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							                                    Passage 4


    On Thursday American Airlines and US Airways announced an alliance to pool
their frequent-flier programs, giving customers added incentives to fly one
another's skies. Then on Friday Delta and United delivered word of a
sort-of-but-not-quite coupling. These deals thrust the much-scrutinized airline
industry even more into the public spotlight. Airline profits are at record highs.
Business fares are climbing into the stratosphere, up 16 percent last year alone.
Now comes the consolidation sweeping the industry. The question is whether these
deals will mean more choice and more convenience, as the airlines argue, or less
competition or even higher prices.
    Clearly consumers can benefit from these tie-ups. Passengers flying American
or US Airways, for instance, can now use either carrier's network of 72 worldwide
clubs and lounges. They can combine their frequent-flier awards, allowing them
not only to build up redeemable miles more quickly but also cash them in to more
destinations. American can plug into US Airways' deeper web of connections up
and down the Eastern Seaboard; US Airways, with fewer routes to South America,
the Caribbeari and Europe, will be able to offer a greater array of international
flights. In time, American and US Airways hope to create the more ambitious
partnership -- a so-called code-sharing agreement that would allow the two
carriers to coordinate flight schedules without entering a full-fledged merger. The
goal is "seamless service" -- without having to change airlines.
     Price is a wild card in these alliances. Consumer groups worry that they will
reduce competition, translating in turn into higher fares. They could be right.
Given the rapid trend toward consolidation, many analysts foresee a day when
most major "hub" airports will be dominated by a single airline or consortium. A
report last year by the General Accounting Office found that ticket prices, in such
cases, ranged from 45 to 65 percent higher than at cities where two or more
carriers competed. And just last week the Transportation Department announced it
was investigating allegations of price-fixing by the major airlines -- aimed at
keeping smaller discount-carriers from intruding on their turf -- and the Justice
Department has begun similar probes. The message? Airlines may yearn to merge
-- but winning approval from skeptical authorities might be tougher than they
expect.


13.Judging from the passage, the frequent-flier program is one by which
________.
   A) people who have built up a certain number of flying miles with an airline will
get a free ticket.
   B) people who fly an airline frequently will get a discount
   C) people who have built up a certain number of flying miles with an airline will
get a cash award
   D) people who fly an airline frequently will get extra service
14. according to this passage, the federal government's attitude towards airline
mergers is one of _______
   A) encouragement                    B) restriction
   C) prohibition                    D) approval
15. The expression "a wild card" in the last paragraph most probably means
________.
   A) a chief concrn                B) an important factor
   C) an unpredictable element          D) a necessary consequence
16. Which of the following statements is true?
   A) Airline mergers will give rise to intense competition.
   B) Consumers benefit from airline mergers.
   C) Tie-ups between airlines seem to draw little public attention.
   D) Ticket prices tend to be higher where there is only one carrier.


                                      Passage 5


    A decade ago Susic Makinster learned she might have a liver problem. Her
doctors told her not to worry. So she didn't -- until three years ago, when she was
astonished to learn she had tested positive for hepatitis (肝炎) C, a blood-borne
virus she had never heard of. Makinster, then 45, had been living with an infection
that would likely stay with her for life and that could eventually destroy her liver
and cause her death. Yet she had no idea how or when she had contracted the
virus.
    Hepatitis C wasn't even discovered until 1989. Today an estimated 3.9 million
Americans are infected, and most of them still don's know it. Like HIV, hepatitis C
is a slowacting virus that can be transmitted by shared needles and blood
transfusions. But it is far more rampant. There is no vaccine to prevent its spread,
and no reliable treatment. Some 75 percent of people who contract the virus will
carry it for life; 20 percent will develop cirrhosis of the liver. Hepatitis C is now the
nation's leading reason for liver transplantation, and the second leading cause of
cirrhosis (after alcohol). It will kill roughly 10,000 Americans this year -- and that
number is expected to triple over the next two decades, as more past infections
come to light. Says Surgeon General David Satcher, "This is a major public health
crisis."
     Until treatment is less hit-or-miss, living with hepatitis C will be a matter of
accommodation. Though most people who contracted the virus become chronically
infected, many never develop advanced liver disease. That's partly luck, but not
entirely. Giving up alcohol brightens the prognosis, and many sufferers tout the
benefits of reducing stress and getting more rest. Getting vaccinated against
hepatitis a and B is also a good idea, since a dual infection can aggravate the
disease. And preventing further spread requires some precautions. Experts are
divided on the need to practise safe sex, since the virus is normally only in the
blood. But they stress the importance of covering open wounds and not sharing
razors and toothbrushes.


17. According to the passage, the leading cause for liver cirrhosis is _______.
   A) too much drinking            B) hepatitis C
   C) hepatitis A               D) hepatitis B
18. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
   A) No one who contracts hepatitis C can hope to live long.
   B) More people have contracted hepatitis C than HIV.
   C) Alcohol is the chief cause for hepatitis C.
   D) Hepatitis C is sexually transmitted.
19. The number of people who will die of hepatitis C in twenty years will be
______.
   A) 20,000             B) 10,000
   C) 30,000             D) 40,000
20. The word "accommodation" in the last paragraph most probably means
_______.
   A) care               B) treatment
   C) rest               D) adjustment


                                     Unit 14
                                    Passage 1


    New and bizarre crimes have come into being with the advent of computer
technology. Organized crime too has been directly involved; the new technology
offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of sevices,
property-related crimes, industrial sabotage, politically related sabotage,
vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes. . .
    Theft of data, or data crime, has attracted the interest of organized criminal
syndicates. This is usually the theft or copying of valuable computer program. An
international market already exists for computerized data, and specialized fences
are said to be playing a key role in this rapidly expanding criminal market. buyers
for stolen programs may range from a firm's competitors to foreign nations.
     A competitor sabotages a company's computer system to destroy or cripple
the firm's operational ability, thus neutralizing its competitive capability either in
the private or the government sector. This computer sabotage may also be tied to
an attempt by affluent investors to acquire the victim firm. With the growing
reliance by firms on computers for their recordkeeping and daily operations,
sabotage of their computers can result in internal havoc, after which the group
interested in acquiring the firm can easily buy it at a substantially lower price.
Criminal groups could also resort to sabotage if the company is a competitor of a
business owned or controlled by organized crime.
    Politically motivated sabotage is on the increase; political extremist groups
have sprouted on every continent. Sophisticated computer technology arms these
groups with awesome powers and opens technologically advanced nations to their
attack. Several attempts have already been made to destroy computer facility at
an air force base. A university computer facility involved in national defence work
suffered more than $ 2 million in damages as a result of a bombing.
     Computer vulnerability has been amply documented. One congressional study
concluded that neither government nor private computer systems are adequately
protected against sabotage. Organized criminal syndicates have shown their
willingness to work with politically motivated groups. Investigators have uncovered
evidence of cooperation between criminal groups and foreign governments in
narcotics. Criminal groups have taken attempts in assassinating political
leaders. . . . Computers are used in hospital life-support system, in laboratories,
and in major surgery. Criminals could easily turn these computers into tools of
devastation. By sabotaging the computer of a life-support system, criminals could
kill an individual as easily as they had used a gun. By manipulating a computer,
they could guide awesome tools of terror against large urban centres. cities and
nations could become hostages. Homicide could take a new form. The computer
may become the hit man of the twentieth century.
     The computer opens vast areas of crime to organized criminal groups, both
national and international. It calls on them to pool their resources and increase
their cooperative efforts, because many of these crimes are to complex for one
group to handle, especially those requiring a vase network of fences. Although
criminals have adapted to computer technology, law enforcement has not. Many
still think in terms of traditional criminology.
1. How many kinds of crimes are mentioned in the passage?
   A) 7.    B) 8.    C) 9.     D) 10.
2. What is the purpose of a competitor to sabotage a company's computer?
   A) His purpose is to destroy or weaken the firm's operational ability.
   B) His purpose is to weaken firm's competitive capability and get it.
   C) His purpose is to buy the rival's company at a relatively low price.
   D) His purpose is to steal important data.
3. Which of the following can be labelled as a politically motivated sabotage of a
computer system?
  A) Sabotage of a university computer.
  B) Sabotage of a hospital computer.
  C) Sabotage of computer at a secret training base.
  D) Sabotage of a factory computer.
4. What does the author mean by "Homicide could take a new form"?
   A) There is no need to use a gun in killing a person.
   B) criminals can kill whoever they want by a computer.
  C) The computer can replace any weapons.
  D) The function of a computer is just like a gun.


                                   Passage 2


    The banking revolution in America is as much about attitudes and assumptions
as about size and structure. For centuries, Americans have distrusted banks. In
the 1930s, Andrew Jackson denounced and destroyed the Second Bank of the
United States, which existed "to make the rich richer" at the expense of "farmers,
mechanics and laborers." In the 1930s, banks were blamed for helping cause the
Depression. The wonder, then, is that the latest wave of bank mergers -- the
largest ever -- has inspired little more than a bewildered and, perhaps, irritated
shrug from the public.
    As banks grow bigger, they seem less fearsome. Why? The answer is that
banks have shrunk in power even as they have expanded in size. Traditionally,
banking has been a simple business. Deposits come through one door, loans go
out through another. Profits derive from the "spread" between interest rates on
deposits and loans. If savers and borrowers cannot go elsewhere, banks are
powerful. And if there are other choices, banks are less powerful. And so it is.
  We inhabit an age of superabundant credit and its purveyors. A century ago,
matters were different. Small depositors could choose from only one or several
local banks; getting a loan meant winning the good graces of the neighborhood
banker. Even big corporations depended on a few big banks or investment houses.
     John Reed or Hugh McColl -- the heads of Citicorp and Nations Bank -- are not
household names. In 1990, J. P. Morgan was. As head of J. P. Morgan & Co., he
controlled through stock and positions on corporate boards -- a third of U.S.
railroads and 70 percent or the steel industry. A railroad executive once cheerfully
confessed his dependence on Morgan's capital: "If Mr. Morgan were to order me
tomorrow to China or Siberia. . . I would go."
    No bankers today inspires such awe or fear. Time, technology and government
restrictions weakened bank power. In the 1920s, auto companies popularized car
loans. National credit cards originated in 1950 with the Dinners Club care. In 1933,
the Glass-Steagal Act required banks and their investment houses to split. After
World War II, pensions and the stock market competed for consumer saving. As a
result, banks command a shrinking share of the nation's wealth: 20 percent of
assets of financial institutions in 1997, down from 50 percent in 1950.


5. Why are John Reed and Hugh McColl not as well-known as J.P. Morgan?
   A) John Reed and Hugh McColl are not as rich as J.P. Morgan was.
   B) Banks are no longer as powerful as they were in J.P. Morgan's time.
   C) John Reed and Hugh McColl are not as capable as J.P. Morgan was.
   D) The banks John Reed and Hugh McColl head are smaller than Morgan's.
6. The word "spread" in Paragraph 2 most probably means_______.
   A) cover      B) extent     C) difference     D) degree
7. Which of the following statements is true?
   A) The recent bank mergers have given much shock to the nation.
   B) People no longer distrust banks.
   C) No bank today can compare with J.P. Morgan's in size.
   D) It is easier to borrow money today than it was in this past.
8. What does the author chiefly talk about in the passage?
   A) Banking and investment.
   B) The credit market.
   C) The evolution of the banks.
   D) The shrinking power of the banks.


                                    Passage 3


    Brisk, cheerful and passionate about educating children, Nancy lchinaga thinks
social promotion is "junk." As principal of an elementary school for the past 23
years, Ichinaga has never passed kids on to the next grade just to protect their
self-esteem. The school is 51 percent African-American, 48 percent Latino and 75
percent below the poverty line. But last year, 88 percent of its students read at or
above grade level, and Ichinaga thinks her willingness to hold kids back has much
to do with that success. "We don't promote so students can fail," she says. "We
make sure that they succeed. Our students self-esteem is good because they're
successful academically, not because we've tried to pump them up."
   Social promotion has been widespread in US school for at least 20 years. Its
rationale is to avoid damaging the pupil's sense of self-worth and to assume that if
promoted, the child can catch up. But school officials and politicians are
increasingly ready to accept what traditionalists like Ichinaga have been saying all
along -- that social promotion, though well intended, has been as academic
disaster. Bill Clinton is on record against it, as is the American Federation of
Teachers. In New York City, schools chancellor Rudy Crew recently unveiled a plan
to phase it out. He told a reporter, "This is not about being punitive with kids. It is
about caring so much about children that you will not let them fail."
    To live up to that rhetoric, Crew and other reformers urgently need to show
that kids who fail will get the academic support they need. The model could be the
Chicago public school system, which abolished social promotion in 1996. Kids who
fail are sent to summer school, where they get a second chance to pass. Most
succeed and those who don't are assigned to smaller classes and evaluated for
leaning disabilities and other special need.
     The scary part is just how widespread social promotion has become. In New
York, Crew estimated that more that a third of all fourth-and seventh-grades
would have to repeat a year if the policy were ended immediately. Though Crew
didn't say so, there is no reason to think the percentage is different for other
grades -- which is why the practice arguably conceals massive failure. And nobody
gains from that.


9. What does "social promotion" mean in this passage?
   A) Promotion of social progress.
   B) Passing students who fail to the next grade.
   C) Giving praise to students for encouragement.
   D) Sending students who fail to a summer school.
10. According to traditionalists like Nancy Ichinaga, social promotion will _______.
   A) encourage students to catch up
   B) help boost students' self-esteem
   C) lead to massive failure in education
   D) contribute to academic success
11. If social promotion is ended immediately in New York, how many students will
have to repeat a year?
   A) 12 percent of the total.          B) One quarter of the total.
   C) One seventh of the total.          D) Over a third of the total.
12. What do students urgently need in order to succeed?
   A) Academic support.              B) Smaller classes.
   C) Summer schools.               D) More special education experts.


