST-MT)
Product/Service
impacts without degrading user 65% relative to "always on"
Performance
experience baseline
GOAL Work with manufacturing community as in
trade associations and interest groups
Sleep-mode chip or
User-sensing and user- Sleep mode more responsive to late Google App to reset equivalent design standard
aware controls night network admin. updated sleep mode
Preset sleep mode to energy
Technology efficiency best practices
Video games with sleep mode
are also losing score
Software compatibility
with stand-by modes
Responsive to gamers’ Accessible and simple
needs interface controls @ LBNL
70
User sensing controls – 76
underway @ TV mfgs,
however this R&D is Software compatibility with
R&D not accessible for Optimize user Network management for stand-by modes
Program computer networks
75
collaboration interface 73
Responsive to late-night
Behavior economics for how network updates @ UC San
people use devices 82 Diego and Microsoft 68
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 55
R&D Project Summaries
Behavior economics for how people use devices: To facilitate wide-spread adoption of sleep-mode technology, study the way the most common user groups
interact with electronic devices so the sleep-mode technology will be compatible with their behavior.
Accessible and simple interface controls: To facilitate widespread adoption of sleep mode technology, develop controls that are as simple or accessible as
possible. If they're complicated or a hassle, they won't get used. LBNL has developed and is promoting IEEE standard #1621, related to power management
controls. The purpose of the standard is “to accomplish a similarity of experience of power controls across all electronic devices so that users will find them
easier to use and be more likely to utilize power management features that save energy.” (http://eetd.lbl.gov/Controls/1621/) NOTE: Prior to the March
2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Software compatibility with stand-by modes: To facilitate widespread adoption of sleep mode technology, it's not enough that it works well with end users
and network administrators; ensure it's compatible with all the commonly used software applications and video games. According to E Source, the ongoing
work in this area seems to be primarily occurring within the software and hardware developers (e.g. Microsoft, Dell, etc.); open demonstrations of research
are unknown at this time.
Optimize user interface: Facilitate widespread adoption of sleep mode technology and optimized user interface. As with accessible and simple interface
controls, LBNL is promoting IEEE standard #1621; however, there is still much research needed in this space.
Responsive to gamers’ needs: Video games with sleep mode are losing scores. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has been studying the power
consumption of various gaming consoles
(http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_230564_317_205_776_43/http%3B/uspalecp604%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/power_
play__epri_analysis_reveals_that_video_game_consoles_differ_in_energy_consumption_da_753432.html); however, this research question is focused on
the development of a sleep mode that will not disrupt a player’s game, allowing them to sleep their equipment rather than keeping it running for hours
without play.
Responsive to late-night network updates: Sleep mode must become more responsive to late-night network administrative updates. U.C. San Diego is
exploring a method of hosting a light-wight image of each PC on he server that can allow the individual PCs to remain in sleep mode longer, but still remain
accessible for waking (http://mesl.ucsd.edu/yuvraj/research/sleepserver.html). Microsoft’s “sleep proxy” allows PCs to remain in sleep mode, on average,
about 50% more of the time without sacrificing employee or IT accessibility (http://research.microsoft.com/en-
us/um/people/padhye/publications/sleepproxy.pdf). NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was
scored accordingly.
User sensing controls – underway @ TV manufacturers, however this R&D is not accessible for collaboration: To facilitate widespread adoption of sleep
mode technology, study the way the most common user groups use electronic devices so the sleep mode technology will be compatible with their behavior
and not cause user inconveniences.
Network management for computer networks: To facilitate widespread adoption of sleep mode technology, it's not enough that it works well with end users.
Sleep mode also needs to meet the needs of network administrators; otherwise, they will not support (or will even disallow) its use.
56 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
DC Power Source Technology Roadmap
Evidence that DC has predictable
energy savings benefits compared to Access to DC Lack of DC network
Product/Service AC, and under what conditions powered end use infrastructure
Performance Need a good,
Need safety education
affordable way
Need cost-effective and training for designers,
GAP technology and standards for installers, code officials,
to transmit
control signals
hardware and implementation end-users
Establish that using a DC on a DC network
Investigate alternative, perhaps simpler,
alternatives to DC power, such as higher power source is in fact a
voltage AC, to see if they are as effective valid way to achieve
before committing to changing to DC power significant energy savings Affordable, widely-available DC power
Product/Service options for retrofit and new construction Determine viability of and
Performance installations with well-documented energy establish standards for
saving characteristics power line carrier signals
GOAL on a DC system
Affordable, widely-available
Determine feasibility of DC power options of things Develop access to DC power
using a companion DC that currently use AC in sources to simplify AC/DC Work with state/local entities to
power system in homes order to reduce the need for conversions and reduce invoke codes and standards
both systems losses (MT-LT)
DC-compatible power
line carrier control
systems and protocols
Buildings wired with AC
Technology and DC power
Standard uninterruptible
AC equipment Standard DC system products for voltage conversion, facility level power supply interface
adaptor for DC power DC to DC “transformer” hardware and control
distribution and device connection
protocols to accept power
from photovoltaic and
other DC distributed
generation sources
DC loss reduction Direct PV to DC
– basic R&D @ equipment integration
EPRI
56 UPS – PV integration
Higher voltage DC safety @ Emerge (large or small) @ Heart
Universal plug Alliance et al
R&D conversion AC as an 64 Transverter, Gridpoint,
adapter for DC –
alternative to DC (230v) – and iPower
Program Explore DC appliances with underway @ 60
underway @ EPRI speed control EPRI
61
Data center
Research how much “stuff” in Power line carrier performance
requirements for DC only
home is DC vs. AC at the core over DC lines
59 - underway @ EPRI 51
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 57
R&D Project Summaries
DC Safety: DC acts very differently from AC, so we need a whole new set of safety standards, education, and training so that people understand and
implement DC safely. The Emerge Alliance and other interested stakeholders (e.g. EPRI) are working to develop DC power standards for commercial
buildings, which include safety concerns (http://www.emergealliance.org/). NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was
identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Explore DC appliances with speed control: Since variable speed is easy to do with DC motors, having DC in the building may allow the possibility of using
many more DC motors for variable-speed applications. The economic advantages are greatest when there is a large number of DC motors or DC electronic
loads that can all operate, or be easily adapted to operate, on the same DC voltage.
