A GIS platform for the analysis of urban configuration and performance
Jorge Gil Space Syntax, UK
Workshop on “New Methods in Urban Simulation” ETH Zurich 22nd November 2008
Introduction
• Complex requirements of urban simulation • GIS as an urban analysis platform • The Confeego tool kit • Two examples
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Complex requirements of urban simulation
Complex requirements of urban simulation
Urban simulation has a highly complex nature that stems from the complexity and dynamism of its individual phenomena, and from the synergies between these phenomena: - Geographic - Politic - Economic - Social - Environmental - Infrastructural - Cultural
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Complex requirements of urban simulation
There are large scale models of the city as a whole entity, but these lack an operational quality required by urban designers and planners, the city broken to smaller units - street segments and plots.
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Complex requirements of urban simulation
On the other hand, detailed localised architecture models lack the connection to the city as system.
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Complex requirements of urban simulation
Such an operational urban model needs to be: - multi-layered - multi-scale - relational
With the spatial layout of streets and public space as the construct that connects these levels together.
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Complex requirements of urban simulation
As complex as an eco system, with multiple complex and dynamic subsystems. Building a simulation model of a city is almost like building a model of the world!
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Complex requirements of urban simulation
The model itself doesn’t need to be so complex, but must be flexible. The complexity is in the processes rather than the model or the tools. What we propose is a toolbox built on a GIS platform.
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
GIS as an urban analysis platform
Space Syntax uses a GIS platform based on MapInfo Professional with a custom tool kit developed in-house for urban analysis and evaluation. The main advantages are: • The capacity to integrate information of many types, sources and formats • The support for large scale data sets which enable the building of large and detailed models • A spatial reference common to all layers which includes a spatial network model • The flexible nature of the toolkit that can be adapted to different scenarios
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
The key stages of the modelling process in a GIS
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
Data Preparation - Translation
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
Data Preparation
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
Data Processing
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
Data Analysis
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
Indicator Calculation
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GIS as an urban analysis platform
Indicator Visualisation
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The Confeego tool kit
The Confeego tool kit
Confeego is a suite of tools to understand and harness the effects of spatial configuration in urban systems or complex buildings. • Developed to support and enable commercial projects • Sets in-house standards, consolidates procedures and helps quality control • Used by Space Syntax Limited, its affiliate offices and the research community • Extension to MapInfo Professional GIS for Microsoft Windows (PC/Intel Mac)
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The Confeego tool kit
Data Entry
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The Confeego tool kit
Data Preparation
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The Confeego tool kit
Model Processing
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The Confeego tool kit
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Dwellings per Segment: the total number of dwellings per street segment
•
Building Centred Density: the number of dwellings within a 30m radius of every building
•
Plot Exposure: the number of sides exposed to public space
•
Dwelling Type: every dwelling classified as detached, semi-detached or terraced house or flat
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Workshop on “New Methods in Urban Simulation” A GIS platform for the analysis of urban configuration and performance
The Confeego tool kit
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Block Size: metric area of each urban block
•
Street Clustering: (closeness): the accessibility value of each street segment, how easy it is to reach form other segments
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Socio-economic Condition: average tax band value of each street segment
•
Path Overlap: (betweenness): the frequency in which every street segment is part of a shortest route in the study area
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Workshop on “New Methods in Urban Simulation” A GIS platform for the analysis of urban configuration and performance
The Confeego tool kit
Data Analysis
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The Confeego tool kit
Visualisation
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The Confeego tool kit
Visualisation
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The Confeego tool kit
The link to other external applications for more detailed analysis and visualisation: • Depthmap • PlaceSyntax • Excel • JMP • Sketchup • Google Earth
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The Confeego tool kit
Depthmap
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The Confeego tool kit
PlaceSyntax
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Two examples
Jeddah Master plan Development Methodology
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Design Option Generation Tool Master plan design
.
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Design Option Generation Tool Master plan design
.
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Design Option Generation Tool Areas of specific Character
.
Different character areas are defined with individual objectives in terms of densities, land use mix, life style.
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Design Option Generation Tool Route Hierarchy
The routes in the master plan differentiate themselves at different levels: Hierarchical – primary and secondary Reach – city wide route, local route Value – with green spaces, along the shore line, along the canal.
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Design Option Generation Tool Building Structure generation
.
Basic plot subdivision, for demonstration purposes.
Segment Metric Radius Scaled 1/MD
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Design Option Generation Tool Land use and height distribution
Building height and land use are generated based on design rules to meet criteria of the economic model. The economic model in Excel is linked to the spatial model in the GIS.
