1969

," v A UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE t'UBi.ICATlON / ESSAT ech nicalMemorandum' u.s. DE;PARTMENT OF COMMERCE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION ~ERLTM-ARL 18 Re$earcb Laboratories . ' ., Fiscal Year 1969 Summary Report of Division of Meteorology Support to 1he\,NationaIAir Rdllution Control Administration I .. . .. .. , U.S. Departrylent of Health, Education, and Welfare Air Resources La boratory RAL£IGFi, N. ~CAROLINA .,pFebruary , HUG , F.1\. 8.per in the open li~ra.t\a'e i~,this Contact subject the author mat~rd:hlcussed tora~ditiona.1W°rm&tion-cOn,t~e Memor'J.l1dum. _I" ,,', I' t ~ (,,! I ENVIRONMENTAC",SCIENCE"SERVIOESAD~INISTRAJIO~ \ BOULDe:~.CC;>LORAE>O / c\ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Environmental Science Services Administration Research Laboratories ESSA TechnicalMemorandum ERLTM-ARL 18 FISCAL YEAR 1969 SUMMARY REPORT OF DIVISION OF METEOROLOGY SUPPORT TO THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRA TION U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Air Resources Laboratory Division of Meteorology Raleigh, North Carolina February 1970 (NAPCA) PREFACE Effective activity. This communication is especially between true individuals or groups about is a difficult new problems questions be left of communications be left unsaid summaries and new research. unanswered. a valuable since much must and many Nevertheless. information periodic of work performed "how goes constitute it" tool. source as well as a management The work reported Control NAPCA Administration herein was funded by the National (NAPCA) and was done under Science Services Air Pollution between (ESSA). the dated agreement and the Environmental 8. 1968. Administration November Any inquiry on the research Director. being performed should be directed (NAPCA). 3820 to Mr. R. A. McCormick. Merton Drive. Division of Meteorology Raleigh. North Carolina 27609. ", ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Page ii 1 OF AIR POLLUTANTS 1. 2. HIGHLIGHTS TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION 3 3 13 19 20 20 23 2.1 2.2 2.3 Power Plant Effluent Study (LAPPES) Air Urban Pollution Diffusion Potential Modeling Forecasting 3. PROPERTIES OF THE URBAN BOUNDARY LAYER 3.1 3.2 3.3 Dynamics Radiation Radiometric POLLUTION of the Urban Boundary and Turbidity Profiles Layer Temperature CLIMATOLOGY 28 32 4. AIR 4.1 4.2 Air Urban Pollution Potential Climatology 32 33 35 Climatology 5. SUPPORT TO NAPCA PROGRAMS 5.1 Division of Air Quality and Emissions Data 35 36 37 5.2 Division of Health Effects Research 5.3 Division of Abatement 5.3.1 AQCRand Abatement Activities Program in Activities of Air Quality Control Region 37 39 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 Support Simulation Models for Standard and Implementation Technical Support to Federal Facilities Branch International Joint Commission Study Plans 41 42 42 42 43 47 49 50 51 52 53 5.3.6 National Emissions Standards Study 5.3.7 Air Monitoring Equipment 5.4 Divisionof Control Agency Development 5.5 Office of Manpower Development -- Training 5.6 Office of Regional Activities 6. 7. 8. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES REFERENCES STAFF PUBLICATIONS iii FISCAL YEAR 1969 SUMMARY REPORT OF DIVISION OF METEOROLOGY SUPPORT TO THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, CONTROL ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION, AND WELFARE The following brief summaries of meteorological research and other activities attempt to convey the present status of a variety of projects being conducted by the Division of Meteorology (DM) for the National Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA). Uniterms: Air Pollution Potential forecasting, air quality control region, climatology, dispersion modeling, diffusion modeling, lidar study of stack plumes, large power plant effluents, turbidity, radiation, urban boundary layer, urban heat is land. 1. HIGHLIGHTS The Large Power Plant Effluent was undertaken large complex to determine of coal-burning Study, now in its second year, produced by a the amount power of air pollution plants and the effects are being of that out at daily pollution a power on the local environment. complex in western Studies carried generation Pennsylvania, which will emit into the atmosphere about 2500 use of instrumented measurements were aircraft obtained tons of sulfur dioxide (S02). lidar, operated under By contract, and a mobile of plume rise and geometry, plume dispersion and associated distributions, ground-level S02 concentrations, Peak ground-level fly ash particle-size S02 concentrat ions at a distance average con­ of and turbulence. as high as 1.6 parts per million 1 kilometer centrations (kIn) (ppm) were measured source, and 30-minute from the stack of 0.3 ppm were detected at distances of 9-10 kIn from the two month-long source. periods The S02 concentrations of tests. were measured during During were the past year, nine episodes of high air pollution Center. potential forecast by the ESSA National parameters, which Meteorological Selected of meteorological regions are used to indicate the presence of slow diffusion and transport, have been programmed to yield an index number Primary contracts. the subject that indicates in urban areas of atmospheric diffusion modeling stagnation. conducted through on efforts were Arrangements of Multiple were made for an international Diffusion Models symposium Source Urban to be held at symposium the University will of North Carolina. in 1970. Control" The proceedings "Advances of this be published A Symposium was held in Instrumentation Reports on the for Air Pollution in Cincinnati. state of the art were given by industry A theoretical the urban planetary Cincinnati stability and experimental boundary and government to describe scientists. the structure experiments of in program layer was started. outflow of urban Initial showed an apparent conditions. air aloft during the "urban nocturnal This phenomenon was termed heat plume". area (uv) Measurements indicated radiation ments of atmospheric turbidity about area. in the Cincinnati cent less that the city receives than the adjacent rural 6 per ultraviolet It is hoped that future measure­ radiation of of the vertical the pollution absorption divergence of the net UV and the total a more direct through layer will provide by pollutants. indication selective A theoretical measuring vertical study and analysis profiles of remote sounding methods for of wind and turbulence was carried out for the Division of Meteorology by ESSA's Wave Propagation Laboratory. 2 Results suggest that acoustic for determining radar or crossed-beam correlation techniques the may be feasible planetary planned. wind profiles studies and turbulence along these within boundary layer; additional lines are The contractor, millimeter determining tests radiometer, Sperry Rand Corporation, named the Radiometric profile. has provided Thermasonde, Performance a Mark I for remotely and durability the vertical temperature of the Mark Climatological I were started data in early 1969. vertically averaged wind (mixing heights, Bureau speeds, etc.) from 62 Weather information sounding stations, have been compiled U. S. to provide on the diffusion climate of the contiguous 2. 2.1 TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS Study (LAPPES) Large Power Plant Effluent A comprehensive plumes from tall Study investigation (800-1000 continues of the transport ft) constituting at a coal-burning and dispersion the Large Power power station of Plant complex stacks Effluent (LAPPES) in western wing Pennsylvania. By use of instrumented lidar, measurements plume helicopters, a fixed- of aircraft, and a mobile have been obtained and associated distributio~t plume rise ground-level turbulence. and downwind geometry, dispersion S02 concentrations, Peak ground-level fly ash particle-size S02 readings and as high as 1.6 ppm have been average concentrations of measured 1 kID from the stack source; 30-minute 0.3 ppm have been detected The LAPPES determine project, at a distance of 9-10 kID. to now in its second year, was undertaken of air pollution produced the extent and effects by the largest 3 complex mouth of coal-burning power plants in the United States. Three mine- stations each designed power, to generate approximately 2000 megawatts of electrical line, 25 miles are located equidistant along a northwest-southeast Pennsylvania. long, about these 50 miles east of Pittsburgh, W11en operational, SO stations through will daily four 800-ft emit more than 2500 tons of and two 1000-ft stacks. 