                                    Passage 4


    Perhaps never has the mood of a decade reversed itself so totally. The 1980s
began with the worst U.S. inflation in 60 years and a deepening dread of nuclear
destruction. As they closed, inflation was negligible, the Berlin Wall was tumbling
down, and the Soviet empire was dissolving.
   The road between was hardly a smooth climb. Ronald Reagan gave the U.S. a
heady draft of optimism while reversing the direction of government policy,
recasting social programs and cutting taxes. Unmatched by spending reductions,
however, those cuts sent deficits soaring to unheard-of highs, and the double-digit
inflation of 1980 was cured only by double-digit unemployment in 1982.
     The economy revived, but an outsize share of the benefits seemed to flow to
Wall Street. But unlike in the irrationally exuberant 1920s, disaster did not strike.
Though stock fell even faster on October 19, 1987, than they had in 1929, they
bounced back higher than ever, setting the stage for what could soon become the
longest period of economic expansion in history. Something fundamental had
happened to the boom-and-bust cycle that had charted the century.
     Beneath the surface, though, the alignment of forces was shifting. Reagan's
heavy military build-up were putting heavy pressure on the Soviet Union to keep
up. Moscow was vulnerable because the Soviet economy was decaying badly, and
its leadership was nearly paralyzed. Only in 1985, after three Kremlin funerals in
three years, did a leader, mikhail Gorbachev, emerge who was realistic and
vigorous enough to attempt drastic reforms.
     In a series of summits, Gorbachev and Reagan brought about a de-escalation
of the arms race, which the Soviet leader realized was swallowing more resources
than he could afford. The European satellites were too, so Gorbachev told their
chiefs that Soviet tanks would no longer keep them in power. That started a chain
reaction. By the end of 1989, the Soviet bloc had dissolved. Even then nobody
would have guessed that in another two years, the soviet Union itself would
shatter into 15 pieces. But it was already obvious that the world was entering a
strange new era; only one superpower; no cold war.


13. The mood of Americans at the beginning of the 1980s was _______.
   A) changeable          B) optimistic
   C) gloomy             D) calm
14. We can infer from the passage that during Ronald Reagan's presidency the
poor ________.
   A) had more job opportunities     B) received more care than before
   C) paid less taxes               D) received less benefits than before
15. According to the passage, why did Gorbachev start negotiations with Reagan
to reduce arms?
   A) He wanted to start a chain reaction in East Europe.
   B) The burden of arms race was too heavy for the Soviet Union.
   C) He wanted to end the cold war
   D) He realized only drastic reforms could save the Soviet Union.
16. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage?
   A) Reagan: An Optimistic President
   B) Historical Shift in the 1980s
   C) Gorbachev: A Realist and Vigorous Leader
   D) The Dissolution of the Soviet Bloc


                                    Passage 5


    Things have really changed. Not only is the military standing tall again, it is
staging a remarkable comeback in the quantity and quality of the recruits it is
attracting. Recruiters, once denounced by antiwar students as "baby killers" and
barred from campuses, are welcomed even at elite universities. ROTC (Reserve
Officer's Training Corps) programs that faltered during the Viet Nam era, when
protesters were fire bombing their headquarters, are flourishing again. The
military academies are enjoying a steady increase in applications.
     Certainly, the depressed economy has increased the allure of the jobs,
technical training and generous student loans offered by the military. Students
know that if they go in and become, say, nuclear weapons specialists, they can
come out and demand a salary of $ 60,000 a year. Military salaries, while not
always competitive with those paid for comparable jobs in the private sector, are
more than respectable, especially considering the wide array of benefits that are
available: free medical service, room and board, and PX (Post Exchange) privileges.
Monthly pay for a recruit is $ 574; for a sergeant with four years services it is
$ 906; for a major with ten years" service it is $2,305. The services' slick $ 175
million-a-year advertising campaign promising adventure and fulfillment has
helped win over the TV generation. Kids are walking down the school hallways
chanting 'Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines,' just like in the commercials. And many
military officials feel that the key difference is the enhanced patriotism among the
nation's youth. There is a return to the view that the military is an honorable
profession. The quality is going up at an astonishing rate. The new kids are easy to
train. The days of a judge telling a miscreant to join the army or go to jail are over.
Recruiting for all four services combined is running at 101% of authorized goals.
And the retention rate is now so high, that the services are refusing some
re-enlistment applications and reducing annual recruiting target.
    The military academies are also enjoying halcyon years, attacting more and
better-qualified students. Compared to private colleges, where tuition and
expenses have been climbing sharply, the service schools are a real bargain: not
only is tuition free, but recruits get allowances of up to $ 500 a month. It is
reported that 12,300 applicants are for the 1,450 positions in this year's freshman
class. Military academies are now just as selective as any of the best universities
in the country.
     Nationwide, ROTC enrollment exceeds 105,000, a 64% increase over the 1974
figure. In the mid-70s, the ROTC students refused to wear their uniforms on
campus because they suffered all sorts of ridicule, if they did. Now if they wear
them to class no one looks at them twice. To them, Viet Nam is ancient history,
something the old folks talk about.


17. What is the main idea of this passage?
   A) The Military is in.         B) The Military is up-
   C) The Military is down.        D) The Military is on.
18. What was the attitude of the students in 1970's towards the military?
   A) Approval.             B) Indifferent.
   C) Distaste.              D) Scolding.
19. The phrase "come out" is closest in meaning to ______.
    A) "become visible"                B) "begin to grow"
    C) "be made public"                D) "gain a certain position"
20. Which one of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason to attract students?
    A) Free tuition.                   B) Spacious rooms.
    C) Considerable allowance            D) Technical training.
                                      Unit 15


                                    Passage 1


    The term "Industrial Revolution" describes the process of economic change
from a stable agricultural and commercial society to the modern industrial society
which is dependent on the use of machinery rather than hand tools. While the
process was historically a gradual one and not the sudden change which the word
"revolution" suggests, the economic, social, and political results were indeed
revolutionary.
    Basically, it meant the change from hand work to machine power —— made
possible by the use of steam for power through the perfection of the improved
steam engine of James Watt in 1769, which made Thomas Newcomen's invention
of 1708 practical for industrial use. The domestic system of production (goods
produced in many homes and gathered for sale by a middleman) was replaced by
the factory system. Coupled with the technological England, were the equally
significant technological improvements in agriculture.
    Historically, the first stage of the Industrial Revolution began slowly about
1960, gathered momentum (冲量)after 1815, and extended into the 1870s, with
the main source of power being the stream engine. Profits for the capitalists came
from the manufacturing process itself, in contrast to the Commercial Revolution
when profits had come chiefly from the transportation of goods. Coal replaced
wood as fuel, and iron machines replaced wooden machines.
    Later, the second stage of the Industrial Revolution set in during the 1870s
and extended to 1914 ——brought about by a new source of power, electricity,
from Michael Faraday's dynamo (发电机)of 1831. Characteristic of this stage was
the adoption of mass production techniques and the development of finance
capitalism, with profits derived from the investment of finance capital rather than
from the manufacturing process alone, as in the formation of the United States
Steel Corporation in 1901. It was in this second stage that the swift
industrialization and urbanization of western Europe and the United States took
place.
    The Industrial Revolution soon carried the middle class to political and
economic power —— and at the same time created the greatest threat to
capitalism, the rise of the proletariat (无产阶级).


1. What can we infer from the author's discussion of economic change?
    A) Previous to 1760 to significant economic changes had occurred in England.
    B) It is difficult to name the type of change associated with the Industrial
Revolution.
    C) The term revolution may refer to the results rather than suddenness of
change.
    D) Social and political change is a separate phenomenon from economic
change.
2. The author would probably agree that a "revolutionary" economic change
__________.
    A) replaces one dominant system of production with another
    B) is not recognizable until long after it has occurred
    C) is not likely to occur in the near future
    D) is presently threatened by the rise of the proletariat
3. According to the passage, the United Stated Steel Corporation is an example of
___________.
    A) a company of the type that no one could have predicted during the first
stage of the Industrial Revolution
    B) a company which profited not only by selling what it manufactured but by
investments as well
    C) a company that represents at its most advanced the modern factory system
    D) a company that set its sights on the industrialization of western Europe.
4. Which of the following is a generalization supported by the information in the
passage?
    A) Since the 18th century, economic change has been characterized by the
development of new sources of profit.
    B) The Industrial Revolution did not significantly affect social life until the 20th
century.
    C) At the end of the first stage of the Industrial Revolution, the American
standard of living was remarkably high.
    D) Unlike steam power and electric power, atomic power has not had economic
effects.


                                      Passage 2


    Real policemen, both in Britain and the United States, hardly recognise any
resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV —— if they ever get
home in time. There are similarities, of course, but the cops don't think much of
them.
   The first difference is that a policeman's real life revolves round the law. Most
of his training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes
and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as
much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply is on his feet,
in the dark and rain, running down an alley after someone he wants to talk to.
     Little of his time is spent in chatting to scantily-clad ladies or in dramatic
confrontations with desperate criminals. He will spend most his working life typing
millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant
people who are guilty —— or not —— of stupid, petty crimes.
     Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he's
arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a
problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks ——
where failure to produce results on the standing of the police —— little effort is
spent on searching. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually
shows up most wanted men.
    Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work.He has to prove his
case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of different evidence.
Much of this has to be given by people who don't want to get involved in a court
case. So, as well as being over-worded, a detective has to be out at all hours of
the day and night interviewing his witnesses and pursuading them, usually against
their own best interests, to help him.
    A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the
unpleasant moral twilight in which the real one lives. Detectives are subject to two
opposing pressures: first, as members of a police force they always have to
behave with absolute legality; secondly, as expensive public servants they have to
get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to
break the rules in small ways.
    If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly
anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels
between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindedness
—— as he sees it —— of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-makers,     and judges,
who, instead of stamping out crime, punish the criminals less severely in the hope
that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine-tenths of
their work is re-catching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes
them rather cynical.


5. It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law _________.
     A) so that he can catch criminals in the streets
     B) because many of the criminals he has to catch are dangerous
    C) so that he can justify his arrests in court
    D) because he has to know nearly as much about law as a professional lawyer
6. When murders and terrorist attacks occur the police _________.
    A) prefer to wait for the criminal to give himself away
    B) spend a lot of effort on trying to track down their man
    C) try to make a quick arrest in order to keep up their reputation
    D) usually fail to produce results
7. The real detective lives in an unpleasant moral twilight because __________.
    A) he is an expensive public servant
    B) he must always behave with absolute legality
    C) he is obliged to break the law in order to preserve it
    D) he feels himself to be cut off from the rest of the world.
8. Detectives are rather cynical because ___________.
    A) nine-tenths of their work involves arresting people
    B) hardly anyone tells them the truth
    C) society does not punish criminals severely enough
    D) too many criminals escape from jail


                                      Passage 3


     It would be difficult today to name as many as a dozen practising essayists in
this country; a half dozen would be nearer to the mark. We have article writers,
novelists, poets by the thousands, but only a handful of professional writers
devoted to one of the oldest of literary forms, and still, potentially at least, one of
the most delightful and rewarding to read. From the time of Montaigne, who
fathered it, the essay has roots in personality; the day may not be too far distant
when articles can be produced by supermachines, and, indeed, many of them
already have that flavor, for the article needs to be little more than a collection
and arrangement of facts, preceded perhaps by statement of an argument for or
against what the facts present. But the essay is product of a ruminative mind, and
its value depends not upon the weight of the facts collected (it may not collect
any), but upon the character and quality of that mind —— its insights, its
attitudes, its sharpness, its imagination. It can take off from the most trivial
incident or observation and end in the highest heaven.
     Why has the essay become less popular? Most magazine editors think that the
essay is a form out of date, that it has no place in our world. Of facts we have so
much and we have not yet digested those of which we are already in possession.
Our need is not so much for the acquisition of more as for reflection upon those
we have; not so much for arguments based upon as for reflection on what they
suggest and what they mean. For modern man, the acquistition of facts is like a
habit-forming drug; the more he takes, the more he wants. Like the drug, they
eventually strike him down. There are few magazines left in which an essay can
find publication, though there is an abundant marker for factual pieces and for
critical analyses, which ask for higher prices. Yet neither is comparable to a
first-rate essay. Still, writers, like butchers, must pay their bills.


9. The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is
__________.
    A) The Faults of the Essay              B) The Status of the Essay
    C) More Fact than Fiction               D) Characteristics of the Essay
10. The tone of the passage suggests that he author has the feeling of ________.
    A) optimism                           B) regret
    C) anger                                D) pride
11. The essay is declining, the author believes, because ____________.
    A) man is becoming less of a thinker
    B) man is becoming too idea-conscious
    C) society is becoming too impersonal
    D) it is out of date
12. As used in Paragraph I, the word "ruminative" most nearly means
__________.
    A) acquisitive                         B) fact-conscious
    C) scientific                         D) thoughtful


                                    Passage 4


     If the pigeon has a theme song, it is "Home Sweet Home". Pigeons are useful
to men because of their intense love of their home. They are determined to return
to it against all odds. A pigeon will not take a message to just place —— the
receiving station must be home.
     From 3000 B. C. to the present, homing pigeons have worked as postmen.
They have been especially useful for carrying messages in times of war. In 1870,
when the Germans lay siege to the city of Paris, the city was cut off from all the
usual of communication. The people tried many different ways of sending news.
One way was to release small balloons carrying mail. But of course they merely
drifted where the wind carried them. Often they landed inside the enemy lines.
Evan balloons large enough to carry a pilot as well as the mail were not much
better controlled.
    There were many suggestions also as to how to solve the problem. Someone
suggested that four eagles be harnessed to a balloom carrying a man and mail.
The eagles would provide motor power. The pilot would have a long pole with a
piece of raw meat fastened to the end of it. He would dangle the meat just ahead
of the eagle —— and then east or west, north or south, the eagles would fly
whichever way the meat pointed. It seems a pity that this method was never tried.
It would be extremely interesting to know what happened!
    It was not the eagle but a far different bird that in the end solved the problem,
Somehow homing pigeons were brought into Paris. Soon they were carrying far
and wide. The Germans found out about it and imported hawks to catch the
pigeons, but the plucky little postmen could fly faster than the hawks, and they
managed to escape their pursuers. In four months about 156,000 dispatches were
carried by pigeons.
    A special method of photography, called microphotography, was used. By this
method, men could reduce writing to miniature size. Then one bird could carry
thousands of dispatches on one trip, When the dispatch was received, it was
enlarged by photography so that it once more became possible for the human eye
to read it.


