History of Biology

The History of The History of B Biology I Lecture 03 O L O G Y A Brief History Origin of humans BC 0 AD ~200K 3K 2K 1K 1K 2K Lecture 3 About 5000 years New Fossil from Gona, Ethiopia 4.3-4.5 Mya Jaw of Ardipithecus ramidus, earliest known hominid Jaw of Ardipithecus ramidus photo by Sileshi Semaw Hominid Family Time Line Oldest known hominid* *Humans and direct ancestors Neanderthals Meet the Folks Illustration: Ivan Allen http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2005/03/18/evolution_1903_ wideweb__430x328,1.jpg Lecture 3 Prehistoric period = Before 3,000 BC. People were hunter-gatherer. Knowledge gained by trial and error. Rich natural history knowledge. But nothing written (paper & writing developed 5,000 years ago.). Developed agriculture. Prehistoric Period Origin of Crop Domestication Changed from hunting-gathering to farming. Different crops from different parts of the world: Beans & peppers grown in Mexico, South America ~ 8000 BC. Origin of Crop Domestication Different crops from different parts of the world: Barley grown in “Fertile Crescent” ~ 7000 BC. Origin of Crop Domestication Different crops from different parts of the world: Millet, soybean and rice grown in China ~5000 BC. Origin of Crop Domestication Different crops from different parts of the world: Barley, flax, peas and olive grown in Egypt ~4000 BC. Origins of Various Crops Lecture 3 3000 - 500 BC 0 Ancient Greece 0 More crops domesticated. Medicine & healing skills: Evidence of c-sections and plastic surgery in India. Evidence of knowledge of surgical and medical treatments in Egypt. Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.): Believed that diseases were results of natural causes. Start of western medicine. Started marine biology and basic biology. Reproduction (sex) Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): Artificial pollination of date palms, i.e. knew about “birds & the bees”. A “know-it-all” = authority. Roman Times 0 The Dark Ages: 200-1200 AD 0 Galen (130-200 AD): Surgeon to gladiators. Advanced Anatomy and physiology. Missed circulatory system. Thought blood made by liver. His textbook used for 1000 years (not necessarily a good thing). Little new knowledge advanced for a thousand years. No new writings. Everything copied and recopied. Lots of errors. “Authority” prevailed. To speak against knowledge of Aristotle, Galen, etc. likened to heresy. Manuscripts redrawn using pictures of animals from descriptions made from others. Redrawn Books In effort to suppress heresy, Roman Catholic church began to suppress heresy. Many inquisitions: Inquisitions Resulting in strange looking animals. Medieval: Established in late 12th. Century (~1184 AD). Spanish: Established in late 15th. Century (~1478 AD). Portuguese: Established in early 16th. Century (~1536 AD). Roman: Establish in late 16th. Century (~1588 AD). Lecture 3 Roman Inquisition Victims Giordano Bruno (1548-1600 AD): Burnt at the stake as a heretic. Renaissance da Vinci (1452-1519) Dissected human bodies. Vesalius (1514-1564) Wrote “Fabric of the Human Body”. Good anatomy book even by today’s standard. Inquisition 0 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642 AD): Told by church not to “hold or defend” heliocentralism. Start of Experimentation William Harvey (1578-1657) Blood circulation Challenged authoritarian hold. 0 Harvey 1628, demonstrating the valves in the veins Age of the Microscope (1600s) 0 Illustration of cork drawn by Robert Hooke Galileo (1564-1642): 6 ft long microscope Hooke (1665): First to see cells. Leeuwenhoek (16321723): Saw capillaries, sperm, bacteria Lecture 3 Botany 0 Antonie van Léeuwenhoek drawings of spermatozoa 1677 Medicinal plants 1600s: 6,000 plant species known Classification added Exploration to find new plants. 500 species known during time of Aristotle 18,000 known by late 1600’s. Age of Systematics Carl Linnaeus 1700s “Incurable classifier” While in Holland attending medical school published 14 books in 3 years. 