UPS – PV integration (large or small): One of the things that could change with providing DC to data centers is the UPS system. It is likely that many data
centers will convert to DC UPS systems. Solar PV systems, too, may supply DC directly rather than converting to AC and back again. Research is needed to
determine how to most effectively do that. Heart Transverter developed a 2kw power management device and control hardware for integrating PV, electric
vehicles, battery banks, and some other combinations of AC or DC within its power range (http://www.transverter.com/). Gridpoint seems to have designed a
product that is specifically meant to integrate with PV (http://www.gridpoint.com/home.aspx). iPower’s offering promises to tailor its UPS to specific
distributed generation systems for an added cost (http://ipowerltd.com/). NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified
as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Research how much “stuff” in home is DC vs. AC at the core: Do some basic analysis to see if there is enough DC equipment in a typical home to justify
having a DC supply in homes. It is unlikely that the load of DC in a home is enough to justify supplying DC.
DC loss reduction – basic R&D: The concept of using DC power supply in a data center makes intuitive sense, but it is not well tested, especially in
comparison to other approaches such as using higher AC supply voltage (230V.). Basic proof-of-concept and maybe some small trials are needed before
expanding further. EPRI is assessing efficiency and loss-reduction potential for distribution technologies in general, including for DC power. NOTE: Prior to
the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Power line carrier performance over DC lines: Power line carrier solutions for controls are attractive. Do some basic research to see if this is viable on DC
systems; would likely need to avoid jumping AC-DC or DC-AC converters.
Direct PV to DC equipment integration: Solar PV systems may supply DC directly rather than converting to AC and back again. This will be most effective if
the voltage of the PV system is matched with the most common voltage needed by the DC equipment. Research is needed to determine how to most
effectively do that.
Data center requirements for DC only – underway @ EPRI: Since the idea of using DC for data centers is new, standards need to be developed before
deploying widely.
Universal plug adapter for DC – underway @ EPRI: One of the issues with converting to DC is that it is totally non-standard. The development of a universal
plug for DC will greatly aid adoption.
Higher voltage conversion AC as an alternative to DC (230v) – underway @ EPRI: As an alternative to converting data centers to DC, some researchers
have suggested that we could save more energy by simply converting data centers to 230 V. The change would be simple and would require no equipment
changes, since computer equipment is typically provided with a 115V/230V switch. Evaluate this thoroughly before committing to DC data centers.
58 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Use and Virtualization Technology Roadmap
Information on current baseline Data on the energy savings potential for software and
performance and metrics, current trends, systems that automatically summarize information for Standard calculation
Product/Service and ongoing R&D related to usability, users vs. transmission, receipt and possibly printing of methods to predict savings
Performance energy use, and virtualization potential more extensive information
GAP
Optimal approach for Standard approaches to maintain reliability and
delivering all three media: performance with reduced energy use
cable, TV, and phone
Product/Service
Minimize energy use for electronics by
Performance combining all function on one port into
the home (and one display device)
GOAL Optimize energy use by servers,
Comfortable virtual reality
routers, PCs and other devices
goggles to replace larger
Create advanced internal (to the device) energy management involved in Internet interactions
and more energy-intensive
systems (virtualization) to reduce energy usage (M) without degrading user experience
screens
Eliminate display partly or
Optimal visual experience for
completely by routing
TV and computer users with
images directly to eye or
minimum display energy
the human nervous system
Software, hardware and protocols that enable virtualization for computing at all scales consumption
Technology
Goggles similar to virtual
reality goggles that are
comfortable for viewing for
long periods
More efficient
server use Human - device
Display devices (such as TVs and
interface
computer screens) that provide
Integrate cable, TV and optimal image quality for human
phone to the internet Improving information perception of text and images
management
66
User comfort w ith VR goggles
@ MIT Media Lab
Network/web energy usage
R&D research leading to better
Program awareness of energy use
of Googling, e-ma il, etc @ Visual performance
Assess current impacts with micro- Optic nerve
LBNL connect @where?
secondary research screens
on state-of-the-art 56
information displays Information synopsis for
energy savings Ergonomic research on right-sized
62 TV and computer displays
57
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 59
R&D Project Summaries
Improving information management: Perform a literature search to identify the manufacturers, national labs, and other organizations involved with R&D on
information displays.
Information synopsis for energy savings: Perform a literature search and primary research needed to identify potential energy savings by systems and
software that automatically summarize lengthy documents for users.
Ergonomic research on right-sized TV & computer displays: The trend in TV and computer displays seems to be "bigger is better," which increases energy
use. Research "right-sized" displays.
Visual performance impacts with micro-screens: Using smaller computer screens saves energy, but for some applications performance may be reduced
such that this is not feasible. Research user feedback.
Assess secondary research on state-of-the-art information displays: Perform a literature search to identify the manufacturers, national labs, and other
organizations involved with R&D on information displays as a potential path to energy savings.
More efficient server use: To greatly cut energy use for data center servers and cooling, research "virtualization," which increases the sharing of servers so
fewer servers and power supplies are needed.
User comfort with VR goggles @ MIT Media Lab: Virtual reality (VR) goggles can replace displays using much more energy, but research is needed on user
comfort with VR goggles. Also examine the potential savings, comfort, and usability of miniaturized displays embedded in traditional eyeglass frames.
Integrate cable, TV and phone to the internet: Using one appliance to do computing, cable TV, and phone could conceivably save energy. Research to
examine the extent that that full function is maintained or improved would be useful.
Optic nerve connect @ where?: Perform a literature search to identify the manufacturers, national labs, and other organizations involved with R&D on the
broader use of optical data transfer, which is more energy efficient than metal cables.
Network/web energy usage research leading to better awareness of energy use of Googling, e-mail, etc @ LBNL: Many users consider it environmentally
benign to transfer info electronically rather than with paper, but there is substantial energy use for this; research this and raise user awareness. As a
subtopic, perform a literature search to identify the manufacturers, national labs, and other organizations involved with R&D on the broader use of optical
data transfer, which is more energy efficient than metal cables.
