Recycling and Reusing Hardscapes and Landscape Waste Cost Calculator This Cost Calculator is designed to help landscaping companies and landscape managers estimate the cost savings associated with recycling and reusing hardscapes and green waste. Green waste includes yard trimmings, leaves, plants, grass and other organic waste. The specific hardscape materials addressed in this tool include: lumber, brick, and concrete and aspalt. The Cost Calculator demonstrates that recycling and reusing hardscapes and landscape waste can offer significant savings compared to disposal, depending on a facility's material needs and proximity to recycling facilities. Based on the values that you enter in the Inputs tab, the Cost Calculator tab estimates the cost of four scenarios for handling hardscape and landscape waste: (1) reusing all waste possible on-site, then recycling all waste possible, and then disposing of the rest; (2) reusing all waste possible and disposing of the rest; (3) recycling as much of the remaining waste as possible and disposing of the rest; and (4) disposing of all materials. If you are not generating a particular waste during a given time frame, enter "0" in the corresponding cell. Increasing the use of compost over time may offer additional cost savings in terms of reduced fertilizer and/or pesticide use, but the calculator does not consider these potential savings. In the Cost Data tab, EPA provides national averages of costs associated with recycling and disposing landscape waste. Cost data collected from sources dated before 2006 are adjusted for inflation. If you prefer, you can substitute your own cost data into the green cells. EPA encourages users to change the fuel cost data in cell B26 of the Cost Data tab. The EHS Benefits tab provides a summary of the environmental, health and safety benefits of recycling and reusing landscape waste. The Quantified Benefits tab provides estimates of environmental impacts avoided by reusing and recycling waste instead of landfilling waste. Although many benefits are quantified, including lifecycle benefits of avoided virgin material production, and avoided impacts from transportation, data are not available to develop a general estimate of some key benefits associated with recycling and reusing landscape waste, including reducing runoff and nonpoint source pollution and improving soil health. To calculate your GHG emissions from alternative green waste management methods, see EPA's WARM model at: http://epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/calculators/Warm_home.html The Environmental Data tab presents data utilized on the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, disposal, and transportation of asphalt, concrete, bricks, and lumber. Macros need to be enabled for the calculator to work properly. Each time you run the calculator, you should save the file under a different file name to maintain a complete record. The file name will appear at the top of each printed page. Please direct any questions or comments on this cost calculator to: Jean Schwab, U.S. EPA GreenScapes Program Manager, schwab.jean@epa.gov or 703-308-8669.
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste
In which region are you located?
West
Green Waste How many cubic yards of green waste are generated annually? What percentage of the volume of green waste is wood > 1" diameter? How many cubic yards of compost will you use per year, on average over the next 10 years? How many cubic yards of mulch will you use per year, on average over the next 10 years? Do you own a large chipper ( 6"+) to chip lumber and large branches? Do you have access to a local green waste recycling facility? How much does green waste recycling cost per ton (including transportation)? How many miles is it to the nearest recycling facility for green waste? How many miles is it to the nearest landfill? How many miles does new compost and mulch travel to reach your site? Lumber How many linear feet of lumber will be removed over the course of the next year? Over the next three years? Over the next six years? Over the next ten years? What percentage of the volume of removed lumber is pressure treated? How many linear feet of lumber will you need over the next year? Over the next three years? Over the next six years? Over the next ten years? Do you have access to a local lumber recycling facility? How much does lumber recycling cost per ton (including transportation)? How many miles is it to the nearest lumber recycling facility? Roughly how many times will you remove lumber in the next year? In the next three years? In the next six years? In the next ten years? How many miles does new lumber travel to reach your site? Roughly how many times will you need to order lumber in the next year? In the next three years? In the next six years? In the next ten years? Brick How many bricks will be removed over the next year? Over the next three years? Over the next six years? Over the next ten years? How many bricks will you need over the next year? Over the next three years? Over the next six years? Over the next ten years? Do you have access to a local brick recycling facility? How much does brick recycling cost per ton (including transportation)?
60 25% 10 10
Yes Yes
$15.00 25 25 50 1000 3000 6000 10000 0% 500 1500 3000 5000
Yes
$15.00 25 1 3 6 10 50 1 3 6 10 1000 3000 6000 10000 500 1500 3000 5000
Yes
$15.00
How many miles is it to the nearest brick recycling facility? Do you plan on purchasing recycled bricks instead of new bricks for construction projects? How much do recycled bricks cost (per used brick)? Roughly how many times will you remove brick in the next year? In the next three years? In the next six years? In the next ten years? How many miles does new brick travel to reach your site? Roughly how many times will you need to order brick in the next year? In the next three years? In the next six years? In the next ten years? Concrete & Asphalt How many tons of concrete waste will be generated at your site over the next year? Over the next three years? Over the next six years? Over the next ten years? Do you own a crusher to crush and reuse concrete and asphalt? How many tons of asphalt waste will be generated at your site over the next year? Over the next three years? Over the next six years? Over the next ten years? How many tons of crushed surfacing will you need over the next year? Over the next three years? Over the next six years? Over the next ten years? Do you have access to a local concrete recycling facility? How much does recycling concrete cost per ton (including transportation)? How many miles is it to the nearest concrete recycling facility? Roughly how many times will you remove concrete in the next year? In the next three years? In the next six years? In the next ten years? How many miles does new concrete travel to reach your site? Roughly how many times will you need to order concrete in the next year? In the next three years? In the next six years? In the next ten years? Do you have access to a local asphalt recycling facility? How much does recycling asphalt cost per ton (including transportation)? How many miles is it to the nearest asphalt recycling facility? Roughly how many times will you remove asphalt in the next year? In the next three years? In the next six years? In the next ten years? How many miles does new asphalt travel to reach your site? Roughly how many times will you need to order asphalt in the next year? In the next three years? In the next six years? In the next ten years?
