Surveyor Lunar Lander 1966-1968 (Boeing - NASA)

--- ----------- - --__---- I - FAIRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS A Division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation 300 Robbinr Lane, Syosret, N.Y. i *- SCIENTIT IC CZJECTNES, CAPAEILITIES ANG C:.- L S r s T I O N REQUIiiEMEDiTS OF THE SUP dZYO3 SIC TV C.Wi23-4 SYSTEM FINAL SSGINEERINC R E P O R T 3 0 April, 1965 FINAL REPORT NO. SME-BA- 14s - .. Approved by: Robert S. Brandt Program Manag .A I i, !%- FAIRCHILD SPACE ANI) DEFENSE SYSTEMS . 8 Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 .. T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S Section Title INTRODUCTION GENERAL 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 P U R P O S E OF TEE FINAL REPORT ORGANIZATION O F THE REPORT SCIENTIFIC ODJECTIVES AND CONSTRAWTS 2 2.1 . . /' \ 2.2 2.2.1 O V E R A L L DISCUSSION O F SCIENTIFIC OEJECTIVES A N D CONSTRAINTS S U M M A R Y OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ODJECTIVES Photogramnt etr ic T y p e Input.; Photogrammetric T y p e P r d i i c t i Photogrammetric Accuracies and Goals Time Available for Reduction of Photogrammetric 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 Data 2.3 SUMMARY OF PHOTOMETRIC AND COL3RIMETRIC OBJECTKVES Measuring of Lunar Surface Br. ;leaa and Color Design and Calibration ObjecriL . r'or Photometric and Colorizzetric Data Objectives to be Considered in Operation oi the S / C TV to Obtain Photometric and Colorimetric Data 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 i i 9 tr - , , . FAIRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S (Continued) _- Section 2. 3 . 4 Title Generation and Use of Chromaticity Coordinates Other Measures of Color Methods and ObJcCJVC%for Graphical Data P r e s entation SUMMA2Y OF PAOTOCE XhlMETAIS, PITOTOMETRIC A N D COLORIMETLIC CXPILC ILITIES PXOT OC R Ah4hl ET 2 IC CXPA Z IL I T IES Purpo,e and McttoJology o Error Analysis f P r o g r a i r Pdrar.lrt%rs a Results ?i Cor..putcr Runs Lxi-itatiorlr Lnyo scri 'JII Phot sgrsmrr.etric Objectives 2.2.4.1 2.3.5 3 I - I 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3. 1.3 3.1.4 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 ' 3.2.8 3.2.9 3.2.10 P:IOTOME'rl?IC - COLOEIhtETF 1,: C.IP.IZIILITIES Basic Cansiderations and calibration Methods Descriptior, of T V Signal Design Coals of TV S y s t c m Telecommunication Noise F o r e c a s t of Relative and Absolute Photometric Accuracy Photometry Calibration Time Sequence Related to Photometry and Colorimetry Spec tr a1 R c sponee Ground Teeting Effect of Lighting on Color Real Time Color Viewer ii Final Report No, SME-RA-145 30 April 1965 I T.4FLE OF CONTENTS (Cont irrucci ) Section 4 -. 11tlc CALIT*R.iTXON RECUXP EhiENTS AND PROCEDURES OF SURVEYOR S / C T V C.qMER.2 SYSTEM GEP?E3 . I L REVIEW OF CALIFR.4TION PROCEDURES AND SPET:F!C ITICNS C A L E R A i X O K SPECIFIC.iiiOK.5 AIGD PROCEDURES Cy1 IZR.aTTION OF X-1.3 I YRS SUGGESTIONS FOI: TESTTNC COMPLETED VIDICON C.4hfER.4S P.ND FOR A I ICNhfENT OF C-A.h"EF?IS ON TXE SP-4CECRAFT Discuzsi9ri o the P r i w i p a l Poir?t a+. Suggested f Calibration 0: the Complcted Vidiccn Camera Sugxcstions for Aligning and Testing thc Alignment of t r x Variable Focal Length Vidicon Cameras on the Spacecraft R e p o r t SME-RA-13rj 4. 1 4.2 . 4.3 , 4.4 4. 5 4.5. 1 4.5.2 APPENDM A "Scientific Objcctivcs T 9SKl'' "Systcrn Capability TASK 2" - - APPENDIX B , Report SME-BA- 146 "Calibration Requirements anh Proceduzes of Surveyor S / C TV Camera System" iii . . P a -. - . .. 1 p.\IECHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS ! - Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 $ - - SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 .-. GENERAL This report is compiled by the Fairchild Space and Defense System Division of t h e Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation in conformance with JPL Contract No. 9 5 0 6 6 5 . It is'identified as the "Final Engineering Report" for the Scientific and Photogrammetric Objectives and Limitations of the Surveyor S / C T V System. -c This report and its referenced appendices a r e limited to consideration of photogrammetric and photonietric objectives and capabilities in the context of providing assistance to 3PL scientists and engineers and in the furtherance o their overall task to establinh performance requiref ments for the Surveyor Lander Spacecraft and its associated T V data. In this context, the report i e qualitative, rather than quantitative. The analyeea conducted and herein reported have been controlled by "best eetirnates" of prevailing parameters. A s such, the report inf dicates the domain of the feasible and the range o conditions that should be met in order to accomplish feasible goals. Conrequently, the report gives an overall perspective on generic uaem for the Surveyor Lander TV rystem, but it doer not forecast all of the porsible rerulta that would be attained. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE FINAL REPORT The intent o this report is to summarize the results of the following f taakn: - 0 Development of cartographic objective. o the f Surveyor S / C TV Syatem. 1-1 , f ! I 0 FAKRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 c 0- c- Development of the photometric and colorimetric objectives of the Surveyor S / C TV System. Development o the cartographic capabilities o f f the Surveyor S / C T V System, Development o the photometric and colorimetric f capabilitier of the Surveyor S / C T V System. Development o the photogrammetric objectives of f the Surveyor S / C T V Syctern. .. c - 0 0 0 - -- In addition, this rcport containe appendicee which reference the Fairchild documents developed for JPL which pertain to the detail8 of the material summarized in this report. When applicable, the sections and subsection8 a r e cross-indexed to the appendicee eo that one can delve m o r e deeply into the a r e a s summarized herein. 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT This report is divided into seven eectione, of which thir Introductory Section i o the f i r e t . In the remaining eections the various aspects of thir report a r e discuroed i n the following order: I. 2. Overall discusoion and recommendations of the B cf entif ic objective 8 and limitation6 , Summary of the cartographic objectives, Summary o the photometric and colorimetric objectives, f Summary o the cartographic capabilitier, f Summary o the photometric and colorimetric f capabilitier and, Summary o the calibration requirement8 and procedurer f 3 . 4. 5. 6. c 1-2 Y -- . .-- 30 April 1965 .. of the Surveyor SIC TV C a m e r a System. Related and additional material which is conbidered too detailed n to be included in tkis report are referenced i the appendices. c- .-- 1-3 F.\LTC!XL.D SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS % 7 Final Report NO. SME-BA-145 30 AprU 1965 SECTION 2 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES A N D CONSTRAINTS 2.1 OVERALL DISCUSSION OF SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES AND CONSTRAINTS . . . T h e fundamental objective of Surveyor Lander visual o r photographic observation o the lunar surface is to u s e the information, specifically, f for the extension of scientific knowledge about the moon and aolar system. In either case, it is nccesrary to know "what is there", and "where it io", because we d e s i r e to uee these observations for the support o s o m e practical activity. Accordingly. the objectives f for Surveyor Lander T V d a t a a r c related to applications which require "what" and "where" information related to a r e a s on the lunar surface. Data which will be collected by the T V sensor is, essentially, geometric and photometric in nature. From the intrinsic image qualities one can identify and depict l u n a r surface fcaturee as to their shape, orientation, position and reflectance per unit area. It is the geometric characteristic of the information that results i n ite extension utility. For example, if one d e s i r e s to evaluate the geological structure o any f region, OAC needs a good r a p on which the various land f o r m a