Kingdoms Monera

Kingdoms Kingdoms Monera & Protista Plantae Fungi Protista Monera Animalia L E C T U R E 17 eukaryotic eukaryotic prokaryotic prokaryotic Monera is oldest (earliest cells) prokaryotic & structurally simple. Other four Kingdoms – eukaryotic & structurally more complex. Cover two kingdoms this lecture: Monera Protista Monera & Protista Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotic cell components have membranes: Organelles. Prokaryotic cells have everything exposed to Cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Relatively few species known (ca 17,000). Probably many more exist Two phyla (divisions): Eubacteria: includes bacteria & cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Archaebacteria: ancient group. Kingdom Monera Molecular studies providing more information on relationships Evolutionary Pattern Kingdom Protista Cyanobacteria origin of photosynthesis Archaebacteria primordial cell Bacteria Kingdom Monera Lecture 13 Large number of species known (ca 4,000). Metabolically diverse. etabolically Occupy extreme habitats. Reproduce rapidly. Allows for growing bacteria under various conditions for identification. Eubacteria Medical Quick Tests Anaerobic vs Aerobic darker area is from hemolysis of blood in anaerobic condition Medical Quick Tests Agar plates with different nutrients. Able to grow in some nutrients but not others. Medical Quick Tests Gram Stain Test Gram - Gram + Rods Cocci knowing shapes of cells is useful Bacillus anthracis – cause of anthrax is a rod Staphyloccus aureus – cause of various diseases is a coccus Spiral knowing shapes of cells is useful Leptospira – cause of Leptospirosis is a spiral Lecture 13 Diseases Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Yersinia pestis (Bubonic Plague) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) Clostridium tetani (Tetnus) Propionibacterium acnes (Acne) however not all bacteria are bad however not all bacteria are bad Many important crops are legumes e.g. beans, soybeans, peas, alfalfa etc. Roots of legumes have “nodules”. Can grow in soil devoid of nitrogen. Nodules form symbiosis between bacterium & roots. Bacterium can “fix” nitrogen. Good Bacteria Good Bacteria Root Nodules Atmospheric N2 N “fixer” Plant roots Cyanobacteria “Blue-green algae”. ca 2000 species? Grow differently in different conditions. Lots of colors Photosynthetic. 50% -- 70% of all 50% 70% of all biological nitrogen biological nitrogen fixation fixation blue-green algae but color variable blue-green algae but color variable Mats of Cyanobacteria Turkey Mats of Nostoc How Did the Red Sea Get its Name? Iran How Did the Red Saudi Get Sea Arabia Red Sea it’s Name Egypt red-pigmented cyanobacteria floating on the surface Lecture 13 Productive Partnership Cyanobacteria also fix nitrogen. Undergo symbiosis similar to legumes. Azolla used as “green manure” in China and other Asian countries for centuries. Azolla & Nitrogen Fixing Cyanobacterium Cycad & Cyanobacterium in Roots Kingdom Protista Plantae Fungi Protista Monera Animalia eukaryotic eukaryotic prokaryotic prokaryotic Biggest transition & difference between Biggest transition & difference between Kingdoms Kingdoms Evolutionary Pattern molecular studies giving us more information molecular studies giving us more information Kingdom Protista “Leftovers” after everything else classified so very diverse. Some of the most complex cells. Number of phyla not agreed upon. ca 45,000 species ca 45,000 species Kingdom Protista Cyanobacteria Bacteria Archaebacteria Kingdom Monera Lecture 13 Kingdom Protista Three informal groups: Animal-like Fungus-like Plant-like (algae) Misleading since they aren’t actually closely related to these. Animal-like Protists Phylum Sarcomastigophora amoeba and flagellates. Movement & feeding by pseudopods and cilia. Some species have shell-like glass or calcium carbonate “skeletons”. Some have radiating projections. ca 13,000 species ca 13,000 species Some Sarcodines have glass projections to trap preys Sarcodines include amoeba Formanifera (Forams) Members with multichambered calcareous shells. Found on beaches in tropics. White Cliffs of Dover sediment of foram shells. Geologists use shells to date sediment for oil exploration. Multi-chambered Shells Multichambered shells Foramenifera: Globigerina ooze covers ca 36% of the ocean floor Lecture 13 Animal-like Protists Phylum Ciliophora (“ciliates”). Large & most homogeneous. Shares few characteristics with others. Paramecium caudatum Movement is coordinated. ca 8,000 species Animal-like Protists Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa). Parasitic & often has 2 hosts. Resistant spore stage. Sporozoa Example: Malaria Two hosts, mosquito and human, required to complete life cycle. About 3 million people die of malaria each yr. Mosquito injects 1000s of sporozoites into victim’s blood. Reaches liver in minutes. Vaccine not available for one type of malaria. ca 5,000 species When Traveling to Malarial Infected Areas Estimate risk. Prevent mosquito bites. Know symptoms. Take anti-malarial drugs. Seek help if infection suspected. Animal-like Protists Phylum Mastigophora (“zooflagellates”) Number of flagella: 1 to 1000s. Some parasites. Vaccines? changes protein coat! Gave rise to animals? ca 1,500 species Lecture 13 African Sleeping Sickness Animal-like Protists Vaccines against Sleeping Sickness? Change in protein coat prevents host from making antibodies. Fungus-like Protists Phylum Myxomycota (“slimemolds”) Spores produced & germinate giving rise to amoebae. Plasmodium: Moving “slime” mass. Acellular body, one giant, multinucleate cell. ca 1000 species Phagocytosis Amoebae & Plasmodia Sporangium Spore germination Plasmodium Various Slime Mold Sporangia Various Slime Mold Sporangia Lecture 13 Time Magazine: The Blob Inspired “The Blob” & Remake 1973 yellow crawling object seen in suburb of Dallas, Texas. Time Magazine: The Blob It was “big as a platter, foamy, creamy & pale yellow”. Tried killing it with detergents, insecticides & nicotine. Police & National Guard alerted. Russian first strike! Extraterrestrial? Time Magazine: The Blob Mycologist recognized it immediately as a slime mold. Eventually died of “nicotine poisoning & sunstroke”. Plant-like Protists (Algae) Phylum Pyrrophyta (“dinoflagellates”) Marine & fresh water. Photosynthetic, parasitic & heterotrophic. Some live in corals. ca 1,100 species Causes “red tide” Red Tide and Neurotoxin Lecture 13 Plant-like Protists (Algae) Dinoflagellates Silica cell walls, two halves, fit like petri plates. Phylum Chrysophyta (diatoms & golden algae). ca 13,000 species Various Diatoms Diatom Art Slide from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia - photo by Jan Rines Plant-like Protists (Algae) Phylum Euglenophyta (euglenoids) Marine & fresh water Photosynthetic & heterotrophic. “Animal-like” Diatom Art ca 800 species Lecture 13 Plant-like Protists (Algae) Phyla of “Kelps”: Euglenoids Plant-like in appearance. Phaeophyta (Brown algae) Rhodophyta (Red algae) Chlorophyta (Green algae some members) Euglena acus Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Kingdom Protista (summary) Unrelated organisms. Freshwater, marine, parasitic. Huge number of individuals. Some are photosynthetic. Lecture 13