25
Yes
$0.20 1 3 6 10 50 1 3 6 10 1 3 6 10
No
1 3 6 10 2 6 12 20
Yes
$15.00 25 1 3 6 10 50 1 3 6 10
Yes
$15.00 25 1 3 6 10 50 1 3 6 10
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Cost Calculator Maximum Reuse, then Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste New Material Cost Compost Mulch Lumber Brick Crushed Surfacing Reuse Costs Initial Cost of Crusher Crushing Labor Crusher Maintenance Initial Cost of Chipper Wood Chipper Maintenance Wood Chipping Labor Recycling Cost/Disposal Cost Green Waste Lumber Brick Asphalt Concrete Total Cost Average Annual Cost to Date Maximum Reuse, Landfill Remaining Waste New Material Cost Compost Mulch Lumber Brick Crushed Surfacing Reuse Costs Initial Cost of Crusher Crushing Labor Crusher Maintenance Initial Cost of Chipper Wood Chipper Maintenance Wood Chipping Labor Disposal Cost Green Waste Lumber Brick Asphalt Concrete Total Cost Average Annual Cost to Date Recycle All Waste Where Facilities Exist New Material Cost Compost Mulch Lumber Brick Crushed Surfacing Recycling Cost/Disposal Cost Green Waste Lumber Brick Asphalt Concrete Total Cost Average Annual Cost to Date Landfill All Waste New Material Cost Compost Mulch Lumber Brick Crushed Surfacing Disposal Cost Green Waste Lumber Brick Asphalt Concrete Total Cost Average Annual Cost to Date
1 year $0 $0 $0 $0 $24 N/A N/A N/A $0 $30 $14 $70 $11 $17 $15 $15 $195 $195
3 years $0 $0 $0 $0 $72 N/A N/A N/A $0 $89 $42 $210 $34 $51 $45 $45 $586 $195
6 years $0 $0 $0 $0 $143 N/A N/A N/A $0 $177 $84 $420 $68 $101 $90 $90 $1,173 $195
10 years $0 $0 $0 $0 $238 N/A N/A N/A $0 $295 $140 $700 $113 $169 $150 $150 $1,955 $195
1 year $0 $0 $0 $0 $24 N/A N/A N/A $0 $30 $14 $124 $20 $30 $26 $26 $293 $293
3 years $0 $0 $0 $0 $72 N/A N/A N/A $0 $89 $42 $371 $60 $89 $79 $79 $880 $293
6 years $0 $0 $0 $0 $143 N/A N/A N/A $0 $177 $84 $741 $119 $179 $159 $159 $1,761 $293
10 years $0 $0 $0 $0 $238 N/A N/A N/A $0 $295 $140 $1,235 $199 $298 $265 $265 $2,935 $293
1 year $171 $71 $195 $100 $24 $180 $23 $34 $15 $15 $827 $827 1 year $171 $71 $195 $100 $24 $318 $40 $60 $26 $26 $1,031 $1,031
3 years $513 $214 $585 $300 $72 $540 $68 $101 $45 $45 $2,482 $827 3 years $513 $214 $585 $300 $72 $953 $119 $179 $79 $79 $3,093 $1,031
6 years $1,026 $428 $1,170 $600 $143 $1,080 $135 $203 $90 $90 $4,964 $827 6 years $1,026 $428 $1,170 $600 $143 $1,906 $238 $357 $159 $159 $6,186 $1,031
10 years $1,710 $713 $1,950 $1,000 $238 $1,800 $225 $338 $150 $150 $8,274 $827 10 years $1,710 $713 $1,950 $1,000 $238 $3,176 $397 $596 $265 $265 $10,310 $1,031
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Cost Data Disposal Fees Northeast Mid-Atlantic South Midwest South-Central West-Central West Unit Cost Estimate $77.58 $50.92 $34.07 $38.46 $26.47 $41.51 $/Ton $37.72 Source and Comment Repa, Edward, Ph.D (2005) NSWMA 2005 Tip Fee Survey . If you know your own disposal cost per ton, change the green cell to the left for your region. States CT, ME, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT DE, MD, NJ, PA, VA, WV AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN IN, IA, MI, MN, MO, OH, WI AZ, AR, LA, NM, OK, TX CO, KS, MT, NE, ND, SD, UT, WY CA, HI, ID, NV, OR, WA
On-site Asphalt and Concrete Crushing Costs Capital Cost
Units N/A
Cost Estimate
Sources Concrete/Asphalt Crushers. September, 2003. $64,350
Comments
Labor Cost Equipment Maintenance Cost
$/Ton $/Ton
Concrete/Asphalt Crushers. September, 2003. $7.02 $0.59 Concrete/Asphalt Crushers. September, 2003.
Green Waste Grinding Costs Labor cost of green waste chipping/shredding
Units
Cost Estimate
Sources
Comments This brochure says that the industry average for mulching-related labor is $25/hour. Bear Cat estimated that a 6" chipper can chip 100 feet per minute. 100 feet was multiplied
$/Hour
Mulch Mule Brochure. Accessed August 28, 2007. $26.00 0.05 Personal Communication with Customer Service, BearCat. August 29, 2007
Time to shred/chip Hours/CY Maintenance of Commercial Chipper $/Hour Used Initial Cost of 6" Commercial N/A Amount Saved by Mulching $/CY Chipper Maintenance Blades Cost $266
See Total Below $54.96 $8,318.96 Norwalk Power Equipment Company. Bear Cat Commercial Chippers (Gravity Feed) 6" The Bear Cat 71620 sells for $7,999. This is the amount saved by mulching on-site $2.78 This value is calculated by subtracting the total cost of producing a CY of mulch from Replacement Time Cost Per Hour 10 Source Comments $248 is the retail price for the blade replacement kit The average price of gasoline in the United States was multiplied by the volume of the chipper's gas tank.
Fuel
$27.13
1
$26.62 Customer service at Bear Cat provided estimates regarding how often each of these maintenance elements would be needed, as well as how much it would cost to replace all the blades and bearings. This information was given on August 30, 2007. $27.13
Bearings
$60
50
Total
N/A
N/A
The average price of fuel, $4.11 per gallon, was taken from the Energy Information Administration's U.S. Retail Gas Prices. Each bearing costs $29 and the chipper Accessed July 18, 2008. $1.21 . To update the calculator for changing fuel prices, go to the that website, find the current price of fuel, multiply $54.96 that value by 6.6, and enter the result into cell B26.