can be rhown. Moreover, i f one desires t o represent the distribution of photometric properties of any o t h e r natural phenomena, it i s essential to construct a reliable map to ehow their distribution. Thus, it is evident that the Surveyor T V data must provide geometric data which, if properly controlled, w i l l reveal the rpatial arrangemeat of features and their photometric properties on the surface of the moon. Initially, the objective of the Surveyor T V system is to obtain detailed information which would be useful for answering questions about lunar surface qualities in those rsgionr having the highest probability of 2-1 I FAlRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS F n l Report No. SME-BA-145 ia 30 AprU 1965 becoming lunar landing sites. The qualities of the eurface which initially niuet bc determined are spatial in form, such as, size, shape, distance, proportion and equality. In addition, one must investigate in relation to geometric qualities, the bearing propertiee of the surface. These secondary properties to some degree may b e inferred from the photometric, colorimetric TV data, and the T V observed Soil Analysis Experiments aboard the spacecraft. Conoequently, to provide the information sought from the T V data collscte4 one murt construct photograrnmctric, photometric and colimctric models which a r e quantitative representations o the surface a r e a s observed. f It is apparent that one important performance criterion for any system which seeks to e’stablish surface propertiee on the moon, must be related to the fidelity of the models that can be constructcd from the observations Moreover, since the general characteristics of the lunar surface or the objects on it a r e tri-dimensional, the lunar surface can only be described or determined from a point outside by the use of three coordinates in space. This means, o couree, that f the reconstructed scale models must be tri-dimensional i f they a r e t o yield t h e greatest amount of information. Additionally, t o achieve reliability, the models must be accurate and must possess a high f degree o continuity. Therefore, important c r i t e r i a for the Surveyor T V data relates to overall tri-dimensional fidelity and to eurface continuity for the mathematical, phyaical and graphical models which a r e developed from the observations. Apart from the general notion that the moon is a tri-axial body a d spheroidal in shape, the 1uPar c r u s t has billions of irregularities covering a range of approximately 7 5 0 0 meters between so-called . lunar highkads and lunar 10wlands. Consequently, topographic detail nhould be plentiful on the moon. From telescopic obrervatfono, however, the lunar surface is obscured under f u l l illumination and, even along the terminator, many observations at different phases must be made to \ L . .- 2-2 - -F.AXECSU.D SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 - sense the dctail tri-dimensional form of the surface. As a result, existing astronomical observations a r e deficient, then, one might establish useful performance criteria for improving upon the existing f observations o the moon. Existing observations from earth a r e deficient in two ways. F i r s t , the resolution is too low to detect all the information desired. Second, the observations a r e taken mostly from the same perspective poi.*. Tnercfore, Surveyor Lander observations in the vicinity of thc moon, either from descent photos o r on the moon from Lander photos, offer numcrous pos6ibilities to reduce both of the existing topographic deficiencies in lunar observations. With respect to resolution, lunar orbiter observations will decrease the distance between earth and moon from 385, 000 kilometers t o less than 1600 kilometers i n the descent phase and less than 2 kilorzeters after landing, Not only do Surveyor S / C observations provide greater resolution, due to proximity, but additionally, they permit stereoscopic interaretation and evaluation of the surface observed. Translating the increased resolution to information density this means that one can collect, by many magnitudes, more surface inforfiat on per unit area than i s now available through tclescopic observation from earth. Obviously, observations in close proximity to the moon imposes more minute considerations about the intricate spatial characteristics of the *surfacejust as one xright be concerned with the difference between microscopic and macroscopic observation of any surface. Moreover, now that one m.ay observe "microscopic" lunar characteristics, it is even m o r e important to provide for the best means to reconstruct the '%rue" spatial arrangement if the obaervations are to be most useful. Topographic reconnaissance on the earth usually requires ster eoecopic recording of the terrestial landscape, even though knowledge of earth 2-3 E, I i?.\E?C..II D SP-ACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEAIS Final Report No. SME-EA- 14;s 30 A2ril 1965 L b u CI L - .- . 1 5 i l d i ~ ~ r is s i ~ ionsidi.ra5ly Srcater t'-.an ;:crt?;, arc :IQ:: cxistcnt on thc c.oon. X?n-.ittedly, Sol- c sirtli t o F o g r ip:-.ia ~112 &r.o\o,ic criteri;, i:xiy 5e uscfu! on tire rr.002 ! ut, SUicly, 1d:i.a: topo;;rq+.ic and geologic c r i t e r i a m.ust bc dcvclopcd solely frond lunar observations. I - .- 4 : .- ii:tcrprntirg ir.?ages requircs the association of a .;et D f clues or -r~;ge-.ti./c -uli which perr:.it thc perception q f stir real o';jcct= as t f i r y ?usst ir. tri-c!ili.cnqiol: r l c p . i c ~ ' . A two licbi3.xterandon. noise. Sccond, it perr,-.its t h e d e t c r r i n a t i o n of +patixi forr , .',irtctlj, fron, a stereoscopic imprcssion. F o i e:.a~.plc, in .-'tcrco vi.,;o:-,, th.1 son-ctimes dubious deduction of ;pItial forn. froc-. accidental I;inrs i - re;.lace2 somplctely by an irrn.ediate scnsotial pcrcaption of tri-dimensional forc:, requiring no further mcr,tal p i o c e s s c s . The sensorial immediacy of stereoscopic f o r a pcrccption is so strong that it leaves no doubt about the spatial arrangcmcnt that e x i s t s . It i s important ta r o c o p i z e ho:.rcver, that thc visual stereoscopic inodcl m a y bc identical with a r e a l object o r it rrraybe distorted. Therefore, in ordcr to establish quantitative conncctions between irrages and evcnts in o'tject space, calibration and control o the acsuisition and data handling devices is a prime requisite f for the Surveyor T V Systen-.. t.70 B win b e kno..vn tfmt - X t h r a e din-.cnsianal recording fron 2-4 -_ -. I . FAIRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS F n l Report No. SME BA-145 ia 30 April 1965 In sun;mary, it is evident that increased knowledge of the lunar surface can be provided by the Surveyor T V System, if it i s utilized as a measuring device. At every step, therefore, Surveyor operational procedures and apparatus must employ the most rigorous and most advanced techniques o reliable measurement. f 2.2 SUMMARY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC OBJECTXVES Photogrammetric Type Inputs 2.2.1 T h e photogramrr.etric type inputs realized from the Surveyor S / C TV System and utilized to produce cartographic products can be subdivided into the following basic categories: -_ ---I i ' \- -- -- -- Descent Observations Surface Survey Observations Camera Calibration Data Camera Lnterior and Exterior Orientation Data The various processes for assuring the preservation of the data, as well as the photogrammetric transformation and task required t o reduce the n input, a r e discussed in detail i Appendix A, Section 2. 1. 1.1. 2.2.2 Photogram r et r i c Type Products . The cartographic type products can be itemized according to Descent and Surface Survey Observations. a . Descent Observations - Cartographic Type Products ----- -- Topographic Maps Mosaics Three-Dimensional Surface Models lnterpretation Overlay8 Master Site Control Point Network 30 April 1965 I b. Surface Survey - Topographic Typc Products . a -- ---- Digital Surface M a p s Fern; Line o r Approxiniate Contour hiap6 Photo Maps Three Dim.ensiona1 Models - T h e detailed description of the above itemized product and their . su6gested use a r e detailed in Appendis A, Section 2. 