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Cambridge IGCSE Biology
Extended Level
Cells
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You should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells,
and describe the functions of their parts.
• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell,
muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.
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A section through a liver cell (animal
cell):
cell membrane nucleus
controls what contains the
enters and DNA and so
leaves the cell controls the cell
cytoplasm DNA
metabolic contains the
(chemical) coded
reactions instructions to
occur here make proteins
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Section through a palisade cell of a leaf
(plant cell)
chloroplast
cell membrane
large sap vacuole
nucleus
cellulose cell wall
cytoplasm
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You should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells,
and describe the functions of their parts.
• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell,
muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.
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Comparing animal and plant cells
Found in both animal Found only in plant
and plant cells cells
cell membrane cellulose cell wall
nucleus large sap vacuole
cytoplasm chloroplast
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You should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells,
and describe the functions of their parts.
• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell,
muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.
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Red blood cells transport oxygen
cell surface membrane cytoplasm contains
no nucleus
allows more room for
haemoglobin
cytoplasm contains
haemoglobin
haemoglobin is a
protein which carries bi-concave disc shape
the oxygen molecules increases surface area
over which absorption of
oxygen can occur
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Muscle cells contract and enable
movement of the body
muscle
Muscle cells have
many nuclei
cell surface membrane
nucleus
The strands of protein
slide over each other
making the muscle cell
(fibre) shorter and causing
the muscle to contract
protein strands
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Ciliated cells move bacteria and dust
away from the lungs
cilia
Cilia are small extensions of
the cell. They beat rhythmically
to sweep mucus, which has
trapped bacteria and dust,
away from the lungs
nucleus
magnification X3000
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Xylem vessels transport water and
minerals up the plant
xylem vessels are continuous tubes
xylem vessel
no cytoplasm
hollow: allows for
continuous flow of
water and dissolved
mineral ions
lignin
water-proof and strong;
helps support the plant
cross-section longitudinal section
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Root hair cells absorb minerals and
water from the soil
Cross-section of a root hair cell
cell membrane semi-permeable, so will
allow water and mineral
cytoplasm ions into the cell
contains no
chloroplasts as no
photosynthesis is
needed
root hair
increases surface area for absorption
of water and mineral ions
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You should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells,
and describe the functions of their parts.
• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.
• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell,
muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.
• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.
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A tissue is a group of cells of similar
structure that perform a shared function
Tissues found in the leaf Animal tissues:
muscle tissue
upper epidermal
tissue
palisade mesophyll
tissue
spongy mesophyll nervous tissue
tissue
lower epidermal
tissue
Cross-section of a leaf
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An organ is a structure made of a
group of tissues working together to
perform specific functions
heart lungs liver
stomach brain kidneys
Plant organs include the stem and the leaves
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An organ system is a group of organs that
coordinate to perform related functions
lymphatic digestive reproductive skeletal endocrine
system system system system system
respiratory excretory muscular nervous circulatory
system system system system system
In plants the shoot is an organ system consisting of leaves and the stem
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Levels of organisation
cell tissue organ organ organism
systems
nerve cell nervous brain nervous Homo sapiens
tissue system
smallest largest
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Now you should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and
animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.
• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant
cells.
• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells:
red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels
and root hair cells.
• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with
examples.
ClickBiology
Now write down everything you
remember from the presentation
• Don’t refer to your text book straight away,
see what information you have retained.
• Check the notes you have made by
checking your book.
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Edexcel AS Level Biology
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Next video:
Transport into and out of the cell
(diffusion, osmosis and active transport)
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