60 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Component Level Efficiency Technology Roadmap
Disclosure by component and system Knowledge of the state of the art of energy performance and Knowledge of the state of the art of existing
Product/Service manufacturers of how interactive effects potential beneficial interactions among components memory chip energy performance and potential
Performance increase or cancel out energy savings beneficial interactions among components
GAP performance and potential beneficial
Knowledge of the state of the art of existing interactions among components
component energy performance and potential
beneficial interactions among components
Optimize energy use at the level of chips
Product/Service and other electronic components as a Optimize energy use at the level of power
precursor to optimizing whole-device supplies and other electronic components as a
Performance
efficiency precursor to optimizing whole-device efficiency
GOAL
Development of low loss components for electric
devices (example: substitute LED lighting for
Optimize energy use at the level of memory chips
fluorescent back light in LDCD TW) (MT)
and other electronic components as a precursor to
optimizing whole-device efficiency
Technology Tools for modeling component interactive energy impacts Optoelectronics/ Photonics
Power supply
efficiency @ PIER
Chip efficiency @
AMD, Intel
R&D Broad research on
Integrated solutions for device component level efficiency
Program component on/off state opportunities in electronics
72
Memory efficiency @
Simpler and more energy efficient PCs that still meet SanDisk, others
needs of 70% of users @ Dell, HP, Apple?
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 61
R&D Project Summaries
Integrated solutions for device component on/off state: Develop "whole-device" approaches and technologies that minimize or eliminate component
standby losses in any operational state.
Broad research on component-level efficiency opportunities in electronics: Explore a wide range of approaches to component efficiencies utilizing
untapped and underutilized opportunities.
Power supply efficiency @ PIER: Continue advancing R&D efforts that target power supply efficiency.
Memory efficiency @ SanDisk, others: Continue advancing R&D efforts that target memory efficiency, including development of new, lower-power memory
technologies.
Chip efficiency @ AMD, Intel: Continue advancing R&D efforts that target microprocessor and other chip efficiencies.
Simpler and more energy efficient PCs that still meet needs of 70 percent of users @ Dell, HP, Apple?: Explore innovative approaches to reducing energy
use by mass-market PCs.
62 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Complete Electronic System Technology Roadmap
Product/Service Turn off all home electronics w/o disrupting
Performance Make saving energy without Needs an interface to the
functionality – smart strip equivalent software or
sacrificing user experience a CEO goal smart grid feature
chip that can be built into any product
GAP
Product/Service
Performance Reduction of 50% in energy usage based on
today’s performance (MT)
GOAL
Benchmark high-performance (energy and user
experience) products in each category – e.g., TVs,
Software optimization to drive Super efficient video games, DVRs, etc.
Super efficient servers
system efficiency TV/display
Optoelectronics/ Photonics
Super efficient desktop
Technology Efficient set – top box
PC
Thermometer heat recovery for near zero appliances
20 year goal and 90% reduction in energy use
Design mass software for efficient operation
Integrated design @
mfgs. Integrate algorithms with device
architecture @ NetApps, others
R&D
Program Rebound effect – which technologies are most
susceptible? @ behavior, M&V specialists
Broad research on system-level
efficiency opportunities in electronics 73
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 63
R&D Project Summaries
Broad research on system-level efficiency opportunities in electronics: Explore a wide range of approaches to product efficiencies utilizing untapped and
underutilized opportunities.
Integrated design @ manufacturers: Develop tools and approaches to help manufacturers do whole-system designs that achieve ultra-low energy
consumption.
Integrate algorithms with device architecture @ NetApps, others: Develop software-hardware hybrid approaches to minimize servers' and other electronic
systems' energy use.
Rebound effect – which technologies are most susceptible? @ behavior, M&V specialists: Perform human factors R&D to determine which combinations
of products and users are most likely to cancel out intended energy savings.
64 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : ELECTRONICS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Interlock Devices to Manage Energy Use Technology Roadmap
Product/Service Convenient not inconvenient for users Designed in, not added on to systems
Performance
GAP Not cost-effective for hospitality
industry to install and operate
Product/Service
Performance Develop low cost systems that permit Provide incentives to help
“quick” adoption (ST) bring devices to market
GOAL
Enable home automation to allow "permission-based"
deep energy savings in plug loads, residential
appliances, HVAC, and lighting.
Standard interlock systems & components
Technology available to OEMs for their products
Monitoring and control devices
and systems for home automation
Standardized power monitoring and control
hardware, software, and protocols to enable
device sleep / standby modes
Automated systems to shut down all 78
electrical devices not in use @ various
products
R&D
Program Requirement standards for sleep
modes/stand-by @ CEC, PG&E Use of hotel keys to activate room
consultants, LBNL, ENERGY STAR power @ commercial products
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
#
Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D) (Max=100)
Performance Goal
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 65
R&D Project Summaries
Behavioral issues/opportunities for coming generation of “smart homes”: Perform human factors R&D to develop understanding of opportunities and
barriers for energy reductions in home automation using current and emerging technologies.
Automated systems to shut down all electrical devices not in use @ various products: Advance current best practices for products that turn themselves off
when not in use.
Use of hotel keys to activate room power @ commercial products: Continue advancing key-based systems that disable lighting, HVAC and other energy
uses in hotel rooms when not occupied.
Requirement standards for sleep modes/stand-by @ CEC, PG&E consultants, LBNL, ENERGY STAR: Develop equipment and code-based approaches to
eliminating product energy consumption when not in use.
66 ■ MARCH 2011
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 67
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Roadmaps
68 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING Technology Roadmap
Fault Detection and Predictive Maintenance (1 of 3)
Don’t currently have “on-board” diagnostics or data streams Don’t currently optimize use of ambient or indoor conditions, e.g.,
Product/Service to collect economizer, indoor ventilation controls, heat recovery
Performance
GAP Don’t have redundant or corrective hardware Doesn’t communicate (2-way) well with building controls
relative to performance issues in equipment and systems
Not tied to building needs/loads
Product/Service Ventilation/temperature/humidity delivery matched to actual uses at granular
Performance Predictive maintenance in 100%
level so controls can be designed appropriately with monitoring (MT)
of new sales (ST)
GOAL Intelligent controls connected/communicating with buildings & spaces so unit
Predictive controls to optimize delivers only what spaces need (MT)
operation (MT)
Intelligent Systems with predictive, diagnostic Initial self- Pattern recognition/learning
controls & self-healing processes (LT) healing/correcting (MT) system (MT)
100% of new construction self-diagnosing controls for the packaged HVAC unit (ST)
Technology
Predictive maintenance User-aware & self- Self optimizing controls User Aware, self-program
diagnosing controls Reliable & effective thermostat
for the packaged economizers controls &
systems Expand spec regular Some research on neural Nets
User notification of status HVAC unit
use of closed loop enot conclusive – need more
controls algorithm development
No current MTBF testing, case (Title
24 goal for 2013)
R&D 74 69
Program
Hardware is available;, need more reliable fault
detection and diagnostics controls at smaller
scale to drive market acceptance
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
#
Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D) (Max=100)
Performance Goal
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 69
R&D Project Summaries
No current mean time between failures (MTBF) testing, part of CEC CASE study (Title 24 goal for 2013): Need better information on the mean time
between failures (MTBF) for different equipment in order to inform predictive maintenance programs and controls.