0 University Diplomas Diploma Mill OBTAIN A PROSPEROUS FUTURE, MONEY-EARNING POWER AND THE PRESTIGE THAT COMES WITH HAVING THE CAREER POSITION YOU’VE ALWAYS DREAMED OF. DIPLOMAS FROM PRESTIGIOUS NON-ACCREDITED UNIVERSITIES BASED ON YOUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE AND LIFE EXPERIENCE Early Botanist. Named used very loooooooong. Fish book, 3000 pages. If you qualify, no required tests, classes, books or examinations. Bachelors’, Masters’, Doctorate & Ph.D. degrees available in your field. CONFIDENTIALITY ASSURED CALL NOW TO RECEIVE YOUR DIPLOMA WITHIN 2 WEEKS 1-206-984-0021 Linnaeus Said to have developed cure for syphilis. Professor of Medicine and Natural History, Uppsala University. Species Plantarum (1753) described all plants known at time. Linnaeus Credited with binomial system = two parted scientific names, e.g. Homo sapien. First to create hierarchy for classifying organisms. Binomial system and classification of organisms still used today. Lecture 3 Binomial Nomenclature Binomial literally means two names. Nomenclature refers to the system of assigning names to organisms, which are unique, in biology, i.e. each organism has one species name. Binomial consists of genus + specific epithet. Binomial Nomenclature Example: Elephas maximus Elephas maximus Loxodonta africanas Loxodonta africanas Loxodonta africanas Elephas maximus More Examples Tiger = Panthera tigris Leopard = Panthera pardus Lion = Panthera leo Loxodonta africanas Loxodonta africanas Elephas maximus Elephas maximus Still More Examples Panda Bear = Ailuropoda melanoleuca Black Bear = Ursus americanus Polar Bear = Ursus maritimus Linnaeus’ Classification System Plant sexual reproduction had just been discovered. Linnaeus’ Sexual System based on male and female floral structure. Drew parallel between floral structure and human relationships: “public marriages” referred to all floral parts being visible. “husband and wives in one bed” refers to male and female organs in same flower. Lecture 3 Examples References to “the number of husbands in a marriage”. Flowers seldom have one male organ. Thus, each bride was usually associated with armies of husbands. Linnaeus’ Classification System Sexual system easy to use. System was also popular among some readers for its explicitness. Made plant identification possible for non-botanist for first time. # of husbands in the marriage # of husbands in the marriage 1 2 3 4 Linnaeus’ Classification System His classification scheme was said to be immoral! Sexually explicit! Banned by the pope! Also many problems with his classification: Unrelated plants placed in same class, e.g. pine species with flowering plants. Artificial classification scheme. May have retarded progress of botany for a century. Still became national hero of Sweden. Epic Voyages Space, the final frontier, its 5 year mission, to explore strange new worlds and new civilization, to boldly go where no man has gone before. Epic Voyages Many exploration sailed around the world during 18th. And 19th. Century. Led to discovery of many previously unknown species of plants. Voyages financed by governments or wealthy individuals. 0 Epic Voyages Prior to 18th. Century voyages more difficult: Temperature compensator in chronometer made establish longitude position more accurate. Discovery that certain fruits & vegetables can prevent scurvy. Lecture 3 Symptoms of Scurvy Caused by deficiency of Vitamin C. Can lead to death if not treated. Epic Voyages Lt James Cook Voyaged to Southern hemisphere to observe Transit of Venus. King of England funded trip for Royal Society who sponsored Cook. 0 Botanist Joseph Banks and 9 others. Banks was president of Royal Society. Stopped in Tahiti and named leeward islands Society Islands. Stopped in New Zealand and Australia (Botany Bay). Cook’s First Voyage Joseph Banks Joseph Banks Banksia found in Australia and endemic Captain Fitzroy in 1831, aboard the HMS Beagle. One crew member was Charles Darwin was the ship’s naturalist. 0 Epic Voyages Banksia (Proteaceae family) endemic to Australia Banksia (Proteaceae family) endemic to Australia Lecture 3