1. 2. 2.2. 3 P'hoto p r amm et r i c A c c il r a ci e s and Goa 1 s P!:otograrr,n,etric acciiracy in either the wide angle or narrow angle mode is highly dependent upon two factors. -- -- Observatian Acuity Calibration Prccision Observation acuity is fixed by the intrinsic characteristics of the camera system and t x variations of the p r s p c c t i v c candit.ons o-Jcr the rdcordcd sccne. CaliSratmn ?recision i s obtAned by krior rrcasurenicnt o each f elcrrerit in t n e image recording Froccss dnd u t i h a t i o n o these data to f satisfy the basic geometric assumptions of point perspective views. . It should be the major design goal of lunar television recording media to permit exact recovery of the optical perspective conditions which illuminate thc viciicon plane. In addition to the inner orientation controls required for reconstruction of thc perspcctivc LunGlcs, cxtcrior orientation must be established on the spacecraft. Since no knowledge of lunar object space w i l l exist, the base distance bctwccn camcras should be known with a certainty proportionate to thc resolution of t h e cameras. F o r the narrow angle case, the base should b e known to 1 part i n 6, 000 for control of the scale factor used in transforming iniage space meatnarement to object space 'coordinates. In addition t o the requirenients for e c d e determination, 2-6 . -. . .. . . FAIRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final R e p o r t No. ' S M E BA-145 30 April 1965 the need for tilt data t o control absolute orientation is also established. T w o parameters of the tilt should be known. 2.2.4 Tim e Available for Reduction of Photogrammetric Data Utilization of photogranirnetric data to establish on line focus control is the only activity where "time" is critical in the T V proceaning chain. The capability to accept T V frames, astatlish stcreoscopic models and quickly n ~ e a s u r c distance:, in t h e object space n.ust be established t o scrniit the vcrificaLion of focus dettiugs. Since the T V input r a t e is, nominally, 3 . 6 seconds per frame, a very high speed capability is required i n o r d e r t o sample a t least i of 3 f r a m e s e t s in a single device. Corxputer routines also must be developed to accept the output measurement of each dcvicc and'tranuform the meauurexsent to the focus setting which oytircicsae the infocus coverage for each T V frame. 2.3 SUMhr,XRY OF PHOTOMETRIC A N D COLIMETRIC Oa3ECTiVES T h e mission 01 the Surveyor Lander S / C m a y be formulated essentially as: the soft landing o a package of scientific instruments on the lunar f suriace in an effort to determine some of the basic properties of the lunar surface. Theee basic properties include: -- T h e spatial ehape of the lunar surface about the S/C. T h e absolute and relative brightness, and color of the segrr,cnt of thc lunar surface before measurement of surface bearing strength and e h e a r strength. f The absolute and relative brightnese and color o the segment of the lunar surface before and after disturbance by the Surface Sampler. i i - 2-7 FAIRCI3I.D SPACE A N D DEFENSE SYSTEMS . Final R c p r t No. SME-EA-145 30 April 1965 -- The absolute and rclativc brightness and color of the lunar surface in the area Eurrounding the Rpacecraft (allowing m-easuremtnts associated with Sample Processor and Soil Properties Meaauring Device to be inferred to this extended area by photov.etric and colorirr.etric and colorimetric similar it y). . These local brightness and color ciiaracteristica of the lunar surface a r c to be established by the S / C Survey T V Cubzyzten:. However, i t i s important to note that i n operati3g the TV, the primary requirement as establifihcc! in P.eports, "Functi3nal Specificatin, Surveyor Scientific Knstrun.cnt, Tblcvision Exparinrent 5 4 2 l :3- 4-260B" and Conference Report, ''T+-lc.visionExperiment Scientific Objectives, Report No. 325- 1 5 " ( 5 /25/63), has been for g e o p t t r i c fidelity; photometry and colorimetry following in t h e order of importance. 2.3.1 Measuring of Lunar Surface Brightness and Color The following discussion is broken down into two basic aspects; consideration of the lunar surface and the illumination falling upon it, and the effects of a p e r s p e c t i v e sensor. a . Surface Considerations T h e properties of the photometric function for a nonLambertian surface indicate that in the case where small incrercents of the lunar surface (e. 8 . . 1 aq. c m ) exhibit the same property, the luminance of that increment w i l l be depcndent upon the angle with respect to normal from which the sensor viewr the object. The photometric functions which describe non- Lambertian eurfacee have important consequences for the measurement 2-0 ~ 4-. . EB;%fit6- * . $$+. , FAIRCHILD SPACE A N D DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final Report No. SME-EA-I45 30 April 1965 .- of the luxxinance of the lunar surface f r o m the Surveyor Lander S I C . For objects o n the l u n a r surface which subtend the minimum element of measure on the image plane of thc detector ( - 2OTV linea), the f anglc of enlittancc o lurxinou3 flux with rcepect to thc normal of the surface and each of the survey TV c a m e r a remains constant. Thus, for each of the survey T V Cameras, the domain of the photof metric functions is defined over a maximum possible range o : 0.' L - < i < 90' g< c- oo< I 180' c- f = constant 4 . where i = the angle of incidcnce of luminous flux with respect to the surface normal. g = the 2hase angle (the angle between the incident and emitted luminance flux). The direct implication of this relationship is, of course, that the absolute brightness of such individual non-Lambettian objects on the lunar surface areas which extend ovcr m o r e than one ntinin;um element of measure on the image plane of the detector, it will be possible to establish a value of c for each such element. In the limiting case where a rurface of constant 0 extend ovcr the entire a r e a about the S / C and is orthogonal t o the S/C 2 axis, the maximum range o c is: f - 2-9 . - PidRBB dj? 9kJI FAIRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final Report No. SME-BA-145 3 0 A p r i l 1965 In the case where identical objects a r e scattered over the area about the S / C , it is possible that a discrete range of values o e will f be obtained (one value for each object). Ir should be noted also that for a S / C lanainq about 16 days from terminator that the angle of incidence (i) w i l l cover half its range o value (for a n orthogonal f axis with respect to the S / C Z axis). . I w f In addition, the lumiaous energy (E) i l l vary as thc distancc o the Moon from the Sun changea. But o more importance. the f existence of a micro "atmosphere" above the l u n a r surface will . introduce an attenuation factor ( T ) reducing thc value o E incident f on the surface and which possibly may create selective attenuation of the various wavelengths and cause an e r r o r in colorimetric measurement. A m o r e detailed discusdon and development of the relationships for measuring the eurface brightness is indicated in Appcndix A, Scction 2.2.2. ' b. P e r mective Sensor Considerations ~~~~~ ~ Except for a very unusual spatial orientation, the scale of the image on the surface of the T V vidicon w i l l continuously vary over any particular scene. Severe scale variations will occur, particularly, i those photographs which include the horizon. T h e surface resolution n (the dimension on the lunar surface corresponding to the miniw.um measurable element on the focal plane) will vary with scale. It w i l l also vary to a l e s s e r degree, from focus depending whether or not the object l i e s outside the depth of field planes. This variation in image-object size relationship within the photograph has t h e effect of integrating tne information in the minimal unit of measurement. Thue, it 18 possible to have equal measures of brightness on the detector image plane for two objects which in reality a r e not equally bright. This effect can occur due to summation of dissimilar luminances into the s a m e minimal measurement a r e a on the . 