13. They way the author describes the balloon by eagles makes us think that they
_______.
    A) think it might have worked              B) Think it a ridiculous plan
    C) know how the plan really worked          D) can train eagles to do the job
14. During the siege of Paris, the pigeons were brought into the city by
__________.
    A) their own power                        B) piloted balloons
    C) an unidentified means                    D) train
15. Microphotography was used to ___________.
    A) make thousands of copies of a dispatch
    B) reduce writing to miniature size
    C) decode enemy messages
    D) replace writing
16. The best title for this passage is __________.
    A) Microphotogrophy was used as a method of photography
    B) Eagles were once used to send messages
    C) Pigeons are useful to man
    D) Postmen with Feathers
                                     Passage 5


    The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about
harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of
recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently child
psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis
that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into
account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but
rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude
of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under seven
occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral
absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if
rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature,
their moral judgement are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a
transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old
children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also
judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage
produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age
than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral
autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than
do children in the first stage.
    Keasey's research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists
about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful
actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable
and those acts that have unforeseen harmul consequences? Studies indicate that
justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and
provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable
of considering whether or not an aggressor's action was justified by public duty:
five years olds reacted very differently to "bonnie wrecks Ann's pretend house"
depending on whether Bonnie did it "so somebody won't fall over it" or because
Bonnie wanted "to make Ann fell bad." Thus, a child of five begins to understand
that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of
moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgements.
     Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make
subtle distinctions involving unintentional harm. Darley observed that among acts
involing unintentional harm, six-year-old children entering kindergarten could not
differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable
harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however,
Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus
demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.


17. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?
    A) An outline for future research.
    B) An analysis of a dispute between two theories.
    C) A confirmation of an established authority's theory.
    D) A discussion of research finding in an ongoing inquiry.
18. Piaget and Keasey would not agree on which of the following points?
    A) The kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit.
    B) The age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and
unintentional harm.
    C) The intention children have in perpetrating harm.
    D) The circumstances under which children punish harmful acts.
19. Which of the following is the meaning of the world "public duty" in paragraph
2?
    A) The necessity to apprehend perpetrators.
    B) The responsibility to punish transgressors.
    C) An obligation to prevent harm to another.
    D) The assignment of punishment for harmful action.
20. Which of the following about five-year-old children does the research of
Nesdale and Rule suggest?
    A) They take into account the motivations of actions when judging the
behavior of other children.
    B) They, as perpetrators of harmful acts, disregard the feeling of the children
they harm.
    C) They view public duty as a justification for accidental, but not intentional,
harm.
    D) They justify and action that protects them from harm.


                                       Unit 16


                                     Passage 1


     There was no Churchillism, no Heathism, no Callaghanism, Margaret Thatcher
is the only prime minister to have had her own "ism". But what really is
Thatcherism? Has it been a consistent ideology or merely household budgeting on
a national scale? Does it amount to a philosophy or is it just one woman's political
style?
    Certainly, she has made her party more ideological. Lord Hailsham of St
Marylebone once said:" Conservatives do not believe that political struggle is the
most important thing in life ... the simplest among them prefer fox hunting, the
wisest, religion." With an almost Maoist fervour, however, Mrs. Thatcher has taken
her party on a long march of reform through institutions of British society: the
union, the civil service, education, the health service and the law.
    Warrior rather than healer, she has set in train what she sees as a libertarian
movement to extend personal choice and create an enterprise society in which the
state leaves people free to spend more of their own money and managers are free
to manage without being prey to the constant demand of trade union leaders.
Thatcherism has been based on simple slogans such as "sound money". As Nigel
Lawson, the former Chancellor of the Exchequer, said, the inflation rate is judge
and jury for her government. Thatcherism has looked to the creation of strong
defences and a strong economy, not just for their intrinstic merits, but to restore
national self-confidence and Britain's reputation in the world. The simple slogans
have lived through it all: The Enterprise Economy, Stand On Your Own Two Feet,
Making Britain Great Again and, of course, those famous Victorian Values.
    Thatcherism has been about free markets and a belief in individual
responsibility. Mrs. Thatcher and her ministers have sought to educate Britain out
of what they see as the dependency culture, to end the common belief that the
solving of problems was always up to "them" —— the council, the government,
the authorities. Mrs. Thatcher has encouraged the belief that there is a limit to
government responsibilities. Her ability to win elections against a background of
high unemployment argues that she succeeded to some extent in that.
    She and her ministers have proclaimed the values of popular capitaslism,
which, for a Conservative administration, has the welcome advantage that it
increases the number of people with something to conserve. The 2.5 million extra
home-owners, many former council house tenants, and the 6 million additional
shareholders who have appeared with the


                                       Unit 6


                                    Passage 1


    There was no Churchillism, no Heathism, no Callaghanism, Margaret Thatcher
is the only prime minister to have had her own "ism". But what really is
Thatcherism? Has it been a consistent ideology or merely household budgeting on
a national scale? Does it amount to a philosophy or is it just one woman's political
style?
    Certainly, she has made her party more ideological. Lord Hailsham of St
Margaret once said: "Conservatives do not believe that political struggle is the
most important thing in life… the simplest among them prefer fox hunting, the
wisest, religion." With an almost Maoist fervour, however, Mrs. Thatcher has taken
her party on a long march of reform through institutions of British society: the
unions, the civil service, education, the health service and the law.
    Warrior rather than healer, she has set in train what she sees as a libertarian
movement to extend personal choice and create an enterprise society in which the
state leaves people free to spend more of their own money and managers are free
to manage without being prey to the constant demand of trade union leaders.
Thatcherism has been based on simple slogans such as "sound money:. As Nigel
Lawson, the former Chancellor of the Exchequer, said, the inflation rate is judge
and jury for her government. Thatcherism has looked to the creation of strong
defences and a strong economy, not just for their intrinstic merits, but to restore
national self-confidence and Britain's reputation in the world The simple slogans
have lived through it all: The Enterprise Economy, Sound On Your Own Two Feet,
Making Britain Great Again and, of course, those famous Victorian Values.
    Thatcherism has been about free markets and a belief in individual
responsibility. Mrs. Thatcher and her ministers have sought to educate Britain out
of what they see as the dependency culture, to end the common belief that the
solving of problems was always up to "them" - the council the government, the
authorities. Mrs. Thatcher has encouraged the belief that there is a limit to
government responsibilities. Her ability to win elections against a background of
high unemployment argues that she succeeded to some extent in that.
    She and her ministers have proclaimed the values of popular capitaslism,
which, for a Conservative administration, has the welcome advantage that it
increases the number of people with something to conserve. The 2.5 million extra
home-owners, many former council house tenants, and the 6 million additional
shareholders who have appeared with the privatisation of state industries bear
witness to that.
    It has not all been consistent, though. She promised "less government", but
the Thatcher governments have legislated copiously. There was to be less
centralisation, but the role of local authorities has been steadily more
circumscribed. A truly consistent believer in market forces and "level playing
fields" for the economy would have wiped out the mortgage tax relief. Mrs.
Thatcher has instead tried to encourage her chancellors to raise it. Her ideology,
although some would argue that it was taken too far for her own followers on such
issues as the privatisation of public utilities, was not allowed to interfer with Tory
instincts as strong as that.
     Will Thatcherism last? New Prime ministers will have new styles. Thatcherism
will leave a lasting legacy in British politics in that Mrs. Thatcher's reign has forced
the Labour party to change direction and swing back to the center. The social
market, the fostering of enterprise and the creation of wealth, as well as the
allocation of spending priorities have now become a part of the language of every
party.



1. Through this article, the writer intends to _________.
  A) demonstrate that Thatcherism is a style rather than a philosophy
  B) stress that Thatcherism has amounted to a philosophy
  C) comment on Thatcherism both philosophically and stylistically
  D) attach Thatcherism either as a philosophy or as a style
2. Which of the following is not encouraged by Thatcherism?
  A) All the social problems should wait for the government to deal with.
  B) The houses built by the city council should be sold to their tenants.
  C) Let local authorities be more responsible for the affairs of their own zones.
  D) People should pay if they hope to enjoy any community services.
3. What does Mrs. Thatcher dislike to do in order to carry forward her libertarian
movement?
  A) To create more chances for people to make money.
  B) To prevent trade unions from troubling the boss.
  C) To increase the number of people with something to conserve.
  D) To regulate the economy through government legislation.
4. What has Mrs. Thatcher contributed to the post-Thatcher politics ideologically?
  A) A guiding philosophy for her party and its supporters.
  B) The addition of some important ideas to British political thinking.
  C) An attractive style for her successor to follow.
  D) Some slogans which she has never realized.


                                      Passage 2


     I believe that we all accept the principle that an affluent society must do what
it can to prevent hunger and misery, and also to provide equality of opportunity to
those who have been denied it. But how far can a society go in the redistribution
of wealth without changing the very nature of society? I think this is a problem
that we've got to face. I do not think that a majority in Congress are trying to face
it, or realise that it is a problem, because so many of them are still hard at this
business of redistributing income.
     All that reminds me of what happened in the universities during the 1960s and
1970s - events that I witnessed from a ringside seat. During this period we had a
fashion of giving A's to every student - there were no failures. The effect on
academic life was devastating. When illiterate or lazy students could get an A
average, good students stopped studying. The result was a profound change in
academic life: for merly dropouts were those who failed in their studies; in the
1960's and 1970's most of the dropouts were the most gifted and brilliant students,
who found that college had become meaningless.
    What happens in the schools is not unlike what happens in society at large
when the penalties of improvidence, laziness, or ignorance are not just softened,
but removed. When there is no such thing as failure, there is no such thing as
success either. Motivation, the desire to excel, the urge to accomplishment - all
these disappear. The dynamism of society is lost.
    This, I'm afraid, is the direction in which our society has been going steadily
for many years. The biggest losers are the brightest and most capable men and
women. But the average person is a loser too. Faced with no challenge, assured of
a comfortable living whether they work or not, such persons become willing
dependents, content with a parasitical relationship to the rest of society.
    What is significant in our time is that there is a whole class of people
interested in encouraging this parasitism. Many welfare officials and social workers
are threatened with a loss of their power if there is a marked reduction in the
number of their clients, so they are motivated to increase rather that decrease
welfare dependency.
    Politicians, too, have flourished by getting increased federal grants for this or
that disadvantaged group. They go back to their constituents and say. "Look what
I've done for you," and get reelected. These are the office-holders who are far
more interested in being reelected that in doing what is good for people, good for
the economy, good for the nation.
    If everybody is rewarded just for being alive, you get the same sort of effect
as you do when you reward evey student just for being enrolled. You destroy not
only education, you destroy society by giving A's to everyone. This is a
philosophical consideration that bothers me very much as I sit in the United States
Senate and see is great budget allocations going through.
5. What is the main idea of this passage?
  A) You destroy society by giving "A" to everybody.
  B) You can't provide equality of opportunity to everybody.
  C) You can't prevent hunger and misery in a rich society.
  D) Only those who work hard can be rewarded.
6. Why did the author mention 1960's and 1970's?
  A) Because he wanted to show every student can get "A" then.
  B) To cite an example to support his points.
  C) To show most of the dropout were gifted.
  D) To show the opinions of students about universities.
7. Why were many welfare officials motivated to increase their clients?
  A) They were concerned with the dependants.
  B) They were afraid of a loss of their power.
  C) They encouraged the parasiticism.
  D) They gained a lot from their clients.
8. Why did the politicians support dependency?
 A) They wanted to show their sympathy.
 B) They wanted to be re-elected.
 C) They were not interested in doing good things for the nation.
 D) They paid great attention to dependency.


                                    Passage 3


   Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have
been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms
and cure.
    Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our
familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the
thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life:
when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to
give tip, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations,
when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words,
gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the
course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we
speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our
efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of
conscious awareness.
    Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar
cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how
broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series of props have been knocked
from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to
the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which
causes the discomfort. "The ways of the host country are bad because they make
us feel bad." When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the
host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.
Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly
assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes
irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the
good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one
back to reality.
     Some of the symptoms of culture shock re excessive washing of the hands,
excessive concern over drinking water, food dishes, and bedding; fear of physical
contact with attendants, the absent-minded stare; a feeling of helplessness and a
desire for dependence on longterm residents of one's own nationality, fist of anger
over minor frustrations; great concern over minor pains and eruptions of the skin;
and finally, that terrible longing to be back home.
    Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.
Although not common, there are individuals who can not lie in foreign countries.
However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a
satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process.


9. According to the passage, an occupational disease might be _________ .
  A) seldom caused by psychological stress
  B) in the same category of biological diseases
  C) an illness specific to people in a particular job
  D) very different from most ailments in that it has symptoms of its own.
10. In line 2-3, paragraph 3, "a series of props have been knocked from under
you"
   A) things on which people depend for strength, supports or courage have been
challenged or taken away.
   B) people are being seized by misfortunes one by one.
   C) people's pleasant character have been changed completely
   D) people are like the fish deprived of water.
11. From the author's point of view, which of the following is not the symptoms for
people suffering from culture shock?
    A) To feel homesick.
    B) To feel at ease when in physical contact with local residents.
    C) To feel frustrated easily.
    D) To feel dependent on the company of his own nationality.
12. What does the author intend to conclude in the last paragraph?
    A) Everyone will probably suffer from the culture shock in the same way.
    B) Despite the culture shock, all people have the potential to stand to live in a
different culture.
    C) Culture shock can only be suffered rather than cured.
   D) People can finally adapt themselves to a strange culture step by step.


