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Multitrophic interactions in the
rhizosphere and the management
of nematode pests and diseases
H. S. GAUR
Dean & Joint Director (Edu.)
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
E-mail: hsg_nema@iari.res.in
ROSANE CURTIS
Principal Scientist
Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts., UK
E-mail: rosane.curtis@bbsrc.ac.uk
UKIERI Standard Award, 2007
Multitrophic interactions in the rhizosphere and the
management of nematode pests and diseases
Partners
Indian Agricultural Rothamsted Research,
Research Institute, New Harpenden, UK
Delhi, India
Prof. Brian Kerry
Prof. Hari S. Gaur
Dr. Keith G. Davies
Dr. Uma Rao
Dr. Rosane Curtis
Dr. Anil Sirohi
Dr. Pankaj Dr. Penny Hirsch
Dr. Sharad Mohan Dr. Tony Miller
Strong nematology research Strong soil function and
and teaching programme rhizosphere biology programme
India
• Population: 1200 million
• Food production: 230 m tonnes
• Population engaged in agriculture: 60%
• Share of GDP from Agriculture: 18%
• Wide range of agroclimate and soils:
– Temperate – Sub-tropical - Tropical
– Arid - Sub-humid - humid
– Sandy – Loam - Clay
• Wide variety of crops and farming systems
• Multiple cropping, intensive cultivation
• Many pest and disease problems including
nematodes
National Agricultural Research System
of India
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
– 4 National institutes: Deemed Universities –
IARI, IVRI, NDRI, CIFE
– 80 research institutes and national research
centres
– 75 All India Coordinated Research Projects
– 46 State Agricultural Universities
Focus- Research: Fundamental and applied
Education: UG, PG and Doctoral
Extension: Transfer of technology
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
New Delhi
Premier agricultural research institute
Established in 1905 at Pusa, Bihar Shifted to Delhi in 1936
Post-graduate teaching since 1923
Deemed to be University since 1958:
Grants M.Sc. & Ph.D. Degrees in 23 subjects
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
The Flagship Institute
The seat of Green Revolution
Led India from Paucity to Plenty
400 Scientists, 700 Technicians, 700 Supporting Staff, 400
Administrative Staff
19 Divisions, 7 Units, 5 Multidisciplinary Centres
650 Post-Graduate students , 200 Research Fellows/ Associates
Director
Dean and Joint Director
Joint Director Joint Director Joint Director
(Education)
(Research) (Extension) (Administration)
PG Disciplines Transfer of Technology
19 Divisions Administration
22 Ph.D., 23 M.Sc. Agri. Tech. Centre
7 Units Budget
Faculty trainings Extension & Social Science
9 Regional Stations Maintenance
Farmer Trainings Trainings, Demonstrations
Schools and Centres of Excellence
Basic Sciences Crop Natural Crop Social
Improvement Resource Protection Sciences
Management
Biochemistry Genetics Agronomy Plant Agri.
Pathology Extension
Plant Fruit Science Soil Science & Entomology Agri.
Physiology Agri.Chemistry Economics
Biotechnology Vegetable Microbiology Nematology CATAT
Science
Molecular Floriculture & Environment Agricultural KVK
Biology Landscaping Science Chemicals
Agricultural Post-Harvest Agricultural
Physics Technology Engineering
NRCPB & National Water NCCU Blue Agricultural
Plant Genome Phytotron Technology Green Algae Statistics
Centre Facility Centre Computer -
Applications
Nuclear National Agri. Simulations & Advanced Plant Genetic
Research Lab. LIBRARY Informatics Unit Virology Centre Resources
Old relationship between IARI and Rothamsted
• 1964: International Nematology Training Programme at
IARI: Helped by Dr. F.G.W.Jones of Rothamsted
• 1989-90 & 1994-95: Dr. H.S. Gaur worked as a Visiting
Scientist at Rothamsted Research under Commonwealth,
Royal Society and RI Felloships.
• 1995: Dr. Rolo Perry visited IARI.
• 1996: Dr. Keith Davies, visited IARI.
• 1998-99: Dr. Sharad Mohan worked at Rothamsted
• 2002 & 2006: Prof. Brian Kerry visited IARI
Motives:
Both research Institute had active research programmes in
nematology and rhizosphere interactions involving plant,
nematodes and fungal/bacterial biocontrol organisms.
Interaction was ad-hoc. UKIERI provides opportunity for
structured interaction.
Complementarities
• India has several nematode problems of
economic importance in crop production, and a
team of nematologists involved in applied
research.
• Rothamsted research has an excellent
fundamental research programme on nematode
plant interactions and biological control.
• The two institutions and teams of scientists form
a nice complementary group.
