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EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS FROM
OTHER SOURCES 9 Chapter
Various human activities cause CO2 and non-CO2 emissions and removals of CO2 to occur. In addition to
the energy and industrial process sectors already detailed, greenhouse gas sources and sinks from solvent
and other product use, agriculture, land use change and forestry, and waste sectors are considered (in line
with the IPCC Guidelines) in order to provide a complete inventory for these gases.
Solvent and other product emissions are from activities such as paint application, degreasing and dry
cleaning, chemical manufacturing and smaller uses such as rubbing compounds and adhesives.
Livestock and agricultural soils are the source of the agricultural sector emissions.
Land use change and forestry covers total emissions and removals from changes in forest and other woody
biomass stocks, forest and grassland conversion, and the abandonment of managed lands. In New Zealand,
because the planted forest estate contains a large number of trees that are yet to reach maturity, the planted
forest is absorbing carbon from the atmosphere and therefore acts as a carbon sink. On-site burning and
forest and grassland conversion result in some emissions of CO2, but these are smaller in magnitude than
the sink and are netted into the land use change and forestry sink figure, reported as negative emissions in
the tables that follow.
Waste emissions come from solid waste disposal, human waste and wastewater treatment.
The Ministry for the Environment provided the following summary data for all emission categories. The
latest available information for emissions from non-energy sources is for the 2003 calendar year and is
included in this chapter. The energy sector and CO2 industrial process emissions figures in these tables may
differ from those presented in Chapter 1 because of revisions that have occurred after the NZCCO
submission to the UNFCCC in April 2005. Table 9.1.1 shows time series emissions information by individual
greenhouse gas and by sector. All emissions in this table are shown in CO2 equivalent so only greenhouse
gases with officially adopted global warming potentials are included in this table (see Chapter 8). Tables
9.1.2 and 9.1.3 contain emissions data for the years 1990 and 2003 by sector and greenhouse gas including
gases without officially adopted global warming potentials. Unlike Table 9.1.1, with the exception of
combined HFCs/PFCs/SF6 emissions, non-CO2 emissions are not converted into CO2 equivalent.
Figure 9.1 shows gross CO2 emissions (from energy and industrial processes), CO2 sinks (absorption by
forestry) and the resulting net (positive) emission figure for CO2 for 1990–2003.
Chapter 9: Emissions and Removals from Other Sources 97
98
Table 9.1.1: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals in CO2 Equivalent: 1990–2003
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 % %
change change
1990–03 2002–03
All Gases (net) 40,154.98 41,932.47 45,889.11 48,215.43 49,607.93 49,625.80 50,740.49 51,417.12 47,428.06 47,422.99 46,872.29 49,432.27 49,902.39 52,479.58 +30.7% +5.2%
All Energy 23,594.11 23,873.37 25,632.75 24,897.86 25,134.51 25,072.53 26,118.62 28,511.48 27,045.43 28,379.88 28,905.79 30,828.75 30,864.67 32,320.92 +37.0% +4.7%
Industrial Processes 3,211.70 3,487.37 3,576.65 3,617.58 3,209.68 3,325.21 3,486.07 3,268.11 3,479.85 3,560.62 3,511.70 3,673.27 3,824.38 4,014.19 +25.0% +5.0%
Solvent and Other
41.54 42.78 43.09 43.71 44.33 44.95 45.88 46.19 46.50 46.81 47.12 47.43 48.36 48.36 +16.4% +0.0%
Product Use
Agriculture 32,193.76 32,119.70 32,140.22 32,739.36 33,316.76 33,770.26 33,993.67 34,223.33 34,341.70 34,757.85 35,509.21 36,349.64 36,762.40 37,203.24 +15.6% +1.2%
Land Use Change
-21,366.19 -20,096.63 -17,659.17 -15,236.12 -14,154.42 -14,645.86 -14,917.93 -16,451.70 -19,298.36 -21,106.78 -22,818.93 -23,186.69 -23,326.73 -22,861.60 +7.0% -2.0%