2 into the atmosphere In an attempt to resolve from tall some of the more pressing stacks and associated and sponsoring questions con­ regarding dispersion ground-level centrations, studies Three the DM is conducting of these comprehensive field in the vicinity large power-generating facilities. obje~tives are being pursued: and verify expected transport ground-level and dispersion concentrations models that may be from 1. Develop used to calculate of effluents large power plants. 2. Measure the magnitude, frequency, and spatial plants distribution and tall of ground-level S02 concentrations from large power stacks, singly and in combination, predictions. and compare the observed data with calculated 3. effluents Evaluate the deleterious effects complex of sulfur compounds on ~egetation and other from a large power-plant in the region of the installations. Field consisted initiated. were studies conducted during series, the past year to meet the fifth and sixth these objectives was of two month-long In the autumn since LAPPES series and half of the spring stack at the Keystone series, measurements in the remaining conducted on one 800-ft Plant; 4 half of the spring plume was sampled two scheduled of adverse series both Keystone by an instrumented stacks were monitored. The the because malfunction. helicopter on 34 days during periods. On 22 days the plume power plant could not be probed or helicopter weather conditions, outage, The helicopter was operated a total of 139 hours during the two series. measurements instrumented and moisture bubblers were of the Observations plume aloft by DM personnel involved extensive and at the earth's in addition surface. A specially helicopter, sensors, to having temperature, pressure, had a fast-response 30-min average S02 detector system. Portable used to obtain locations scheduled S02 measurements at random ground-level of regularly under the plume. radiosonde, rabal, Meteorological support consisted pibal and double-theodolite by DM personnel provided data observations. 1968 In addition series, three to observations contractors Research during the October LAPPES of interest. Ate~ ~ scientists measure various scanning plume's from Stanford Institute (SRI) used a Mark V lidar to plume at plume rise and to define the geometry from the stack. with increments of the Keystone distances technique vertical This was accomplished by a vertical upon the the lidar at of 1/3° to 10°, depending obtained extent. Such scans were by locating the side of the plume and scanning perpendicular to its mean centerline, three cross and at 45° on each side of the perpendicular, thus obtaining sections from a single location. The lidar was also used to check plume continuity by obtaining cross sections at a fixed distance downwind and at 15-min intervals during an entire morning. 5 The feasibility established involved diffusion Uthe, of lidar for stack plume studies was fairly well The factors rise and and from the results of the SRI experiments. data in terms contract values in interpreting are discussed Although the lidar in a final calculated of plume report to DM (Johnson 1969). of plume-rise agree reasonably indicates wind in plume well with the observations, clearly that the important shear inspection effects of the cross sections of bifurcation and vertical direction stability (plume tilting and fanning), and vertical changes (e.g., plume trapping) must be considered in predicting rise and diffusion. A second contractor Sign X Laboratory sections within used also probed an instrumented vertical the plumes. helicopter A meteorologist to obtain cross the plume was from and to perform ascents and descents through a distance of 8 km from the stack. The Sign X helicopter instrumented charge like the LAPPES helicopter with one addition: charged particles a space- in the derivative unit was used to detect 802 and particulates plume. B,y this means were measured simultaneously in each plume traverse. A third instrumented the Keystone the plume. slide contractor, Aztec Meteorology Research, Incorporated, flew an in of aircraft to determine turbulence particle-size parameters distribution in the vicinity plume and measure By use of a continuous-cloud-particle fly ash particle 'dirty' referring size was measured to plumes with sampler and a moving- and impactor, in both the dirty clean plumes, 50 per cent pass~e the plume measurements produced were made of fly ash out of the stack, with all precipitators and 'clean' denoting Turbulence in operation. 6 with a universal turbulence indicator plume system under various meteorological City conditions in the Keystone generating and in the vicinity of the Homer and Conemaugh both particles flights stations. The flight pattern consisted for measuring and ~urbulence parameters of longitudinal in the plume and successive obtained by helicopter, thus traverses downwind. meteorological 2-1A and 2-1B. ground-level Data as well as supporting in Figures measurements These obtained far, are presented of average-peak are composite graphs under and maximum-peak axis; 8°2 concentrations denotes the highest the plume's longitudinal 'peak' here e.g., out be the instantaneous reading in a l-kIn interval, single reading of 20 runs at the 5-km interval, maximum average peak, peak. and the average The dots the highest would of the 20 individual peaks would be the made in Figure 2-1B are individual These data, observations obtained when both Keystone days of helicopter stacks were operating. measurements in 67 near ground level, clearly show the at 18 kIn looping-plume effect close to the stack. downwash A secondary inversion maximum may have resulted Figure from plume during breakups. detected by 2-2 presents the maximum during 30-min 80 . 2 concentrations the portable number bubblers the past six series and shows the total nature of the looping readings plume near of measurements. contributed The intermittent relatively apparently the stacks; little to the bubbler where the higher values occur downwind, higher with ground-level coning or concentrations limited are more persistent in the mixing and are associated layer. dispersion In none of the figures to variable have load. the ground-level data been classified according plant 7 """', 0.12 ,'­ E co. co. :i 0.10 52 ~ iii: ~ Z iii I , \ \, ''" '" « I ',,., 0.08 0 u ~ N " 0 III ~ ' l "", \\ « 0.06 w IL W C) ',/', « iii: w > 0.04 « \ .A "'-,\, ,- \ '\ \, v '" ~ ~ \ 0.02 0.00 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 DISTANCE.,DOWNWIND FROM PLANT, kilometers Figure 2-1A. Average peak ground level S02 concentrationsmeasured by helicopter under the Keystone plume's longitudinal axis. From the large power plant effluent study in Western Pennsylvania. 8 1.40 1.20 E Q. Q. . 1.001 TWO STACKS IN OPERATION. ~ « 0:: ~ Z w u z 0.80 0 u .... 0 ell :..: Q « 0.60 w 11. i :J X ~ ~ 0.40 0.20 0.00: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 DISTANCE DOWNWIND FROM PLANT, kilometers Figure 2-lB. Maximum peak ground level 5°2 concentrations measured by helicopter under the Keystone plume's longitudinal axis. From the large power plant effluent study in Western Pennsylvania. 9 0.40 350 --0.30 MAXIMUM GROUND-LEVEL S02 CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED BY PORTABLE BUBBLERS UNDER KEYSTONE PLUME. 300 ~ 0.20 ~ \ I \ 1\ s p. p. ~ . ,/\ \ \ \~/1 1\ \ ,/'8 I' '\ /\ 1\ \ I A 250 § H 0.10 ~ E-4 Z iLl U z I 1 \ 1 J ,V 'v \'../I \\ ~ 200 V \\ 8N 0 (J) ..... 0 0.00 ~I \ ~\,;r ,s­/-"""'-­ V) UJ ..J Cl. ~ <{ V) UJ I­ ::> z ~ 0 M Ii.. 0 a:: UJ II) ~ ::> z 150 ~ ~ NUMBER OF 30-MINUTE GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS BY PORTABLE BUBBLERS. 