New Material Costs Compost
Units $/Cu. Yard
Cost Estimate
Mulch
$/Cu. Yard
Lumber (2"x 6" Decking Boards)
$/LF
Sources Comments Alexander, Ron, Tyler, Rod, and Goldstein, Nora. "Increasing Dollar Value for Compost $17.10 Products." Biocycle. Oct. 2004 The seven price estimates divided by their corresponding linear feet are all at or very Lumber and Plywood Estimating Price Guide. Ace Hardware. January 30, 2006. close to $0.36 per LF. $0.39 .
Brick
$/Brick
Liu, Henry; Williams, Burkett and Haynes, Kirk. Improving Freezing and Thawing $0.39 Properties of Fly Ash Bricks. March, 2005. .
This website states that ordinary bricks cost between $300-$400 per thousand. This range was averaged to $350 per thousand or $0.35 per brick.
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Cost Data Disposal Fees Northeast Unit Cost Estimate Source and Comment States CT, ME, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT $77.58 Repa, Edward, Ph.D (2005) NSWMA 2005 Tip Fee Survey . Dayton, Kevin J., State Construction Engineer, WSDOT Headquarters Construction If you know your own disposal cost per ton, change the green cell to the left for your Office. region. Construction Update. August 8, 2006. p. 1.
Crushed Surfacing
Conversion Factors Brick
From Bricks
To Tons
Factor
Source Table 4. Accessed on November 4, 2006. 0.00225 .
Comments This value was given in pounds and converted to tons by dividing by 2000.
Concrete, Asphalt & Brick
Tons
Cu. Yards
0.83 http://www.buckscontainerservices.com/conversions.htm
Green House Gas
Carbon
CO2
US EPA - Non-CO2 Gases and Carbon Sequestration - Conversion Units. http://www.epa.gov/nonco2/units.html. Accessed October 30, 3.6667 2007. Milota, M.; West, C.; and Hartley, I. Gate-to-Gate Life-Cycle Inventory of Softwood Lumber Production. Wood and Fiber Science, 1.6240 December 2005, v. 37. This value was derived by using a lumber weight calculator. Pine was chosen to convert linear feet to tons because it is commonly used in decking. If you are using heavier wood(s), you may want to replace this conversion factor. One linear foot of 2"x6" contains .0031 cubic
2"x 6" Wood Decking Boards Cubic Meters
mbf (1000 Board Feet)
2"x 6" Wood Decking Boards 2"x 6" Wood Decking Boards General General General General General GHG Water
Linear Feet Linear Feet KWh MJ Kilograms Metric Tons Ounces MTCO2E Gallons
Tons Cubic Yards MJ BTU Pounds Tons Grams MTCE Kilograms
Lumber Weight Calculator. Accessed November 4, 2006. 0.0015 . 0.0031 3.6 947.8 2.2046 1.1023 28.3495 0.2727 3.79
Yard Waste
Cu. Yards
Tons
General Permit for Yard Waste Composting Facilities Under the South Dakota Waste Management Program. Board of Minerals and Environment. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. October 13, 1998. p. 6. . to tons by dividing by 2000. Wilson, C.R. and Feucht, J.R. Composting of Yard Waste. Colorado The article states that 50-75% of plant volume State University Coopertive Extension. October, 1997. is reduced by composting. This range was 0.375 . averaged to derive a conversion factor.
Yard Waste to Compost
Cu. Yards
Cu. Yards
Inflation Adjustment Table One Dollar in… Equals this many 2008 Dollars 2003 $1.17 2004 $1.14 2005 $1.10 2006 $1.07 2007 $1.04 Source: CPI Inflation Calculator.
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Cost Graph
$12,000 $10,000 $8,000
Hardscape and Landscape Waste Disposition Costs Over Time
Cost
$6,000 $4,000 $2,000 $0 1 year 3 years 6 years 10 years
Time
Maximum Reuse, then Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste Maximum Reuse, Landfill Remaining Waste Recycle All Waste Where Facilities Exist Landfill All Waste
Average Annual Hardscape and Landscape Waste Dispostion Cost (Over 10 Years)
$1,200.00 $1,000.00 $800.00 $600.00 $400.00 $200.00 $0.00 Maximum Maximum Recycle All Waste Landfill All Waste Reuse, then Reuse, Landfill Where Facilities Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste Exist Remaining Waste
Cost
Approach (Waste Disposition)
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Environmental, Health and Safety Benefits Reduces waste/demand for landfill space because materials that would otherwise be disposed of are reused or recycled. Reuses waste materials because hardscape and landscape waste is being reused directly on-site. Reduces air pollution or improves air quality because reusing materials on-site results in fewer pollutants emitted from transporting waste materials, and methane emissions from landfills are reduced from both reuse and recycling. Conserves fossil fuels because energy needed to transport both hardscape and landscape wastes, as well as new materials, will be reduced. Also, compost can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers, the production of which is fossil fuel intensive. Conserves timber because reused and recycled lumber reduces demand for virgin lumber. In addition to the above benefits, the following benefits are associated with maximizing compost use and minimizing use of fertilizers and pesticides: Conserves water because compost can improve the water retention of the soil, reducing the need for irrigation. Reduces human exposure to hazardous materials or substances because compost can reduce the need for pesticides and herbicides and the associated human exposures. Reduces runoff and nonpoint source pollution because compost can substitute for pesticides and fertilizers, which can produce polluted runoff. Improves groundwater recharge because compost increases the soil's ability to retain water. Improves soil quality and retards erosion because using compost improves soil quality.
