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The Practical
Application of
Constructed Wetlands
in the Philippines
R.E. James, N. Callora, R. Inion, G. Tolentino
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I. Review
• Background
• Constructed Wetland Types
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TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.
Outline
I. Review
II. Pilot Testing and Preliminary Results
– Vegetation Propagation
– Pilot Anaerobic Wetland
– Pilot Aerobic Wetland with Open Limestone
Channel (OLC)
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I. Review
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Acid Mine Drainage
• Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
– Sulfide minerals exposed to water and oxygen
4 FeS2 + 15 O2 + 14 H2O 4 Fe(OH)3 + 8 H2SO4
Pyrite + Oxygen + Water Iron Oxide + Sulfuric Acid
– Fe oxyhydroxides smother vegetation
– Acidity dissolves and mobilizes toxic metals
• As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn
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– Contamination of aquatic biota and drinking water
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Constructed Wetlands
Energy sources:
- Photosynthesis
- Topographical gradients
- Microbial metabolism • Constructed Wetlands
(CW) are a proven
passive wastewater
treatment technology
• Immobilization of metals
as solid precipitates
• Generation of alkalinity
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Wetland Types
• Aerobic Wetlands • Anaerobic Wetlands
– Surface reed ponds – Compost wetland
– Metal removal as Fe
precipitation, heavy metal
coprecipitation,
adsortion, physical
settling, and plant-metal
uptake
PROS CONS
Treats acidic Complicated
PROS CONS water water
Simple Requires distribution,
design and alkaline Less clogging and substrate
construction influent water of substrate design
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CW Modification 1
• Reducing and
Alkalinity
Producing
System (RAPS)
C
B
A
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CW Modification 2
• Limestone Channels
– Open Limestone
Channels (OLC)
• ALD/OLC + aerobic
wetland
• Limestone dissolution
– Pretreatment of pH 3
water
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II. Design Program and
Preliminary Results
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Wetland Components
• Vegetation
• Substrate
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Vegetation
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Substrate
• Nursery batch experiments
• Local substrate
– Carabao manure
– Forest litter
– Sawdust from local sawmill
– Rice straw
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Results of Batch Experiments
AQUATIC PLANT SPECIES NAME
METALS ACCUMULATED
LOCAL COMMON
TAXONOMY
(TAGALOG) (ENGLISH)
As Cd Cr Cu Fe Hg Mn Ni Pb Zn
Colocasia
Gabi Taro
esculenta
Wate r Wate r Eichhornia
Hy acin th Hy acin th crassipes
Common Phragmites
Bugang
Reed australis
Chrysopogon
Vetiv er Vetiv er
nemoralis
Ipomoea
River
Kankong* aquatica Forssk
Cabbage
• Successful growth of plants in pH 3 test water
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Hydrology
• Water Balance:
– Mean annual rainfall approximately 3,064 mm
– Mean annual evaporation approximately 1,203 mm
• Highly variable conditions
– Monthly unit base flow ranges from 800 m3/ha/month
to nearly 2,000 m3/ha/month.
– Short-term high intensity storm events show an even
greater range of flows.
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Erosion Controls
• Slope stabilization
– Abaca mats
– Stabilizing vegetation
– Berms
• Water distribution
– Anaerobic conditions?
Constant water supply!
– Trestles
– 3-pond water collection
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Pilot CW Design: RAPS and
OLC + Aerobic Wetland
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Metal Analysis: Plant and Water
Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Acidity TSS
18-Sep Inflow 0.02 0.50 19.2 53.1 22.1 1.2 0.49 2.9 696.4 14
Outflow 0.01 0.00 0.6 0.0 6.8 0.0 0.31 0.6 22.1 3
% Change -46 -100 -97 -100 -69 -100 -37 -79 -97 -79
30-Oct Inflow 0.54 0.10 86.1 147.0 10.4 0.5 0.46 11.7 932.6 216
Outflow 0.00 0.04 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.1 0.0 184
% Change -100 -62 -100 -100 -100 -100 -97 -99 -100 -15
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Pilot RAPS
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OLC + Aerobic Wetland
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Thank You!
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