                                     Passage 4


    It is a general law in politics, that the power most to be distrusted, is that
which, possessing the greatest force, is the least responsible. Under the
constitutional monarchies of Europe, (as they exist in theory at least,) the king,
besides uniting in his single person all the authority o the executive, which
includes a power to make war, create peers, and unconditionally to name all
employments, has an equal influence in enacting laws, his veto being absolute;
but in America, the executive, besides being elective, is stripped of most of these
high sources of influence, and is obliged to keep constantly in view the justice and
legality of his acts, both on account of his direct responsibilities, and on account of
the force of public opinion.
    In this country, there is far more to apprehend from Congress, that from the
executive, as is seen in the following reasons: - Congress is composed of many,
while the executive is one, bodies of men notoriously acting with less personal
responsibilities that individuals; congress has power to enact laws, which it
becomes the duty of the executive to see enforced, and the really legislative
authority of a country is always its greatest authority; from the decisions and
constructions o the executive, the citizen can always appeal to the courts for
protection, but no appeal can lie from the acts of congress, except on the grounds
of unconstitutionality, the executive has direct personal responsibilities under the
laws of the land, for any abuses of his authority, but the member of congress
unless guilty of open corruption, is almost beyond personal liabilities.
    It follows that the legislature of this country, by the intention of the
constitution, wields the highest authority under the least responsibility, and that it
is the power most to be distrusted. Still, all who possess trusts, are to be diligently
watched, for there is no protection against abuses without responsibility, nor any
real responsibility, without vigilance.
     Political partisans, who are too apt to mistake the impulses of their own
hostilities and friendships for truths, have laid down many false principles on the
subject of the duties of the executive. When a law is passed, it goes to the
executive for execution, through the executive agents, and, at need to the courts
for interpretation. It would seem that there is no discretion vested in the executive
concerning the constitutionality of a law. If he distrusts the constitutionality of any
law, he can set forth his objections by resorting to the veto; but it is clearly the
intention of the system that the whole legislative power, in the last resort, shall
abide in congress, while it is necessary to the regular action of the government,
that none of its agents, but those who are specially appointed for that purpose,
shall pretend to interpret the constitution, in practice. The citizen is differently
situated. If he conceives himself oppressed by an unconstitutional law, it is his
inalienable privilege to raise the question before the courts, where a final
interpretation can be had. By this interpretation the executive and all his agents
are equally bound to abide. This obligation arises from the necessity of things, as
well as from the nature of the institutions. There must be somewhere a power to
decide on the constitutionality of laws, and this power is in the supreme court of
the United States, on final appeal.


13. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to indicate _________ .
   A) the difference between kings and presidents
   B) the power of the Supreme Court
   C) the limitations of the presidency
   D) the irresponsibility of Congress
14. According to the author, it is not the president's reponsibility to _________ .
   A) name his assistants
   B) question the constitutionality of a law
   C) have an equal status with Congress
   D) Enforce the laws passed by Congress
15. The strength of Congress lies in its numbers because _________ .
   A) in numbers, there is strength
   B) it controls the budget
   C) it does not have to concern itself with the constitutionality of the law it
enacts
   D) no member can be held individually accountable for its actions
16. One idfference between a constitutional monarch and the president not
mentioned by the author is that the _________ .
   A) monarch is non-clective
   B) monarch has unlimited tenure
   C) president has a limited veto
   D) president is limited by the constitution.


                                     Passage 5


   Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you
cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their
hair-styles and makeup look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short;
their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the
film, on the other hand, are clearly recognisable. There is nothing about their
appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.
    This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the years, the great
majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their
style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so-called top
designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over
rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This
year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion skirts will be short and waists will be
high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from
taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.
    If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves
to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen n public in clothes
that are out of fashion they are annually blackmailed by the designers and the big
stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be discarded
because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is
capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing
sadly that she has nothing to wear.
    Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste.
Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have
hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste
hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let
down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so
on.
    No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really
important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like
warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance
and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of
discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at
some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on
a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.
    When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to
be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes,
one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too
sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers,. Do their unchanging
styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to
decide.


17. The main idea of this passage is _________ .
   A) New fashions in clothes reflect the qualities of women
   B) New fashions in clothing are created solely for commercial explotitation of
women
   C) The top designers seem to have the right to creating new fashion
   D) Men have the basic quality of reliability
18. Why do the general appearance of actresses look ludicrous?
   A) Because they want their appearance in the fashion
   B) Because the top designers want them to follow the fashion.
   C) Because the top designers want them to make fashion.
   D) Because the top designers want them to lead the fashion.
19. Why are women mercilessly exploited by the fashion designers?
   A) They love new fashion         B) They love new clothes.
   C) They want to look beautiful.   D) They are too vain.
20. What are fashion designers interested in?
   A) Outward appearance.            B) comfort
   C) Beauty.                          D) Durability.
�曾到台灣,他說:
   晚涼步墟落,輒聞男女相從而歌;譯其辭意,惻惻然若不勝谷風。小井之
   怨者乃掇拾成什,為遺黎寫哀云爾。
作〈台灣竹枝詞〉28:
   郎家住在三重浦,妾家住在白石湖,
   路頭相望無幾步,郎試回頭見妾無?
   韭菜開花心一枝,花正黃時葉正肥,
   願郎摘花連葉摘,到死心頭不肯離。
                          、     、
  情歌在台灣民謠中所佔的比例相當大,如〈六月茉莉〉〈桃花過渡〉〈相褒


27
                           。
 參考《中華日報‧家後動人 鄭進一寫父母真情》(www.cdnnews.com.tw)
28
 竹枝詞始自中唐劉禹錫,盛於貞元、元和(805~820) 之間。臺灣有竹枝詞,始自郁永河的引進,
                                       。
其後不管是宦遊人、士君子,或一般平民都有作品,堪稱「雅俗共賞」(參考陳香編著《臺灣竹枝
詞選集‧竹枝詞在臺灣的流變──本篇權作本選集跋》    ,頁 278、279)
                                               19
歌〉及〈愛情哭調仔〉等。許多客家採茶山歌,以隱喻、雙關隱語來影射男女私
情,更是令人拍案叫絕。
                                 ,是每一個
  1933 年由「台灣歌謠之父」鄧雨賢作曲、李臨秋作詞的〈望春風〉
台灣人能夠琅琅上口的歌謠,它不但是一首最具代表性的台灣歌謠,更已成為世
界各地的台灣人族群認同的象徵之一。
  1933 年鄧雨賢作曲、周添旺作詞的〈月夜愁〉寫的是被情郎拋棄的女孩,在
月夜裡傷心落淚的情節。29
                        ,是為一個爭取婚姻自由失敗而
  1935 年黎明作詞,周添旺作曲的〈河邊春夢〉
喪志的青年而作,乃描寫失戀的歌曲。
  1936 年有很多由陳達儒作詞的經典台語老情歌,如陳秋霖作曲的〈白牡丹〉,
描述懷春少女心聲。姚讚福作曲悲戚悱惻的  〈心酸酸〉,吳成家作曲的     ,
                                 〈阮不知啦〉
蘇桐作曲的〈雙雁影〉慨嘆毫無希望的戀情,蘇桐作曲戀情綿綿的〈青春嶺〉   、郭
玉蘭作曲的〈南都夜曲〉  ,描述女子癡情等待一場虛假的逢場作戲的愛情。
  這些光復前流傳至今的哀歌,其音樂價值是被肯定的,所反應的時代意義也
是可貴的。然而,表面上雖是書寫男女之情,而其象徵台灣同胞在日治時代苦無
訴處,怒而不敢言,內心充塞苦悶和不滿,也是事實。有許多台語歌謠更隱約影
射:在日本軍閥統治下的台灣,丈夫或愛人被征往南洋當砲灰,女人得獨守閨房,
壓抑無比寂寞、哀怨、無奈和暗恨的情愫。翁嘉銘認為,台語歌曲反映出較多的
現實精神,  「即使是情歌也在怨嘆與思慕的糾葛中,交織出人與人、人與家庭、人
與社會、人與命運的無常抗爭。」30
                         ,曲調輕快歡愉,內容是描述
  1939 年陳達儒作詞,陳秋霖作曲的〈滿山春色〉
男女出遊充滿春意的山水勝景,在日治時代充滿悲愁氣氛的眾多台語歌曲中十分
特殊。
                       、     、
  曲調輕快、活潑的台語情歌還有〈四季謠〉〈台灣小調〉〈草螟弄雞公〉〈桃、
花過渡〉等,表達了台灣人對愛情的達觀和勇敢挑戰的精神。
                                 、
  台語老歌不斷被知名歌手翻唱,例如正一作詞的〈最後的火車站〉〈最後一
   、
封信〉〈舊情綿綿〉 、于人作詞作曲的〈港都戀歌〉,至今傳唱不絕。
  五 O 年代台灣流行的國語情歌多移植自大陸:姚莉、周璇、白光等人演唱的
      、    、
〈不了情〉〈憶良人〉〈鳳凰于飛〉等歌曲,多偏小調風,詞意常有古詩詞的影
子,以景物抒發情衷,雖不乏盪氣迴腸與蜜意纏綿之作,但對當時正受龐大的政



29
   當時作詞者周添旺年二十四歲,這一首歌曲使他在台語流行歌壇獲得不朽的地位。三十年代的
台北,人少車稀,幽靜的三線路常是情人相約散步的好地方,尤其在月光下更是羅曼蒂克,這樣羅
曼蒂克的氣氛,在傷心人眼裡來看更是點滴在心頭。年少易感的周添旺以   〈怨嘆月暝〉〈無聊月暝〉
                                         、
和〈憂愁月暝〉層層對月興愁,真切表達失戀人無聊的心情。當時正緊鑼密鼓聲地進行「皇民化運
動」 ,日本人竟將〈月夜愁〉歌詞改為〈軍夫之妻〉,作為強徵台灣同胞當軍夫,去作無報酬勞動宣
傳的「時局歌曲」 ,那種無奈的心酸,實是歷史悲劇的插曲。六 O 年代,鄧麗君所主唱的〈情人再
見〉 ,用的就是月夜愁的旋律。周添旺作品有數百首之多,他生前最喜歡的四首作品:     、
                                        〈月夜愁〉〈雨
    、     、
夜花〉〈河邊春夢〉〈秋風夜雨〉鐫刻在他淡水鎮八里鄉墓園石碑上。
30
   翁嘉銘《從羅大佑到崔健──當代流行音樂的軌跡‧情字這條路──試析台灣情歌的差異》,
頁 116。
                                              20
治陰影籠罩,面臨沉重生活壓力的台灣人民而言,是相當疏遠的。31
                               ,以台灣景觀為
  1954 年潘英杰作詞,周藍萍作曲,紫薇演唱的〈綠島小夜曲〉
隱喻,透過男子的口吻來發抒內心想要釋放卻又含蓄的深情,這首歌在全世界的
華人社會流行。
                            ,在當時是一首相當受
  1957 年葉俊麟作詞,吳晉淮譜曲兼主唱的〈暗淡的月〉
歡迎的流行歌,即使現在也仍是卡拉OK裡經常被點唱的歌曲。
  六 O 年代「鳳飛飛時代」來臨,「瓊瑤電影插曲」的流行,所詠嘆的愛情耽溺
在綺麗幻想之中,不食人間煙火。
  七 O 年代,楊弦帶領風騷而起的「現代民歌」和緊接的「校園歌曲」,如〈想
  、     、
你〉〈抉擇〉〈偶然〉等歌曲,仍以情歌居多。
  八 O 年代起,        、      、   、     、
          〈一枝小雨傘〉〈請你聽我講〉〈舞女〉〈心事誰知〉〈行船人
的愛〉等,仍承襲台灣歌謠為悲苦邊緣族群發聲、解愁的風格,傳唱至今。
  九 O 年代至今,年輕世代是流行音樂消費市場的主流,情歌是大宗,也是主
流,甚至有氾濫成災之虞。然而由具有大眾基礎的「情歌文化」   ,仍可析理出潛藏
於群眾,隱而不顯的社會情結。
  台語情歌如 1988 年張景洲作詞,張錦華作曲的〈針線情〉,歌詞淺白易懂,
歌曲旋律簡單,描繪出夫妻之情。
  1992 年童皓平作詞作曲,江蕙演唱的〈酒後的心聲〉,寫出昔日誓言變卦,只
有燒酒瞭解自己的悲懷。
  1997 年蔡振南作詞,陳小霞作曲的     ,痛心於情人想要享齊人之福,
                    〈花若離枝〉
希望讓對方了解,冷暖人間唯真情可貴,有情,連寒冬也可以化為春暖。
  1999 年許常德作詞,游鴻明作曲,黃乙玲演唱的〈無字的情批〉 ,寫出老阿嬤
帶點哀傷的愛情故事。
  2006 年武雄作詞,吳嘉祥作曲,蔡振南演唱的〈空笑夢〉、2007 年熊天益作
詞作曲,施文彬演唱的〈再會啦!心愛的無緣的人〉   ,都是流傳極廣的台語情歌。
  隨著經濟起飛與生活改善,唱片娛樂工業勃然成長,國語情歌多一廂情願式
的祈望及表白,                、         、
        〈我是不是你最疼愛的人〉〈讓我一次愛得夠〉〈其實你不懂我的
心〉等,表現出現代人對戀情的渴望與迷惘。
  國語情歌仍不乏佳作:如 1970 年林煌坤作詞,劉家昌作曲,尤雅演唱的〈往
事只能回味〉。1973、74 年間,孫儀作詞,翁清溪作曲,陳芬蘭原唱的〈月亮代表
   ,今天全球華人仍用這首歌來一解鄉愁、情愁。1980 年梁弘志作詞作曲,
我的心〉
蔡琴演唱的〈恰似你的溫柔〉〈讀你〉、   ,歌詞優美,寫出男女間甜美的愛戀,為許
多人所喜愛。1981 年台灣首支流行樂團丘丘合唱團成立,1982 年丘丘合唱團以〈就
在今夜〉傳遍大街小巷。1983 年陳大慰作詞作曲,徐乃麟演唱的〈紅鞋女孩〉   、阿
弟作詞作曲,黃品源演唱的〈小薇〉    、明輝作詞作曲,林慧萍演唱的〈倩影〉 、吳
念真作詞,羅大佑作曲,蘇芮      ,紅遍全島。1987 年王文清作詞作曲,
             〈一樣的月光〉
王傑演唱的〈一場遊戲一場夢〉;齊秦作詞作曲及演唱的〈大約在冬季〉  ;1988 年