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Environmental Benefits Maximum Reuse, then Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste Green Waste 1 year 3 years Quantity Reused (lbs.) 14,667 44,000 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) 9,333 28,000 Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) 0 0 Lumber 1 year 3 years Quantity Reused (lbs.) 1,500 4,500 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) 1,500 4,500 Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) 0 0 Environmental Benefit Energy Conserved (MJ) 3,586 10,757 GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) 8,414 25,243 CO Avoided (grams) 1,758 5,274 VOC Avoided (grams) 308 923 NOx Avoided (grams) 2,389 7,167 SO2 Avoided (grams) 621 1,862 PM Avoided (grams) 97 292 Brick 1 year 3 years Quantity Reused (lbs.) 2,250 6,750 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) 2,250 6,750 Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) 0 0 Environmental Benefit Water Conserved (ga.) 95 284 Energy Conserved (MJ) 4,739 14,216 GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) 1,280 3,839 CO Avoided (grams) 535 1,605 VOC Avoided (grams) 127 382 NOx Avoided (grams) 2,598 7,795 SO2 Avoided (grams) 4,523 13,569 PM Avoided (grams) 3,222 9,667 Concrete 1 year 3 years Quantity Reused (lbs.) 0 0 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) Environmental Benefit Water Conserved (ga.) Energy Conserved (MJ) RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) CO Avoided (grams) VOC Avoided (grams) NOx Avoided (grams) SO2 Avoided (grams) PM Avoided (grams) Asphalt Quantity Reused (lbs.) Quantity Recycled (lbs.) Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) Environmental Benefit Water Conserved (ga.) Energy Conserved (MJ) RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) CO Avoided (grams) VOC Avoided (grams) NOx Avoided (grams) SO2 Avoided (grams) PM Avoided (grams) Total Env Benefit Waste Reused (lbs.) Waste Recycled (lbs.) Waste Landfilled (lbs.) Total Recycled or Reused Energy Use (MJ) Avoided Air Emissions GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) CO Avoided (grams) VOC Avoided (grams) NOx Avoided (grams) SO2 Avoided (grams) PM Avoided (grams) RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) Water Conserved (ga.) 2,000 0 113 65 0 22 11 0 25 22 2 1 year 0 2,000 0 113 65 0 22 11 0 25 22 2 1 year 18,417 17,083 0 35,500 8,455 6,000 0 340 196 0 66 32 0 75 66 5 3 years 0 6,000 0 340 196 0 66 32 0 75 66 5 3 years 55,250 51,250 0 106,500 25,364 Maximum Reuse, Landfill Remaining Waste Green Waste 1 year Quantity Reused (lbs.) 14,667 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) 0 Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) 9,333 Lumber 1 year Quantity Reused (lbs.) 1,500 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) 0 Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) 1,500 Environmental Benefit Energy Conserved (MJ) 1,799 GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) 4,363 CO Avoided (grams) 1,757 VOC Avoided (grams) 307 NOx Avoided (grams) 2,386 SO2 Avoided (grams) 620 PM Avoided (grams) 90 Brick 1 year Quantity Reused (lbs.) 2,250 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) 0 Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) 2,250 Environmental Benefit Water Conserved (ga.) 47 Energy Conserved (MJ) 2,369 GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) 779 CO Avoided (grams) 484 VOC Avoided (grams) 102 NOx Avoided (grams) 2,226 SO2 Avoided (grams) 2,275 PM Avoided (grams) 1,636 Concrete 1 year Quantity Reused (lbs.) 0 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) Environmental Benefit Water Conserved (ga.) Energy Conserved (MJ) RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) CO Avoided (grams) VOC Avoided (grams) NOx Avoided (grams) SO2 Avoided (grams) PM Avoided (grams) Asphalt Quantity Reused (lbs.) Quantity Recycled (lbs.) Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) Environmental Benefit Water Conserved (ga.) Energy Conserved (MJ) RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) CO Avoided (grams) VOC Avoided (grams) NOx Avoided (grams) SO2 Avoided (grams) PM Avoided (grams) Total Env Benefit Waste Reused (lbs.) Waste Recycled (lbs.) Waste Landfilled (lbs.) Total Recycled or Reused Energy Use (MJ) Avoided Air Emissions GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) CO Avoided (grams) VOC Avoided (grams) NOx Avoided (grams) SO2 Avoided (grams) PM Avoided (grams) RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) Water Conserved (ga.) 0 2,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 year 0 0 2,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 year 18,417 0 17,083 18,417 4,169 Recycle All Waste Where Facilities Exist Green Waste 1 year Quantity Reused (lbs.) 0 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) 24,000 Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) 0 Lumber 1 year Quantity Reused (lbs.) 0 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) 3,000 Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) 0 Environmental Benefit Energy Conserved (MJ) 3,573 GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) 8,102 CO Avoided (grams) 2 VOC Avoided (grams) 1 NOx Avoided (grams) 7 SO2 Avoided (grams) 1 PM Avoided (grams) 14 Brick 1 year Quantity Reused (lbs.) 0 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) 4,500 Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) 0 Environmental Benefit Water Conserved (ga.) 95 Energy Conserved (MJ) 4,739 GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) 1,001 CO Avoided (grams) 101 VOC Avoided (grams) 52 NOx Avoided (grams) 745 SO2 Avoided (grams) 4,496 PM Avoided (grams) 3,173 Concrete 1 year Quantity Reused (lbs.) 0 Quantity Recycled (lbs.) Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) Environmental Benefit Water Conserved (ga.) Energy Conserved (MJ) RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) CO Avoided (grams) VOC Avoided (grams) NOx Avoided (grams) SO2 Avoided (grams) PM Avoided (grams) Asphalt Quantity Reused (lbs.) Quantity Recycled (lbs.) Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) Environmental Benefit Water Conserved (ga.) Energy Conserved (MJ) RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) CO Avoided (grams) VOC Avoided (grams) NOx Avoided (grams) SO2 Avoided (grams) PM Avoided (grams) Total Env Benefit Waste Reused (lbs.) Waste Recycled (lbs.) Waste Landfilled (lbs.) Total Recycled or Reused Energy Use (MJ) Avoided Air Emissions GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) CO Avoided (grams) VOC Avoided (grams) NOx Avoided (grams) SO2 Avoided (grams) PM Avoided (grams) RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) Water Conserved (ga.) 2,000 0 113 65 0 22 11 0 25 22 2 1 year 0 2,000 0 113 65 0 22 11 0 25 22 2 1 year 0 35,500 0 35,500 8,442
6 years 88,000 56,000 0 6 years 9,000 9,000 0 21,514 50,486 10,549 1,846 14,334 3,724 584 6 years 13,500 13,500 0 567 28,431 7,678 3,210 765 15,590 27,138 19,333 6 years 0 12,000 0 679 392 0 132 63 0 150 133 11 6 years 0 12,000 0 679 392 0 132 63 0 150 133 11 6 years 110,500 102,500 0 213,000 50,729
10 years 146,667 93,333 0 10 years 15,000 15,000 0 35,856 84,143 17,582 3,077 23,890 6,207 973 10 years 22,500 22,500 0 945 47,385 12,797 5,351 1,274 25,984 45,230 32,222 10 years 0 20,000 0 1,132 653 0 220 105 0 250 221 18 10 years 0 20,000 0 1,132 653 0 220 105 0 250 221 18 10 years 184,167 170,833 0 355,000 84,548
3 years 44,000 0 28,000 3 years 4,500 0 4,500 5,398 13,090 5,272 921 7,157 1,861 271 3 years 6,750 0 6,750 142 7,108 2,338 1,453 305 6,678 6,826 4,908 3 years 0 0 6,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 years 0 0 6,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 years 55,250 0 51,250 55,250 12,506
6 years 88,000 0 56,000 6 years 9,000 0 9,000 10,796 26,180 10,544 1,843 14,313 3,721 542 6 years 13,500 0 13,500 284 14,216 4,675 2,907 609 13,356 13,651 9,816 6 years 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 years 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 years 110,500 0 102,500 110,500 25,011
10 years 146,667 0 93,333 10 years 15,000 0 15,000 17,993 43,634 17,574 3,071 23,855 6,202 903 10 years 22,500 0 22,500 473 23,693 7,792 4,844 1,016 22,260 22,752 16,360 10 years 0 0 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 years 0 0 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 years 184,167 0 170,833 184,167 41,685
3 years 0 72,000 0 3 years 0 9,000 0 10,718 24,306 5 4 21 3 42 3 years 0 13,500 0 284 14,216 3,003 304 155 2,234 13,487 9,518 3 years 0 6,000 0 340 196 0 66 32 0 75 66 5 3 years 0 6,000 0 340 196 0 66 32 0 75 66 5 3 years 0 106,500 0 106,500 25,326
6 years 0 144,000 0 6 years 0 18,000 0 21,436 48,612 9 8 42 5 83 6 years 0 27,000 0 567 28,431 6,006 608 311 4,469 26,973 19,035 6 years 0 12,000 0 679 392 0 132 63 0 150 133 11 6 years 0 12,000 0 679 392 0 132 63 0 150 133 11 6 years 0 213,000 0 213,000 50,651
10 years 0 240,000 0 10 years 0 30,000 0 35,727 81,020 16 13 69 8 139 10 years 0 45,000 0 945 47,385 10,010 1,013 518 7,448 44,955 31,725 10 years 0 20,000 0 1,132 653 0 220 105 0 250 221 18 10 years 0 20,000 0 1,132 653 0 220 105 0 250 221 18 10 years 0 355,000 0 355,000 84,419
9,738 2,314 435 5,037 5,188 3,323 0 321
29,214 6,943 1,305 15,112 15,564 9,969 0 963
58,429 13,886 2,611 30,225 31,128 19,938 0 1,926
97,381 23,143 4,352 50,374 51,879 33,230 0 3,209
5,143 2,242 409 4,612 2,895 1,726 0 47
15,428 6,725 1,226 13,835 8,686 5,179 0 142
30,855 13,451 2,452 27,669 17,373 10,358 0 284
51,426 22,418 4,087 46,115 28,955 17,263 0 473
9,147 124 53 802 4,541 3,190 0 321
27,441 372 159 2,405 13,622 9,570 0 963
54,882 743 318 4,811 27,244 19,139 0 1,926
91,471 1,239 530 8,018 45,406 31,899 0 3,209
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Environmental Benefits Graphs
Tons of Waste Recycled or Reused 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 Enery Avoided (MJ) 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000
Average Annual Energy Use Avoided (Over 10 Years)
Tons
200,000 150,000
100,000
50,000 0 1 year 3 years
3,000
2,000 1,000 0 Maximum Reuse, then Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste Maximum Reuse, Landfill Recycle All Waste Where Remaining Waste Facilities Exist
Time
6 years
10 years
Maximum Reuse, then Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste Maximum Reuse, Landfill Remaining Waste Recycle All Waste Where Facilities Exist
Average Annual Air Emissions Avoided (Over 10 Years)
Average Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Avoided (Over 10 Years)
12,000
Emissions Avoided (grams)
6,000
Emissions Avoided (lbs. of CO2 equivalent)
5,000
4,000 3,000 2,000
10,000 8,000
6,000
4,000 2,000 0 Maximum Reuse, then Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste Maximum Reuse, Landfill Recycle All Waste Where Remaining Waste Facilities Exist
1,000
0 Maximum Reuse, then Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste Maximum Reuse, Landfill Remaining Waste Recycle All Waste Where Facilities Exist
CO
VOC
NOx
SO2
PM
Average Annual Water Conserved (Over 10 Years)
Average Annual RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (Over 10 Years)
1
350
Water Conserved (gallons)
1
Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams)
300
1 1 1 1
250
200 150
0
0 0 0 0
100
50 0 Maximum Reuse, then Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste Maximum Reuse, Landfill Recycle All Waste Where Remaining Waste Facilities Exist
Maximum Reuse, then Maximum Reuse, Landfill Recycle, Landfill Remaining Remaining Waste Waste
Recycle All Waste Where Facilities Exist
