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Hardware
Computer Hardware Slide Show Presentation
Terry Begley
Creighton University
College of Business Administration
Created Spring 1996
Revised Fall 2003
1
Computer
An electronic device that has the
ability to accept data, internally store
and execute a program of instructions,
perform mathematical, logical and
manipulative operations on data, and
report the results.
2
History of Computers - 1
Abacus
3
History of Computers - 2
Joseph Jacquard and weaving looms
4
Charles Babbage
Father of Computing
– 1833: Difference Engine
– 1840: Analytical Engine
5
Born December 26, 1791 in Teignmouth, Devonshire UK, Died 1871, London; Known to some as the "Father
of Computing" for his contributions to the basic design of the computer through his Analytical machine. His
previous Difference Engine was a special purpose device intended for the production of tables.
While he did produce prototypes of portions of the Difference Engine, it was left to Georg and Edvard
Schuetz to construct the first working devices to the same design which were successful in limited
applications.
Significant Events in His Life: 1791: Born; 1810: Entered Trinity College, Cambridge; 1814: graduated
Peterhouse; 1817 received MA from Cambridge; 1820: founded the Analytical Society with Herschel and
Peacock; 1823: started work on the Difference Engine through funding from the British Government; 1827:
published a table of logarithms from 1 to 108000; 1828: appointed to the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at
Cambridge (never presented a lecture); 1831: founded the British Association for the Advancement of
Science; 1832: published "Economy of Manufactures and Machinery"; 1833: began work on the Analytical
Engine; 1834: founded the Statistical Society of London; 1864: published Passages from the Life of a
Philosopher; 1871: Died.
Other inventions: The cowcatcher, dynamometer, standard railroad gauge, uniform postal rates, occulting
lights for lighthouses, Greenwich time signals, heliograph opthalmoscope. He also had an interest in cyphers
and lock-picking, but abhorred street musicians.
Source: http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Babbage.html
6
Ada Lovelace
When inspired Ada could be very
focused and a mathematical
taskmaster. Ada suggested to Babbage
writing a plan for how the engine might
calculate Bernoulli numbers. This plan,
is now regarded as the first "computer
program." A software language
developed by the U.S. Department of
Defense was named "Ada" in her honor
in 1979.
7
Babbage‘s Analytical Engine
8
History of Computers - 3
the 1880 and 1890 Census‘
– Herman Hollerith
9
10
History of Computers - 4
Electromechanical devices
11
History of Computers - 5
Electronic computers
– John Von Neumann
Stored program architecture paper
– World War II
– First business computer, 1954
12
Computers The UNIVAC I delivered to the U.S.
Census Bureau was the first commercial computer
to attract widespread public attention. Although
manufactured by Remington Rand, the machine
often was mistakenly referred to as the "IBM
UNIVAC." Remington Rand eventually sold 46
machines at more than $1 million each.F.O.B.
factory $750,000 plus $185,000 for a high speed
printer. Speed:1,905 operations per second
Input/output:magnetic tape, unityper, printer
Memory size:1,000 12-digit words in delay lines
Memory type:delay lines, magnetic tape
Technology:serial vacuum tubes, delay lines,
magnetic tape Floor space:943 cubic feet
Cost:F.O.B. factory $750,000 plus $185,000 for a
high speed printer Project leaders:J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly
13
14
Microcomputers
– 1973: Xerox Alto
– 1975: Altair
– 1978: Apple II
– 1981: IBM PC (5150)
– 1983: Apple Macintosh
15
Xerox Alto
Computers Researchers at the
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
designed the Alto — the first work
station with a built-in mouse for input.
The Alto stored several files
simultaneously in windows, offered
menus and icons, and could link to a
local area network. Although Xerox
never sold the Alto commercially, it
gave a number of them to universities.
Engineers later incorporated its
features into work stations and
personal computers.
16
Altair 8080
The January edition of Popular
Electronics featured the Altair 8800
computer kit, based on Intel´s 8080
microprocessor, on its cover. Within
weeks of the computer´s debut,
customers inundated the
manufacturing company, MITS, with
orders. Bill Gates and Paul Allen
licensed BASIC as the software
language for the Altair. Ed Roberts
invented the 8800 — which sold for
$297, or $395 with a case — and
coined the term "personal computer."