2-10 FAIRCHILD SPACE A N D D E F a S E SYSTEMS __ Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30April 1965 detector surface. The s i z e of the minimal unit of measurement on the detector surface must b e such a s to make adequate provision for errors in sensor orientation with respect to the object am w e l l as provision for dynamic shift within the sensor itself. Additional discussion on the dctermin;ltion and measurement of exposure a s related to perspective sensor considerations a r e found in Appendix A, paragraph 2. 2.2.2. C. Photometric Inferencc Bctwcen Diseirnilar Lunar Surface Arcas Before concluding these considerations o the spcctral brightncss f f properties of the lunar surface, brief cowidzration o thc assumptions which a r c in.plicit in attcm.pting t o extend thc rcsult3 of roil expcrimcnts from onc a r e a of the lunar surface to anothcr by photoxretric (colorirnctric) similarity must be made. T h e assumptions which should be noted as developcd in Appendix A, paragraph 2.2. 2. 3 as implicit i n thc conccptual f r a m e work arc: -- - The effect of t h e angle of emittance c is so small a s not t o significantly affect the measurerr.cnt of albedo of t h e objcct ( p ). -- Dissimilar lunar objects do not p o e e e e e similar photoxxctric (colorirr.etric) properties. Thus, if: A: Lunar Object B : Photo m et r i c Proper t ie (I then B->A 2-11 FAUossible. The establishment of a measurerr.ect dimension i n the detector which w i l l give high confidence level tnat succcssivc photos r c p r e s r t t the same object, yet no so l a f g e a s to detract from the total information presented o r to introduce e r r o r s in ec-ittancc angle (e). The exaxxination of specific highlight o r shadow a r e a s of a g i r 2 r : I u m r scene m a y require f/nurnbere which under-cxpoec ( o r over-expose) thc avcrage scene in order to render true photometric representation of these arcas which are above (below) the non:inal scene brightness range. . Exccssively bright a r e a s may rcquire extensive e r a s u r e before viewing lunar surface a r e a s which are an o r d e r of magnitude lcGs bright. Furtncr considerations on the operation of the S / C T V S y s t e m t o obtain Photogranin-ctric and Colorimetric data are found in Appendix A, paragraph 2.2.4. 2.3.4 Generation and U s c of Chromaticity Coordinates T h e r e exists at least two methods of evaluating the color o an object f as seen on the Video Data Handling System.; thc selection o a particular f one depends upon the relative importance of the measurement accuracy and design feasibility. Eoth procedures w i l l produce results consisting o : a) n;easure o relative brightness, and b) the chromaticity coordinates f f of the objcct. tr the calculation of the tristimulus coordinates, the input data (video output) can be derived from t w o sources and thus determine the procedure used. In the f i r r t case, the colorimetric information is derived f r o m the video signals stored on the magnetic tape. . . .. 2-14 c . -- ..-. FAIRCHKD S P X E AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final Report No. SME-BA-145 . 3 0 A p r i l 1965 1 Appendix A, paragraph 2 . 2 . 5 . 1 contains a detailed discussion of the first c a s e as well as a discussion of chromaticity, luniinanct, purity and electronic signal evaluation. 2.3.4.1 Other Measures o Color f A s a direct consequcnco of repreaeriing any color in t e r m s of its f chromaticity coordinates, a n entire set o udeful informatioir may be derived. Tile computed quantities (iron1 the tristirrrulu~measurement) which a r e of major interest are: 1. Chromaticity coordinates of a uniform -chromaticnessscale, a , fi , used t o specify changes in chrornaticness of a substance with time, exposure, etc.. The amount of color difference, A E used to measure color change resulting irom treatment o the sample and f to measure color difference8 between two surface colore. 2. . - 3. 4. T h e hue angle, saturation inaex and lightnese index. The whiteness of a surface relative to a peak value of 1.00 for Magnesium Oxide and a black mrface value of zero. Degree o yellownesa in a near white suriace. f 5. 2.3.5 Methods and Objectives for Graphical Data Pr teentation and I is posribla to satisfy the objective of presenting selected objccts t small lunar surface areas about the S / C i n t e r m s of differential photometric valuer by the meand of conlpeneated per spective photom e t r i c preeentatione'. These can be both binocular and rtereomcopic. 2-15 . . . SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS FUC!D .?SL Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 These presentations a r e essentially viewe of specific lunar surface X, Y, 2 coordinate8 in the orientation of taking camera (efmilar tilt and swing angles) in which the densitiee presented have been corrected for: Actual F/Number (UD) Lens Transmission Loss (T) Exposure Time (At) Vidicon, CRT and Film Gamma y (0) Electronic Calibration in Transmission and Recording (Ae) 4 Optical and M i r r o r Vignetting (Cos a ) Differehces Between Actual and Calibrated Brightness (AB) In case of Stereo-Correction for Differential Interior Orientation o the Taking Cameras. f The Luminous Flex Normal t o the Surface (E). The Spectral Distribution o this Flux ( X ) f The Albedo of the Surface ( p ) a result of these corrections the presentation w i l l only vary as a function o : f As ----- The Angle o Incidence (i) f The Phase Angle (g) However, each individual view w i l l be for a constant value o : f The Angle of Emittance (4) In the case where the g a m e object is viewed in a two c a m e r a s t e r e o f p r e s a t a t i o n , it may be possible (depending upon the range o variables f involved) to compensate for all the above variable8 except those o : -- Phaee Angle (e) Angle of Emittance ( a ) i 2- 16 B w FAmGIILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final Report No. SME-BA-14S 30 April 1965 The effect o the variables of emittance angle (e) in the photometric f function (0) between the perspectives of two ca=eras will provide Extension t o otner a r e a s about the S / C can be two values of (a). accomplished by photogrammetric and photointerpretation means to further extend the range of values of emittance angle. Combined graphical presentation of perspective photo view of selected objects and photometric and/or chromaticity values can be accomplished by conventional means . T h e use of overlays to a particular topographic m a p scale presents certain problems which should bc recognized. Due to the small height of the S / C TV camera above the datum plane, a large amount of tilt will be present i n most views. T h i s tilt in the presence of any surface relief, (particularly relief about the datum) will present a perspective view of the sides o the objects. Attempts to remove tilt, change f scale, and t o remove relief displacement w i l l have the effect of compression' of information on the overlay presentation. A s a n example, a wall when viewed from the side presents considerable detail, but when compressed into a vertical map presentation becomes a single line when, the detaile of the side a r e lost. c , 2- I7 . .- . . - . . 5 ' fl W y.t]:tcULO SP,\CE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS ' Final R e p r t No. SME-BA-14s 30 April 1965 , . SECTION 3 c P- 3.0 L4 SUMhQiRY OF rPHOTOGRAMMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC AND COLORLMETRIC C X P A B I L I T I ~ 3.1 P PHOTOGRAMMETRIC CAPABILITIES Purpose and Methodology of E r r o r Analysis 3.1.1 / , .. I . 