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Jeddah Unplanned Settlements Development Methodology
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Analysis
Strategy
Spatial design
General design guidelines
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Analysis
Transformability Index Spatial accessibility
Block morphology Land use
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Spatial Settlement
Mushrafeh Nuzlah Thagar Betrumin Ghalili Madaen Alfahd Muntazuhat Banimalik Kilo 11 Quaizah Kilo 14 s Kilo 14 n Azzizyah Salameh Dhaban Hindawiyah Sabeel Sahifah Amariyah Kandarah Baghdadiyah Sherafiyah Ruwais Intervention level
Physical
Spatial structure 4.34 4.40 4.30 2.94 1.96 5.65 1.03 3.17 2.99 1.58 0.71 1.76 3.79 4.79 0.24 5.75 6.82 10.00 5.08 5.76 0.33 0.00 4.77 10.00 8.00 3.00 Urban morphology index 4.31 4.84 3.07 2.62 3.22 3.92 3.82 5.29 4.44 4.58 5.27 5.35 3.46 3.24 7.03 3.60 2.89 3.17 4.91 3.82 6.10 3.76 4.40 5.00 2.50 0.00 Transformability index 6.57 9.69 7.01 5.32 6.91 9.75 5.51 7.71 7.76 3.69 4.04 3.47 7.46 5.14 0.00 7.87 5.99 9.52 8.50 9.75 10.00 7.51 9.62 10.00 8.00 2.00
id Global Accessibility
8 11 12 13 14 15 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 30 35 1 4 5 6 7 9 10 18 maintain refurbish reclaim 8.39 5.61 6.55 6.19 6.65 8.06 4.29 8.32 6.39 5.96 7.24 6.96 7.12 8.86 0.00 6.63 7.13 9.12 8.73 8.13 10.00 8.23 7.39 10.00 9.00 3.00
Spatial accessibility
Analysis Results
edit thresholds
Betrumin
Spatial accessibility local strategy, concentrate on residential uses, local and intermediate structures Spatial structure redefine local strcuture and connect to global structure Refurbish
Reclaim
Urban morphology index increase public space, widen roads and consolidate plots Transformability index rebuild all residential and commercial buildings
Reclaim
Reclaim
Public realm index Increase public space, add surfaces, landscaping and lighting Utilities index provide all utilities to all plots Social Infrastructure index provide alccess to all social infrastructure for all plots Relative population density (100 pph) provide affordable housing for resettlement from higher density areas Land Value concentrate on residential uses, later phases of intervention, public investment Level of intervention Maintain: Minimal intervention, urban maintenance, etc. Refurbish: Intermediate intervention, some positive elements of existing Reclaim: No positive aspect to existing conditions
Reclaim
Reclaim
Reclaim
Refurbish
Reclaim
Current conditions Target conditions Strategy
Workshop on “New Methods in Urban Simulation” A GIS platform for the analysis of urban configuration and performance
Maintain
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Design Concept
1
2
3
Roads Locally important routs Intermediary important routs Globally important routs Connecting locally important routs Realignment and extension of intermediary routs
4
5
6
Unplanned built areas
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Design workshop
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Design Detailed development
Define road centrelines Refine urban blocks Axial modelling of proposals Comparisson with land use Comparisson with transformability
0 0
100 100
200 200
meters meters
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Upgrade Construction process
Construction phased to create spatial infrastructure (road widening), followed by development bands (depth of plots required to achieve a financially viable scheme). Identify plots required for spatial infrastructure (road widening) Acquire plots and demolish existing properties Identify depth of development bands required for viability Acquire and assemble plots to form development bands Identify FAR of development required for viability Development shaped by design guidelines
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Financial model
Sherafiyah Land
Land value sq m No. of plots Area of plots sq m Government grant Total 1,500 811 136,782 0 205,173,000
Buildings
Cost per sq m Built area 500 332,027
Compensation
Compensation per household No. of households 500 0
Detailed land and building value data to be added once received
Government grant Total
0 166,013,500
Government grant Total
0 0
Resettlement
Cost per household No. of households Government grant Total 2,000 529 0 1,058,000
Demolition
Cost per sq m Area for demolition Government grant Total 500 332,027 0 166,013,500
Road building
Cost per sq m Area for required Government grant Total 750
0 0
Vacant land costs
Serviced land costs
Cost of utilities per plot Plots requiring utilities sq m Cost Government grant Total 500 30,476 15,238,125 0 15,238,125
Urbanised land costs
Cost of utilities per plot Plots requiring utilities sq m Cost Cost of public realm sq m Area of roads, public space Cost Government grant Total 500 30,476 15,238,125 500 70,054 35,027,000 0 50,265,125
Developed land costs