100 .TWO STACKS IN OPERATION 50 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 0 DISTANCE DOWNWIND FROM PLANT, kilometers Figure 2-2. Maximum 3D-minute S02 concentrations detected by the portable bubblers. Rainfall the past year samples were collected under the plume three times during (pH) and analyzed for sulfates, nitrates, and alkalinity the best levels. Preliminary results show that pH values values provided indication correlated of cross-plume distribution; for sulfates and nitrates only fairly well. portion of NAPCA, of the LAPPE8 is designed study, conducted by the of power The agricultural Agriculture plant Section to determine effects emissions on the agricultural designated economy of the adjacent region. selected Two types of sites, primary and secondary, have been for agricultural experiments. at the primary for oxidant agricultural measurements, sites will include a Instrumentation Mast meter with recorder two sequential samplers 8°2 for 8°2 and N02 measurements, analyzer. Eight primary and at some sites a conductometric selected to ensure sites have been patterns similarity of soil types and drainage for irrigation; and proximity to farm ponds used the sites are at least 2 miles site is divided One plot from any source of 8°2. which are in turn to Each primary divided isolate into two locations, in each location on plant into two plots. the effects is irrigated Thus, of soil moisture damage. plots. each test site includes contains two irrigated and two nonirrigated species. Each plot 25 replications of four tree sites The secondary candles located western agricultural are instrumented with lead peroxide for measurement in plantations Pennsylvania of sulfate of scotch levels. The secondary pine trees, tree sites are and white in a part of Similarity the known for its Christmas patterns industry. of slopes and drainage was considered in selecting 11 secondary grove, shear plots. Ten trees were randomly selected within a lOO-tree and arrangements were made with the plantation owner not to and shape the trees. Three times during the growing season the selected trees, as well as native and other commerical In the fall, growth vegetation, are sampled selected for sulfate levels. of the trees for study is measured. agricultural sites taken Yield and growth will be evaluated data from the eight primary with reference to the air quality measurements from the power plants. at the site and in terms of distance levels obtained at the secondary Sulfat e sites with lead candles and by analysis on of leaf samples trees will also be evaluated plots. to determine any effects at the secondary Plans call for two field experimental series during fiscal year 1970 to be conducted on one- and two-stack Homer City Plant. Collection and analysis Institut~, configurations at the of rainfall Northwest, natural under will the Key­ continue. stone plume by Battelle They will relate Memorial their data to the existing precipitation, meteorology, and plume parameters. Research, Inc., is continuing its efforts to determine that Meteorology the mean govern effective plume height and the meteorological selected atmospheric parameters effective plume height under conditions. The lIT Research Institute is determining the weather modification LAPPES effected by the enormous output of water vapor and heat from the cooling towers. 12 2.2 Air Pollution Potential Forecasting During were the past year, by ESSAts nine episodes of high air pollution Center potential forecast This National Meteorological number (NMC) meteoro­ logists. lower-than-average (average is about 12) attested to the good ventilation With the acquisition has been possible beginning which of this period. of a full-time several computer programmer goals at NMC, it to reach of the programming selected set at the parameters, of the year. Since April, meteorological are used to indicate Report, the presence 1969) of regions of slow dispersion to yield an (see 1968 Annual index number. to determine called l2-hour ESSA, have been programmed (see Table These areas experimental numbers 2.1) can be plotted so determined, at of large-scale are based stagnation. The areas "caution areas," on meteorological data obtained intervals. At present and "tomorrow data are received morning for "this morning", "this afternoon", significantly successive and afternoon." When a large area is in a "caution" periods, high pollution status for at least three potential is evaluated The downwind further l2-hour in terms of the box-model concentration normalized concentration. of a city is given by x/Q = ---f vent, wind speed (m 5-1)] [mixing height (m)], where vent = [Transport x = = Concentration area emission (g m-3) rate (g m-2 5-1), and Q C = city size (m) (distance across the city along the wind direction.) For convenience,a C of 100,000 m is used. 13 Table 2.1 Stagnation Index Numbers Index Number Criteria caution area indicated; criteria violated no stagnation 00 01 12-hour temperature change 5000 ft. above sea level. wind exceeds exceeds/SoC/at 02 03 04 05 06 07 10 10 mps at SOOO ft. ASL observed precipitation in previous hours exceeds 0.01 inch. combination combination combination combination of 01 and 02 of 01 and 03 of 02 and 03 of 01, 02, and 03 change/exceeds 6 12-hour/vorticity 30 x 10-6 sec-l 11 to 17 same as 10 plus 01 to 07 above observed vorticity exceeds 100 x 10-6 3-1 20 21 to 27 same as 20 plus 01 to 07 above both vorticity limits same as 30 plus 30 and vorticity change exceed 31 to 37 01 to 07 above 14 A sample of this type of model is given in Figures analysis, now performed routinely, of May la, 2-3 and 2-4 for the morning and afternoon 1969, selected because when caution available. High values "following it was the first day an NMC advisory was issued and normalized concentration data were states. area index numbers On these charts a caution area occupies the western of X/Q both for "today" and for the forecasts day" are found along the coast and valley the forecast pollutant of the of California. In this instance, Observed advisory was issued by the NMC meteorologist. at Cincinnati during April and May (bars), are fields variations and the days the caution shown in Figure 2-5. charts indicated these months, weak circulation anticyclonic During pressure tended to predominate frequent over the eastern United States, hence there were days of weak circulation. occurred Figure 2-5 shows that the peak of persistent weak concentrations circulation, generally during the two periods May 3-7 and May 27-31. during the shorter The secondary stagnation peaks are also observed periods. morning", a value by Forecasts of the mixing heigpt for "tomorrow needed to compute the morning the technique height presently forecast X /Q value, were accomplished "tomorrow afternoon" mixing used to predict Regression [Miller, 1967]. curves were determined coefficients from two years of climatological computer program data, and the regression to generate morning were used in a mixing height. Weather Bureau urban meteoro­ with the air indoctri­ During the year, three newly assigned logists visited pollution nation, the DM for a week of familiarization forecasting program. potential As a part of their a study was begun to analyze the extreme pollution days in 1965 for each season at each of the cities they serve. 15 ";-7 .1. I L- ­ , ~.t ,-­ .... 0'> Figure 2-3. Caution chart for the morning are indicated by heavy piped for values x/Q (box model). usual symbols. The advisory the west coast of the United of May 10, 1969. Areas of weak circulation lines and cross hatching. Isolines are Frontal positions are indicated by their area is shown by heavy straight lines over States and is stippled. 11. ~ -- ., , ,- ­ , I I ---/ :Z L­ I - -" ... --J ..;!:o" i , "'" "'TI" " , -- '- J~ - .18., , " t , \ \ \ I '& '( _l1OOO ........s I 15 25 -. " Iii "{ -- -~~ 110 cOtP 15 J ,, ',-- -\ -- -,1.\ ."" 20 \J ! Figure 2-4. Caution chart for the afternoon of May 10, 1969. Areas of weak circulation are indicated by heavy piped lines and cross hatching. Isolines are for values of X/Q (box model). Frontal positions are indicated by their usual symbols. The advisory area is shown by heavy straight lines over the west coast of the United States and is stippled. ; CINCINNA TI -N02' -Ox' pphm pphm !\, , ppm : = ,1 7 -CO. .\ , ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , '' ' , - ,, , I I I , , , , , . il il i. /I II /I , 1 , . , . z 0 >= ... C>: >­ Z w U Z 0 U $ :: ~ " i'illl : f ~~n: :: II I ,'II' I: : , : : ,: I , ,, , \ , ,, , , : :: I , i, \ 1 I \ \ I I . , , , , . . 