Some research on neural networks, etc. not conclusive – need more algorithm development: More research on neural networks and artificial intelligence
is needed to help inform design of self-healing and learning HVAC controls systems.
Hardware is available; need more reliable fault detection (FDD) and diagnostics controls at smaller scale to drive market acceptance: Though hardware
is available for sophisticated controls, more work is needed on software and thoughtful design and application of fault detection and diagnosis controls.
70 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING Technology Roadmap
Fault Detection and Predictive Maintenance (2 of 3)
Don’t currently have “on-board” diagnostics or data streams to
collect
Product/Service
Performance Doesn’t communicate (2-way) well with building controls relative to
performance issues in equipment and systems
GAP
Don’t currently optimize use of ambient or indoor conditions, e.g., Current high-energy use for distribution of heat and
economizer, indoor ventilation controls, heat recovery cooling beyond actual vent need
Product/Service
Performance 100% of new construction self-diagnosing controls Initial self-healing/correcting (MT) Packaged equipment (up to 20 tons capacity) for 100%
for the packaged HVAC unit (ST) of new construction, to capture all lost opportunities in
GOAL Intelligent Systems with predictive, diagnostic controls
the new and replacement market (LT)
Economizer controls & systems (seals, actuators, & self-healing processes (LT)
Controls to meet indoor air needs – no excess vented
dampers) that are reliable & effective (ST) air beyond occupant needs (LT)
Intelligent controls connected/communicating with
Predictive controls to optimize operation buildings & spaces so unit delivers only what spaces Predictive maintenance in 100% of new sales (ST)
(MT) need (MT)
Pattern recognition/learning system (MT)
Technology
User aware, self-program
User-aware & self-diagnosing controls for the packaged HVAC unit Expand spec regular
thermostat
use of closed loop
Reliable & effective economizers controls & systems controls
User notification of status
Self optimizing controls
R&D
Program Hardware available; software development BPA now testing simple FDD and RTU
needed @ Purdue sequences
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
#
R&D Gap (No known R&D) (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 71
R&D Project Summaries
Hardware is available; software development is needed @ Purdue: Much of the hardware useful for implementing self-diagnoses of HVAC equipment
controls is available. The biggest remaining need is good software and design.
BPA is now testing simple fault detection and diagnostics sequences on RTUs: Research is currently underway at BPA on roof-top units with special
attention being paid to controls and fault detection and diagnostics.
72 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING Technology Roadmap
Fault Detection and Predictive Maintenance (3 of 3)
Don’t currently have “on- Don’t have
Don’t currently have “on-board” Doesn’t communicate (2-way) well board” diagnostics or redundant or
Product/Service diagnostics or data streams to collect with building controls relative to data streams to collect corrective hardware
Performance performance issues in equipment
and systems Doesn’t communicate (2-way) well with building
Don’t have redundant or corrective
GAP hardware
controls relative to performance issues in
equipment and systems
100% of new construction self-diagnosing controls
Predictive maintenance in 100% of
for the packaged HVAC unit (ST)
Product/Service new sales (ST)
Performance
Initial self-healing/correcting (MT) Economizer controls & systems (seals, actuators,
dampers) that are reliable & effective (ST) Predictive controls to
GOAL Intelligent Systems with predictive, optimize operation (MT)
diagnostic controls & self-healing
Intelligent controls connected/communicating with
processes (LT)
buildings & spaces so unit delivers only what Predictive maintenance in
spaces need (MT) 100% of new sales (ST)
Predictive controls to optimize operation (MT)
Pattern recognition/learning system (MT)
Predictive maintenance
Technology
User-aware & self-diagnosing User notification of status
Self optimizing
controls for the packaged controls
Predictive maintenance HVAC unit Predictive energy use, alerts
when not meeting targets
Reliable & effective economizers controls & systems
User notification of status Self optimizing controls
Predictive energy use, alerts when not meeting targets
Research to reduce maintenance @
WCEC, NIST, ETO
R&D
Fault response on compressor related
Program to US companies
66
Air conditioning Rx Sentinel @
CEC PIER field study
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
#
R&D Gap (No known R&D) (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 73
R&D Project Summaries
Fault response on compressors related to US companies: One of the important areas to develop right now is self-diagnostic controls. An important aspect
of that is to develop and implement fault response on compressors.
Research to reduce maintenance @ WCEC, NIST, ETO: Reducing maintenance on energy-efficient equipment can help expedite uptake of the equipment.
Downtime in itself can be wasteful and reduces service. Replacing equipment prematurely likewise increases embedded energy of equipment and reduces
service.
Air Conditioning Rx Sentinel @ CEC PIER field study: Developing and testing self-diagnostic controls for air conditioning will help increase reliability and
efficiency of HVAC systems.