Cost of utilities per plot Plots requiring utilities sq m Cost Cost of public realm sq m Area of roads, public space Cost Cost of building sq m Area of built space Cost Government grant Total 500 30,476 15,238,125 500 17,514 8,756,750 2,500 60,953 152,381,250 0 176,376,125
Revenue 1: Vacant
Value of land sq m Area of land sq m
25% 3,000 30,476
Revenue 2: Serviced
Value of land sq m Area of land sq m
25% 3,000 30,476
Revenue 3: Urbanised
Value of urbanised land sq m Area of land sq m
25% 5,000 30,476
Revenue 4: Developed
Value of developed land sq m Area of land sq m FAR Area of built space Total Value Secondary investment Primary investment Further investment Total (value - cost)
25% 7,500 30,476 2.0 60,953 457,143,750 41,767,875 92,796,625 176,376,125 146,203,125
Total value Secondary investment Primary investment Further investment Total (value - cost)
91,428,750 41,767,875 92,796,625 0 -43,135,750
Total Value Secondary investment Primary investment Further investment Total (value - cost)
91,428,750 41,767,875 92,796,625 15,238,125 -58,373,875
Total Value Secondary investment Primary investment Further investment Total (value - cost)
152,381,250 41,767,875 92,796,625 50,265,125 -32,448,375
Assumptions - existing values/costs
Existing land value sq m Existing building value per sq m Compensation per household Cost of resettlement per household Cost of demolition per sq m Cost of road building per sq m Cost of utilities per plot Cost of public realm sq m Cost of building sq m 1,500 500 500 2,000 500 750 500 500 2,500
Assumptions - potential values
Potential value of vacant land sq m Potential value of serviced land sq m Potential value of urbanised land sq m Potential value of developed land sq m 3,000 3,000 5,000 7,500
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Impact Study
Option testing Within each set of guidelines every variable has been extensively tested. The images to the left show plot coverage testing for design guideline option one. Plot coverage is defined in terms of ground level coverage and upper level coverage. A high ground level coverage has been allowed to encourage deisgn of blocks to define and address street edges. Set backs have not been considered and are part of a detailed set of building codes which also need to be developed. Upper level coverage was tested between 50% and 80% in order to strike a balance between allowing a practical space to design for and without building too high. Detailed design studies need to be carried out tto further develop this work.
Primary Land use distribution Secondary
Commercial retail Commercial office Residential Social infrastructure FAR
15% 15% 65% 5%
5% 5% 75% 15%
4.5 Plot coverage Ground level Upper levels Building height Number of levels
3.0
100% 50%
100% 50%
8
5
Area in red on drawings represents 50% plot coverage as a courtyard block or as an edge block
Primary Land use distribution
Secondary
Commercial retail Commercial office Residential Social infrastructure FAR
15% 15% 65% 5%
5% 5% 75% 15%
4.5 Plot coverage Ground level Upper levels Building height Number of levels
3.0
100% 80%
100% 80%
7
4
Area in red on drawings represents 80% plot coverage as a courtyard block or as an edge block Workshop on “New Methods in Urban Simulation” A GIS platform for the analysis of urban configuration and performance 51
Three dimensional impact study
Option testing The two tables below shows three dimensional impact testing of alternative sets of guidelines, both of which work with the financial model. Of the two options shown below, option one was chosen as it has a more even impact on the surrounding areas of settlement. Option two creates primary areas with buildings up to eight storeys and secondary areas up to three storeys. Option one however creates primary areas up to seven storeys and secondary areas up to five storeys. Option One was chosen as it creates a less obvious distinction between existing and redevloped areas.
Guideline example one (preferred) Land use distribution Primary Secondary Impact 15% Commercial retail 15% Commercial office 65% Residential 5% Social infrastructure 4.5 80 – 100% 50 – 75% 6–7 5% Commercial retail 5% Commercial office 75% Residential 15% Social infrastructure 3.0 70 – 80% 50 – 60% 4–5
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Plot Coverage (ground floor) Plot Coverage (upper floors) Building heights
Guideline example two Land use distribution
Primary 15% Commercial retail 15% Commercial office 60% Residential 5% Social infrastructure 5.0 80 – 100% 50 – 75% 7-8
Secondary 5% Commercial retail 5% Commercial office 75% Residential 15% Social infrastructure 2.0 70 – 80% 50 – 60% 2-3
Impact
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Plot Coverage (ground floor) Plot Coverage (upper floors) Building heights
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Development band guidelines
Special project guidelines
1. Plot boundaries and public spaces defined by SSx block structure drawings. 2. Developers may consolidate as many plots as required. No discounts applied to
land.