Relevant research interests of
collaborating scientists
Prof. Hari S. Gaur Nematode ecology, physiology and
integrated nematode management
Dr. Uma Rao Molecular diagnostics and
host plant resistance
Dr. Anil Sirohi Molecular basis of plant-nematode
interaction
Dr. Pankaj Biological control and plant resistance
Dr. Sharad Mohan Biological control, entomopathogenic
nematodes and bacteria, eg. Pasteuria
and Photorhabdus
Rothamsted Research
Nematode Interactions Unit
UKIERI
Root Health – Water and nutrient use
efficiency in crops in view of predicted
climate change
Relevant research interests of
collaborating scientists
Prof. Brian Kerry Biological control (Fungi) and
nematode management
Dr. Keith G. Davies Invertebrate pathology, Biological
control (Bacteria)
Dr. Rosane Curtis Molecular basis of plant-nematode
interaction, host recognition
Dr. Penny Hirsch Soil microbial biodiversity,
metagenomics
Dr. Tony Miller Plant physiology, nutrient uptake and
transfer in nematode infected plants
UKIERI Project: Objectives
Main Focus: Root-health – Water and nutrient use efficiency in
crops under predicted climate change
Understanding host recognition processes and identify
novel targets for selective chemical and genetic
intervention.
Determine the role of diversity in the rhisosphere
microbial community in supporting plant growth and
identify key groups, processes and/or genes that
underpin soil quality and the biological control of
nematodes and root diseases.
Investigate the impact of soil amendments on the
diversity of microbial agents in the rhizosphere and
thier impact on plant parasitic nematodes.
Develop sustainable management strategies for soil
borne nematode pests.
Exchanges of scientists and students
begun
• Dr. Keith Davies visited IARI three times in 2007-08.
• Prof. H.S. Gaur is currently visiting Rothamsted for 4
weeks from 15 November, 2008. Designed experiments
to test the attraction of the nematodes M. graminicola
and M. incognita to the roots of different host plants.
• Mr. Junaid Ali Khan, UK Ph.D. student posted to work at
IARI, New Delhi starting 29th October, 2008.
• Mr. Jagadeesh Patil, Indian Ph.D. student posted to work
at Rothamsted Research, UK, starting 15 November,
2008.
• More exchanges have been scheduled.
Ph.D. students’ research
• Mr. Junaid Ali Khan investigates the host specificty of the
bacterium Pasteuria penetrans, which has potential to be
developed into a biocontrol agent of plant parasitic
nematodes.
• Mr Jagadeesh Patil, studied effect of Meloidogyne
graminicola infection on the metabolism and nutrient
uptake of rice plants at IARI, New Delhi. At Rothamsted
he will develop these studies further and using electro-
physiological techniques will study the effect of nitrogen
and its uptake in rice in the presence of nematodes.
• Mr. Tushar Dutta, will study differences in interaction of
M. incognita and M. graminicola on rice and tomato.
Initial Research Results
• Xenorhabdus spp. of bacteria that have an
association with insect pathogenic nematodes
have been shown to be able to control soil borne
root pests.
• Isolates of these bacteria have been collected
from soils in India and antibodies raised against
Xenorhabdus bacteria have been tested for
recognition of different Xenorhabdus bacterial
isolates from the entomopathogenic nematodes,
Steinernema spp. from Indian soils to look at the
diversity of types.
Initial Research Results Contd.
• The effect of synthetic peptides has been studied against
root-knot nematodes with some initial interesting
results.These peptides could reduce the reproductive
potential of root-knot nematode.
• Effect of, root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola
infection on the metabolism and nutrient uptake of rice
plants and on grain quality has been investigated at
IARI. Data indicate reduction in photosynthesis, nutrient
uptake and poor resource use efficiency due to
nematode infection. The protein and amylose content in
grain was also reduced. The degree of reduction was
negatively correlated to the level of nematode infection.
Activities after completion of the
first phase
• A preliminary meeting was held between the
RCUK official at New Delhi and the leaders of
this UKIERI project to discuss future course.
• Possibilities of further extending the research
collaboration will be explored after analysis of
the findings under this project.
• A bilateral dialogue between, IARI & ICAR, India
and Rothamsted Research, BBSRC and RCUK
would help in ensuring future sustainability.
Viewing other activities in future
• Opportunities for collaboration on certain other
aspects of nematode plant interactions.
• Opportunities of developing similar
collaborative activities between some other
disciplines including Microbiology, plant
pathology, crop improvement, genomics,
biotechnology, bioinformatics etc.
Benefits of the UKIERI project
• The project has enabled the formation of cohesive teams
at the two collaborative institutes
• Strategic research partnership has been established to
address scientific issues related to interactions among
the plant, root parasitic nematodes and biocontrol
organisms in the rhizosphere,
• Results will have implications on crop productivity and
help in development of mechanisms to ameliorate some
of the damage caused by the nematodes to the crops of
economic importance and relevant to food security.
• Key staff exchanges have been identified and
programmed to build capacity and develop the research
collaboration.
Delays and difficulties
• The start of actual research programme and
exchange of students took longer than expected
to commence, due to administrative procedures,
• Extension of the duration of the project by one
year will be required, without additional funds.
• Involvement of the collaborating scientists and
students in other activities/commitments.
• In future projects, a provision to appoint
temporary workers like Research/Post-Doc
Fellows will be helpful.
• Due to rising prices, funds are very small.
Early Lessons
• An initial project implementation workshop
between the two groups would facilitate greater
clarity and smoother start.
• RCUK and relevant authorities in India should
negotiate rapid and simple procedures to set up
Material Transfer Agreements, which enable
the ready interchange of scientific materials
required to underpin the research collaboration,
whilst protecting IP rights of both parties.