74 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING Technology Roadmap
Heat Recovery and Economizer Optimization
Need reliable and cost-effective sensors,
controls, and algorithms Don’t currently optimize use of ambient or Not tied to building needs/loads
Product/Service indoor conditions, e.g., economizer, indoor
Performance ventilation controls, heat recovery Current high-energy use for distribution Case studies to
of heat and cooling beyond actual vent validate system energy
GAP need savings and reliability
Controls to meet indoor
Product/Service Ventilation/temperature/humidity delivery
air needs – no excess Delivery of only what the space
matched to actual uses at granular level so Maximum efficient
Performance vented air beyond of occupant needs (LT)
controls can be designed appropriately distribution of HVAC (don’t
occupant needs (LT)
with monitoring (MT) use ducts if you don’t need Reduce or eliminate
GOAL Economizer controls & systems them) (L) space heating and/or
Predictive controls to optimize operation (seals, actuators, dampers) that water heating
Make cost-effective and (MT) are reliable & effective (ST) Packaged equipment (up to requirements in grocery
reliable heat recovery
20 tons capacity) for 100% stores and supermarkets
available in RTUs and
of new construction, to by recovering waste heat
other HVAC systems
Work with manufacturing capture all lost opportunities from refrigeration and AC
community as in trade in the new and replacement equipment
associations and interest groups market (LT)
Technology
Reliable & effective Modular heat recovery
economizers controls & Compact and reliable heat exchangers and
Reliable & effective condensing burner /
systems controls
economizers controls & furnace for RTU
systems application
Heat recovery
optimization controls
Fast, accurate controls for
and algorithms
enthalpy and air flow
Condensing gas pack RTUs @
NRCAN, CEE
Heat recovery optimization routines
R&D such that economizer performance is
not impacted
Program
98
Modularize grocery and supermarket
waste-heat recovery for space and
Reliability of enthalpy domestic water heating
controls @ NBI
New gap not scored
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
#
R&D Gap (No known R&D) (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 75
R&D Project Summaries
Heat recovery optimization routines such that economizer performance is not impacted: Developing controls and system designs to optimize heat
recovery and use of outside air can reduce or eliminate HVAC compressor and burner operation for many hours per year.
Modularize grocery and supermarket waste-heat recovery for space and domestic water heating: Do a field study of using heat recovery from grocery
refrigeration or air conditioning to use for space heating in other areas or to pre-heat domestic hot water.
Reliability of enthalpy controls @ NBI: Good enthalpy control is important for efficient control of economizers. To date, enthalpy controls have been found to
have notorious reliability issues. Developing and testing a reliable enthalpy control could help save significant energy in the Northwest.
Condensing gas pack RTUs @ NRCAN, CEE: Roof-top units (RTUs) with condensing gas heat will be much more efficient than non-condensing. Field test as
necessary and encourage implementation in the Northwest.
76 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING Technology Roadmap
Variable Refrigerant Flow*
Trained Don’t have redundant or
Don’t currently optimize use of ambient or
technicians corrective hardware
indoor conditions, e.g., economizer, indoor
Product/Service
VRF energy savings potential, Don’t currently have “on-board” diagnostics ventilation controls, heat recovery
Performance
control optimization not well or data streams to collect
understood Not tied to building needs/loads Information on energy
GAP performance, optimization,
Doesn’t communicate (2-way) well with Current high-energy use for distribution of and mini-split system
building controls relative to performance heat and cooling beyond actual vent need control best practices
issues in equipment and systems
Need the equivalent of
Product/Service ASHRAE Manual chapter on
Ventilation/temperature/humidity delivery
Performance VRF design, control, and matched to actual uses at granular level so
Clarify variable refrigerant flow system energy Variable speed control on ALL
energy savings optimization benefits, trade-offs, and optimal control strategies systems, fans, compressors,
controls can be designed appropriately
for mini-split AC and heat pumps pumps, e(ST)
GOAL with monitoring (MT)
Clarify variable refrigerant
Maximum efficient distribution of
flow system energy benefits, Delivery of only what the space of occupant needs (LT) HVAC (don’t use ducts if you don’t
trade-offs, and optimal control need them) (L)
strategies
Controls to meet indoor air needs – Intelligent controls connected/communicating with Work with manufacturing
no excess vented air beyond buildings & spaces so unit delivers only what community as in trade
occupant needs (LT) spaces need (MT) associations and interest groups
Variable refrigerant flow
systems and controls
Technology
Need to downscale what’s Variable refrigerant flow
available on big chiller for systems and controls for
smaller units and integrate mini-split AC and heat pump
with maintenance systems applications
Variable speed everything with Fast, accurate controls Self optimizing
low cost, high reliability for enthalpy and air flow controls
More information about energy use; improve
controls @ BPA, EPRI, SCE, et al.
90 Better mini-split controls with
variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
R&D
applications 100
Program Field test variable speed heat
pumps @ EPRI , Daiken
Water-based VRF systems to
incorporate geothermal with VRF
80
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 77
R&D Project Summaries
Better mini-split controls with flow (VRF) applications: VRF and other control optimization can make mini-splits even better alternatives to conventional
central AC.
More information about energy use; improve controls: Develop reliable engineering and technical information on how to optimize VRF energy savings while
assuring comfort and reliability. BPA, EPRI, Southern California Edison, and others met in February 2011 to develop a short-term (2 – 3 year) roadmap for
variable capacity heat pumps. This roadmap will be integrated into the Northwest Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap as early as the end of March 2011.
Other projects being carried out by BPA and EPRI are conducting VRF assessments and demos and analyzing the market position of VRF systems in the U.S.
NOTE: Prior to the March 2011 draft of the roadmap, this R&D box was identified as a gap and was scored accordingly.
Water-based VRF systems to incorporate geothermal with VRF: So much attention has been given to air-source heat pumps recently that the VRF "multi-
split" and "mini-split" systems are nearly as efficient as ground-source and water-source heat pumps. Could we combine the technologies, using what we have
learned in VRF technology to further increase the efficiency of water-source heat pumps?
Field test variable speed heat pumps @ EPRI, Daikin: One of the most promising heating and air conditioning technologies is variable refrigerant flow, or
"multi-split" systems. However, good field testing is needed to verify that it can perform in the field as promised in theory.
* NOTE: BPA convened experts in Portland, Oregon, in February 2011 to develop a Variable Capacity Heat Pump Roadmap. As of March 1, 2011, this roadmap
is still under construction. Once completed (perhaps as early as the end of March 2011) it will replace the existing VRF roadmap above.
78 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING Technology Roadmap
HVAC Motors and Drives
Product/Service Cost and size limitations
Performance for currently available
ECMs
GAP
Cost-effective technology, case studies,
education, application standards
Product/Service
Performance Variable speed control on ALL systems, fans,
compressors, pumps, e(ST)
GOAL
Variable speed control on
ALL systems, fans,
compressors, pumps,
e(ST)
Technology
Variable speed everything with low cost, high
Variable speed everything reliability
with low cost, high
reliability
Make electronically
commutated motors bigger
and compatible with belt- Drop-in electronically commutated motors
R&D driven loads for residential, need furnaces, case
Program 73 studies, savings, etc.