The machine came with 256 bytes of
memory (expandable to 64K) and an
open 100-line bus structure that
evolved into the S-100 standard. In
1977, MITS sold out to Pertec, which
continued producing Altairs through
1978.
17
Computer Generations
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth ???
18
Computer Generations
First Second Third Fourth
Years 1951-1958 1959-1964 1965-1970 1971-
Technology Vacuum Transistor Integrated Large Scale
Tubes Circuits Integrated
Circuits
Failure Rate Hours Days Weeks Months -
years
I/O Cards Tape Disks Variety
Size Room Closet Desk Small
$ per million $10 $1 $0.10 $0.0001 or
Ops less
19
The First Transistor (1948)
20
Eniac
21
IBM 360 Computer System
22
IBM 709 Mainframe
Last of the
vacuum
tube
computers,
c. 1959
23
IBM 704
Used
discrete
transistors
24
DEC PDP I
25
Digital Equipment Corp
Left: DEC PDP-8, c.
1965
Right: DEC PDP-11,
c. 1970
26
The “Bunch” – Burroughs,
Univac,NCR, Control Data and
Honeywell
27
Computer Classifications
Microcomputer
Minicomputer
Mainframe
Supercomputer
28
Microcomputer
Users: One
Speed: Slow
Price: $500 - $3,000
Size: desktop or smaller
Examples: IBM PC, Apple ][, Apple
Macintosh, Imac
“personal computers”
http://home.hccnet.nl/e.p.de.vries/ibm5150.htm 29
Minicomputer
Users: 2 - 50
Speed: Faster
Price: $10,000 - $250,000
Size: file cabinet
Examples: HP 9000
DEC VAX
“departmental computers”
30
Mainframe Computer
Users: 50 +
Speed: Fast
Price: $500,000 - millions
Size: refrigerator-sized on up
Examples: IBM 3090, Unisys 2200
company-wide (“enterprise”)
31
Supercomputer
Users: a few
Speed: very, very fast
Price: $ millions
Size: room
Examples: Cray, Fujitsu
scientific uses
32
Computer
An electronic device that has the
ability to accept data, internally store
and execute a program of instructions,
perform mathematical, logical and
manipulative operations on data, and
report the results.
IBM
33
Hardware
consists of all machinery and equipment
– input devices
– output devices
– processing and memory devices
– secondary storage devices
– communications devices
34
Software
the step-by-step instructions that tell the
computer what to do
– applications software
performs useful work on general-purpose tasks
available from many places
– systems software
enables the application software to interact with
the computer
generally comes from the hardware vendor
35
Computer Components
Secondary Storage
Input Primary Storage Output
Devices Devices
Control Unit
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Central Processing Unit
36
Input Devices
keyboard
disk
tape
cards
voice
scanner (various types)
modem
mouse/trackballs/glidepoints
37
Input Devices
38
Output Devices
monitor
printer
– impact printers
– nonimpact printers
disk
modem
voice
microfilm
39
Central Processing Unit
Primary Storage
– random access memory, ―scratchpad‖
– volatile storage
– limited in capacity
Control Unit
– controls CPU and it‘s interactions
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
– math and logic calculations
40
Microprocessors
41
Microprocessor
A single integrated circuit (chip),
mounted on a system board
(motherboard) of a personal computer.