A B C D E F G 1 Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Environmental Coefficients 2 3 4 Lifecycle Environmental Impacts Material 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 units Asphalt Concrete Brick CO g/ton 42 337 45 VOC NOx g/ton 44 551 331 SO2 g/ton 27 484 1,998 PM g/ton 48 172 1,410 GHG
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
Energy
Haz Waste
Water Use
Transportation Impacts included in Lifecycle Environmental Impacts Transport to Transport of Transport to Transport to Site Source Disposal Raw Materials Distributor (Delivery) Included? Included? Included? Included? no no no yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no 2 2 1
23
g/ton MJ/ton 183,016 1,968 37,099 536 201,800 2106 kg C/mbf 907.9 1113.3 1010.6 MJ/mbf 3705 3492 3598.5
g/ton gal./ton 3,560 96 932 169 42
units kg/mbf kg/mbf kg/mbf Lumber (Pacific Northwest) 2.32232 0.1299 1.0881 2.97192 0.7958 1.0394 Lumber (Southeast) 2.64712 0.4629 1.0638 Lumber (average) Green Waste
kg/mbf kg/mbf 1.6727 0.0812 0.6983 0.0812 1.1855 0.0812
no no no
yes yes yes
yes yes yes
no no no
3; 12 for GHG 3; 12 for GHG 3; 12 for GHG
Recycling Coefficients Material units Asphalt Concrete units Lumber (average) Green Waste Transportation Impacts CO g/ton 10.54 10.54 VOC NOx g/ton 25.0 25.0 SO2 g/ton 22.1 22.1 PM g/ton 1.76 1.76 GHG Energy Haz Waste 0 0 Water Use kg/ton 113 113 Source 13; 14 for GHG 13; 14 for GHG
g/ton MJ/ton 10,000 65 10,000 65 MJ/mbf kg C/mbf 1002.2727 3572.73
kg/mbf kg/mbf kg/mbf kg/mbf kg/mbf 0.00158 0.0013 0.0069 0.0008 0.0139
0
13; 14 for GHG and energy
CO
VOC
NOx g/mi
SO2 g/mi
PM
GHG
Capacity
Capacity Source
Notes We use these coefficients to estimate impacts from transportation for delivery and disposal, and which are not included in the coefficients above. The source says concrete mixers typically have a 8-12 cy capacity. 10 cy is the average of this range. 10 cubic yards was multiplied by two becasue 1 cy of concrete equals 8a 4 approximately 2 tons. 8a 5 Alabama Brick can place 12,000 bricks in their tractor trailers. This number was 8b 6 converted into tons. A 50 ft tractor trailer can fit two units of 20' 6x2 lumber. Each unit is 3040 board feet. 8b 7 The per unit board footage was multiplied by two and converted into tons.
HDDV Class
Class Source
28
units
g/mi
g/mi
g/mi
g/mi
tons
29 Concrete Mixer 30 Asphalt Tanker 31 Brick Tractor Trailer 32 Lumber Tractor Trailer 33 units
4.327 4.327 5.784 5.784 g/mi
0.796 21.301 0.3446 0.6067 0.796 21.301 0.3446 0.6067 1.009 24.715 0.3665 0.6632 1.009 24.715 0.3665 0.6632 g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi
1584.8 1584.8 1685.6 1685.6 g/mi
20 20 27 9.12 cy
8 11 9 9
The source gives the capacity of a triple axle dump truck as 16-20 cy. This range was averaged. We assume that all disposal and off-site recycling of waste is transported by 8b 10 34 Dump Truck 5.784 1.009 24.715 0.3665 0.6632 1685.6 18 10 dump truck. 35 Emissions were derived from EPA's MOBILE6 Vehicle Emissions Modeling Software. The model was run for both class 8a and 8b to determine emissions in grams per mile. 36 37 Sources: 38 1. Koroneos, C. and Dompros, A. Environmental Assessment of Brick Production in Greece. March 17, 2006. 39 2. Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment Tool for Environmental and Economic Effects (PaLATE). Consortium on Green Design and Manufacturing, University of California Berkeley. 40 3. Puettman, Maureen & Wilson, James. Life Cycle Analysis of Wood Products: Cradle-to-Gate LCI of Residential Wood Building Materials. Wood and Fiber Science, December 2005, V. 37. www.corrim.org/reports/2005/swst/18.pdf. Accessed September 25, 2007. 41 4. Concrete in Practice: What, Why & How?, CIP31 - Ordering Ready Mix Concrete. NRMCA. buildersconcrete.com/UserFiles/File/Ordering%20Ready%20Mix%20Concrete.pdf. Accessed November 8, 2007. 42 5. Paul, Stephanie; Puspa-Dewi, Linda; Lueprasert, Kamolwan; and Madon, Heinko Dona. Asphalt Paving Operation. https://engineering.purdue.edu/CEM/People/Personal/Halpin/Sim/Examples/pave.htm. Accessed November 8, 2007. 43 6. Alabama Brick. Personal Communication, November 7, 2007. 44 7. Curtis Lumber. Personal Communication, November 7, 2007. 45 8. Concrete Mixing Truck. Accessed November 7, 2007. http://www.jgtec.com.cn/english/html-en/gongcheng/hntj.htm 46 9. Tractor Trailor - 148,000 lbs. Denver: The Mile High City. http://www.denvergov.org/EquipmentList/SemiTractorTrailerOperator/SemiTractorTrailerOperator1/tabid/386845/Default.aspx. Accessed November 8, 2007. 47 10. Dump Truck-On Road. U.S. Department of Homeland Security Federal Emergency Management Agency. http://www.nimsonline.com/resource_typing/Dump%20Truck-On%20Road.htm. Accessed November 8, 2007. 48 11. International 8300 Asphalt Tanker 1988. http://www.used-trucks-central.org/truckview.php?view=308. Accessed November 8, 2007. 49 12. Milota, M.; West, C.; and Hartley, I. Gate-to-Gate Life-Cycle Inventory of Softwood Lumber Production. Wood and Fiber Science, December 2005, v. 37. www.corrim.org/reports/2005/swst/47.pdf. Accessed November 5, 2007. 50 13. Cochran, K.M. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling: Methods, Markets, and Policty. University of Florida, 2006. 51 14. WARM Model. Environmental Protection Agency. Appendix B: Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Emission Factors
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Environmental Equivalents
The charts below present the quantity of pollutants avoided on average, for each of the three alternative scenarios and contexual measures. Maximum Reuse, then Recycle, Landfill Remaining Waste Total Environmental Benefit Annual Waste Avoided Statistic the muncipal solid waste 11.96 generated by the muncipal solid waste 11.96 generated by the muncipal solid waste 11.96 generated by 118 the electricity used to power
Statistic
1, 2, 3 1,539.9 U.S. households per day