74
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
#
R&D Gap (No known R&D) (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 79
R&D Project Summaries
Drop-in electronically commutated motors (ECM) for residential applications: Use of ECMs for small motors could decrease energy use and increase ease
of speed control significantly. A line of ECMs that would drop in easily for retrofit would make implementation easier and more widespread.
Make electronically commutated motors bigger and compatible with belt-driven loads: ECMs have been very effective for saving energy and simplifying
speed control for small motors. Having them available in larger sizes could simplify many retrofits, increase efficiency, and simplify design of variable speed
systems.
80 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING Technology Roadmap
Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (1 of 2)
Don’t currently optimize use of ambient or indoor conditions, e.g., economizer,
Predictable, enforceable
Product/Service indoor ventilation controls, heat recovery
RTU efficiency standards
Performance to enable maximum
Not tied to building Current high-energy use for distribution of heat and
savings from this
needs/loads cooling beyond actual vent need
GAP pervasive technology
Work with manufacturing Packaged equipment (up to 20 tons
Product/Service community as in trade capacity) for 100% of new
associations and interest groups construction, to capture all lost
Performance Delivery of only what the space Quantify and deliver
opportunities in the new and Controls to meet indoor of occupant needs (LT) predictable energy
replacement market (LT)
GOAL Economizer controls & systems air needs – no excess
savings from HVAC
(seals, actuators, dampers) that vented air beyond Maximum efficient distribution of
Functional performance test distribution zone control
are reliable & effective (ST) occupant needs (LT) HVAC (don’t use ducts if you
definition for factory testing (ST) systems
don’t need them) (L)
Technology
RTU performance test protocols
HVAC distribution
system zoning
controls
Building simulation
software
Need more accurate
modeling to compare
systems more easily
New gap not scored
Develop load based lab testing for RTUs Field M&V test for zoning
R&D @ ASHRAE 1608-RTAR savings
Program New gap not scored
Do field tests to compare building models to actual
energy use to provide feedback in order to help
develop more accurate building simulations
New gap not scored
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
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R&D Project Summaries
Need more accurate modeling to more easily compare systems: Building modeling for design has been a great boon to designing energy-efficient
buildings, but there's much room for improvement. We should make it much easier to try out alternative scenarios without having to do detailed re-designing
of the building model.
Do field tests to compare building models to actual energy use; provide feedback in order to help develop more accurate building simulations: Do field
tests to compare building model to actual energy use when built. Provide feedback to building modeling developers to help them develop more accurate
building simulations.
Field M&V test for zoning savings: Do some field tests to gather data for optimizing design choices for zoning with different heating and cooling systems.
Develop load-based lab testing for RTUs (ASHRAE 1608-RTAR): ASHRAE is currently working on updating the testing standard for roof-top units; ASHRAE
1608-RTAR. Once that is completed, implement the standard in the Northwest.
82 ■ MARCH 2011
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Product/Service Area : HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING Technology Roadmap
Modeling, Lab and Field Testing (2 of 2)
Don’t currently optimize use of ambient or indoor conditions, e.g.,
economizer, indoor ventilation controls, heat recovery
Product/Service Trade-offs among various approaches to drilling
Performance for ground-source heat pump heat exchanger
Current high-energy use for distribution of Not tied to building placement are not well understood
GAP heat and cooling beyond actual vent need needs/loads
Non-vapor compression cooling
(S.S. or Evaporative) (LT)
Retrofitable radiant heating ,
Product/Service Delivery of only what the space of occupant cooling in residential,
Reduce costs and increase cost
Performance needs (LT) predictability for ground-source commercial, industrial
heat pump installations
GOAL Retrofit variable air flow
Maximum efficient distribution of HVAC (don’t
use ducts if you don’t need them) (L) system wireless,
Desiccant cooling (if shown to
be more viable than in the past)
– not applicable in this climate,
small market niche
Heat recovery
ventilation as primary
house heat
Technology Improved building energy
simulation software with
parametric analysis Hybrid vapor compression /
capabilities to better model evap. cooling systems and
Geoexchange with HRV (may
variations in real-world sub-systems
be abandoned)
operating conditions
Wireless controls that meet or exceed
all standards for wired controls – move
to market case study
Equipment rack with
water cooled – high
(delta)T low flow
Indirect EVAP with
More variability, determined Geothermal bore testing for different boring technology
R&D thermal mass/night
automatically in simulation for more performance, integrating into the building structure flush
Program realistic systems modeling
New gap not scored
New gap not scored HPWH, heat
recovery for whole
house heating
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 83
R&D Project Summaries
Geothermal bore testing for different boring technology performance, integrating into the building structure: It would be worthwhile to have some good
data on what kind of drilling is generally most cost-effective under certain conditions for geothermal heating and cooling systems. Test the different methods
against each other for cost-effectiveness. If not already available, develop a best practices guide for what conditions favor which drilling techniques.
More variability, determined automatically in simulation for more realistic systems modeling: Building modeling for design has been a great boon to
designing energy-efficient buildings, but there is much room for improvement. We need to develop the capability to program in more variability for specific
building conditions. Ideally, the program could anticipate some of the specific features. We should also make it much easier to try out alternative scenarios
and perhaps to have modules that would automatically suggest options to optimize the design.