3. Primary routes formed by all plots with more than 10% of their area within 20m of the new street edge. 4. Additional plots up to the nearest natural boundary within 40m of the new road edge may be added to the development if the 20m development band results in isolated undeveloped plots. 5. Secondary routes formed by all plots with more than 25% of their area within 15m of the new street edge.
2
Plot boundaries and public spaces defined by SSx block structure drawings Primary routes formed by all plots with more than 10% of their area within 20m of the new street edge
1 3
Developers may consolidate as many plots as required, consolidation, public space and resale guidelines apply
Additional plots up to the nearest natural boundary within 40m of the new road edge may be added to the development if the 20m development band results in isolated undeveloped plots
4
5
Secondary routes formed by all plots with more than 25% of their area within 15m of the new street edge
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6.5 Design guidelines Consolidation guidelines
Consolidation guidelines
1. Plots taken in by road widening acquired by municipality and residual space offered according to resale guidelines. 2. Where plots to be extended in to residual space, existing boundaries perpendicular to street edge extended and purchased as resale guidelines. 3. Any plots may consolidate within blocks defined by SSx block structure. 4. Any number of plots may consolidate as long as they share at least one boundary. 5. Commercial land uses of any plots adjacent to new street edge to be extended to cover increased area of consolidated plots. 6. Allowable FAR related to consolidated plot area as defined in Area/FAR guidelines. 7. Access requirements and rights to light of any adjacent unconsolidated plots remain. 8. Existing alley ways less than 2m wide that are discontinuous but intersect with a primary route to be purchased from municipality according to resale guidelines. 9. Existing alley ways less than 4m wide that are discontinuous and do not intersect with a primary route to be purchased from municipality according to resale guidelines. 10. Existing deadends not required following consolidation to be purchased from municipality according to resale guidelines. Existing boundaries extended and purchased as resale guidelines
2
7
Access requirements and rights to light of any adjacent unconsolidated plots remain.
9 3 4 5
Any plots may consolidate within SSx block structure Any number of plots may consolidate as long as they share at least one boundary Commercial land uses of any plots adjacent to new street edge to be extended to cover increased area of consolidated plots
Existing alley ways less than 4m wide that are discontinuous and do not intersect with a primary route to be purchased from municipality according to resale guidelines
6
Allowable FAR related to consolidated plot area as defined in Area/FAR guidelines
1
Plots taken in by road widening acquired by municipality and residual space offered according to resale guidelines
10
Existing deadends not required following consolidation to be purchased from municipality according to resale guidelines
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6.5 Design guidelines Area/FAR guidelines
Area/FAR guidelines
1. Unconsolidated residual plot < 49 sq m FAR 0 2. 50 sq m < plot size < 99 sq m FAR 1.0 3. 100 sq m < plot size < 299 sq m FAR 3.0 4. 300 sq m < plot size < 599 sq m FAR 4.0 5. 600 sq m < plot size FAR 5.0 6. Land use of plot adjacent to street edge allowed throughout all plots Note: All other guidelines applicable at all times 300 sq m < plot size < 599 sq m FAR 4.0
1
Unconsolidated residual plot < 49 sq m FAR 0
4
100 sq m < plot size < 299 sq m FAR 3.0
3
50 sq m < plot size < 99 sq m FAR 1.0
2
6
Land use of plot adjacent to street edge allowed throughout all plots
5
600 sq m < plot size FAR 5.0
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6.5 Design guidelines Public space guidelines
Public space guidelines
1. Where average depth of unconsolidated residual space<1/2 road width and under 50 sq m space added to street. 2. Where average depth of unconsolidated residual space>1/2 road width and over 50 sq m landscaped public space to be created. 3. Where residual space required for subsequent phase of road widening temporary public space to be created. 4. Public spaces to be formed wherever possible using existing active frontages, where active frontages not possible existing facades to be upgraded. 5. Access requirements and rights to light of any adjacent unconsolidated plots remain. 6. Existing public spaces to be retained wherever possible.
3
Where residual space required for subsequent phase of road widening temporary public space to be created
4
Public spaces to be formed wherever possible using existing active frontages, where active frontages not possible existing facades to be upgraded Access requirements and rights to light of any adjacent unconsolidated plots remain
5
2
Where average depth of unconsolidated residual space<1/2 road width and under 50 sq m space added to street
1
Where average depth of unconsolidated residual space>1/2 road width and over 50 sq m landscaped public space to be created
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