1 : : I I 1 . , , , , I , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , . . , . \, I A' :~ , , II I I , , :, : \, $\ ~ \: ::: V :::(i~illl : , ii' I:: I : II' 1\ \ " , \~\ ' :: I I I :, I " , iJ i ;:"\ "i~f' ~I II ':\ \ ,"\ H~f , I " 'IJ I: f ' ~, I I " Y \-"1 I ," , ,,".1' : , .. ~", '" , : I J. ", : : V ,'" , ' '' , : , : , 'I : LJ Y , 10 \:::\:: :i::":: : f :.­ \: : '" :f IE : " .. .. .. .. : , , , , , . . , , , ... , 0 0 10 20 APRIL 30 20 MAY 30 Figure 2-5. These pollutants (NP2, Ox, CO) observed at Cincinnati for April and May 1969. The solid bars on the bottom of the diagram indicate those l2-hour intervals when the caution index was zero, that is when all the criteria indicating stagnation were satisfied. 18 2.3 Urban Diffusion Modeling Primary contractors. modeling efforts in urban work diffusion included modeling were carried out by Contractual a continuation Laboratory of previous (funded jointly of efforts with the Argonne Commission, to develop diffusion National NAPCA, by the Atomic Air Pollution multiple supported with Energy and the Chicago Department Control) a sophisticated Gaussian-puff type, fixed-source by NAPCA model. Also a new contract, Research Council, jointly and the Coordinating Institute was placed urban air pollution. symposium on of Stanford Research to develop a theoretical diffusion model specifically were made urban Chapel related for NAPCA to automotive-produced support of a major Arrangements multiple-source North Carolina, diffusion Hill, models to be held at the University 1969. This will include in October as many invited Arrange­ speakers ments from overseas as well from the United States. in 1970. have been made will for publication for extensive of the proceedings technical ~e many symposium provide workers interchange between of the active a readily in the field, and the proceedings record of current modeling efforts will constitute available permanent technology. A paper potential States on the current status of modeling in March Control - Past, and their applications was presented 1969 at the Mid-Atlantic This paper, was Section of the Air Pollution Dispersion Models Association. Present, "Urban Atmospheric presented and Future," by D. Bruce Turner. 19 3. 3.1 PROPERTIES D,ynamics OF THE URBAN BOUNDARY LAYER of the Urban Boundary Layer A theoretical structure and experimental dynamics program is underway planetary to study the and related of the urban boundary layer. urban An immediate meteorological providing goal consists parameters of developing skill at forecasting counterparts, based upon rural and of models of of improved meteorological A more input into mathematical long-term urban dispersion. physical diffusive fundamental models aim is development processes layer. of a series Ohio. and mathematical properties of atmospheric boundary and attendant within the urban The initial field experimental effort consisted Cincinnati, of nocturnal investigations in metropolitan program A detailed results was presented account of the experimental and its principal in the previous Annual Report [ESSA, were made of the vertical temperature 1969]. Basically, measurements across the of the measurements in depth as air and wind fields metropolitan showed with area in line with the mean wind. thermal boundary layer Analysis a developing increasing a rural history traversed the urban settings. The shape and depth related area, to air of this thermal the upwind mixing layer appeared structure. Above to occur. to be significantly Downwind of the urban layer rural thermal near the surface of warmer restabilized. this stable of air, advection outflow urban air appeared This apparent urban aloft has been termed "the urban heat plume." quantify the findings of the results, In order to verify Cincinnati and further locales study for other and to generalize the primary 20 a series of comprehensive metropolitan A total Columbus, field investigations was conducted in Ohio, selected for its relatively flat terrain. series (June of 12 nocturnal experiments were spaced over three On each occasion, 1968, September normally began 1968, and March at sunset 1969). measurements for a 2-3 with the and continued Stability to very until sunrise, except hour period experiments program around midnight. ranged conditions stable. associated from neutral of: (1) winds across The observational temperature soundings consisted temperature and wet-bulb via helicopter; at several measured surface" flown (2) aloft measured by single and double theodolite area; (3) (4) locations the metropolitan air t.emperature "radiation radiometer near the surface temperature by automobile measured and, traverses; remotely with an infrared (5) turbulent in a fixed-wing aircraft; wind fluctuations bivanes) During at the last measured with bi-directional vanes (sometimes anemometer two elevations experimental (Suomi-Kuhn balloon in the downtown series, area on building moisture, platforms. temperature, at several and: net were (longwave) obtained radiation radiometer) elevations in tethered (tetroons) ascents at an urban location. "Constant-level" series. balloons also were grab flown across the city during this or-co at several area were elevations during On three occasions, samples and locations across the metropolitan occasion sampled obtained tracer helicopter ascents. On one a meteorological at several ascents) (SF6) was disseminated, and air was (via locations near the surface and in the vertical helicopter with Saran bag collectors. of this field phase analysis of the program (with the data At the culmination March series), a comprehensive of the experimental 21 was begun. turbulence, temperature Computer programs were written to process the data on temperature, profiles, and moisture, and to plot wind profiles, The programs to compute are being and cross program sections. tested. An existing was adapted pibal wind profiles The pertinent output from single- and double-theodolite for machine observations. data were prepared from the pibal analysis processing, and initial machine Preliminary observations has been edited. manual tempera­ of the near-surface is nearly results temperature and radiation-surface ture patterns complete. of the Columbus experiments During generally agree Preliminary with those periods reported earlier for Cincinnati. depths the experimental boundary tracer layer in Columbus, between the apparent of the thermal were roughly material occasion) evidence 200 and 500 ft. in the upwind The meteorological suburban section disseminated went (on a single experimental aloft downwind of the city, thus furnishing heat plume for the concept of the urban and for the downwind the radiation- restabilization surface of air near the sUrface. variations quite correlated similar In general, closely temperature with the existing of the magnitude heat and island patterns. land-use. spatial In addition, indications distribution of the surface projection of the urban were noted Further in the radiation-surface will be reported survey and near-surface temperature results on completion planetary of the analysis. boundary layer was A literature completed on the urban and summarized report in an internal describing document. tracer [McElroy experiments and Pooler, A two-volume over metropolitan the meteorological was published St. Louis, Missouri, 22 1968a, 1968b]. A condensed of Applied version of this report [McElroy, was published in the Journal Meteorology 1969J. 3.2 Radiation and Turbidity An atmospheric turbidity ments urban turbidity project was begun States; in 1960 to provide a climatology for the United it is hoped that the measure­ content of in can serve as quantitative atmospheres. States, Poona, About indicators of the aerosol stations 40 observational are maintained the United and additional observations are received A summary turbidity from Mauna of the over the Loa, Hawaii; network United Figure India; and Bet Dagan, titled Israel. turbidity measurements "Atmospheric States-196l-1966," 3-1, taken was submitted for .1.ournalpublication. curves for from this report, shows annual turbidity which the network stations. The shapes of the curves, indicate a doubling are similar from winter by for all stations, to summer. the curves station roughly of turbidity Urban-suburban for Cincinnati turbidity differences are illustrated and New York City; in Cincinnati, the GSEF is located downtown and T-2 is on the eastern Plaza represents represents markedly edge of the city; of the city on Long clean efforts in New York City, Rockefeller and Brookhaven National locations the center the suburbs Laboratory contrast Island. rural These with the relatively Current atmosphere illustrated program by Huron or St. Cloud. toward in the turbidity network are directed expanding the worldwide and developing improved instrumentation. 