31
 參考翁嘉銘《從羅大佑到崔健──當代流行音樂的軌跡‧情字這條路──試析台灣情歌的差異
》,頁 115。
                                         21
王文清作詞作曲,王傑演唱的        〈忘了你忘了我〉 ,橫掃千軍,在海峽兩岸都被傳唱。
1989 年李宗盛詞作曲,陳淑樺演唱的〈夢醒時分〉       ;1991 年陳樂融、王蕙玲作詞,
陳大力、陳秀男作曲,葉倩文演唱的〈瀟灑走一回〉          ;1992 年伍佰作詞作曲及演唱
的〈背叛〉  ;1993 年黃安作詞作曲及演唱的〈新鴛鴦蝴蝶夢〉        ;1994 年姚謙作詞,
黃國倫作曲,王菲演唱的〈我願意〉         ;王中言作詞,黃國倫作曲,蘇永康演唱的〈男
人不該讓女人流淚〉     ;1995 年黃桂蘭作詞,林隆璇作曲,那英演唱的〈白天不懂夜
     ;
的黑〉 2002 年周耀輝作詞,陳偉作曲,蕭亞軒演唱的〈愛的主打歌〉             (也是中華
職棒 13 年冠軍賽指定曲)    ;2002 年林隆璇作詞作曲,陳曉娟、林隆璇演唱的「我
愛你這樣深」  ,以西樂與國樂巧妙相融,一時成為主流新寵。2004 年曹格作曲,徐
世珍作詞,S.H.E 演唱的〈大女人主義〉 ,以大無畏的勇氣,說出平行相愛的自許。
2005 年陳綺真作詞作曲及演唱的〈華麗的冒險〉  ;吳青峰作詞作曲及演唱的〈小情
歌〉 ;厲曼婷作詞,喜納昌吉作曲,周華健演唱的〈花心〉等,都是不同世代的人
的共同記憶。
    2008 年藍小邪、嚴雲農作詞,鄭楠作曲,大陸女歌手劉力揚演唱的〈眼淚笑
了〉 ,這首歌被台灣緯來戲劇台正在播出的韓劇   《歐巴桑向前衝》選為片尾主題曲。
歌詞內容說出面對愛人一去不回頭,失戀的人要將碎成沙漠的心開鑿成綠洲;縱
然想念已成過客的愛人,自己也絕不卑微,不會捨不得,因為曲折的路最美。歌
聲中勇敢面對情傷,重新站起來,唱出新女性的形象。
  隨著傳播科技的日新月異,資訊流通更加快速便捷,流行音樂隨著網路流通,
各種歌唱比賽也讓不同世代的流行歌曲重新被認知。流行歌曲具有舒軟、輕快、
宣洩、取樂、消遣的特質,希望能夠在最短時間內產生暢銷商品,情歌是最容易
生產且最容易討好聽眾的題材,因此以軟調、感性訴求的抒情歌曲,一直是流行
歌曲市場的銷售大宗。台灣流行歌曲耽溺於情愛的書寫,愛情成為年輕族群關注
的價值目標。
       、
  「庸俗化」「商品化」的現象,對創作者本身都是一種斲傷,然而觸動大眾
感情的情歌,仍然可以引入嚴酷的現實,啟發大眾思考,擁有人文關懷,表達出
新歌謠的精神。如潘越雲《男歡女愛》專輯、        、
                     《情字這條路》《天天天藍》專輯,
                       《愛人同志》專輯,張艾嘉《忙
歌曲纏綿而轉折,羅大佑的《戀曲二 OOO》專輯、
與盲》專輯、李宗盛《生命中的精靈》專輯、鄭智化《單身逃亡》專輯、陳昇《六
月》專輯、張洪量《全世界只有你不知道》專輯、黃韻玲《憂傷男孩》專輯、黃
舒駿《馬不停蹄的憂傷》專輯、江蕙《愛著啊》專輯、蕭煌奇《真情歌》專輯等,
都能唱出自己的心聲,誠懇、真實地表達生活經驗,有深刻的感知與反省。
  情歌最能打動人心,從怨情到努力,從情愛的創傷中痊癒、成長,看出現代
人自我主宰的能力較過去增強,現代人確實有較多能量在情傷中求得重生。

七、各族群的大合唱
  台灣先民篳路藍縷,開闢山林,最初歌謠主要透過口耳相傳的形式流傳散布,
並且具有群落性與地域性。台語民謠、客家民謠、原住民的歌謠各有其區域性的
代表作。有的唱出勞動的辛苦與歡樂,有的藉由歲時節慶、迎神賽會的歌曲演出,
                                                  22
帶著濃厚的地方文化特色。
  如各地鄉土民謠自然流露出的歌聲是樂觀、活潑、有趣的主題。產自嘉南平
原的〈天黑黑〉,是以人民生活的剪影做素材,是一首趣味性極高的鄉土民謠。內
容從天候景象談到阿公阿婆之間,為了煮鹹或煮淡而吵得把鍋弄翻打破的趣事,
其中還蘊含著合作才能成事的意義。
  恆春民謠〈思想枝〉,為台灣恆春的福佬民謠,它是一曲隨興的調子,即興的
歌曲,怎麼的思想,就怎麼唱,可以自由編唱歌詞。七 O 年代初,鄉土文學運動
的影響,素人歌手陳達被許常惠、林懷民等文化界人士引至都市,在媒體宣揚下,
使人對台語歌謠重新認識與肯定。
  宜蘭民謠〈丟丟銅仔〉的產生背景,由於西元 I787 年,宜蘭民眾在吳沙的領
導下,開發蘭陽,繁榮地方。為解決交通問題,鑿通了連綿不斷的山嶺,建築與
外界相通的鐵道。試車那天,當拖著平板臺的火車,徐徐前進,興奮的年輕人躍
上平板臺,他們為血汗的成果歡呼、跳躍,嘴上不由自主的哼著他們熟悉順口的
宜蘭調。「丟丟銅」即指山洞岩縫中水滴落的聲音「滴」  「滴」「咚」。
  客家歌謠有九腔十八調之稱。客家地區的山歌,唱山歌是非常隨興的活動,
老山歌有老山歌的曲調;山歌仔有山歌仔的曲調;平板亦然。也就是說同樣的曲
調可以用不同的歌詞唱,但是每個人唱的並不是完全一樣,不同的人有不同的詮
釋方法。客家歌謠散發著勤奮勞動的熱力,如楊振道作詞,林子淵作曲的〈一支
擔竿〉及涂敏恆作詞作曲的〈客家本色〉等。
  原住民各族的歌謠更是台灣文化的瑰寶。台灣的原住民族,包括阿美、泰雅、
布農、排灣、魯凱、卑南、賽夏、鄒、邵、雅美、達悟、噶瑪蘭、太魯閣等,每
個民族都有自己的歌謠。如阿美族的傳統古謠〈歡樂相聚歌〉、布農族重要的祭儀
          、鄒族生活性歌謠〈找螃蟹〉
歌謠〈祈禱小米豐收歌〉            、魯凱族的情歌〈鬼湖之戀〉、
泰雅族的〈織布歌〉等。原住民歌曲最初產生於勞作,沒有樂器但又處處都是樂
器:採檳榔累了就邊打檳榔葉邊唱歌,砍竹子空閒時就把竹子削成竹筒吹出聲響。
由於原住民的各族群的地理環境與人文特色不同,歌謠曲調也就不盡相同。原住
民祭祖、狩獵、談情豐收等歌謠中,有著來自山林海濱自然律動的美。
  原住民歌手是台灣的瑰寶,在流行歌壇上表現優異,如胡德夫、高勝美、北
原山貓(吳廷宏、陳明仁)、動力火車(尤秋興、顏志琳)、張惠妹、紀曉君、溫
嵐、范逸臣、戴愛玲、秀蘭瑪雅、王宏恩、高慧君等。

八、泥土親的農村曲
  台灣開拓之初,先民務農的生活儘管辛苦,但精神上是樂觀自由的,呂泉生
作詞的〈農村酒歌〉是敘述老祖宗墾荒耕作之餘,相邀三五好友暢飲划拳的豪邁
                 、
心境道出了「眾仙會合,見面三杯酒」「暗暝集會,大家真歡喜」的心情。
  阿美族〈老人飲酒歌〉是 96 年奧運主題曲,原住民郭英男夫婦的歌聲更是震
撼全場。32

32
 郭英男(Difang-Duana 1921-2002)出生於台東阿美族馬蘭社部落。1978 年,一位民族音樂教授
來到馬蘭社,當晚,郭英男和馬蘭吟唱隊的朋友一首首的旋律唱出,震驚了在場的工作人員,被譽
                                                        23
  嘉南民謠的〈牛犁歌〉是農暇之餘,寓音樂於工作的歌舞小曲,歌詞中可看
到農夫與牛之間互相依賴的關係及農夫為了增產豐收而辛苦工作的情形。1937 年
陳達儒的〈農村曲〉(原名〈草地人的日記〉)是農民的生活日誌,也是農村集體
的生命之歌。他生動描述農人早晨「透早就出門」、中午「炎天赤日頭」、黃昏「日
頭若落山」的簡單歌詞,可視為當時為數眾多「做田人」(農夫)的生活日記,訴
說了被壓榨的農民心聲,於是當然迅速獲得廣大勞苦農人的共鳴;此外〈農村曲〉
更真實反映了當時「受苦無人問」的台灣農村普遍景況,為時代留下了最真實的
見證。33
  恆春民謠「平埔調」        ,它曾經先後被改編成〈耕農歌〉〈三
           ,也叫做「台東調」               、
聲無奈〉和〈青蚵仔嫂〉等不同的歌曲。
  客家民謠葉日松作詞,呂錦明作曲的〈快樂在農家〉  ,寫出農家阿姆阿爸勤於
農事,甘願為子女做牛做馬的心情。邱靜惠、鍾永豐作詞,林生祥作曲的〈蒔禾
 ,以客家話唱出收穫時對伯公(土地神)的感謝;鍾永豐作詞,林生祥作曲的
歌〉
〈目苦看田〉,道出努力耕作,不想讓人看衰的志氣。34

九、各行業的心聲曲
  不少學者認為歌謠起於勞動,因為民眾在集體勞動時透過有節奏的歌唱,可
以整齊步伐及節奏,聯合眾人的力量,一方面可以減輕勞動中的疲勞、調劑精神,
另外歌唱可以抒發心情、紓解情緒,正所謂「不唱山歌心不爽」即是。
  儘管行業不同,為生計而奔波的辛苦是市井小民共同的心情,以市井小民的
生活為題材,反映各行百態、社會景象及平民生活的真面貌的歌謠,最能引起共
鳴。如恆春民謠〈臺東調〉描述恆春人到臺東求職謀生,開拓前程的故事即是。
          ,說明了為善最樂的道理,在在反映著人們的生活或自生
  恆春民謠〈勸世歌〉
活中體驗出來的心聲。這是台灣早期民間的說唱音樂,通常由眼盲之賣唱藝人用
月琴自彈自唱,歌詞以處世勸善為主,故稱為勸世調。勸世調演唱速度不快,以
便即興編詞,熟練的唱家,可天南地北用同一曲調演唱很久。那個時代的賣唱藝