Quantity Reused (lbs.) =
18,417
Quantity Recycled (lbs.) =
17,083
1, 2, 3 1,428.4 U.S. households per day
Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) = Energy Use (MJ) = GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) = CO Avoided (grams) =
0 8,455
1, 2, 3 0.0 U.S. households per day 2 71.6 U.S. households per day
9,738 2,314
33 the daily GHG emissions of 14.2 the CO emissions of driving
2 295.3 passenger vehicles 4 163.0 miles in the average car
VOC Avoided (grams) = NOx Avoided (grams) = SO2 Avoided (grams) =
435 5,037 5,188
1.40 the VOC emissions of driving 47 the daily NOx emissions of 277,324 running an old coal plant for
4 310.8 miles in the average car
106.1 passenger vehicles 6 0.02 minutes
5
PM Avoided (grams) = RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) =
3,323
0.75 the PM emissions of driving the amount of mercury 0.7 contained in
4,430.7 miles in the average U.S. truck
7
0
9 0.0 fever thermometers
Water Conserved (ga.) = 321 Maximum Reuse, Landfill Remaining Waste Total Environmental Benefit Annual Waste Avoided
40 the water used by Statistic the muncipal solid waste 11.96 generated by the muncipal solid waste 11.96 generated by the muncipal solid waste 11.96 generated by 118 the electricity used to power 33 14.2 1.40 47 the daily GHG emissions of the CO emissions of driving the VOC emissions of driving the daily NOx emissions of
8 8.0 loads of laundry
Statistic
1, 2, 3 1,539.9 U.S. households per day
Quantity Reused (lbs.) =
18,417
Quantity Recycled (lbs.) =
0
1, 2, 3 0.0 U.S. households per day
Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) = Energy Use (MJ) = GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) = CO Avoided (grams) = VOC Avoided (grams) = NOx Avoided (grams) = SO2 Avoided (grams) = PM Avoided (grams) = RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) =
17,083 4,169 5,143 2,242 409 4,612 2,895 1,726 0
1, 2, 3 1,428.4 U.S. households per day 2 35.3 U.S. households per day
155.9 157.9 291.9 97.1
passenger vehicles 2 miles in the average car 4 miles in the average car 4 passenger vehicles 5
277,324 running an old coal plant for 0.75 the PM emissions of driving the amount of mercury 0.7 contained in
6 0.01 minutes 7
2,301.8 miles in the average U.S. truck
9 0.0 fever thermometers
Water Conserved (ga.) = 47 Recycle All Waste Where Facilities Exist Total Environmental Benefit Annual Waste Avoided
40 the water used by Statistic the muncipal solid waste 11.96 generated by
8 1.2 loads of laundry
Statistic
1, 2, 3 0.0 U.S. households per day
Quantity Reused (lbs.) =
0
Quantity Recycled (lbs.) =
35,500
the muncipal solid waste 11.96 generated by the muncipal solid waste 11.96 generated by 118 the electricity used to power 33 14.2 1.40 47 the daily GHG emissions of the CO emissions of driving the VOC emissions of driving the daily NOx emissions of
1, 2, 3 2,968.2 U.S. households per day
Quantity Landfilled (lbs.) = Energy Use (MJ) = GHG Avoided (lbs. Of CO2 Equivalent) = CO Avoided (grams) = VOC Avoided (grams) = NOx Avoided (grams) = SO2 Avoided (grams) = PM Avoided (grams) = RCRA Hazardous Waste Avoided (grams) =
0 8,442 9,147 124 53 802 4,541 3,190 0
1, 2, 3 0.0 U.S. households per day 2 71.5 U.S. households per day
277.4 8.7 37.9 16.9
passenger vehicles 2 miles in the average car 4 miles in the average car 4 passenger vehicles 5
277,324 running an old coal plant for 0.75 the PM emissions of driving the amount of mercury 0.7 contained in
6 0.02 minutes 7
4,253.2 miles in the average U.S. truck
9 0.0 fever thermometers
Water Conserved (ga.) = Sources
321
40 the water used by
8 8.0 loads of laundry
1. Wastes: What You Can Do - Basic Facts About Waste. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/facts.htm 2. Calculations and References. US EPA. http://www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/refs.html 3. USA Quickfacts. U.S. Census Bureau State and County Quickfacts. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html 4. Vehicle Emissions - Transportation Air Quality Selected Facts and Figures. EPA. January 2006. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/aqfactbk/page15.htm 5. EPA, Emissions Facts, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/f00013.htm 6. Lethal Legacy. U.S. PIRG Education Fund, 2003. http://uspirg.org/uspirg.asp?id2=11087 7. ICF Consulting, North American Trade and Transportation Corridors: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Strategies, Prepared for the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation, February 2001. 8. Clothes Washers. Energy Guide, http://www.energyguide.com/library/EnergyLibraryTopic.asp?bid=austin&prd=10&TID=17246&SubjectID=8374 9. Mercury Thermometer Fact Sheet. http://www.hendersoncountync.org/health/Documents/Mercury%20Thermometer%20fact%20sheet.pdf
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Default Cost Data Reference this sheet if you want to re-enter default values into the Cost Data Page Disposal Fees Northeast Mid-Atlantic South Midwest South-Central West-Central West Unit Cost Estimate $77.58 $50.92 $34.07 $38.46 $26.47 $41.51 $/Ton $37.72 Source and Comment Repa, Edward, Ph.D (2005) NSWMA 2005 Tip Fee Survey . If you know your own disposal cost per ton, change the green cell to the left for your region. States CT, ME, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT DE, MD, NJ, PA, VA, WV AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN IN, IA, MI, MN, MO, OH, WI AZ, AR, LA, NM, OK, TX CO, KS, MT, NE, ND, SD, UT, WY CA, HI, ID, NV, OR, WA
On-site Asphalt and Concrete Crushing Costs Capital Cost
Units N/A
Cost Estimate
Sources Concrete/Asphalt Crushers. September, 2003. $64,350
Comments
Labor Cost Equipment Maintenance Cost
$/Ton $/Ton
Concrete/Asphalt Crushers. September, 2003. $7.02 $0.59 Concrete/Asphalt Crushers. September, 2003.