23 N .j:c D OJ J D TUC5DN 0J J D COLLEGE 5T A nON Figure 3-1. Monthly average turbidity (B) at network stations. The ultraviolet length interval (GSEF) irradiation of a horizontal surface in the wave­ from 0.29- 0.38 pm has been measured both in downtown Cincinnati and at the Indian Creek Wildlife Area (ICWA) located The measurements are made continuously, about 35 miles and comparison 1969 indicates east of Cincinnati. of all data for the period that the city receives Considering from July 1968 through February about 6 per cent less UV radiation days, the urban/rural than the rural site. only cloudless ratio of UV irradiation to the atmospheric low turbidity increases varies from 0.92 to 1.0 and appears to be related measured in the city. That is, with relatively turbidity the urban-rural difference is small and the difference 3.1 presents days. the monthly Each month each had two as the turbidity increases. Table urban/rural UV ratios for all days and for cloudless had one cloudless day; October except December cloudless days. and February Table 3.1 Monthly Urban/Rural UV Ratios JUL AUG 1968 SEP OCT NOV DEC 1969 JAN FEB All days Cloudless 0.949 0.934 0.973 0.945 0.939 0.925 0.956 0.999/ 0.948 0.989 0.925 0.911 0.897 - 0.955/ 0.963 0.964 days 0.922 The differences anomalous support violet absorption in urban and rural UV irradiation may indicate Other evidence in of UV by the city's atmosphere. of this idea may be found in the variation irradiation (0.29--0.38 pm) to total Figure of the ratio of ultra­ (0.30--3.0 pm) solar irradiation 3-2 presents at the GSEF station for 15 cloudless in Cincinnati. such comparisons days during the period from April 1968 through 25 0.046 0.045 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.044 0 0.043 UV TOTAL N 0­ 0.042 0.04 0.040 0.039 0.025 0.050 0.075 TURBIDITY (B) 0.100 0.125 0.150 Figure 3-2. Variation of the ratio of ultraviolet/total solar irradiation with turbidity (B) for cloudless days at GSEF, Cincinnati, Ohio. -_u_­ -- -- - --- February 1969. The ratio of UV to total solar irradiation decreases at a as the turbidity wavelength increases. The turbidity measurement, attenuation made of 0.50 ~, essentially indicates of the direct indicate the solar beam by aerosols. sun-plus-sky predominantly irradiation scatter The UV and total measurements of a horizontal surface. Since large particles an increase the radiation in the forward direction, in the scattering increase comparable surface. a larger of the direct beam radiation factor as indicated by an a in the turbidity decrease does not necessarily radiation produce in the sun-plus-sky reaching a horizontal toward If there has been a change proportion in particle-size with distribution of small particles the increased evidenced turbidity, then the observed ratio decrease in UV irradiation in the smaller back­ of UV to total radiation of the incoming may be the result of increased scattering that solar beam. It does not appear, related however, value aerosol size-distribution extinction. is uniquely to the absolute wavelength of the aerosol coefficient, pyrheliometer a systematic coefficient Determinations of Angstrom's which is related to the particle-size in Cincinnati, variations distribution, by filter measurements relationship and turbidity between factor. failed to establish in the wavelength distribution Thus if the particle-size urban is essentially then the ratios the same for a clean and a polluted of the scattering coefficients atmosphere, regions in the UV and total of the solar spectrum atmospheres. total should also be the same for clean that a decrease and polluted of UV to It then follows for a polluted in the ratio radiation atmosphere indicates anomalous 27 selective divergence absorption in the UV spectral region. Measurements through of the of the net UV and total a more direct irradiation indication the pollution absorption, layer should provide presumably concerned of selective is part by pollution gases. Such a study of a program which with the radiation to begin in early budget 1970. of a city and its environs, is expected 3.3 Radiometric Temperature Profiles Since Corporation temperature groundbased of the MARK late 1965, DM has supported to develop profile a technique efforts of the Sperry measuring Rand of remotely the vertical with a in the lower 1.5 km of the atmosphere, radiometer. Thermasonde, Studies have millimeter-wave I Radiometric led to development operating exists a prototype spectrum, radiometer, where there at the 54.5 GHz region an absorption of the microwave band due to molecular delivery oxygen. I Radiometric in February with Thermasonde 1969. from DM accepted Sperry Microwave of the MARK Division Electronics At that time MARK 0 the MARK I was operated This were in conjunction Sperry Rand's radiometer. radiometers is believed operated to be the first time that two 54.5-GHz in the same place and at the same time. identical taken data, which were confirmed The by two radiometers vertical yielded nearly temperature profiles simultaneously by helicopter. on a semi-routine Radiometric and afternoon conditions Since February basis 1969 the MARK I has been operated Facility at the DM's Gest Street temperature profiles in Cincinnati. during morning inversion vertical lapse were taken conditions; in SOme cases of predicted 28 measurements breakup. and/or were made continuously to record inversion formation and In all cases profiles were taken simultaneously by radiosonde data. line helicopter Figure probe for comparison with the radiometric obtained. 3-3 exemplifies the results The dashed represents data taken radiometer data and the solid line represents Note that the radiometer feature the radiosonde to smooth techniques, a for comparison. This tends the inversion. occurring constant is a consistent of the radiometric whenever slope. the actual temperature profile does not exhibit To date 41 radiometric sonde or helicopter environmental sistent temperature profiles, with confirming of radio­ data, have been made under The data indicate a wide variety conditions. that the MARK exposure I is con­ and reliable. extremes, the MARK After more than 3 months to rather wide adverse of temperature conditions, the MARK in 1970 heavy rains with I required high winds, and other no repair or adjustment. performance Evaluation I will continue, (see Figure 3-4). and a detailed report is expected DM support on improving to Sperry Rand during the coming fiscal year will inversions focus analytical capability to detect elevated radiometrically. The ESSA Wave Propagation of remote planetary sensing boundary techniques layer. Laboratory for measuring efforts completed winds a feasibility study in the and turbulence Further will be devoted to perfecting and testing such a technique in 1970. 29 2.5 2." 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 E ... U IL ~' , , TEMPERATURE VERSUSHEIGHT CINCINNATI, OHIO 0827EST 4/7/69 ' \ \, ,,~ 1) ''0 ,\ ,~ \~ ,'" ,\ , 1." \ '" w > 0 i.3 1.2 \ ''q , '" « I­ :I: w :I: <:> 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0." 0.3 'q \ \ \ \ ~ I I I 0.2 I I I / p a.-d c[1 0.1 0 , -.. -3 .2 -I 0 2 TEMPERATURE. 'C 12 Figure 3-3. Vertical temperature profiles taken by thermasonde and radiosonde. 30 Figure 3-4. The portable MARK I Thermasonde. 31 4. 