84 ■ MARCH 2011
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Sensors, Meters, and Energy Management System Roadmaps
86 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Device- Roadmap
Smart Device-Level Controls Responsive to User and Environment Technology Roadmap
Cost to add-on sensors is high
Standardization of protocols Need low-cost control Consumer-oriented (e.g., install an occupancy
capabilities solutions which combine sensor for a light fixture)
Product/Service
multiple needs, energy
Performance savings and security,
“Dumb” devices are not much fun Many stand-alone devices run uncontrolled
with no occupant present. Also deliver too convenience, and other
GAP much heating, lighting, e consumer uses
Sufficient intelligence somewhere in the Central EMS control is
system to manage conflicting inputs “Automatic”, how does the occupant control his/her Occupant desire for expensive and often not
environment individual/personal control responsive to users
Product/Service
Performance
Modular generic control/sensor packages are Extension of smart controls to lighting and Occupancy sensor controls
Standards for electronic
GOAL devices (ST) available at low cost (10% of device cost or less) (LT) HVAC (MT) available in common
devices (ST)
Standard practice for all electrical devices that
User input is standard, cheap, and ubiquitous (e.g., Stand alone sensors must directly serve people includes smart control Modular generic control
by cell phone, standard IR controller, voice connect to whole system to logic and sensors to modulate energy use to sensor package responding
command, or similar) (LT) enable optimum energy use optimally correspond to user needs (LT) to occupancy temperature
light level, air quality, and
user input (LT)
Standardized wireless Cheap, standardized, user-aware, Occupancy sensor integrated into Sensors that integrate with
Technology communication systems,
Status reporting feedback so
modular control sensor packages lighting fixtures (stairwells, other control systems
we know operation result
“Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Home responding to occupancy parking garages, outdoor parking (lighting, HVAC)
plug, Z-wave temperature light level, air quality, lots, private offices)
and user input Eliminate sensors where
Technology improvements to data can be acquired
Testing and certification of better modulate, control speed externally , enthalpy
Open license sensor technologies etc., need more use specific
equipment to conform to
interoperability “EPRI level” devices
To what degree are these simply
autonomous agents?
R&D
Program Scan existing technology from cell phones for
transformation to new uses with standardized
wireless communication systems 78 NETC is doing some work on power line carrier to distribute
low transmission voltages. Could this be used for
commercial building voltages?
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 87
R&D Project Summaries
Scan existing technology from cell phones for transformation to new uses with standardized wireless communication systems: Cell phones are now
ubiquitous and versatile. Being able to send alarms to cell phones or even being able to change control settings via cell phone would add to the convenience
of control systems and operators may pay more attention to them without being distracted from other tasks. Scan for current technology before developing
new systems. For example, the GM Volt has an iPhone app that allows users to monitor charging status and can be notified when charging ends (either on-
schedule or prematurely). This system seems like it could easily lend itself to vehicle controllability via GM’s On Star system.
Northwest Energy Technology Collaborative (NETC) is doing some work on power line carrier to distribute controls signals over low transmission voltage
lines. Could this be used for commercial building voltages?: The attraction of power line carrier signals for controls is compelling. Power lines are available
virtually wherever control is needed. This eliminates the need for installing an additional set of wires or more expensive wireless equipment. If barriers to
implementing this in commercial applications could be removed, it could simplify and reduce the cost of installation of controls, especially for retrofit. Is NETC
studying this?
88 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Easy / Simple User Interface Controls Technology Roadmap
Does not consider Make user experience as important to EMS Based on manufacturer design
Product/Service
Performance demographic operability manufacturers as it is to Intuit and Sony
GAP
Survey consumer needs (ST) Controls need to connect to large number of Create standards (LT)
Product/Service devices/features to allow users to address
Performance amenity control needs (LT)
Control management system
Need standardization of communication/control
GOAL should be implemented where
protocols to allow for variety of interface devices
appropriate, reflect user/occupant Support Interfaces need to allow for
and approaches (phones, RFID cards, PCs,
known preferences (LT) demonstration different levels of
integrated amenity control devices, etc.) (LT)
projects (MT) sophistication of users (LT)
Industry-wide user experience test standards and
minimum performance requirements
Technology User-friendly energy Energy hub
management systems
Energy information Sensors that optimize lighting, power
display systems density based on color temperature
Study/determine what energy management
devices people actually use. 89
R&D
Program Research on energy savings impacts for energy information display – underway
– contact Alan Meier @ LBNL and BECC conference organizers to get researcher
contact info
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
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R&D Project Summaries
Study/determine what energy management devices people actually use: Make electronically commutated motors bigger and compatible with belt-driven
loads
Research on energy savings impacts for energy information display underway; contact The Brattle Group to get researcher contact info: There's a lot of
talk about in-home energy displays, but not much information on how effective they are with saving energy. What is the persistence of the savings? Check
with researchers A. Faruqui and/or S. Sergici (at The Brattle Group) for more info.
90 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Consumer Energy Management Services Technology Roadmap
Homeowners do not have expertise to Very small marginal savings available (RESIDENTIAL) Lack of energy management
Product/Service manage energy (RESIDENTIAL) expertise (COMMERCIAL)
Performance
Homeowners need to control energy costs and be able to
GAP Rates are changing and hard to respond to higher rates and changing rate standards Single sites have small
understand (RESIDENTIAL) (RESIDENTIAL) marginal savings
(COMMERCIAL)
Product/Service
Performance
Bundle energy management services for cost effectiveness (ST-MT)
GOAL
Cheap, standardized, user-aware, modular Internet companies providing energy Energy management
control sensor packages responding to management software (Google services companies
occupancy temperature light level, air quality, power meter, Microsoft Hohm, cable (Elations, Sensus MI,
Interval data and user input labs) Verisae)
analysis tools
Technology (Northwrite) Utility company providing 3rd party energy management Web based home, small commercial energy
software (residential and small business – ACLARA, APOGEE) management systems and services
IP affordable Whole house energy New utility billing systems to incorporate demand-side
thermostats use monitoring customer information into customer account
Best Buy has Minnesota-based prototype testing and development ,
includes strategy for extension from current offering to EV wiring, home
R&D EMS, energy audits and services, smart phone applications, etc.
Program
Federal Stimulus funded demonstration projects
involving home energy management @ [?]
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
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R&D Project Summaries
Federal stimulus-funded demonstration projects involving home energy management: One of the foci of the federal stimulus package was to foster energy
efficiency by promoting and/or funding good home energy management. Action: Check to see what is underway for potential collaboration and check to see
if more funding is available.
Best Buy has Minnesota-based prototype testing and development, includes strategy for extension from current offering to electric vehicle wiring,
home EMS, energy audits and services, smart phone applications, etc.: Having good tools and education available through easily-accessible sources such
as local stores could be a big boon to the under-served residential energy management market.