manufacturers:
– Intel
– Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
– Cyrix
– Motorola
42
Secondary Storage
nonvolatile storage
generally removable
types
– tape
– cards
– magnetic disk
– optical disk
43
Size Capacity Measurements
Bit
Byte
Kilobyte
Megabyte
Gigabyte
Terabyte
Petabyte
44
Size Capacity - 1
Bit
– Binary Digit
– either a Zero or a One; basic unit for
storing data; 0=off, 1=on
Byte
– Binary Digit Eight; a unit of information
usually consisting of 8 bits; each byte
usually represents a character, letter or
symbol
45
Size Capacity - 2
Kilobyte
– approximately 1 thousand characters
– 1,024 bits (210)
Megabyte
– approximately 1 million characters
– 1,048,576 bytes (220)
Gigabyte
– approximately 1 billion characters
– 1,073,741,824 bytes (230) 46
Size Capacity - 3
Terabyte
– One trillion bytes; 10^12.Or, 2^40
(1,099,511,627,776)
Petabyte
– A quadrillion bytes (10^15 bytes or 2^50
bytes)
47
Size Capacity Measurements
Name Definition Approx. Actual
Bit BInary Digit
Byte 8 contigous
bits
Kilobyte thousand 1,000 1,024
Megabyte million 1,000,000 1,048,576
Gigabyte billion 1,000,000,000 1,073,741,824
Terabyte trillion 1,000,000,000,000 1,099,511,627,776
48
Floppy Disks
A removable, round, flexible plastic disk
that stores data as magnetized spots on
the disk.
developed by IBM in the 1960‘s
disk spins only when accessed
read/write head makes physical contact
with the disk
49
Floppy Disk Size and Capacity
8‖
– developed by IBM for minicomputer line
– 300 - 800K capacity
5¼‖
– developed by Al Shugart
– used on Apple ][, IBM PC, IBM AT
– DSDD: 360K
– DSHD: 1.2meg
50
Floppy Disk Size and Capacity
3½‖
– developed by Sony
– first used on Apple Macintosh, 1984
– DSDD: 720K
– DSHD: 1.44meg
– DSQD: 2.88meg
2½‖
– developed by Zenith in 1988
– never caught on with consumers
51
Hard Disks
52
Hard Disks - 1
generally nonremovable disk made out
of metal and covered with a magnetic
recording surface, holding data in the
form of magnetic spots.
hermetically sealed
disk spins constantly
read/write head does not make physical
contact with the disk
53
Hard Disks - 2
cost per megabyte
– 1983: $1100 for a 10meg drive
– 2002: $165 for a 120 gigabyte drive
– Rule of thumb: $.80 per gigabyte
Interface
– Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
– Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
54
Hard Disk Size and Capacity
(5¼‖), 3½‖ and 2½‖ platter size
trend is for greater capacity, with
smaller size and lower cost
standard drive today is 60 gigabyte
capacity (and growing….)
Watch out for rotation speed
– 5400, 7600, 10,000 and 15,000 RPM
55
Optical Disk
a disk that is written and read by lasers
– Compact Disk, Read-Only Media
CD-ROM
5¼‖ size
write once, read many times (WORM)
650 megabyte capacity
speeds: 1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 16x, 24x, 32x, 40x ++
– Compact Disk, Write-Once, Read-Many
writeable CD-ROM
56
CD-ROM
CD-ROM Writers (―burners‖)
– approximately $150
– blank disks are $0.25 in quantity
57
DVD
―Burners‖ just coming on the market
– Cost is approximately $700
– Blanks are about $10 each
58
Magnetic Tape
flexible plastic coated on one side with a
magnetic material, data is represented
by magnetized spots
– common for mini/mainframe backup
– cartridge form available for mini/pc
– sequential storage medium
59
Modems
60
Modem Speed Measurement
baud and bits-per-second (bps)
the speed at which a modem can
transfer information over telephone lines
– baud: measure of signal changes that take
place over one second of data transfer
– bps: measure of the actual number of bits
transferred during that second
61
Modem Speed Measurement
300
1200
2400
9600
14,400
28,800 / 33,600
56,600
62
(Internal) Modem Connections
optional
63
External Modems
64
Cable Modems
A "Cable Modem" is a device that
allows high speed data access (such as
to the Internet) via a cable TV (CATV)
network. A cable modem will typically
have two connections, one to the cable
wall outlet and the other to a computer
(PC).
Cable modem speeds range from
128Kbps to 10Mbps
65
Cable Modems
Motorola
CyberSurfer Cable
modem; used by
Cox@Home service
in Omaha
New DOCSYS
standard
http://www.mot.com/MIMS/Multimedia/prod/specs/modemSpec.html
66
Cable Modems
http://www.cablemodems.com/whatis.shtml
67
Clock Speed Measurement
how fast a computer‘s CPU processes
information
– hertz
one clock cycle per second
– kilohertz
one thousand hertz per second
– megahertz
one million hertz per second
– gigahertz
one billion hertz per second
68
Intel microprocessors
Intel produces 80% of
the microprocessors
used in all personal
computers, and
90%+ of all CPUs
used in IBM-
compatible personal
computers.