0 u c The purpose of this a n a l y s i s is to provide estimates of the degree of fidelity with which lunar surface models m a y be constructed from Surveyor Lander stereo photography. Essential to t h i s analysis i e the f derivation o the equations f r o m which the coordinates of the photographed the so-called intersection equations. object m a y be computed 0 - ._ The analysis is limited to the area immediately surrounding the Surveyor spacecraft which is observed by the TV survey cameras on the lunar surface. The descent phase is specifically not included here. Further, the analysis only considers the capability of the cameras to map in the spacecraft coordinate system. No investigation o the effects of e r r o r s f in spacecraft absolute position and orientation is made. Such e r r o r s affect the ability to tie local models into a larger nerwork but they do not affect construction of t h e models themselves. T h e reason for such a limitation is not essential but, rather, is only to make the task manageable and still satisfy ?he basic objective, viz., to estimate the fidelity of photogrammetric lunar models. After deriving the antersection equations, one has a function which relates the observation parameters t o the object point. The function m a y be linearized by using truncated Taylor expansion. Using thie linear approximation, one can determine the effects of s m a l l parameter variations 7 1 L - < - -c h - c b c J ---. i . , ,- . . - .. . . E ' t u C I G C SPACE AND DEFENSZ SYSTEhEj Find Report No. S M S B A - 1 4 5 30 AprU 1965 on the object point coorilinates. In linearized form, the differential is used in the general law of propagation of co-variance, to obtain M estimate o the co-variance matrix o the intersection point f r o m an f f estimate of the co-variance matrix of the parameters. The parameter co-variance matrix is derived from reasonable estimates of the tolerances of the parameter values. Using one of the statistical measures, to be discussed, one obtains an indication o the espected e r r o r s . An XBLM f 7090 Fortran program is used to perform the calculations required. Tho development of the intersection equations and the e r r o r analysie along with the partial derivatives a r e found in Appendix A, Section 3. 3.1.2 Program Parameters The program parameters can be divided into interior and exterior orientation data. Tile general category of parameters can be additionally subdivided into variance parameters and independcnt variables. A. Interior Orientation Variance P a r a m e t e r e Interior orientation parameters are. usually, the plate coordinates of the principal point, and t h o principal distance donc. Slightly more generally one m a y consider any metric quality which affects the image-object ray in the camera coordinate system a s an interior orientation parameter. In this sense, lens distortion and camera T V linearity distortions, as well as the e r r o r s contributed by photo coordinate meauurement, are parameters o interior f or i entation. One special parameter which enters i this way i o reseau n placement accuracy. The T V reseau is a rectangular arrangement of data which is recorded at the time of f f exposure. The vidicon plane position o each' o these reaeau data is calibrated when the camera i e conrtructed. . . . . . -- F-U?tCIprosch camera has a short useful Lfe, and it is capable of providing quantitative photometric il measurement oi the scene. Only monochrone picturcs wl be attempted with the approach camera. becausa of its high velocity and repidly changing subject matter during an approach. There will bo insufficient time for r e adjustment o this approach camera during flight but it could be precalibrated f i iris setting and in video output level versus brightness of test pattern n targets. If it ie provided with a photoseneor, controller by average scene brightnese which then resets the iris to optimum picture performance, then ' this setting can be interpreted quantitatively inta photometric calibration numbers. The video signal amplitudes f r o m reference black level can then give relative brightneerr of various portions of the scene. The photometry can be more precisely relied upon from the two cameras operated after landing because there will be time to adjurt them for optimum 1 .. .. B I 113 ~ d -11- zf3EZaILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS . F n l Report No. SME-BA-145ia 30AprU 1965 - - 7L - P Lr L r _ d c I & performancc. T h i s will be accomplished by suitablc command signal6 and prccalibrntlon on the ground and then subsequent check calibration on thc Moon by panning one o r both c a m e r a s so as to view a known, suitably mounted, tcst target which wl have grey scale calibration il and geometric information as to resolution. image s i z c and shape. In the calibration of t!~c two survey TV camcras after they have landcd on the MOOR, u a t may be madc of the pointing angle of the solar ccll panel. T l i s solar nand is directcd for maximiim aimlight ?ickup a n d thus determines the landing anglc of the Surveyor Spacccrjft. 4-L - LL From this can be properly dednced the incident sunlight illumination and i t s variations with time onto the standard test charts (and on the objcct space). Knowing reasonably well this incident illumination, then one can derive a quantitatively reliable calibration of the video signal amplitudes in terms of the known reflectivity of the illuminated test charts. This chart or c h a r t s can be made optimum f o r both monochrom.e and color. Since m a n y hours may elapse during surveillance television operation, it probably will be desirable t o recheck the photometry calibration by viewing the test chart, say, once every two hours so as to detect and take into account possible drifts in electronic equipment performance caused by temperature variations. power aupply fluctuations. and other fluctuationai, a n d other variables, ae well as the changmg of Sun illumination both upon the test patterns and upon the surface surrounding the spacecraft. 7L - P L I 3.2.6 Time Seauence Related to Photometry and Colorimetry I Li Many considerations must be taken into account i the final choice of n operational time sequence for the mission. If the camerae are properly pre-calibrated, then tho television information can aleo give photometry data while the primary mission objective, photogrammetry in stereo, ia t being achieved. A s far a s colimetry is concerned8 however8 the accompliehment of color viewing by televiaion require6 insertion of color filter6 and it is recornmended i i CL L. - 3-13 " . ' U . . . F;URCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS L ?? Fina Report NO. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 c f \ 2 that the color exploration be done with only one of the two stereo TV cameras since it will take considerable time to view the selected a r e a s o the Moon's surface in color. It is understood that there is an interval f of plus and minus two days around lunar noon during which time the equipment will probably be too hot to provide dependable performance. Accordingly beet color o a given object space could be achieved by f allowing one TV camera to point continuously at this object space and then permit a red picture, then a green picture, then a blue picture t o be transmitted in a rapid sequence separated only by about 5 seconds f r o m each other. This, however, would not produce the most color pictures of the greatest a r e a in the least time because of the finite-time required to change col'or filters. Accordingly, if the electronic equipment remains stable in prior ground tests. then the color picture can be taken with one camera taking a whole annulus of adjacent exposures with one color filter left in place for the entire sequence. Then this eame camera would have its color filter change, say f r o m red to green, whereupon a second annulus of adjacent exposures would be repeated. Additionally a third ring of exposures would be made using this same camera, but with a blue filter in position. There is, o course, in f such a picture taking sequence, a problem o registration of the homof logous pictures, consequently, the mechanical resetability of the mirror i azimuth and elevation must be reliable in terms of the 600 line scan n eystem. . -- 3.2.7 Spectral Response - The system will yield f a r better results if the color filters used a r e . balanced for optimum match with the spectral response characteristic of the vidicon camera tube. It is possible t get color distinction bemeen o subjects in the object space using only two color systems. By far m o r e p r e c i s e colorimetry can be achieved