92 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Low-
Low-Cost Savings Verification Techniques Technology Roadmap
Need to be able to attribute energy No tools for savings Devices for measuring widget performance are
Product/Service performance improvements and affects verification (M&V) currently relatively expensive add-ons that are
Performance expensive to retrieve information from
Transform raw data into Feedback loops for energy related
GAP
actionable insights system design and operation decisions
Product/Service
Performance Low-cost savings verification
techniques (LT)
GOAL
Savings verification monitoring, data collection and transmittal devices
Software tools to implement on a chip that costs pennies and can be incorporated into any product
International Performance
Measurement and Verification
Protocols
Technology
Air advice had portable system to verify EMS sensors
CEC PIER M&V project for universal software
R&D (= Universal Translator project?)
Program
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
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R&D Project Summaries
CEC PIER M&V project for universal software (= Universal Translator project?): Universal software protocol for M&V would simplify implementation and
reduce costs for savings verification procedures.
94 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Real- Roadmap
Real-time Smart Electric Power Measurement of Facilities Technology Roadmap
Transform raw data into actionable
Gather data/intelligence about building use operations, schedules, demands insights, consumer knowledge
Product/Service
Performance Retrofit is Devices lack Results can be Better designed distribution
No standard GP14. Existing panels
expensive intelligence complicated technology analysis tools
GAP
Consumer are not motivated
Many existing analysis tools require specialized expert How to layout sensors and distribution circuits to align
operators with EMS – algorithm layer and physical layout
Standard benchmarking and
People/utilities/energy managers don’t know what to do with Standard protocols and systems to aggregate low level comparisons to inform
data – need better data data into high level actionable knowledge decisions
Product/Service
Performance
GOAL
Cost-effective, accurate load
Harvest the full savings metering to drive instantaneous
theoretically available with air- and long-term energy savings
side HVAC economizers opportunities
All utility customers have networked Numerous appliances and devices have
smart meter in 8 years (ST-MT) embedded and networked power meters (MT)
All electric end-uses over 1 kW have embedded and Legislate Create standards
networked power metering in 15 years (LT) compliance (LT) (MT)
Technology
Low-cost, reliable enthalpy
sensor for economizers
Data collection, analysis, and customer feedback systems to
Interval data analysis tools (Northwrite)
optimize whole-system energy performance
Review Existing Research
(DOE, Smart grid R&D Develop metrics for interval data. Related to
workshop) significant drivers such as time of day, weather,
R&D etc., high/low ratios @ (Where?)
Program Low cost, reliable enthalpy
sensor @ NBI
Standards research @ NIST (Priority action group working
on standards)
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
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R&D Project Summaries
Review Existing (DOE, Smart grid R&D workshop): Some smart electric power measurement of facilities is already available. Before putting too many
resources into research, it would be worthwhile to do a thorough assessment of tools and systems that are already available.
Standards research @ NIST (Priority action group working on standards): Developing standards for measuring facility energy use would help simplify and
standardize energy measurement. Work with NIST to help develop useful standards.
Develop metrics for interval data. Related to significant drivers such as time of day, weather, etc., high/low ratios: The first step to analyzing energy use
is good data. Developing standardized metrics will help make the information more accessible, and make it easier for more people to be able to analyze the
data.
Low cost, reliable enthalpy sensor @ NBI: A low-cost, reliable enthalpy sensor would help gather much needed information for energy analysis. NBI is in the
process of developing or testing one.
96 ■ MARCH 2011
Product/Service Area : SENSORS, METERS, ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Northwest Energy Efficiency
Technology Roadmap
Enterprise Energy and Maintenance Management Systems Technology Roadmap
Product/Service Site: common protocols for Enterprise,
Integrating energy management into consumer
Performance RTU sponsors communicating data
services
GAP
Processing, synthesizing and storing data
Product/Service
Performance Integrating energy management into Standards: IP-V6, Internet Bill to provide list that Wal-
GOAL consumer services Engineering Task Force ( ST, MT) Mart uses (ST)
Enterprise energy management software (many Information technology adapted for energy management
Technology providers, easily 30+ companies) players: Cisco, Google, IBM, Microsoft
Development of algorithms/intelligence interface of sensor
information with central system @ Cisco, others
R&D
Program
Development of protocols for security @ ASHRAE
(?)
Performance Gap Current Technology Technology Gap (R&D need) Priority Score of R&D Gap
# (Max=100)
Performance Goal Current R&D (R&D underway) R&D Gap (No known R&D)
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R&D Project Summaries
Development of algorithms/intelligence interface of sensor information with central system @ Cisco, others: In developing and promulgating enterprise
energy management systems, it is very desirable to standardize protocols for multiple reasons, including ways to communicate with a central system. Many
programs and enterprises are working on that (Cisco, Google, IBM, Microsoft, and others).
Development of protocols for security @ ASHRAE: In developing and promulgating enterprise energy management systems, it is very desirable to
standardize protocols for multiple reasons, including ways to communicate with a central system and for security. Many programs and enterprises are
working on that, including Cisco, Google, IBM, Microsoft, and others.
98 ■ MARCH 2011
Abbreviations
AC Alternating Current
AC Air Conditioning
BECC Behavior, Energy and Climate Change
CCT Correlated Color Temperature (in K)
CFL Compact Fluorescent Light
CLTC California Lighting Technology Center
CRI Color Rendering Index
DC Direct Current
DHW Domestic Hot Water
ECM Electronically Commutated Motor
EMS Energy Management System
ETO Energy Trust of Oregon
EV Electric Vehicle
FCL Fault Current Limiter
GHG Greenhouse Gas
HPWH Heat Pump Water Heater
HRV Heat Recovery Ventilator
IES Illuminating Engineering Society
IP Internet Protocol
IPMVP International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol
IR Infrared
LED Light Emitting Diode
lm lumen
M&V Monitoring and Verification
MTBF Mean Time Between Failures
NBI New Buildings Institute
NC New Construction
NETC National Energy Trade Commission
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 99
NIST National Institute of Science and Technology
PC Personal Computer
PCM Phase Change Material
QC Quality Control
RFID Radio‐Frequency Identification
RTU Roof Top Unit
SHGC Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
SSL Solid State Lighting
UBC University of British Columbia
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
VRF Variable Refrigerant Flow
WCEC Western Cooling Efficiency Center
ZNE Zero Net Energy
100 ■ MARCH 2011
Back Cover CD: May 2010 Roadmap + Appendices
[BACK TO TOP] NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ■ 101