Green Waste Grinding Costs Labor cost of green waste chipping/shredding
Units
Cost Estimate
Sources
Comments This brochure says that the industry average for mulching-related labor is $25/hour. Bear Cat estimated that a 6" chipper can chip 100 feet per minute. 100 feet was multiplied See Total Below The Bear Cat 71620 sells for $7,999. This is the amount saved by mulching on-site
$/Hour
Mulch Mule Brochure. Accessed August 28, 2007. $26.00 0.05 Personal Communication with Customer Service, BearCat. August 29, 2007 $52.91 $8,318.96 Norwalk Power Equipment Company. Bear Cat Commercial Chippers (Gravity $2.89 This value is calculated by subtracting the total cost of producing a CY of mulch Replacement Time Cost Per Source
Time to shred/chip Hours/CY Maintenance of Commercial Chipper $/Hour Used Initial Cost of 6" Commercial N/A Amount Saved by Mulching $/CY Chipper Maintenance Blades Cost $266
10
Gasoline
$25.08
1
Comments $248 is the retail price for the blade replacement kit Customer service at Bear Cat provided estimates regarding how The average price of gasoline in the United often each of these maintenance elements would be needed, as well States was multiplied by the volume of the $25.08 as how much it would cost to replace all the blades and bearings. chipper's gas tank. This information was given on August 30, 2007. $26.62 The average price of gasoline, $2.75 per gallon, was taken from the Each bearing costs $29 and the chipper $1.21 Energy Information Administration's U.S. Retail Gas Prices. contains two bearings. Accessed May 23, 2008.
Bearings
$60
50
Total
N/A
N/A
New Material Costs Compost
Units $/Cu. Yard
Cost Estimate
Sources Alexander, Ron, Tyler, Rod, and Goldstein, Nora. "Increasing Dollar Value for $17.10 Compost Products." Biocycle. Oct. 2004 Lumber and Plywood Estimating Price Guide. Ace Hardware. January 30, 2006. $0.39 .
Comments
Mulch
$/Cu. Yard
Lumber (2"x 6" Decking Boards)
$/LF
Orange County landfill sells yard waste mulch for $20 per 3 cubic yards. This price was divided by three to find the price per cubic The seven price estimates divided by their corresponding linear feet are all at or very close to $0.36 per LF.
Brick
$/Brick
This website states that ordinary bricks cost between $300-$400 per thousand. This range Liu, Henry; Williams, Burkett and Haynes, Kirk. Improving Freezing and Thawing was averaged to $350 per thousand or $0.35 $0.39 Properties of Fly Ash Bricks. March, 2005. . per brick.
Recycling and Reusing Hardscape and Landscape Waste Default Cost Data Reference this sheet if you want to re-enter default values into the Cost Data Page Disposal Fees Northeast Unit Cost Estimate Source and Comment States CT, ME, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT $77.58 Repa, Edward, Ph.D (2005) NSWMA 2005 Tip Fee Survey . Dayton, Kevin J., State Construction Engineer, WSDOT Headquarters If you know your own disposal cost per ton, change the green cell to the left for Construction your region. Office. Construction Update. August 8, 2006. p. 1.
Crushed Surfacing
Conversion Factors Brick
From Bricks
To Tons
Factor
Source Table 4. Accessed on November 4, 2006. 0.00225 .
Comments This value was given in pounds and converted to tons by dividing by 2000.
Concrete, Asphalt & Brick
Tons
Cu. Yards
0.83 http://www.buckscontainerservices.com/conversions.htm
Green House Gas
Carbon
CO2
US EPA - Non-CO2 Gases and Carbon Sequestration - Conversion Units. http://www.epa.gov/nonco2/units.html. Accessed October 30, 3.6667 2007. Milota, M.; West, C.; and Hartley, I. Gate-to-Gate Life-Cycle Inventory of Softwood Lumber Production. Wood and Fiber Science, 1.6240 December 2005, v. 37. 0.0015 Lumber Weight Calculator. Accessed November 4, 2006. This value was derived by using a lumber 0.0031 One linear foot of 2"x6" contains .0031 cubic 3.6 947.8 2.2046 1.1023 28.3495 0.2727 3.79 General Permit for Yard Waste Composting Facilities Under the South Dakota Waste Management Program. Board of Minerals and Environment. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. October 13, 1998. p. 6. . to tons by dividing by 2000. Wilson, C.R. and Feucht, J.R. Composting of Yard Waste. Colorado The article states that 50-75% of plant volume State University Coopertive Extension. October, 1997. is reduced by composting. This range was 0.375 . averaged to derive a conversion factor.
2"x 6" Wood Decking Boards Cubic Meters 2"x 6" Wood Decking Boards Linear Feet 2"x 6" Wood Decking Boards Linear Feet General KWh General MJ Kilograms General General Metric Tons Ounces General MTCO2E GHG Gallons Water
mbf (1000 Board Feet) Tons Cubic Yards MJ BTU Pounds Tons Grams MTCE Kilograms
Yard Waste
Cu. Yards
Tons
Yard Waste to Compost
Cu. Yards
Cu. Yards
Inflation Adjustment Table One Dollar in… Equals this many 2008 Dollars 2003 $1.17 2004 $1.14 2005 $1.10 2006 $1.07 2007 $1.04 Source: CPI Inflation Calculator.