if the three filters a r e employed, even though it w i l l take longer to tranrmit three s e t s of television picturee, n T h e vidicon tube must have a reasonable response i a l l three regions of t h e color spectrum; red, blue, and green. The peak response of the il vidicon wl probably be in the blue region. This is underetandable, mince f + - 3-14 F:'LXHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Find R e p r t No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 the vidicon in achieving its primary assignment of stereoscopic photograrnmctry must havc good sensitivity and good stability, as well as low liaise. Also tbe vidicon is being choson with capability o performing f in the elow scan mocic commensurate with thc great distance over which the data link must operate and still provide good signal-LO-noisethrough tho systcni. Mcasurcmcnts should be made to dctcrmine the overall rnonochromc responsc o the vidicon to a s s u r e excellent 2icturcs under f the ambient light conditiozs expected from sunlight under the albedo conditions of the Moon objccr s p x . This vidicon shoulci, under these operating conditions, a l s o Le mcasurcd for spectral response, determined by signal output versus rcasonable bands o the spectrum starting at the f f red region and going through tho green and into the blue region. I we assume that the checkcd signal output f o r monochrome unfiltered optical input is 100 units, then we should expect that the reeponsc i any of the n t h r e e spectral regions is red, green o r bluc. Next, the filters sboulJ be chosen as to spectral pass characreristics and as to rclative dispersion so that t 1 color output signals from known 3c reflected test targets w i l l give output signal voltages which will reasonably f i l l the video zmplifier dynamic range whcn tho color filters are in operation on the television camera. The unknown subject xnattet of Moon object space w i l l not necessarily reach these maximum levels of brightness to cause full dynamic range video signale in the processing amplifiertr, but instead, will probably occur at some reduced levels whose magnitude it i13 desirable to measure. Simulated tests prior to launch should determine whether expected reduced levels of color signals are adequate i n signal-to-noise, through the system chain to provide rediable results and which would justify spending the time in attempting to get colorimetry information from the Moon. ,. A firm forecast o the percentage accuracy which can be achieved in f colorimetry must be based upon tho results of equipment measurements prior to flight and measurements made on test targets after the equiprnont reaches the Moon. If one a 6 s u m e s a system signal-to-noise performance of 30 cb for monochrome m o d e of operation, and there i s some reserve iria openings which CM be called upon to incraaoe the optical efficiency, then Bwitchizag to color one can than expect the aboorption of the color r r' L. c : . I , - . filter to drop the signal-to-noise at the camera to say 20 db. Such performance will vary, however, with the angle o Sun illumination f and other m a t t e r s which are discussed in more detail later. The stability o the spacecraft circuits will throw s o m e uncertainty into f quantitative colorimetry and the further variables in the ground equipment induce more uncertainty a s to calibration. Hopefully, it can be expectcd that with preliminary syetern testing, it will be possible to determine colorimetry to a n accuracy for medium brightness a r e a s o f a scene within about 30%. The hue of a portion of this scene is dependent upon the stability of the circuits, the matching o tho taking filter8 and f the appropriate registration i the reconstituted color image. Also the n hue of a portion of tnis scene is dependent upon the stability of the circuits, the match of the taking filters a n d the appropriate registration in the reconstituted color image. Also the hue can be distorted seriously if hangover image storage signals remain on the vidicon f r o m a previous scene. If these variables a r e controlled o r properly compensated for then the geometric plot o an object area can be placed upon the color f triangle with a certainty of perhaps plus or minus 20%. - 3.2.8 Ground Testing It is imperative that the Surveyor television,eystem be thoroughly ground tested and calibrated a s to photometry and colorimetry. The spacecraft equipment and ground equipment have been outlined i block diagrams i n n Section 2 and some recommendations as to appropriate calibration testa are treated in that section. Certain ground tests for calibration purposes should be m a d e by way of alignment equipment with alX controls availahlo 80 as to secure optimum performance. These teste should include synthetic electronic signals such as synchronized pulses, otep wedge signals and pulses, simulating a small white area on a black background and pulsea rimulating a s d black area on a white background. W t these e p t h e t i c eignals introduced, ih transmitter and ground receiver and monitoring equipment can be evaluated and optimized. Clamp circuit performance, particularly, must be - I L I ' 3-16 I r_ , .- FAIRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 optimized if photometry is to be preoerved, independent of average brightness distribution in the scene. Another s e r i e s of ground testa should then be made with test pattern signals introduced through the optical system into the vidicon to determine that scan oize and shape is correct, resolving power is proper, focus is appropriate and sensitivity and signal-to-noi se i 8 adequate. Further tests should be carried out with respect to photometry and colorimetry reliability where the controls which are to be available f o r adjustment f r o m the ground are the only ones receiving further attention and under these conditions teats should be made with appropriately illuminated test taigets mounted on the spacecraft and with scenes simulating Moon object space. In simulation of Moon object space one cannot at the present stage of knowledge provide precise color subject matter but at least some colored rnatter should be resolvable in the system at relatively low . contracts which a r e to be expected on the Moon. After the spacecraft has landed on the Moon colorimetry calibration teste should be accomplished with the periscope optical systems o one o r both f stereo cameras pointing toward color teat charts mounted OA the spacecraft. It is hopcd that appropriate illumination w i l l be available. 3.2.9 Effect of Lighting on Color The stereo photogrammetry will probably best be achieved looking in all possible directions from the spacecraft, but it will probably be found that observation in color w i l l be most successful with a TV camera looking in the direction away from the Sun. A field of view of perhapa 120. w i l l yield good color results by color telsvieion. If sfiadows have. crept into the picture, then, those part6 of the scene which are not deep shadows w i l l yield relatively little photon excitation through the additional absorption o the color filters and the color pictures w i l l be quite noiay. f It ie important that the intensity of the illuxninatioa is adequate tor good ' . 3- 17 4 , .. - 'FAIRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS 30 April 1965 F n l Report No. SME-BA-145 ia I signal-to-noise in the television aystem, if good color discrimination is to be achieved. This is a furthcr reason to limit the color viewing to the well illuminated areas and avoid wasting the time to attempt televising in directions near to that from which the Sun's r a y s are coming. 3.2.10 Real Time Color Viewer Since the color to be expected in the hloon mission is somewhat of an unknown quantity it m a y be dcsirable to provide in the ground monitoring equipment a color r e d time viewing mechanism. If this apparatus can be simple and speedy oi operation it can be ueed to evaluate the initial color television reccivcd pictures. Then thc subsequent time echedde can be selected with assurance so as to m a k e the most efficient use of this spacecraft capability for either gathering m o r e color information if it is deemed worthwhile, or clsc modifying the pre-arranged schedules t o utilize the spacecraft to accomplish in m o r e detail the efforts of other portions of the mission. The ground recording equipment can yield colorimetric results by use o s e v e r a l types of equipment which is f discuseed in detail i Appendix A, Section 3.2.10. n , . ..