69
the Intel Chip Family - 1
8088 P5 - Pentium
80186 Pentium Pro
80286 Pentium II
80386 – Celeron
80486 Pentium III
Pentium IV
70
the Intel Chip Family - 2
8088
– first used in IBM PC (1981)
– 4.77mhz
– 8086
used by clone manufacturers
6, 8, 10mhz
– used 8087 math coprocessor
71
the Intel Chip Family - 3
80186
– used only in a Radio Shack clone model
– used in traffic lights and cars!
72
the Intel Chip Family - 4
80826
– first used in IBM PC/AT (1984)
– 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20mhz
– 16 bit external processing
– address 16meg of memory
– used 80287 for math coprocessing
73
the Intel Chip Family - 5
80386
– first used by Compaq, then IBM
– 16, 20, 25, 33, 40mhz
– 32 bit external processing
– address 16gig of memory
– used 80387 for math coprocessing
SX: 16 bit bus
DX: 32 bit bus
74
the Intel Chip Family - 6
80486
– introduced in 1989
– 20, 25, 33, 50, 66, 80, 100, 120, 133mhz
– 32 bit external processing
– address 64gig of memory
SX: no math coprocessor built-in
DX: math coprocessor built-in
75
the Intel Chip Family - 7
Pentium (P5)
– introduced in 1993
– 60, 66mhz (6 volt)
– 75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150, 166 (3.3 volt)
– 32 bit external processing
– address 64+gig of memory
– no longer in production as of 4-1-98
76
the Intel Chip Family - 8
Pentium Pro
– introduced in 1996
– dead-end processor
– 150, 180, 200mhz
– 32 bit external processing
– address 64+gig of memory
77
the Intel Chip Family - 9
Pentium II
– next version of the Pentium (P6)
– speeds of 200, 233, 266, 300, 400,
450mhz
– out of production in Fall ‗99
78
the Intel Chip Family - 10
Pentium III
– next version of the Pentium family
– speeds of 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 733,
800, 850, 866, 933, 1GHz
– No longer in production
79
the Intel Chip Family - 10
Pentium IV
Speeds from 1.2GHz, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2,
2.8GHz
– 4GHz is due out any time now
80
Intel Microprocessor Prices
Computer Shopper, March 1996
Pentium 166 $855
Pentium 150 645
Pentium 133 545
Pentium 120 335
Pentium 100 345
Pentium 90 239
Pentium 75 175
486DX/100 89
486DX/66 69
81
Intel Microprocessor Prices
pricewatch.com
http://www.pricewatch.com/
82
Other Microprocessor Prices
Computer Shopper, March 1996
AMD 486/120 $109
AMD 486/100 89
AMD 486/80 59
Cyrix 486/100 89
Cyrix 486/80 69
Cyrix 486/66 69
83
Monitors
84
Monitor Specifications
Mono Display Adapter (MDA)
Mono Graphics Adapter (MGA)
Color Graphics Adapter (CGA)
Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)
Video Graphics Array (VGA)
Super VGA (SVGA)
85
Monitor Types
CRT
– Cathode ray tube
LCD
– Liquid crystal display
86
CRT
Works by moving an electron beam back and
forth across the back of the screen. Each
time the beam makes a pass at the back of
the screen, it lights up phospor dots on the
inside of the glass tube, illuminating the
active portions of the screen. By drawing lots
of lines from the top to the bottom of the
screen, it creates an entire screenful of
images.
87
Things to Look for - CRTs
Dot Pitch
– size of smallest dot on the monitor
– the smaller, the better
– Poor .55 .26 Great
Interlaced -vs- Noninterlaced
– how the display is updated
– avoid interlaced monitors!!!