4.1 AIR POLLUTION CLIMATOLOGY Air Pollution of mixing Potential Climatology averaged Center wind speed 62 Tabulations were received Bureau height and vertically Weather Records from the upper air National stations. (NWRC) for Weather the Results high of one of these air pollution, tabulations, were given frequency of episodes of potential in the 1968 Ann~al Report analyzed in preparation United [ESSA, 1969]. pollution study These results potential will also are being climatology include heights isbline and of mixing of an air States. of the contiguous analyses wind heights This of mean seasonal One of the various morning and afternoon gives mixing the speeds. at NWRCtabulations frequency wind speeds; these data are used as input to an model that yields a normalized concentration (X/Q), urban dispersion which is concentration averaged for a specific with respect to area emission rate (see Sec. 2.2) city size (distance across city). of normalized concentration As an example, Figure 4-1 shows s m-l) exceeded of 5 km distance (solid lines). isolines (seconds per meter, for a very small city on 25 per cent across (dashed of autumn afternoons lines) and for a very large city of 100 km quartile concentrations For very small cities the upper vary values rate model only :from a little less than 9 to slightly over 10 s m-l; these are the units of concentration (g m-3) normalized for area emission (g m-2 s-l ) . The values vary so slightly because in this dispersion to the afternoon values of small cities are rather' insensitive height and wind speed. to afternoon Very mixing large cities, however, are more sensitive values of these parameters, and the upper quartile value of normalized concentration (in Figure 4-1) for a 100-km -1 Isoline city ranges frcm less than 20 to more than 40 sm. 32 analyses of additional city s~zes and percentile comparisons values of concentration are being prepared. potential Thus, geographic air pollution of the meteorological available. for community will be readily Furthermore, United States by projecting the increase in size of any city in the may also be projected. the normalized concentration 4.2 Urban Climatology A comprehensive climates. considered: Urban-rural review vas made of recent differences literature on urban were of the following humidity, parameters temperature, and wind precipitation, visibility-aerosols, solar radiation, of Cities: speed and direction. Literature" A report "The Climate by NAPCA A review of Current will be published as an internal documen~. analysis of the distribution of S02 over metropolitan Air Pollution over and for and A statistical St. Louis was based Study of 1964-1965. on measurements A paper, from The Interstate "Distribution of Sulfur Dioxide Eigenvectors, Metropolitan its Relation describing St. Louis, as Described by Empirical to Meteorological Parameters," presents a technique values the areal distribution of normalized patterns pollutant shows the dependence are continuing pollutant of the derived on meteorQlogy. Attempts of to apply this descriptive based on meteorological technique to prediction patterns parameters. 33 20 v> .\=" 20 \ \ .", 0 ... Figure 4-1. Iso1ines of normalized concentration (s/m), averaged over a city, that are exceeded on 25 percent of autumn afternoons for a 5-km size city (dashed lines) and for a IOO-km city (solid lines). 5. 5.1 Division SUPPORT TO NAPCA PROGRAMS of Air Quality and Emissions Data To determine that is attributable the percentage to motor of ambient vehicles, carbon monoxide sampling (CO) of CO was roadside carried Samples the out during were taken Air theaummer on streets Monitoring months of 1968 in Cincinnati, adjacent Program used higher and diffusion. to the Cincinnati Ohio. station of by the Continuous (CAMP) and were at CAMP stations. those analyzed Initial same type results basis of infrared showed instruments CO concentrations emissions determine than calculated on the of estimated In order to visually the behavior of automobile exhaust exhaust in the wake of a car, pipe and motion These pictures, a smoke generator were taken was attached near the at different pictures although as the car passed speeds. exhaust not conclusive, showed that the the for as does not immediately to remain within behind mix extensively the first the car. in the vertical; smoke tended much 5 feet above the road Such aerodynamic as 10 car lengths induced diffusion observed may help explain at the 4-foot the higher-than-expected concentrations level near the highway. Q In order to account for suspended composite were study particulate graphs decrease in annual average values of (CAMP stations), of particulate of the United computer-drawn concentrations States. effect in 1965 and 1966 lO-year trends showing constructed suggests for different regions This that wind direction particulate values. has the greatest in changing the suspended 35 5.2 Division of Health Effects Research Meteorological Pollen Study, ragweed pollen support was provided near Saratoga to the New York State Ragweed conducted Springs, New York, to assess 1968. concentrations during August and September This and effort was a feasibility the meteorological study to determine the number of samplers large-scale data required for anticipated sampling of six cities in New York State in 1969. was to provide weed background scheduled data with which in 1970. The purpose of the sampling to assess the effects of rag­ were measured of an eradication Wind and temperatures with respect at two sites; the data were analyzed appropriate area for ragweed to selection eradication. in In Tennessee support a network of three wind systems was installed School Children 1968 and March humidity, Pulmonary Function of the Chattanooga during November Study, conducted 1969. Wind data were reduced data to and compiled with temperature, complement and precipitation the air quality and health 1969 a health Atlanta, effects statistics. network of three to determine are still summary was In April cities surveillance (Greensboro, and Birmingham) of pollutants and updated. was established criteria dose-response relationships for which to be developed, of hourly values developed climate reevaluated, A special computer of tempera.ture, humidity, wind, and precipitation study--the to aid in one part of the surveillance to air pollution effect of are pro­ on the response exposure. Summaries duced and distributed expected each month for the duration of the study. It is that another three-c.ity network will be established soon. 36 Special meteorological measurements and February of wind summaries were produced Arizona, for a program of Nevada, carbon monoxide during January A network tained in Phoenix, and Las Vegas, 1969. and hygrothermograph sites was main­ sampling and dust- systems in Cincinnati as part of a general air quality f~l~~ram. 5.3 Division of Abatement The Division evaluating ment of Abatement is responsible for gathering needed and for abate­ air quality and meteorological information government. actions by the States and the Federal 5.3.1 Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) and Abatement Activities a. Parkersburg. West Virginia - Vienna. West Virginia - Marietta. Ohio For this abatement aerial were and ground-level out during activity sampling meteorological observations and special of sulfur dioxide and particulates carried the fall and winter 1968-69. Ohio over a b. New Cumberland. Analysis West Virginia - Knox Township. of meteorological for this abatement at a power and air quality activity data gathered 10-day period indicated that the con-trol to protect the activities health instituted plant were not adequate of New Cumberland, and welfare of the citizens the Federal West Virginia. of Ohio and and company As a consequence, West Virginia Welfare government and the States of Health, proposed that the Secretary Education, recommend control measures in addition to those the power ~st~~g. 37 c. New York - New Jersey for Phase III of the New York - New Jersey with measuring photochemical oxides of the and Plans were developed Abatement Action. Phase III is concerned smog and its basic particulates. sampling constituents, and surveillance for sulfur Meteorologists participated in rearrangement network. Two UV radiometers Ohio - Wheeling report were acquired. West Virginia of air pollution Wierton, and d. 8teubenville, A technical along and Wierton, of the nature and extent the Ohio River in the vicinity was prepared an account for a proposed of 8teubenville, abatement action. Wheeling included This report of con­ of the climatology, interstate of sources, transport taminants, impact of the great variety in the area. and distribution of major abate­ of the pollution sources ment The relative contributions to the area's pollution, to reduce and the efficiency of sulfur of several strategies contamination dioxide and suspended particulates were calculated. Tennessee e. Chattanooga, A program an analysis dispersion to develop an air-use plan for Chattanooga atmospheric area. included and of the mean of pollutants (climatological) transport in this mountainous aerial sensing To test an indirect data for the study, with a correlation system and to provide Ltd. made added Barringer Research, designed a series of flights of spectrometer to sense the total mass N02 or 802 below the aircraft. 