- . , - 4- .' Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 FAIRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS I rl w SECTION 4 CALIBRATIOX REOUIREMENTS AXD PROCEDURES OF SURVEYOR S / C T V CAMERA SYSTEM -. I . 4.1 GENERAL The objectives of the task summarized in this section a r e to a s s i s t the JPL Television and Ground Data Handling Cognizant Engineers to establish the evaluation, test and calibration requirements for the Spacecraft Television Camera Subsystem in order t o satisfy the photogrammetric objectives of the Surveyor Lander Operational Missions. These tasks.include: .. . a. Reviewing and commenting on specifications submitted by JPL. Attending and reporting on meetings i the capacity of n consultant. Writing test procedures Reducing data to provide calibration constants on lens tests run at JPL. Suggesting tests o c a m e r a s and spacecraft relative to f alignment. Included also have been suggestions (not necessarily complete or adequately detailed) as to final testing of the spacecraft. b . .i l c c7 c. d. e. L ! Ia reviewing the comments on the Specfficationa and Calibration ay Procedures which were generated, it is important to note that m n o the .problems peculiar t o thio particular photogrammetric task f have occurred becauoc the photogrammetric Objectives were not c .. . , ,&B. - . FAIRCFZLD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS F n l Report No. SME-BA-145 ia 30 April 1965 ._ defined until aftcr the design and fabrication of thc lens and c a m e r a had been completed. Standard calibration techniques for this reason liavc rcquircd ccnsideriiblc modification. This is cbviocls ig the testing that has been done t o date with the l e n s alone, andif significant and rcliablc calibration data is to be obtaincd with the completed spacccraft, extensive testing of the alignment and performance of optical and clcctronic elements must be done prior to launch. The iirst requirement for photogrammetric equipment is stability under all operating c c n d i t i r z s such that the geometric constants derived f r o m calibrating the lcns, camera and spacccraft arc dependable. It is of primary impcjrtance that this operhting dependability be proved not cidy under ambient earth conditioiib, but for the simulated lunar atmosphere. When dependability has been proved it will be found to be a function of environmental conditione. It is known, for instance, t h a t the spacccraft w i l l be 6ubjected t o l a r g e changes i n temperature. Such conditions muet result in dt-nensional change of the base length between the two camerae, a possible warping o the orientation of one camera with respect to f another, and a change i the focal length of the camera lens. There n a r e expected and predictable occurrences. W h a t i s photogrametrically important is that the magnitude of the resultant geometric changes be known, and that they be rtpeatable’test after test. Beginning with the calibration of the lens, a serious consideration is that the vidicon face plate is part of the optical and geometric n performance. X testing the lens ae a lens, however, it is obviously not possible to u s e the vidicon tube with its face plate, and a simulated m a s t e r plate is ueed instead. Secondly, there ie no positive longitudinal or lateral positioning o the face plate such f that the lens, as it krduder the face plate, is a rigid oseembly, These two characteristics can introduce errors both in tho optical ‘and geometric performance of the lens. ::T, .. .Y * . :.l 4-2 -. - . - . ... . . . - . .... . - .. . .. . P . . -. . . - . . . . .. _ . I . . .. ..” . .. . I . - *. . .< . . .. , .'... *- ._.. -.. :. ...-..- " .*- . ., . -- - __ . _ _ _. .. , . i . . . . : " . ' . - : - ._ , . FAIRCHILD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS P b t Final Report No. &E-EA1145 30 April 1965 c-r I 1 c . r I L T. L P L-r At the inception o the photogrammetric task it was expected that f photogrammetric hiormation would be obtained a t any iocal length o the variable focal length assembly. The dccisioa to reduce this, f such that o d y the infinity focus of the 100 mm lens, (and possibly the 25 mrn lens), will be used, has drastically reduced the problems and made accom$ishment of a photogrammetric mission with the present design feasible. 4.2 REVIEW OF CALIBFiATIOIU PROCEDURES A N D SPECIFICATIONS * During t h e course of the contract FSDS reviewed aad commented on several calibration speciiicationa and procedures. These comments arc in Appendix B ;uid are meant solely to serve a s guidance in re-,iewing and rewriting the spcciiications and procedcres. Tnc lattcr will then scrve the i.urposc8 for v * i i c h they were written; (1) to control the quality o the product proving f quantitatively its acce2tability ior the photogrammetric tasks; and ( 2 ) for acquiriqg and rcciucing physical and geometric data which will establish the geometric and image quality characterirtics of the lens or camera. Appendix B, Section 2, contains comments on the following: L Bell k EowcXl prtsantation of the Variable Focal Length Lens Ar;scmbl-j f o r Project Surveyor Television, Hughe. Sntegrated Teat Plan, Phase I . Varia 'de Focal Range Lens Assembly Finalized Copies of the Type Approval aad the Dtrign Evaluation Teat Procedures. . . . . <. . I ( ~. F ., - C. . 4-3 - FAIRCIULD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS F i n d Report No. SME- BA-145 30 April. 1965 Lz JPL Specifications fcrt "The Siirveyor Television Camera. Alignment". * JPL Draft for ''Dctc-rmiltaticin of Errors and Statcrnent of Rcgi-ircxncnts for Alignin: oi Survey Cameras i n Tcrmc o f t5c Pltotogramnctric A s p e c t s c.f thc Expcriments" as of Novcnibcr 13, 1964. P 4.3 CALIfiR.41 ION SPECIFICATIONS AND,PROCEDURES a P L - Calibration STccifications and PrcIccciur.cs havc h c t n generated by Fairchild Spa& and Dcfeqse SystcmF. Thc details of t h e nnd ~pt=cific;Lfir.n~ r\roceck;cs are fo-md irr Appandis R, Section 3. The fir*t "Wcrk PIans" w w c cornpnsvd of i?fcrmsl dirccticsiis and sketches writt+>n while t h e JPL lens t e s t s werc in progress, and c w c p t for the "Calibration Work Plan for Lens X-14 Surveyor Lander'' (rcfer to Appendix B, Section 3.1). they have not been incladed. .- The procedures for Rc.solution Testing of thc Variable Focal Length Lens at finite and infinite distances are techniques which can be v i s u a l o r photographic and which with slight modifications can be extended to cover testing of the vidicon cameras and the cameras mounted on the spacecraft operatiq under environmental conditions. i . ? ! ' . . . .., . c 1 . c '/ L i The JPL developrncnt of the modified goniorncter and the refining of their optical testing techniques has m a d e a w e l l controlled goniometer calibration of the l e n s feasible. Depending on space con~iderations,it may also be possible to extend this testing to calibration of the vidicon cameras. In this case, the telescope of the goniometer w i l l be illuminated and the cross hair w i l l be photoqraphed by the vidicon camera. A high quality monitor wiU display the reseau and the image of the telescope cross hair when . the telescope is at a known angular position with respect to the vidicon camera. Exposures taken o the monitor can be processed f and measured on a two-coordinate comparator. Data can be reduced in a manner cri121ilar to that ehown i &he tables included in n L . _ I . . , . _ .< . . . .. . , I .. : * . . . . ~. . . FAIRCHXLD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Final Report No. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 . the Goniometer Test Procedure. With the addition of the known dimensions of the vidicon rteeau an operational calibration can be performed which is significant of the output of the camera. Appendix B contains the following Calibration Method and Work Plans: * - bd Calibration Work Plan for Lena X-14 Surveyor Lander Visual and/or Photographic Resolution Testing of the Variable Focal Length Lens and Its Infinity Focus Positions Using an Optional Bench. Resolution Testing of the Variable Focal Length Lens . Assembly Using Resolution Targets at Finite Distances. The Goniometer Method of Calibrating Variable, Focal c Length Lens Assembly. CALIBRATION OF X- 14 LENS 8 CI ! t ? t L. . - 4.4 rL-. Appendix B, Section 4, consists of reports on the calibration of the X-14 lens. These do not include resclartion testing. Both tests were limited by the tine allotted to the schedule. While not adequate t o determine the precision of data of repeated teats, it was adequate to allow the solidification of test procedures and t o determine the quality of the modified goniometer equipment. The results of these t w o tests show that both the testing method and the test equipment is adequate for obtaining average distor tion values and that, while the assymmetric distortion& istics a r e informative, their values cannot be transferred to the characteristics of the completed camera, since as shown in the results, they a r e largely due to tipping. Appendix B contains a report on the "Calibration of the X- 14 Lens" and a report on the "Data Reduction of Distortion Tests Made on the X-14 Variable Focal Length Lens a t JPL". L r f L . i r P Lf 'L . f ' . , .. . i _I. r -< , -..C .. .. ,. &. c -.. c ; FMRCHILD SPACE AiiD DEFENSE SYSTELMS F h d Report NO. SME-BA-145 30 April 1965 4.5 SGGCESIIOPS FOE TESTI2;G COMPLETED VIDICON L A X l E R A S ANI) FOR ALIGXhiEXT OF CAMERAS ON TIiE SPACECRAFT OGCof thr. most inqmrta:It piiascs of testing for all photogramnctric czmcrxs is thc verifications o 'cartographic pcriunnruicc of the f coniplctcfy assembled opcrrrtiond camera. For acrid mapping cameras this m a y recpiro J Zigfit t c s t over groznd-survcyed terrain whc:rc i2{,mcrous plioto poiiits have D c e i l icir.ntiiiit+.i and thcir geologic and topographic positions deterrniiied by first order survey. h a Camera Calibratibn Laboratory it m a y mcau thc s k i p l c csqosing of filin i.1 thc tcst canicra t o tilt targets o a calibrator--an array f a€ co1ii:natot targets at specifically sclcctcci anglcs- -and tiic analytic display 01 resultant piiotczraphy on i i r s t orrlcr plcttcrs. R c d x c d C a t 3 c \ r tiw r e c c w v r y d surveyed distanccs a ; ~ d hcigbts dctcrrnincs t2.c accept;Llilitj axd rc1i;rbility of csrtogr;cp:lic per- io rmmc c . I t is towarrt siicii iilal systrm tcstin;: that thc cameras of thc Siirvcyor Lander spacecraft, iritcgtal with t7w s p c c c r a l t , w q u l be guided by engincers familiar v:ith these wcfil c ~ t ~ l > l i s I i tt. d st f staaciards. Each subsystem t e s t would then, o course, be a plal;iei! step toward the fi.ia1 system performtrice tc-stinc-., conductcri lor cartoLraphic cameras which nmst operate under large /J ' ri ranges of c.nvirc;mncnt. For thi: phc&oCramnic*t 6: q>ngi.laerit w d d be loGicai to c s l a l d i ~tnc details of ~ + u l u a e e m b lpcriorinance based l~ y upon well-conceived, iZ not writtcn, requirements sild procedures of a syste-ms tcst. z ' i i i u ioilcmhig two methods o aliguucnL and f calibration f i t this category, and are offered as such. The methods are based upon the USC o siniplc equipmcnt and stanaard measuring f and alignment techniques modified only to fit the output of the vidicon tube to supply photogrammetric information, and the physical limitation and assembly of parte p e d f r r to the Surveyor Lander spacecraft design. . . 4- 6 - . . . FALRCfiLtD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS Find Report No. SME-BA-145 30A~ril A965 . : While citlicr metiGod may bc used, it is suggcstcd that both mcthods be used. In this way, thc gcomctric chracteristics of the elcctroilic drive and lincarity of scanning nay be m o s t nearly separated from thc optical and mcchariical characteristics. 4. 5. 1 Discassion of t?ie Prir.cipa1 Point and Sugqvsted Calibration o tl7.c Ccniplctt? Vidicoq Ca:>.cra f PriiicipLi Foi:it . The pri-icipal point of aiitGColiin1ativil i s t:w iim3t sts1,le hint from which to ma!w phctoFramnictric n;casurements v;hcn it i s defined and obtained i:i accordance wit11 accepted standard proccdstc. It8 1ocatic.n caii:rct, 1.cwvver. bc :ra:isfc rred from oiir l i i n s test tC, ancrtkcr u l d t - ~ t1-c lens +d icc.2 plans arc P- r i L i c 1 assciil'dy with s rcspcct to one snot'ier and iixed r i s k f i d u c t l rcfercntes are :o s avaiktAL. Such a lens can then d , ;#c dc!i:ied a > . Each tlwodcditc n ~ u s t then be rotatcd ;60 wit13 lex v1i.i; coi~tirrrtirquntil it rea& -.&Itin seconds in ;L lwrizor&.l plane. ., * % Measuri;i&and nli;niTi1; art- t l ~ c n clieckcci. The t?icodcdi:es are directed toward eack otlmr, anti wlicn carcfull; s e t , the 'tZcrolt p6siiic.r:: is rcac?. I ; t e y ~ L Yt!wn tsrncd e x a c t l y 90' t o r bservc the c.i?i?tlrasfacing t;acxf? a t t7?c end of the l a s e lixe, w h i l e t3c i ~ i r r o r is d j u s t c d unti1 t h e l b e 0'- sig?lt of tlic t l x o d n l i t e and thc reflected optical axis of the caxxcra, :AS dcfi.it.d Ly t7ie principal poil:t, a r c cdli-xar. (Su:nc f u r t h e r ird;:istn?ent m a y be xecessary at this stage. ) The angle between the reeeau dote, representing the indicated principal point, and thc other reseaus are then read in elevation alrd in azimut'l, and corrected mathematically for refereirce to the p r k c i p s l point of acltocollilnatitm, i f tl:r indicated prixcipal pcint ant1 tlic p r i x i p a l point of autocollimation, if t?w i~lcicntcc!principal peitit aiirl the principal point cJf autoe thcodolites arc removed, and the fully opt.rational camerae a r e tested. ~ ... . - '. c. -P . ,7.. k- ,-. FAXRCF'XLD SPACE AND DEFENSE SYSTEMS F i n - d R e p ~ t NO. SME-RA- 145 t 30 April 1965 . . ! - .- ..a Targcts prcviorrcl-*placcd at finite c!irti?.nces and k n o w n angles f r o m thc canr.ra -tntic:ns a r c scanncct by t Y $ c cameras, 2nd rcsort-?clc? ? : o t o ~ r a ~ ~ ~ . i cfrom the imazcs of t b c hi*:h quality p A1; Thc input pro-Tram sho*ilc? snch a s to d i r e c t the ?w .*.oritor. opcr.itirm of the carnt-ra3 to obtain calibration idormation resr,l 1ti.m agd 7co:nctry -- f o r the full field o tF:t- lens and for f sclcctc,! positions of t h e mirrors. The first Tart of the t e s t can hc compared v;it!; the (rptird Eiechanical zoni-r?cft*t calibration mcthwl, a x l tkc lzttcr xi11 provide data eqtiiva'lcllt to that obtained under working operation. -- . - F . ,---. CALIBRATION OF ChhiERhS BY GONIOMETER ATETFOD I. c a l i h r a t h ? t4c carrcra- by ?roniomctcr rnctbc.4, the . . Zorlicjictcr is I-czted sr:ch that i t s ccnter is coincident with the intcrscctics of thc clr.vfntim a3d azim?ith accs of the m i r r o r , t!ie azimuth inotion of thc tclrqcppc >,-in? adj.istc.1 to ric!c in a t r u e Iiorizontd plane. U5i.: - t?c iv!icztcd principal point of the previously aliywrf cameras, tSlr angles by which thc rcscau dots (illiirninatcd h supplcmc--,ts - r 'lamps)arc snFtcr.clcd are cad by the ; . r ymiomctcr, Dzta is rcc!:icotl in thc + a m p mcthn;! a. dqtzilcd in the : Lociopctcr mct3od of c.micta calibration. Thc coniometer is then rotated t o hlnt..n anglrc, and t 3 e camera m i r r o r is dirmtcd to that nnslc. Deviations in positio.1 of the hdicated principal point will f bc read by the goniometer. Any change in-quality o the image i o also rccordcc?. Id G. ENVIROTCMENTAL TESTS 1 : . The opcr.lfiona1 tcsts of the camcrae risiqc fixed targets szggcstccl abovc shodd be cxtencled i? o r d e r that tke dependability of rc solution and the geomctric characteristics undcr specified c2viror.mcnts may bc dctcmiqcd. Armed wit* adcqnate statistical data scpplicd by such controlled tests it will be possiblc to best cvalcatc the recanstructcd h a z e s which will appear on earthbased cquipmcnt of the photographed lunar objects, attaching also a f i p r c of mcrit t o the validity of the information found in the reconstruction. 4-13 - , . .**i ' . - .. ~ . . =-"a* I U