為最具水準的民間樂人。1988 年,應法國文化之家的邀請,赴法國表演造成轟動。1993 年,德國
Enigma 樂團在〈Return-To Innocence〉這首歌中擷取〈老人飲酒歌〉的原音,創造數百萬張驚人的
銷售數量,遺憾沒有任何人知道美麗的旋律竟是來自台灣阿美族的郭英男,而這個風潮直到 1996
年,亞特蘭大奧運使用       〈ReturnTo-Innocence〉                     (參
                                     為宣導片主題曲,引爆著作權問題而為世人所知。
考 www.hlps.tcc.edu.tw)
33
   陳達儒一生閱人無數,生活經歷豐富,他不僅對古典詩詞、現代詩歌、中外詩選都下過苦功研
究,就連一般市井俗語、黑道術語卻也都瞭若指掌。由於創作資材的豐富多樣,他淋漓盡致地寫盡
各階層人民內心的心聲、道盡恩恩怨怨男女的戀情。例如,陳達儒為了寫〈農村曲〉                 ,特地到鄉下
親身體驗做田人真實的生活困境;為了寫〈煙酒歌〉                 ,更與基層工人聊天談論他們的苦樂;甚至為
了寫〈安平追想曲〉      ,重遊古蹟企圖尋找更多靈感。誠如陳達儒所說:          「要創作一首歌詞,往往要經
過很多的考慮,有如要寫小說一樣的心情;簡單的一首不滿百字的歌詞,要有如你寫一篇中篇小說
的想法。」(參考〈台灣歌謠臉譜〉 www.taiwan123.com.tw)
        。
34
 林生祥以《種樹》專輯獲得 2007 年金曲獎最佳客語演唱人與最佳客語專輯獎,但他拒絕接受。
他主張金曲獎音樂獎項的分類應該是以音樂類型來分,而不是以族群語言來分。並且獎金捐給賦予
種樹專輯力量、捍衛農村生活價值的四個團隊與個人:美濃自發性的種樹團隊、美濃社區報─《月
    、討論有機農業的《青芽兒雜誌》及為農業發聲而被抓去關的白米炸彈客─楊儒門。
光山雜誌》
                                             24
人真的都得具備隨編隨唱的能力,而也因為即興編詞的關係,所唱的內容很能深
入人心,有時唸唱一些貼近人民生活的事,也能逗樂於聽眾。原本這首歌最早是
江湖賣膏藥的人所唱,後來流傳開後,一些賣唱的、走唱的、做生意的及在江湖
中遊走賺錢的人都唱這首歌來吸引客人,藉以壯大他們的聲勢,所以這首歌早期
被稱為「賣藥調」 35
          。
  1946 年,張邱東松作詞的〈收酒矸〉描寫一位出門撿破爛的十三歲小孩的心
情,也道盡社會底層的辛酸,傳達出經濟蕭條中的社會底層心聲;1949 年發表,
張邱東松詞曲的〈燒肉粽〉                   ,正反映著失業的
              ,歌詞中的「卒業(畢業)頭路無半項」
窘境;「物件一日一日貴,厝內頭嘴一大堆」  正說明著通貨膨脹、物價逼人的壓力;
        、
〈三輪車夫〉〈補缸補甕〉等皆是各行業的甘苦談。
  1957 年,以行業歌聞名的郭大誠首度以〈流浪魔術師〉再度走紅,歌曲穿插
詼諧、逗趣的口白,句句押韻,有聲有料,被稱為糊塗歌。其他如〈流浪拳頭師〉 、
          、     、
〈糊塗總鋪師〉〈糊塗裁縫師〉〈糊塗燒酒仙〉等,寫人的憨厚幽默。各行各業
在他又念又唱下,形形色色,別出心裁,是台語歌壇一絕。
  1970 年郭大誠填詞的〈青蚵仔嫂〉廣受民眾歡迎,描寫一位瞭解如何苦中作
樂的台灣傳統女性,認命卻又不屈服於命運安排的勇氣,反映出台灣人的性格,
無形中又讓這首歌的意境更加非凡。
                     ,說盡小人物在台北大都會嘗試各種工
  1976 年劉福助〈一年換二十四個頭家〉
作的辛酸。
  1984 年侯德健、李壽全、羅大佑與吳念真等人創作的《搭錯車》電影音樂,
                 、      、
其中主題曲及插曲〈酒矸倘賣嘸〉〈一樣的月光〉〈請跟我來〉   ,由蘇芮唱出《搭
錯車》中撿破爛的老人之女的感念之情,至今仍廣泛流行,也是中文流行音樂史重
要且出色的作品。這張唱片和羅大佑的《之乎者也》一起被視為校園民歌時代和
現代流行歌曲時代的分水嶺。
  1990 年陳昇作詞作曲,林強演唱的〈黑輪伯仔〉,透過下港來到基隆賣黑輪維
持生計的老阿伯,現身說法奉勸少年努力讀書。1995 年吳嘉祥作詞作曲,陳雷演
         :                 、
唱的〈風真透〉「代誌是永遠做抹了,薪水總是嫌無夠」「等甲有一天,我來做
主官」,是薪水階級共同的心聲。
  1991 年蔡素惠作詞作曲,黃乙玲演唱〈成功一定是咱的〉,道出社會各行各業
自勉互勵的心聲。
  1992 年蕭福德〈外務的心聲〉,為天下業務員喊冤。
  1995 年陳明章的〈流浪到淡水〉唱遍全台。陳明章有感於盲人歌手金門王與
李炳輝走唱人生的無奈和悲苦,而於 30 分鐘內完成此作。2003 年 11 月 29 日,台
北縣政府將這首代表淡水特色的歌曲刻成歌碑,豎立在淡水漁人碼頭情人橋旁。
  2002 年林生祥的〈菊花夜行軍〉,唱出返鄉種植花卉的年輕人,看著夜裡盞
盞燈光下的菊花田,幻想自己是個司令官,號令菊花們好好成長,將來賣個好價
錢。36

35
  參考廖真珮《台灣大紀元,副刊‧藝術長河‧世界民謠(四)勸世歌》                      ,
news.epochtimes.com/b5/8/1/19/n1983416.htm - 2008/08/06。
36
     來自美濃的音樂人林生祥,農家子弟的背景培養出他對於農村生活特別敏銳的觀察和同理心,
                                             25
  各行各業終日勞碌,盡其在我的努力,養家活口的辛苦,是安定社會的礎石,
音樂人則以其悲憫之心為之代言。

十、異鄉客的招魂曲
  台灣民謠的傳統風格,多在為悲苦的邊緣族群發聲、抒發心情、排解愁悶。
台灣民謠作者的取材頗能反應自現實和環境的變遷,刻劃功力令人尊敬。然而台
灣歌謠不只在落淚哀哭而已,台灣歌謠的多元素材及其發展的多樣性,頗能超越
純個人式的感情訴苦,以較寬闊的視野陳訴文化流喪、社會的困境與人群的漂離,
使臺灣歌謠具有悲劇精神。如李坤城作詞,古秀如、羅大佑作曲及演唱的〈原鄉〉
    茫茫原鄉對唐山 搖搖擺擺辭海岸
    雨潑雨落 風吹帆船 存亡向天影孤單
    渺渺他鄉落土酸 無暝無日來打算
    血汗無情 儉腸捏肚 為求生存找家園
  早期文夏作詞,中野忠晴作曲的〈黃昏的故鄉〉這首歌,一直到八 O、九 O
年代的海外的台灣人社團中流行起來,但有更深一層的政治意義。許多被列入黑
名單的海外台籍人士因言論遭當局所忌,不得返台,因此,許多有家歸不得的海
外遊子,經常在聚會中合唱這首歌,淚眼相對。
  1950 年以後,美國優越的物質和研究環境吸引了台灣一批批大學生越過重
洋,赴外留學,1978 年蕭泰然作詞作曲的〈出外人〉,即是移民美國的感懷之作。
  1980 年蘇來作詞作曲,陳明韶演唱的〈浮雲遊子〉,寫出如浮雲的遊子,行囊
裝滿鄉愁,依然努力向前走。
  2000 年涂敏恒作詞作曲,費玉清演唱的〈送你一把泥土〉,寫出了送別出國的
心情,台灣留學生身在在「異邦」  ,身處融入新潮「異文化」或據守舊浪的衝突矛
盾中,眷戀故土的心情油然而生。
  2007 年王力宏作詞作曲及演唱的〈落葉歸根〉,訴說著即使遠離家鄉,只要情
感有所寄託,就有歸屬感及闖蕩的勇氣,就有歸根的安定。
  島內移民潮也影響歌謠的創作。台灣從 1950 年代開始積極的發展進口替代工
業,新工廠如雨後春筍般林立,許多鄉下囝仔編織著「台北夢」 ,在台北找尋工作
機會,出外人落地生根,成為新台北人。這些新台北人做黑手、當司機、開美容
院、布店、工廠、餐廳……用淚水和汗水寫下大台北地區的奮鬥史,幫忙打造大
台北的繁榮,也豐富了大台北地區的文化。37在農業社會過渡到工商業社會的轉型


這樣的關懷,在他的音樂裡表露無遺。起初,林生祥在大學時是從搭配電子吉他、打擊樂的搖滾開
始,一次在家鄉演出的經驗,讓他下定決心要找回台灣的傳統聲音,並且將這種聲音帶出去。這幾
年帶著他來自美濃農村的客家歌曲,踏遍捷克、挪威、法國、美國等國家的專業舞台。更在 2005
年夏天,德國最大的TFF音樂節上,讓現場七萬名來自各國的聽眾為他的客家歌風靡,不斷喊       「安
可」 ,主辦單位只好破例讓他再唱兩首歌。他將客家歌謠唱到世界,將台灣農民與勞工故事誠實傳
唱下去。 (參考李育豪〈林生祥,讓世界為客家歌瘋狂〉  ,天下雜誌 363 期,2007.1。)
37
                    《尋夢的孩子》是當時年輕早逝的導演屠忠訓的作品,由鍾鎮
   電影情節反映社會現實,1979 年,
濤和胡慧中主演,描述一對來自澎湖的年輕男女在台北奮鬥的故事,在經歷了重重考驗後,終於找
到了自己的幸福。全片充滿了當年的流行歌曲,三毛作詞,李泰祥作曲,齊豫演唱的〈橄欖樹〉是
其中一支插曲。
                                                  26
背景下,1955 年林天來作詞、許石作曲的〈鑼聲若響〉發揮了撫慰困境中的人心
的作用。
                              ,本是一首安慰飄
  1958 年呂泉生作曲,王昶雄作詞的〈阮若打開心內的門窗〉
泊在外的年輕人的歌曲,請他們不要灰心喪志,要振作精神,以開闊的心情面對
未來。這首歌原來是為鼓勵離鄉背井的失意人而作,因詞意光明、意韻幽遠,也
安慰了許多當年流亡海外,飽嘗有家歸不得的民運人士。這首歌從台灣一路唱到
海外,又從海外唱回台灣,伴隨著台灣民主腳步的成長,融入台灣政治發展的歷
史中。這首歌的後續發展,早已超出王昶雄、呂泉生當年設想之外,成為台灣歌
謠史上一首具有特殊歷史意涵、又流傳廣遠的美麗歌曲。
  1977 年駱明道作詞,林煌坤作曲,田路路演唱的〈異鄉夢〉,表達出離鄉奮鬥
的心聲。
  1982 年羅大佑作詞作曲的〈鹿港小鎮〉,在歌曲中表現了多種複雜的情緒。這
首歌描寫鄉下的孩子來到台北花花世界的撞擊;歌詞中也充滿了年輕人對鹿港的
思念;最後,歌詞表現了年輕人沒有臉回家的矛盾心情。38
  1985 年陳克華作詞,陳復明作曲,王芷蕾演唱的〈台北的天空〉,寫著走過青
春、失落年少、走過異鄉、走過滄桑的台北人重回故土的深情。
  1990 年性情至真、青春、勇敢,不向現實妥協的鄉下孩子林強作詞作曲及演
唱的〈向前行〉  ,歌詞緊貼社會脈動,描寫著從小生長田庄的台灣囝仔,為了討生
活離開故鄉,前往都市追求希望和理想,林強唱出當時北上賺食人的心聲,激勵
了離鄉背井的人。
  1999 年李姚作詞,民雄作曲及演唱的    ,記錄著遊子徬徨卻批判的心:
                     〈萬寶路〉
    告別家鄉緊握手中的地圖 台匇車站通往夢想八方的路
    借問一下要到內湖成功路
    檳榔西施說她……(口白)啊!我只知道萬寶路!
    哎呀哎呀 我的心像鼓 就要踏上這片歡樂土
    車裡回憶 故鄉一幕幕 車外風景換上霓虹路
    騎著單車貧窮也是一種幸福 不必擔心明天匯率股票指數
    不怕塞車不必煩惱車停何處 迷失在這人來人往也不在乎 也不在乎
    哎呀哎呀 想念那泥土 一草一木清晨的日出
  2001 年鄔裕康作詞,陳志遠作曲,張惠妹演唱的〈家路〉    ,這首歌提醒著離家
的人走投無路時,家永遠等待著,有幫自己遮風擋雨的肩膀。
  思鄉曲中有著對家人深深的眷戀、有著想要開創前途充沛的勇氣,如林垂立
作詞作曲,張秀卿演唱的〈車站〉  ;葉俊麟作詞,日本曲,黃西田演唱的〈田庄兄
 ;游國謙作詞,陳彼得作曲的〈出外人〉
哥〉                      ;李岩修作詞,徐嘉良作曲的〈再會
啦!車站〉  ;武雄作詞,曾世揚作曲的〈see you 阿囉哈〉;來自原住民部落而傳唱
38
 羅大佑自述:「我寫〈鹿港小鎮〉的一個主要刺激,是我在見習的時候,有一次去修摩托車,看
到一個工人,他跟我聊天,說在鹿港老家偷了兩萬塊錢到台北來闖天下,要讓家鄉的人看他飛黃騰
達。結果,在台北跟朋友吃喝玩樂把錢用光了,什麽關係也沒有攀到,只好修理摩托車,也沒有臉
回家。我在〈鹿港小鎮〉中寫了一句『歸不得的家園』        ,其實高速公路那麽快,兩個小時就回去了,
我要表達的是那種的感覺。」(參考 poemsky.blogspot.com- 120k - 2008/08/08)
                                                          27
全島的〈流浪到台北〉     ;鄭進一、陳維祥作詞,鄭進一作曲的〈故鄉〉等,或傾訴
思鄉情愁,或哭訴漂泊之苦,或道出安份守己地努力打拚,盼能成功回鄉的自許,
都是佳作。
  原住民為了生活打拚,離開山上的家到城市找工作的現象也很普遍,2001 年
巴奈作詞作曲,紀曉君演唱的〈流浪記〉可為代表。歌中道出告別山下的家,認
為自己並不差,可以自己照顧自己長大,不向現實低頭,希望保有真心,唱出歌
聲裡的 puy uam。39
  單親家庭長大,成為兩岸三地流行音樂創作天王周杰倫,每天忙著在全世界
飛來飛去,對家的定義是:     「在外面沒有衣錦,仍是可以回去的便是家。」40惟恐
沒有成功,無顏見江東父老的出外人來說,為一解思鄉情愁,也許可聽取周杰倫
的話。
  如今又有一波波島內移民掀起:為了追求田園樂活的理想,很多事業有成或
退休的人從台北移民鄉下,他們不再為了謀生、就業而移民,而是希望打造屬於
自己的桃花源;又有大批台商為了生意,遍佈大陸各地,而與家人乖隔,離多會
少,音樂人可再為這些懷抱不同人生之夢而遠離家園、努力打拚的台灣人再作新
樂章。