38 Figure meters, 5-1 shows horizontal profiles This of S02 in parts per million- is a continuous sampling the aircraft. downwind of a power plant. of the total concentration of S02 in the air space below 5.3.2 Activities in Support of Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) Program Meteorologists perform two tasks in the initial portions development of AQCR's: (1) prepare the meteorological of the status report, and in identi­ to and (2) assist fying in evaluating the resources in which plans of the AQCR "gap" areas, develop those areas the AQCR's lack resources air quality properly implementation to meet regional standards. The status the AQCR. report consists of an inventory section of the resources of The meteorological sensing of the report lists the installed meteorological meteorological equipment and discusses dispersion available data, application systems publish of atmospheric air pollution report models, and forecasting is taken to is for issuing the status advisories. Action soon after an Air Quality D. C., Denver, Control Region designated. Chicago Reports on Washington, Philadelphia, and have been prepared. is made available to the State and local agencies the The status report that comprise the AQCR. The Division of Abatement then evaluates resources and capabilities A te~m meets of the AQCR to maintain control or improve the quality a of the air. meteorologist, of pollution specialists, including with the State and local agencies the group identifies and, using the strengths the status report as a data base, 39 5 MILES L ~ 1 I I I FLIGHT PATH DISTANCE SCALE t 5 .j:;" 0 '1 'I PLUMEPROFILE I ESTIMATED '1 " ,I .1 ppm METER (READING OF INSTRUMENT) ppm - AIRCRAFT AL TlTUDE ABOVE GROUND IN METERS (THICKNESS OF POLLUTANT LAYER) FOR EXAMPLE: IF THE AIRCRAFT AL TITUDE WAS500 METERS, TH EN A 100 INSTRUMENT READY WOULDMEAN A 0.20 ppm S02 CONCENTRA TION. B ~I Figure 5-1. The results. The widows Creek power plant is situated at Aj the flight starts at B and finishes at C. The sulfur dioxide gas burden between the aircraft and the ground is given, in ppm-M, by the perpendicular distance from the flight track to curve D, according to the scale shown. and inadequacies these proceedings person on matters ("gap" areas) of existing the meteorologist dealing with for issuing was held control capabilities. In is usually the most knowledgeable models and atmospheric dispersion forecasting evaluation systems meeting air pollution advisories. The first in Denver. 5.3.3 Simulation Models for Standards and Implementation Plans The Clean Air Act of 1967 requires part of an AQCR to select air quality these standards. knowledge States that are designated and to develop as standards plans for achieving must must possess To fulfill of existing this obligation. air quality control States and detailed levels be able to show that the air pollution will allow the standards quality of the air. plans that they not have developed degrade to be achieved and will the present Because constraints simulation a NAPCA of a limited amount of air quality data and the time imposed by the law. many techniques to meet these States may be forced to use obligations. an atmospheric levels To assist them. model contractor is systematizing distribution dispersion so that the spatial concentrations simulated. model of existing of various of pollutant can be and the effects is based control plans The model on a long-term (1968J. average concentration developed by Martin and Tikvart 41 5.3.4 Technical Support to Eederal Facilities Branch Technical Facilities assistance was supplied in two areas to the Federal requirements and a United Utah, was Branch, Division of Abatement: stack height evaluated; for a new stack at the Boston States Army report concerning Navy Yard were sheep deaths in Skull Valley, aspects. reviewed with attention to meteorological 5.3.5 International Joint Commission Study A field study of air pollution, in the vicinities Canadian of Detroit including a meteorological survey, and Port Huron, Michigan"and Province was completed Joint neighboring communities in Ontario in November (IJC), 1968. The study was which will directed by the International Commission report to the two governments on the extent of trans-boundary air pollution. 5.3.6 National Emissions Standards Study The Clean Air Act of 1967 requires the need for and effect air pollutant emissions sources. of national Identifiable sources a report to the Congress on emission health standards and welfare for stationary effects of from single are specifically requested. Because modeling few well-documented techniques were case histories are available, these atmospheric developed systems. to estimate effects for a wide range of environmental The following (Figure steps were taken: (1) a realistic geographical area 5-2) with a number of typical major sources of air pollutants 42 (particulates dispersion and sulfur dioxide) was developed; (2) an atmospheric concentrations average and model was applied of environmental concentrations to estimate conditions, air pollutant including for a number 24-hour single multiple they (4 ) annual average source in both valley a single (3) and open terrains area, for a and so that in a rural area, source in an urban estimates sources in an urban area; were presented effects; could be related estimates imposition to documented health and economic were made of the change in air quality emission that would result 5-3 from of hypothetical the reduction in an urban national standards. Figures and 5-4 illustrate that might valley result in average sulfur dioxide concentrations 5-2) complex positioned were (see Figure imposed. in a locale if national emission standards In addition, was the impact briefly of the world-wide air pollution on man's environment documented, accentuating this nation's obligation to participate in lessening atmosphere. the quantity of contaminants emitted to the earth's 5.3.7 Air Monitoring Equipment were ordered to provide a capability Need to sense instruments Five nephelometers short-term levels of particulate dramatically contamination. values for these was demonstrated pollution when daily of suspended particulate at New Cumberland, samples West Virginia, exceeded subjected 200 ~g m-3 on a day to the major period. when the Hi-Vol source when could not have been of particulate more than 3 hours were of the 24-hour On days the wind conditions the sampler, such that the source could not have were less than 60 ~g m-3. affected daily concentrations 43 . KILOMETER ~I" ~ EXAMPLE MAJOR SOURCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 POWER PLANT GRAY IRON FOUNDRY STEEL PLANT CEMENT PLANT COKE PLANT INCINERATOR OIL REFINERY ~ALLEY ~WALLS 1.; '1 URBAN ~ LESS DENSE URBAN Figure 5-2. Basic regional profile: urban area. 44 , \, ~~. 0 I!!I , I'!i ..,-..... 3 ~ EXAMPlE MAJOR SOURCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 STEAM ELECTRIC POWER PLANT GRAY IRON FOUNDRY INTEGRATED STEEL PlANT CEMENT PlANT BY-PRODUCT COKE OVEN PLANT MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR PETIIOlEUM REFINERY \ 0 VALlEY WAUS URBAN 0 LESSDENSEURBAN SUBURBAN Figure 5-3. Distribution of annual average sulfur dioxide concentrations (ppm): valley terrain, urban complex. 1.