Proposal writing

Proposal writing By Dr. Hamda Qotba, B.Med.Sc, M.D, ABCM 1 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 What are the main components? • Title • Introduction • Rationale • Aim • Objectives • • • • 2 Methodology Results Discussion Recommendations Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Stages of research process • • • • • • • 3 Selecting a problem Formulate hypothesis Reviewing the literature Constructing research design Analysis of data Generating conclusions Writing proposal Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Basic guidelines • Priority health problems • Simple, low cost, yield practical results • Influence policy, improve services, improvement of community health 4 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 How and what to select? • • • • • • • • 5 Relevance Avoidance of duplication Feasibility Political acceptability Applicability Interest Theoretical and practical value Time frame Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Title • Subject of study • Where? • When? Title 6 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Introduction • Define the nature of the problem • Demographic background • Geographic sitting • Community size • Related health services • Information related to the study (literature review) • Rationale (purpose to carry out the study) • Aim (General) • Objectives Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 • SMART 7 Methodology • Detailed like cook book • Achieve the objective • Follow Islamic teaching and moral ethics 8 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Methodology contents • Character of sample population • Study type • Sample size determination • Sampling technique • Case definition • Selection and exclusion criteria 9 • Tools and source of data collection • Validity and reliability • Statistical methods • Package and tests • Pilot study • When, where, and how? • Limitations 2004 Dr.Hamda Qotba study question study design study sample study variables pilot study data collection data analysis results and conclusion 10 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Research question (FINER) • Feasible –Adequate number of subject, money • Interesting • Novel –To confirm or refute findings • Ethical • Relevant 11 •Comparison •Risk factor •Association –To clinical or health policy, future research Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 • Case series • Survey Study design • Define a problem • Describe a population • Case- Control • Compare cases to controls • Cohort • Follow exposed subject • Randomized Clinical trial 12 • Expose and followQotba Dr.Hamda 2004 Subjects Population of interest Study sample • Inclusion criteria • Main characteristics of the population • Exclusion criteria • Individuals that complicate the study 13 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Sampling strategies • Random sampling • Every individual has the same chance of being chosen • Systematic sampling • Every Nth individual is chosen • Stratified sampling • Population divided into subgroups (strata) and each subgroup randomly sampled 14 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Sampling strategies • Cluster sampling • Population divided into subgroups and some of subgroup randomly selected then sampled • Convenience sampling • You take what you can get 15 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 How to select appropriate statistical test • Type of variables • Quantitative (blood pres.) • Qualitative (gender) • Type of research question • Association • Comparison • Risk factor • Data structure • Independent • Paired • matched 16 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 • Types of variables • Quantitative »Continuous (age, blood pres.) »Discrete( number of brothers, years) • Qualitative »Categorical ( blood groups, gender) »Ordinal (educational level, stage of disease) 17 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Body of research question Association of 2 variable(dep, indep) Types of variable Dependent independent categorical categorical Test chi-square categorical Quantitative Quantitative 18 Quantitative categorical Quantitative Dr.Hamda Qotba Log. regression 2 out come T test 3+out come ANOVA Spearman Correlation linear Regression 2004 Comparing (difference) variables Variable Number of independent variable 2 groups paired data >2groups Quantitative Ordinal T test MannWhitney Paired T test Wilcoxon McNemar ANOVA Kruskal wallis chi-square Categorical chi-square* * When 1 of the cells have <5 in expected fischer exact When 1 of the cells have <5 in observed yats correction 19 Dr.Hamda Qotba 2004 Looking for Risk Factor Types of variables Dependent several indepen. categorical quantitative categorical categorical Test Multiple log. Regression ANOVA quantitative 20 quantitative Linear, log regression 2004 Dr.Hamda Qotba