十一、江湖闖蕩的悲涼
  鄉下囝仔到都市來討生活,有闖蕩無畏的豪氣,也有淪落江湖身不由己的悲
涼。台語歌中對這些江湖中人有許多著墨。如 1982 年,蔡振南作詞作曲的〈心事
誰人知〉及 1983 年〈漂泊ㄟㄊㄧㄊㄜ郎〉,雖然這兩首歌的歌詞乍看之下,都是
在描寫「兄弟人」的心聲,其實蔡振南是藉以隱喻人們內心的鬱悶。1990 年〈金
包銀〉,訴說著人在江湖身不由己,想要回頭卻全無勇氣的浪子心情,紅遍全島。
  蔡振南的台語歌有古老台語歌的韻味與深情,優美的旋律與詩意,而歌詞內
容也延續老台語歌的意志,離不開社會,並且道出社會的真實與殘酷:淪落江湖,
但卻講情講義,有著人性中真樸的善良。
  1988 年蔣錦鴻作詞,陳宏作曲,葉啟田演唱的      ;台視布袋戲
                         〈浪子的心情〉     《史
艷文》插曲林樂作詞,葉啟田演唱的〈冷霜子〉   ;吳嘉祥作詞作曲,袁小迪演唱的
〈重出江湖〉等,都是其中代表作。
  王識賢演唱的〈一片天〉   ,則對紛亂社會,人人艱苦,盼能找到真正的正義,
用氣魄拚出頭頂一片天。
  武雄作詞,施文彬作曲演唱的〈正港的朋友〉   ,和真正的朋友共勉不要為人生


39
 「puy uam」即卑南族的意思。紀曉君祖母曾修花女士是目前卑南歌謠的傳承代表,祖母教導紀
曉君唱傳統原住民的歌,且對發音咬字、聲調韻律都非常講究,從小耳濡目染下,奠定歌唱的基礎。
一直以來,紀曉君堅持以母語演唱原住民歌謠的表演方式,也希望傳承祖母的古調。           (參考
www.pts.org.tw/~abori/reserve/life/bunon-2.htm)
40
                                      。第一集的主角是周杰
 參考 2008 年華視新聞部和天下雜誌跨媒體合作的「成長 400 紀實影片」
倫。華語流行音樂的主旋律是周杰倫,但是「亞洲小天王」的封號,只能代表他未滿三十的年紀,
卻不足以象徵他在娛樂界的全面影響力。從創作者、歌手、演員、導演,到專業經理人,從幕前到
幕後,音樂是他最溫柔也最有實力的武器,也因為音樂重新定位他的人生。
                                               28
憂愁,算來夢一場,好歹咱加減做,努力就會豐收。
  郭政和作詞作曲,陳雷演唱的〈人在江湖〉  ,訴說著流浪天涯,和愛人告別隨
風飛,有如飄雪般的江湖人生。
  郭桂彬作詞作曲,郭桂彬、黃乙玲演唱的  〈海波浪〉,歌聲中互訴著哀怨人生,
坎坷運命,被迫分離的情人如海波浪有起有落,期待再相逢的深情。這首歌是監
獄中受刑人人人會唱的歌。
  黃敏作詞作曲的〈我是男子漢〉  ,對身為男子該有的態度和氣度,做正面的發
抒。
  2006 年江志豐作詞作曲,方瑞娥、高向鵬演唱的〈人生路〉:
   浪子也有回頭時 歹子會出頭天
   世間沒人靠運氣 提出咱亯心
   情路雖然袂順利 總嘛會有春天
   不倘比評落土時 捫心問自己
   (女)浮浮沉沉 (男)人情冷暖
   (合)人生未到入土時 一切靠自己
這首歌中道出歹子也會出頭天,人生路上只有靠自己才會有春天,而有著深自期
許。

十二、風塵淪落的哀矜
  日本治台五十年,在其欺壓奴化的統治下,嚴重傷害了台灣同胞的民族精神
和信心,使人們在心理上蒙覆了一層緊張、恐懼、敢怒不敢言的畏縮陰影,除了
     、
〈四季謠〉〈滿面春風〉外,絕大多數的歌曲都是風花雪月的情歌。這些愛情歌
謠幾乎都是苦悶、哀嘆、悲戚、無望的哭傷調。
  台灣早期社會重男輕女,貧窮人家迫於環境,常將家中的長女送給人作養女
或童養媳,有的甚且賣入娼家當搖錢樹,以致取材自舞女、酒女的歌曲很多,加
上以浪子或討海人生活為主的歌曲有其市場賣點,跟進的音樂人很多,使得台灣
歌謠發展趨向單一,以致造成台灣歌低俗、粗糙的普遍印象。然而這類歌謠關心
風化問題,為悲情代言,從風塵中開出至美之花,也不乏佳作。
  1934 年周添旺作詞,鄧雨賢作曲的〈雨夜花〉,描述一位不幸女子的淒涼遭遇,
彷如雨夜裡被摧殘的花朵。41也許是因為與時代背景、人民心聲相對映,  〈雨夜花〉
            、
歌詞中所描述的「雨」「夜」「花」、  ,後來也變成臺語流行歌曲重要的主題意象,
這首歌謠影響後來閩南語歌曲以無奈、哀怨為主體的創作方向。
  1950 年陳達儒作詞,蘇桐作曲的    ,是描述那些為了償還父母的賭債,
                   〈母啊喂〉
或滿足父母對物質生活的虛榮心,被迫推入火坑的女子,成為當時社會笑貧不笑

41
 〈雨夜花〉原名〈春天〉,原本是日治時期台灣新文學健將廖漢臣在 1933 年為台灣兒童所寫的
一首兒歌。當時在古倫美亞唱片掌理文藝部的周添旺先生,由於工作上應酬的需要,有一次在酒家
聽到一位淪落風塵的酒家女訴說她的悲慘故事,心生憐憫而作此曲。這位酒家女原本是一位純潔質
樸的鄉下女孩,離開故鄉來到台北工作並愛上了一位男孩,而且雙方已論及婚嫁。但是沒想到後來
那男孩卻變成一個薄情郎,愛上了別的女孩而遺棄了她,她自覺沒臉回家見故鄉的父老,於是一時
心碎失意竟流落在台北的酒家。周添旺就將〈春天〉的旋律,改填了悲涼的歌詞〈雨夜花〉   。
                                             29
娼的犧牲品,不幸的遭遇讓人為之鼻酸。
  戒嚴時代,政府認為描寫酒、舞廳的歌曲,會敗壞社會風氣,是禍亂之源,
因此任何與跳舞或酒沾上的歌曲,一律遭禁,再加上政府漠視流行音樂,動輒以
               、      、     、      、
靡靡之音指責,像〈滿場飛〉〈紅燈綠酒夜〉〈天涯歌女〉〈苦酒滿杯〉〈舞女〉
等全部禁唱,但這些傳達暗夜風塵女子哭聲的歌曲,有著最真誠的哀矜之情。
  1971 年黃俊雄作詞,日本曲,西卿演唱的〈可憐酒家女〉,寫酒家女為愛誤、
為情錯、為愛憂、為情愁,再墮落風塵的無奈。
  1984 年慎芝作詞,陳志遠作曲,蔡琴演唱的〈最後一夜〉,寫舞女在花花世界
裡,感情無所寄託的滄桑。
  1985 年俞隆華作詞作曲,陳小雲演唱的〈舞女〉,寫舞女為了討生活,人前強
顏歡笑,人後眼淚漣漣的憂悶傷悲。
  1986 年黃玉玲作詞,日本曲,尤美演唱的〈為著十萬元〉,寫一個自小失去雙
親的孤女,環境所迫墮落風塵,眼見快結束賣笑生涯,也找到愛自己的情郎願以
一萬元為她贖身,老鴇卻又以十萬元的代價,將她賣給王阿舍,而不得自由的悲
哀。
  1992 年陳樂融作詞,蕭福德作曲的〈華西街一蕊花〉,關懷的是雛妓的問題。
                        ,以男女對唱互訴淪落風塵的煙
  2001 年陳維祥作詞,蔡振南作曲的〈煙花情〉
花女子也有真情,但不知何時有春天的情衷。
  2001 年張燕清作詞作曲,陳盈潔演唱的   ,傾訴著自知命運歹、身分低,
                      〈野花〉
但擁有不販賣愛情的堅強心志。

十三、諷時政的蕃薯情
  民謠蘊含著民族的情感和力量,創作歌曲不框限於意識形態,創作生命才能
有更高層次的發展;然而歌謠也可以關心政治。例如:
  「一隻鳥仔哮救救」是一首口耳相傳的民謠,起源於嘉南平原。42日治初期的
歌詞以「覆巢之下無完卵」來暗喻日本的野蠻霸道,活生生見證了殖民歲月中臺
灣人「覆巢」的憤怒和無奈。因此,這首歌可說是臺灣民謠中,最具歷史意義的
歌曲。
  又如〈杏仁茶〉:
   「杏仁茶,看到警察磕磕爬,碗公弄破四五個。警察抓來警察衙,
   雙腳跪齊齊──大人啊!後擺不敢賣!」
這是日治時期的唸謠,藉著台灣小老百姓在殖民時期被警察威嚇害怕的情景,令


42
  〈一隻鳥仔哮救救〉這首歌,原為一首可即興填詞的民謠曲調,而最早被稱之為〈六月田水〉                。
〈六月田水〉描述著;在熾熱的農曆六月,水田裡的水溫節節上升,寄生於水田中的泥鰍、小魚等
水族類,為了閃避陽光的直接照射,乃紛紛游入田埂下的巢穴,以求生存。耕農者看到了這些拚命
游行的小魚,感受到其奮力求生的意志力之可取,於是唱出了:                「六、六、六月田水,嘿嘟當在燒,
鯉魚落水(咧)!喁的喁啊!喁的喁、喁的尾搖。」            (參考簡上仁〈臺灣民謠的生命力〉演講,93.11.3
發表於臺師大。www.ntnu.edu.tw/aa/aa5/93.1.3article.htm 及
www.mojim.com/tw15893.htm - 2008/06/01)

                                                           30
人擔心賣杏仁茶的小販日後要如何賴以維生?
  然而在許多台籍留日的音樂家及傳統歌謠樂人不斷地努力下,台灣光復後到
「二二八事件」之前,本土文化重獲復甦的契機,日治時代各地流傳的民謠及新
創作的歌謠於此時蓬勃發展,這時流行的歌謠有濃厚的寫實主義風格,表現台灣
戰時人民的生活與情感,及戰後勇於面對現實的樂觀。
  1938 年李臨秋作詞,鄧雨賢作曲的〈四季紅〉一反日治時代台灣歌謠的哀怨
傷感,而是輕快活潑且男女對唱的歌曲,與〈青春嶺〉同屬該時期少有的作品。
台灣往昔曾流傳不少敘述男女戀愛情懷的「七字仔」情歌,李臨秋的創作,正脫
胎於這些韻味無窮的民間歌謠。
  從 1947 年二二八事件之後,到整個五 O 年代,由於政治的箝制,當局刻意壓
抑台灣本土意識,厲行國語政策,受國語教育的年輕世代,被抽離了本土文化的
根源後,逐漸對台灣歌謠產生了極大誤解,一度認為台語歌是粗鄙無文的,台語
歌是俗不可耐的,把在當時先進而優美的台語歌謠誤認為是「東洋演歌調」      ,以為
乃是日本殖民地產物。43
  1947 年李臨秋為「永樂勝利劇團」演出「補漁網」舞臺劇主題曲作詞的〈補
破網〉所補的「網」和台灣話「望」諧音,唱出希望破滅之後尋求慰藉的心情。44
  1949 年呂泉生作詞作曲的〈杯底毋通飼金魚〉            )
                           (原名〈台語飲酒歌〉,被視為
是感慨二二八事件所創作的作品。45研究台灣歌謠史的莊永明解釋呂泉生創作此曲
的動機說:  「經歷二二八血腥事件的呂泉生,創作此曲的目的,是呼籲『好漢剖腹
來相見』 ,意味著內地來的『外省人』與『本省人』應忘卻不愉快的過去,進而互
勉互助,共同攜手建設台灣。」呂泉生希望藉這首歌來為碎裂的人心療傷撫痛。
這是一首通俗性與藝術性兼備,爽朗活潑的歌曲。
  1987 年,扼殺台灣各種層面之自由幾達 40 年之久的戒嚴令解除,陳明章與王
明輝、陳主惠、林煒哲等組了「黑名單工作室」    ,一反過去台語過於悲情的傳統腔
調,而以 RAP、民謠、搖滾的歌曲形式來詮釋。

43
   1972 年教育部文化局實施淨化電視節目,規定「方言節目」    不得超過一小時;晚上六點半以後,
閩南語節目限一台播出,三台個輪流十天,每天只能播出兩首閩南語歌曲;台語歌曲便一蹶不振。
44
   〈補破網〉為王雲峰作曲,是他的封筆之作。1946 年李臨秋在永樂戲院服務有一天王雲峰到戲
院找他聊天喝酒,當時李臨秋正在失戀,情場失意的李臨秋酒後寫下了這首悲愴中代著期盼的歌
詞。王雲峰很瞭解李臨秋的衷情,於是為他譜曲。     (參考簡上仁,      《臺灣音樂之旅》         ,頁 41、42。)
後來在台灣反共抗俄的時代,歌詞曾被改寫為:    「賣國家,共產黨,敗壞民主風。黑司徒來做王,
逼兄妹入洞房。大家擁護蔣總統,滅共匪毛澤東,第一好國民黨。……共產黨最不好,放火跟殺
人,……大家擁護蔣總統,滅共匪毛澤東,消滅漢奸最爽快,全中國有希望。」李筱峰,「再見 蔣                  〈
總統!–反共.民主.台灣路!」展覽記錄〉中說:     「這首怪歌還奉命在50年代的「內台戲」                     (與
野台戲不同,一為室內,一為室外)中普遍播唱;不過效果可能欠佳,因為〈補破網〉後來還是詞
曲全禁。直到 1977 年才以「情歌」為由解禁。」 (參考 web.ffjh.tyc.edu.tw/cojinhui/550.htm)
45
 〈杯底毋通飼金魚〉這一首歌,是台灣最具代表性的飲酒歌,它雖然是一首雅俗共賞的歌,但
呂泉生創作時卻是嚴肅、正經的。1947 年二二八事變時,呂泉生正擔任台灣廣播電台演藝股股長,
他見證到二二八事變以悲劇收場,造成的傷亡無以計數,他認為大家遇到事情,如果都能夠「剖腹
   ,那麼可能就比較不會產生誤會,因此就創作了這樣一首飲酒歌,他希望人們在以酒解憂、
來相見」
以酒澆愁的同時,也能以酒化解隔閡、化解衝突。呂泉生創作這首歌時,原本也叫做〈飲酒歌〉   ,
但是那個時候已經有趙元任的〈飲酒歌〉   ,所以改歌名,卻更貼切的表達出飲酒中人酒酣耳熟時的
那種豪氣與逸興。
                                             31
  1989 年「黑名單工作室」推出的《抓狂歌》,標榜為另類台語搖滾,專輯中每
首歌都反應當年政經社會的現象,       、
                 〈計程車〉〈阿爸的話〉寫明當時人民生活的景
況;而〈民主阿草〉這首歌更以諷喻萬年國會、批判政府的犀利詞句,大膽諷刺
台灣政治問題。黑名單工作室賦予台語歌一種新風貌,也充分表達了當時的時代
背景,更提醒了一個令台灣人省思的問題。