and Forestry
Waste 2,480.06 2,505.89 2,155.56 2,153.04 2,057.07 2,058.70 2,014.18 1,819.72 1,812.95 1,784.60 1,717.40 1,719.87 1,729.32 1,754.48 -29.3% +1.5%
CO2 (net) 3,944.36 5,727.30 10,027.84 11,872.33 13,045.92 12,509.03 13,251.27 13,975.02 9,754.48 9,392.16 8,182.69 9,792.44 9,680.33 11,833.84 +200.0% +22.2%
All Energy 22,652.63 23,040.63 24,798.13 24,075.02 24,263.45 24,141.25 25,188.07 27,543.37 26,011.32 27,292.21 27,843.21 29,728.21 29,768.29 31,229.51 +37.9% +4.9%
Industrial Processes 2,662.18 2,787.22 2,893.33 3,039.12 2,943.28 3,019.79 2,988.08 2,890.92 3,047.71 3,212.24 3,162.84 3,255.23 3,242.85 3,470.04 +30.3% +7.0%
Solvent and Other
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Product Use
Agriculture NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Land Use Change
-21,370.45 -20,100.55 -17,663.62 -15,241.81 -14,160.82 -14,652.02 -14,924.89 -16,459.27 -19,304.56 -21,112.29 -22,823.35 -23,191.00 -23,330.81 -22,865.71 +7.0% -2.0%
and Forestry
Waste NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
CH 4 25,283.98 25,116.04 24,688.78 24,986.86 25,203.79 25,497.40 25,583.17 25,563.21 25,658.74 25,884.48 26,165.78 26,524.49 26,565.33 26,644.97 +5.4% +0.3%
All Energy 796.92 687.98 680.83 664.19 698.94 748.66 744.81 775.86 840.32 882.74 847.52 877.84 863.96 840.98 +5.5% -2.7%
Industrial Processes 21.59 35.87 30.43 34.15 42.53 59.14 78.77 81.42 77.22 86.17 104.38 92.62 97.77 42.91 +98.8% -56.1%
Solvent and Other
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Product Use
22,126.88 22,028.11 21,966.33 22,278.64 22,547.71 22,776.69 22,890.40 23,030.59 23,077.10 23,280.49 23,647.09 23,987.98 24,028.32 24,165.41 +9.2% +0.6%
Agriculture
Land Use Change
4.23 3.89 4.42 5.65 6.35 6.12 6.91 7.52 6.15 5.47 4.39 4.28 4.05 4.08 -3.6% +0.6%
and Forestry
Waste 2,334.36 2,360.19 2,006.76 2,004.24 1,908.27 1,906.80 1,862.28 1,667.82 1,657.95 1,629.60 1,562.40 1,561.77 1,571.22 1,591.59 -31.8% +1.3%
N2O 10,398.71 10,424.85 10,519.59 10,811.92 11,134.34 11,373.09 11,486.83 11,583.13 11,659.92 11,884.14 12,279.33 12,789.92 13,172.98 13,499.53 +29.8% +2.5%
Energy Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990–2004
All Energy 144.56 144.76 153.78 158.65 172.12 182.62 185.73 192.26 193.79 204.93 215.07 222.70 232.41 250.43 +73.2% +7.8%
Industrial Processes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Solvent and Other
41.54 42.78 43.09 43.71 44.33 44.95 45.88 46.19 46.50 46.81 47.12 47.43 48.36 48.36 +16.4% +0.0%
Product Use
Agriculture 10,066.88 10,091.58 10,173.89 10,460.73 10,769.05 10,993.58 11,103.27 11,192.73 11,264.59 11,477.36 11,862.12 12,361.66 12,734.08 13,037.82 +29.5% +2.4%
Land Use Change
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 -3.6% +0.6%
and Forestry
Waste 145.70 145.70 148.80 148.80 148.80 151.90 151.90 151.90 155.00 155.00 155.00 158.10 158.10 162.89 +11.8% +3.0%
HFCs (Ind. Proc.) NA NA 1.82 5.46 25.87 83.78 139.03 114.27 210.69 174.82 173.28 254.12 387.68 403.96 NA +4.2%
PFCs (Ind. Proc.) 515.60 651.64 638.10 524.80 183.60 147.50 265.40 166.20 130.20 74.20 59.25 59.25 83.50 84.90 -83.5% +1.7%
SF6 (Ind. Proc.) 12.33 12.64 12.98 14.05 14.41 15.01 14.79 15.30 14.03 13.19 11.95 12.05 12.57 12.38 +0.4% -1.5%
Table 9.1.2
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals: 1990
Greenhouse Gases with GWPs Without GWPs
Units: kt CO 2 equiv. CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O Other 1
NOx CO NMVOCs
(net) emissions removals (CO2 e)
Energy 23,594 22,653 37.9 0.466 135 485 96.1
Industrial Processes 3,212 2,662 1.03 528 2.62 29.8 16.6
Solvent and Other
42 0.134 24.2
Product Use
Agriculture 32,194 1,054 32.5
0.813 22.3
Land Use Change
-21,366 21,370 0.202 0.000 1.05 37.0
and Forestry
Waste 2,480 111 0.470
Total 40,155 25,315 21,370 1,204 34 528 139 574 137
1
‘Other’ refers to the total of HFCs, PFCs and SF6.