Viewable area
88
LCD
Uses two sheets of polarizing
material, with a lquid crystal
solution between them. An
electric current passed
through the liquid causes the
crystals to align so that light
cannot pass through them –
like a shutter
89
LCD
Monochrome
– Blue or gray on a gray background
Color
– Passive matrix
cheaper
– Active matric
More expensive, sharper images
May be backlit to be easier to read
90
LCD
Uses much less electricity than CRTs
Take up less desk space
Will become the dominant monitor type
in a few years
91
Monitor Sizes
12‖
Measure the screen diagonally
14‖
(like a television).
15‖
Be cautious of the viewable area
17‖ of the monitor.
19‖
Prices have dropped recently due to an
21‖ increase in the production yields of the
glass used to make the screens.
92
Monitor Resolutions
SVGA
– a function of the monitor and the video
card
640 x 480 (standard VGA resolution)
800 x 640
1024 x 768
1280 x 1024
1680 x 1280
93
Case Designs and Sizes - 1
desktop
– smaller size
– fewer expansion slots
– can be turned over to stand on it‘s side
tower
– larger size
– more expansion slots
– possibly larger power supply
– frees desktop space
94
Case Designs and Sizes - 2
desktop
– AT
– baby AT
– pizza box
tower
– full tower
– mid-tower
– mini tower
95
Integrated (one piece unit)
96
97
Case Terms
Bays
– number of open spaces for devices
½-height bays
full height bays
size
– 5¼―
• for CD-ROM and tape backup units
– 3½―
• for floppy drives, hard drives, some tape units
98
Connection Points (ports)
Serial port
Parallel port
Keyboard port
Mouse port
Joystick port
USB ports
– universal serial bus
99
Serial Ports
AKA: RS-232 port
Two-way data transfer
Theoretically have 4
Realistically have 2
names:
– com1: - com2:
– com3: - com4:
uses: modems, mice, data collection
100
Parallel Ports - 1
originally one-way data transfer, but
new bi-directional ports allow two-way
data transfer
theoretically have 4
realistically have 2, commonly have 1
can be emulated in software thru the
use of network software (Novell, NT)
101
Parallel Ports - 2
names
– lpt1: to lpt4:
uses: printers, lap-link data transfer
102
Joystick, Keyboard & Mouse Ports
most home computers have a joystick
port
mouse port frees serial ports for other
uses
keyboard port can be regular pin or mini
pin configuration (adapters available)
103
USB Ports
A personal computer bus which can support
up to 127 peripheral devices in a daisy chain
configuration, and has a total bandwidth of
1.5 megabytes per second. It uses
inexpensive cable, which can be up to 5
meters long.
– Supported on Win95 R2 and Win98 and Windows
2000, but not Win95 and NT
– more peripherals available now (cameras, input
devices, scanners)
104
Motherboard
aka: system board
where components are located, where
expansion slots are located
different bus designs
105
Bus Design - 1
Bus - links the CPU to hardware
devices
Different bus designs
– ISA
– MCA
– EISA
– VESA
– PCI
– AGP
106
Bus Designs - 2
ISA
– Industry Standard Architecture
– developed for original IBM PC
– originally 8 bits, extended to 16 bits
107
Bus Design - 3
MCA
– Micro Channel Architecture
– developed by IBM for the PS/2 family of
computers in 1986
– requires different expansion cards
– 16 bit design
– rarely licensed to other vendors
– out of production now
108
Bus Design - 4
EISA
– Extended Industry Standard Architecture
– developed by a consortium in response to
IBM‘s MCA (led by Compaq)
– 32 bit design
– could use ISA cards in EISA slots
– popular in servers for a few years
– out of production now
109
Bus Design - 5
VESA
– Video Electronics Standards Assoc.
– connects directly to the microprocessor
– 32 bit design
– used to speed up video, then hard drive
controllers
– No longer found on systems
110
Bus Design - 6
PCI
– Peripheral Components Interconnect
– local bus using 64 bit design
– used in high-end 486 and P5 systems
– replaced VESA
111
Bus Design - 7
PCMCIA
– Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association
– used for notebooks, to insert credit-card
sized devices into open expansion slots
– moving onto the desktop
– available in modems, network cards, extra
RAM
112
Bus Design - 8
AGP
– Advanced Graphics Processing
used to speed up the video card display
found on newer machines
113
!! The End !!
114