\.5 ,, 0 I 3 !!!! I! ~'''om..." EXAMPLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 STEAM MAJOR SOURCES POWER PLANT ELECTRIC ~ 0 0 VALLEY WALLS URBAN GRAY IRON FOUNDRY INTEGRATED STEEL PLANT CEMENT PLANT BY-PRODUCT MUNICIPAL PETROLEUM COKE OVEN PLANT INCINERATOR REfiNERY LESSDENSEURBAN SUBURBAN ( Figure 5-4. Distribution of annual sulfur dioxide levels (ppm): controlled emissions, urban complex. concentration valley terrain, 46 Since the nephelometers with an effective with visibility. are particularly sensitive to particulates radius of 0.5 ~m, they also provide data that correlate 5.4 Division of Control Agency Development Meteorologists ment provided air pollution reviewed. standards Regions. Some typical (1) assigned to the Division of Control Agency Develop­ on all aspects of technical control. information Programs, and consultation surveys, and demonstration grants were Assistance was given in the development and in delineating of local emission of Air Quality Control and control practices assignments are mentioned below: Consultation pertaining was provided to regulations visited to the State of New Mexico that applied to large power p1ants. Power Plant near A meteorologist Framington, present of the the Four-Corners New Mexico, and will report on the impact of units on the atmosphere of 100 miles and future power generating State. Effects close in and at distances are partially (2) A chapter evaluated. from Stacks" was prepared for titled "Dispersion "Control the document, Techniques for Sulfur Oxide Air Pollutants," which was required by the Air Quality Act of 1967. and Plant Sites", was Affecting Steam (3) An appendix titled, "Meteorology provided for the publication, "Considerations sponsored Power Plant Site Selection", Staff, Office of Science the President. by the Energy Policy Executive Office of and Technology, 47 A demonstration The grant supports being tested "backward" diffusion horizontal grant to the State of Connecticut the development of a mathematical area. was monitored. diffusion model, a in the Hartford, Connecticut, The model end point; employs vertical and trajectory, is considered diffusion starting with a downwind to be a function of downwind distance, of time. grant is considered to be a function Assistance was given in evaluation National Laboratory of a demonstration (ANL). ANL made to the Argonne objective technique is developing an for forecasting air pollution concentrations. which can From this grant, be used an Incident Control manual will be prepared control plans as a guide to other cities to develop incident. for application in an air pollution Various control grant applications were reviewed. from state and local These applications air pollution deal with agencies meteorological equipment, example services, and technical assistance. assistance that The following was provided shows the type of technical on request: aluminum plant near Frederick, The plant The impact of a proposed on the rich dairy emit fluorine both Maryland, wi 11 lands nearby was evaluated. vents. from 124 roof-top and annual Estimates were made of short-term average ground-level concentrations of fluorine. Because regularly prepared topography prevents application of the mathematical Regions, model used giving in defining qualitative and Seattle. Air Quality evaluations Control drafts were for AQCR's at Los Angeles, San Francisco, 48 Technical delineation aspects of reports prepared under contract for the of AQCR's were reviewed for the following metropolitan areas: Washington, New York D. C. Cleveland Pittsburgh Minneapolis Indianapolis Hartford Baltimore St. Louis - St. Paul Chicago Philadelpnia Buffalo Kansas City Detroi t Denver Boston Cincinnati 5.5 Office of Manpower Development--Training Institute The Division of Meteorology supports the Institute Development) one functions by (which is a two Branch wi thin the Office of Manpower meteorologists Management on a full-time basis; providing as Chief, Air Quality Section. Section, the other as a member of the Field Studies three one-week courses The Institute meteorology offers the following in the of air pollution: Aspects of Air Pollution"-designed training for (1) "Meteorological scientists having no meteorological and for meteoro19gical technicians. (2) "Diffusion of Air Pollution working - Theory and Application"--for control and for graduates meteorologists in air pollution Aspects course. of the Meteorological (3) "Meteorological Instrumentation personnel in Air Pollution"-for for designing, measuring engineers procuring, and technical responsible and maintaining networks of air pollution instruments having meteorological 49 sensors. Since the pilot presentation have received of the first certificates course in 1962, nearly 650 attendees courses. A narrated mentation to NAPCA's the field. submitted for completing these 35-mm slide sequence entitled "Meteorological Instru­ in Air Pollution" Regional After Program was recently Directors completed and distributed and evaluation will be in for comments incorporation of changes, the sequence for clearance. 5.6 Office of Regional Activities The Office model with, of Regional Activities discussed data the mathematical depth) and provided meteorological (wind and mixing to, the TRW research Air Quality Control staff. Regions TRW is doing computer (AQCR) on the basis data. work defining and of of the model meteorological and source inventory Wind and mixing-depth data for approximately 40 metropolitan areas have been transmitted to TRW. The Office dealing critically reviewed technical aspects of reports with the first 18 AQCR's. models were not applied to the Los Angeles, Since the mathematical San Francisco, qualitative potential and Seattle areas because of local topography, depth, and diffusion for the model. reports summarizing air flow, mixing were prepared for these areas as substitutes 50 6. Mr. R. A. 3-month Theoretical Dr. Hokkaido with the invited INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES McCormick returned assignment to the U. S. in July 1968 from a professor at the Institute for as visiting The Free professor Meteorology, RikitaInouye, in Sapporo, Division University of Berlin. at the University assignment of of meteorology a 12-month Japan, completed invited of Meteorology. The U. S. a periodic - Japan Air Pollution results. Panel activities Plans were continued formulated with for a exchange of research tour of U. S. meteorological for November 1969. installations prior to the next Panel meeting scheduled In March 1969, Mr. McCormick attended Group on Air Pollution and Atmospheric a meeting of the WMO Working Chemistry in Geneva. In June 1969, Mr. R. A. McCormick attended Organization France. Models a meeting of the for Economic Cooperation chaired and Development Study (OECD) in Paris, Group on Mathematical also traveled Mr. McCormick for the Prediction an OECD Expert Pollution. of Air Mr. McCormick to Geneva to present at the a paper, "Air Pollution Organization Note. in Industrial the Regions", paper will World Meteorological (WMO) meeting; be published as a ~10 Technical 51 7. REFERENCES Environmental Science Services Administration (1969), Fiscal Year 1968 Summary Report of Division of Meteorology Support to the National Air U. S. Department of Health, Education Pollution Control Administration, and Welfare, ERLTM-ARL 12. Johnson, W. B. Jr., and E. E. Uthe (June 1969), "Lidar Study of Stack Plumes" SRI Proj. 7289, Stanford Research Institute, Mealo Park, California Martin, D.O., and J. A. Tikvart (1968), "A general atmospheric diffusion model for estimating the effects on air quality of one or more sources," Paper No. 68-148, presented at APCA's 6lst Annual Meeting, St. Paul, Minnestoa, June 23-27, 1968. Miller, M. E. (January 1967), "Forecasting afternoon and transport wind speeds," MWR, 95, No. 1. mixing depths 52 8. Clarke, J. F., and J. L. STAFF PUBLICATIONS McElroy (1969) "Experimental Studies of the Nocturnal Urban Boundary Layer (Summary)," Proc. of WMO Symposium on Urban Climates and Building Climatology, 15-25 October, 1968, Brussels. Holzworth, G. C. (1969) "Large-scale Weather Influences on Community Air Pollution in the United States," Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, ~ No.4, 248-254. Ludwig, J. H., and R. A. McCormick (1968) "The Meteorology Program of the National Center for Air Pollution Control," of the Amer. Meteor. Soc., 49, No.8, 823-829. McElroy, J. L. (1969) "A Comparative Dispersion," 30urnal of Applied McElroy, J. L., and F. Pooler, Jr. Study, Vol. I, Instrumentation, HEW, PHS, NAPCA, APTD-68-12. Bulletin Study of Urban and Rural t-leteorology, 8, 19-31. (1968a), "The St. Louis Dispersion Procedures, and Data Tabulation," McElroy, J. L., and F. Pooler, Study, Vol. II - Jr. (1968b) "The St. Louis Dispersion HEW, PHS, NAPCA, AP-53. Analysis," Niemeyer, L. E., and F. A. Schiermeier (1969) "Tall-Stack Underway," Power Engineering, 73, No.2, 42-45. Study 53 GPO 858-543