Table 9.1.3
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals: 2003
Greenhouse Gases with GWPs Without GWPs
Units: kt CO 2 equiv. CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O Other 1
NOx CO NMVOCs
(net) emissions removals (CO2 e)
Energy 32,321 31,230 40.0 0.808 163 585 119
Industrial Processes 4,014 3,470 2.04 501 3.52 38.1 15.8
Solvent and Other
48 0.156 31.6
Product Use
Agriculture 37,203 1,151 42.1
0.906 24.0
Land Use Change
-22,862 22,866 0.194 0.000 1.03 35.7
and Forestry
Waste 1,754 75.8 0.525
Total 52,480 34,700 22,866 1,269 44 501 169 683 166
1
‘Other’ refers to the total of HFCs, PFCs and SF6.
Chapter 9: Emissions and Removals from Other Sources 99
Figure 9.1
Net CO2 Emissions
Figure 9.2 shows the proportion of total gross emissions of each greenhouse gas attributable to each
category.
The energy sector is the main source of CO2, NOX, CO and NMVOC emissions but generates a very
small proportion of CH4 and N2O.
The agriculture sector is responsible for about 90% of all CH4 and over 95% of all N2O emissions.
Figure 9.2
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Shares: 2003
Gross CO2 CH4 N2O
Industrial Waste 8.6%
Processes Waste 1.2%
10% Energy 3.2% Energy 1.9%
Industrial Solvent and
Processes Other Product
0.2% Use 0.4%
Energy 90% Agriculture 90.7% Agriculture 96.6%
NOx CO NMVOCs
Industrial Processes 2.1% Industrial Processes Industrial
5.6% Processes
Land Use 9.5%
Change and Agriculture
Forestry 0.6% 3.5%
Solvent and
Land Use Other Product
Agriculture Change and Use 19.0%
0.5% Forestry 5.2%
Energy 96.8% Energy 85.7% Energy 71.5%
100 Energy Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990–2004
Figure 9.3 shows the proportional effects of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O emitted in New
Zealand, calculated using the global warming potentials for a 100-year time horizon presented in Chapter
8.
When considering gross emissions, CO2 is responsible for almost half the radiative forcing from greenhouse
gases – the greatest share of emissions on a CO2 equivalent basis of all the gases. However, on a net basis
– in other words allowing for CO2 removals – CO2 is only the third most important greenhouse gas behind
CH4 and N2O. New Zealand is unusual among developed countries in having greater CH4 and N2O
emissions than net CO2 emissions.
Figure 9.3
CO2 Equivalent Emissions Shares by Greenhouse Gas: 2003
Gross Net
HFCs/PFCs/SFs6 HFCs/PFCs/SFs6
0.7% 1.0%
CO2 22.5%
N2O 17.9% N2O 25.7%
CO2 46.1%
CH4 35.4% CH4 50.8%
Figure 9.4 below shows CO2 equivalent estimates (100-year GWPs) for the direct greenhouse gases
CO2, CH4 and N2O from all sectors. It can be seen that agriculture contributes more than the energy
sector to New Zealand’s total emissions. However, in both percentage and absolute terms energy emissions
grew the most between 1990 and 2003 (by 8.73 Mt or 37.0%) compared with an increase of 5.01 Mt or
15.6% for agriculture.
Figure 9.4
Contribution to Total CO2-Equivalent Emissions by Sector: 1990 and 2003
Chapter 9: Emissions and Removals from Other Sources 101
102 Energy Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990–2004