十四、台灣魂的詠嘆調
  從日治時代到台灣光復,陳達唱了四十年的台灣說唱類民歌,他的足跡走遍
了高、屏一帶的農村。46
  1977 年陳秀喜作詞,梁景峰改編詞,李雙澤作曲,分別由楊祖珺與胡德夫演
唱過的〈美麗島〉47,唱出對台灣先民的感念、對自由土地及無窮生命力的歌頌。
  1985 年俞隆華〈舞女〉在描寫舞女為著賺食賣笑,說出了當時女性為了求生
存,在光彩的外貌下,卻有著數不盡的辛酸和無奈;但實際上也好像在描寫台灣
過去坎坷的歷史,表示台語歌曲的創作者,已經開始覺醒,回過頭來對自己的過
去、對自己的歷史作批判與反省。
                                  ,是社會
  1987 年卡車司機王文德作詞作曲,蔡振南演唱的〈母親的名叫台灣〉
底層的人們對土地真摯誠懇的感情。
  同年,林央敏作詞,蕭泰然作曲,葉君儀、許景淳唱的〈嘸通嫌台灣〉   ,內容
在訴說父母血汗澆灌的鄉土,風景優美,物產豐富,     「咱若愛故鄉,請你嘸通嫌台
灣,雖然討趁無輕鬆,認真打拚,前途有望,咱的幸福未輸人。」這首歌詞先後
由 22 位作曲家完成 24 種不同的曲式,在世界樂壇上可能也是極為少見的。
   1990 年陳明章作詞作曲及演唱的〈平(早)安台灣〉,一生一個夢,只求台灣會
平安。
   同年蘇郁修作詞作曲,蕭福德演唱的  〈台灣──咱的寶貝〉 ,傾訴了對土地的愛。
   甘為霖作詞作曲,小百合演唱的〈美麗的島嶼〉    ,寄望台灣各族群和諧共處,
認真工作,成為世界的科技島。
  葉俊麟作詞,洪一峰作曲,曾心梅演唱的〈寶島曼波〉 ,以輕快的曼波舞步,
歡喜寶島四季好。
  李思華作詞作曲及演唱的〈台灣永遠的故鄉〉,則是認同台灣這塊寶島就是故
鄉,而不再是他鄉。
  莊柏林作詞,王明哲作曲,紀乃菡演唱的〈逐家轉來台灣〉 ,呼喚大家回到美
麗的家鄉。
  陳永明等作詞,都馬調,白冰冰演唱的      ,歷述祖先過海來台灣,
                   〈台灣思想起〉

46
   翁嘉銘,  《從羅大佑到崔健──當代流行音樂的軌跡‧屬於土地的歌聲──談「素人歌手」陳明
章》 ,頁 61:「陳達發自生命本能的自然創作及歌詠,真真實實地彷如源於腳下土地所迸出的根芽,
而後長成大枝,如此豐富、多姿地婆娑著、曼妙著,卻又能令人定靜、清心。」
47
   1978 年黨外雜誌《美麗島》刊行,1979 年爆發高雄「美麗島事件」,這首歌成為禁歌,然而歌
曲紀錄著的台灣原始的生命力是可以被延續的。李雙澤與胡德夫這兩個好朋友,都是七十年代民歌
運動最早的靈魂人物。李雙澤是馬來西亞華僑,畫圖、寫作、也創作許多民謠,1977 年因救人溺
水而死。胡德夫是排灣族原住民,長期為原權運動努力。
                                                 32
決心不復還,代代接棒,認真經營。
  洪清雪作詞,江湖調,郭春美、王金櫻等演唱的〈台灣我的母親〉  :
    人散毋通志氣短,好額切莫看人衰,
    由來風水輪流轉,苦枝偏偏開嫷花。
    台灣母親命坎坷,無名無份受冷落,
    阿母的名毋敢叫,不孝囝孫嘆奈何。
  歐秀雄作詞作曲的〈勇敢的台灣人〉  ,唱出為民主的前途而排除萬難,建設新
台灣的心聲。
                       ,乃為「拯救雛妓」的活動而寫:
  1993 年陳明章作詞作曲的〈伊是咱的寶貝〉
    袂開的花,需要你我的關心,予伊一片生長的土地,
    手牽手,心連心,咱徛作伙,伊是咱的寶貝。
這首歌被拿來作 2004 年「二二八手牽手大聯盟」所舉辦的全台二二八手護台灣活
動的主題曲,同時也在 2005 年抗議中國「反分裂國家法」的「三二六護台灣大遊
行」中,被主辦單位採用為活動結束時的合唱曲目,而成為台灣人民共同記憶的
一部分。
  1995 年陳明章和陳明瑜合作〈唐山過台灣〉,寫下祖先渡海來台的心情,用歌
謠書寫台灣的庶民文化。
  2005 年蕭福德作詞作曲的〈啥人是英雄〉以直筆直抒政治性格。
                        ,這首歌節奏輕快、方便傳唱。
  2007 年王力宏作詞作曲及演唱的〈改變自己〉
歌詞中以「今早起床了,覺得頭有點痛,可能是二氧化碳太多,氧氣不夠」  ,輕輕
點出目前二氧化碳過量、全球暖化的問題。王力宏相信音樂的力量無遠弗屆,可
以從改變自己開始,進而讓世界變得更美好。同年吳青峰作詞作曲及演唱的〈城
 ,對城市生活有著諸多的反省與批判。從過去感嘆台灣命運的悲情,轉而在實
市〉
際參與保育行動中,喚醒大眾投注對台灣這塊土地的愛。
  歌聲是寫實的生活記事,可以著意於悲憫市井小民生活的辛苦,也可以傳達
台灣社會的變遷,顯現台灣人的尊嚴,更可以開展全球的視野。音樂人以歌聲提
醒人心:要面對過去,才能昂首未來。



肆、歌謠書寫的教案設計
【教案一】

教案名稱    乘著歌聲的翅膀

設 計 者   陳麗明




                                      33
教學目標   1、透過歌謠欣賞,鼓勵學生體察其中的音韻之美與文學質地。
       2、引導學生傾聽周遭、隨時記錄、收集資料,進而分析歌謠創作者
         的創作背景、動機及內容。
       3、藉由作業設計,增強學生對歌謠書寫的認識與創作動力,開發學
         生多元智慧的創意空間。


教學方法   講述教學、發現教學、討論教學、記憶教學、合作學習

教學活動   一、循著畫面中的歌聲(建議時間:50 分鐘)

           自古而今的不輟絃聲,自中而外的悠揚音韻,各式的音樂以
         多樣的形式滿足著我們的感官。歌謠是人口發聲即可相傳的音
         樂,或隨意吟之,或著意創作,一旦流傳便在不同的心靈中往復
         激盪。我們都曾有過難忘的歌聲,可能伴隨著某個迴腸蕩氣的電
         影畫面,可能停格於某個驚心動魄的事件,且讓我們循著記憶的
         軌跡,尋找難忘的歌聲。
           音樂是電影的靈魂,螢幕上令人記憶深刻的畫面每每伴隨著
         教人難忘的樂音。電影《屋頂上的提琴手》(The Fiddler on The
         Roof)內容在呈現猶太民族的傳統風俗與文化,其主題曲〈日出
         日落〉  (Sunrise Sunset)至今為人津津樂道。又如由幾米繪本改
         編的電影《向左走‧ 向右走》         (Turn Left Turn Right)中,戲中男
         女主角緣慳而未曾謀面,當兩人分別被送到醫院終得以共處一個
         空間,伴隨畫面的背景音樂是一首舉世聞名的蘇格蘭民謠〈Auld
                  ,亦即中文譯名赫赫有名的
         Lang Syne〉                    〈驪歌〉     〈Auld Lang Syne〉
                                                ,
         輕快的節奏一出,彷彿喚來了男女主角的春天,淡淡的喜悅停駐
         於螢幕與樂音的邂逅中,讓觀眾內心有了無限的憧憬。
           音樂與電影的高度結合,是電影能撼動人心的重要質素,台
         灣五、六 O 年代紅極一時的瓊瑤電影,便能充分掌握這樣的效
         果。以瓊瑤小說改編的電影加上瓊瑤填詞的歌曲,是當時票房的
         保證,歌星蕭孋珠、鳳飛飛、高凌風、甄妮等人,唱紅了瓊瑤歌
                  、     、      、    、
         曲如〈一簾幽夢〉〈在水一方〉〈我是一片雲〉〈楓葉情〉〈雲
         河〉等,一時萬人傳唱,蔚為流行。其中〈在水一方〉款款低唱,
         情致十足:

         綠草蒼蒼         白霧茫茫          有位佳人         在水一方
         我願逆流而上       依偎在她身旁        無奈前有險灘       道路又遠又長
         我願順流而下       找尋她的方向        卻見依稀彷彿       她在水的中央


         綠草萋萋         白霧迷離          有位佳人         靠水而居

                                                           34
我願逆流而上            與她輕言細語          無奈前有險灘 道路曲折無已
我願順流而下            找尋她的蹤跡          卻見彷彿依稀 她在水中佇立
                                 (作曲:林家慶,作詞:瓊瑤)

瓊瑤填詞顯然脫胎於《詩經.秦風.蒹葭》,原詩如下:

蒹葭蒼蒼,白露為霜。所謂伊人,在水一方。
溯洄從之,道阻且長。溯游從之,宛在水中央。
蒹葭萋萋,白露未晞。所謂伊人,在水之湄。
溯洄從之,道阻且躋。溯游從之,宛在水中坻。
蒹葭采采,白露未已。所謂伊人,在水之涘。
溯洄從之,道阻且右。溯游從之,宛在水中沚。

〈蒹葭〉一詩辭采優美,聲韻和諧的四言古詩,使用象徵手法抒
寫一種執著無悔的追尋之情,扣人心弦。王國維《人間詞話》言:
「詩〈蒹葭〉一篇,最得風人深致。」正是盛讚本詩情韻境界之
特別,有令人迷醉處。全詩勾勒出寫意式的畫面,藉鬱鬱蘆葦和
皚皚霜色渲染出撲朔迷離的詩境,「所謂伊人,在水一方」意謂
所追求思念的人在水的另一邊,縱是百番尋找,仍是可望而不可
即。詩中以《詩經》常用的回旋複沓手法寫出企慕深情,頗是婉
曲動人,瓊瑤以之為本填詞,意境自然不俗。
  低迴於〈蒹葭〉詩境與〈在水一方〉旋律之際,不禁令人想
起著名的蘇格蘭民謠〈寬闊的海水〉(The Water Is Wide),內容
在描述一位男孩對愛情的追求,希冀萬分卻不可得,歌詞與旋律
搭配出色,演唱者眾,英國女歌手夏綠蒂(Charlotte Church)的
詮釋令人亮眼。歌詞(中英對照)如下:

The water is wide I can't cross over      我無法渡過寬闊的海水
And neither have I wings to fly         我也沒有可以飛翔的翅膀
Build me a boat that can carry two      為我建造一艘可乘坐二人的船
And both shall row my love and I        讓我與我的愛人可以一起渡過


There is a ship and she sails the sea     她渡海的那艘船
She's loaded deep as deep can be          已經滿載
But not so deep as the love I'm in        無法乘載我的愛
I know not how I sink or swim             我不知自己該浮該沉


Oh love is handsome and love is fine      噢!愛是燦爛,愛是奇妙
The sweetest flower when first it's new   初綻的花朵最為甜美
But love grows old and waxes cold         但愛漸漸油盡燈枯
And fades away like morning dew           像清晨的露珠散去無蹤
                                                        35
  The water is wide I can't cross over   我無法渡過寬闊的海水
  And neither have I wings to fly        我也沒有可以飛翔的翅膀
  Build me a boat that can carry two     為我建造一艘可乘坐二人的船
  And both shall row my love and I       讓我與我的愛人可以一起渡過

  看來浩瀚無垠的水波總讓有情人焦慮,不分中外。歌謠中透過水
「柔美」的形象烘托出情意的真摯,卻也藉由水「不著」的特質象徵
情之難以捉摸,歌詞本身展現的文字魅力實不容小覷。

【作業設計】
 1、請學生於班級讀書會規劃「電影中的樂音」單元,帶領人可依
   如下問題請同學分享心得:
 (1)你最喜歡哪一部電影的主題曲或配樂?為什麼?
 (2)該主題曲或配樂是否曾出現於其他部電影?結合了什麼樣的
    情節畫面?
 (3)如果該主題曲或配樂為外文,可否試著翻譯成中文?並嘗試
    以中文歌詞入歌。
 (4)將外文歌詞翻譯成中文,需注意哪些翻譯原則?請分享個人
    的翻譯經驗。
 2、設計「古詩詞今語新唱」學習單,請學生寫出自己最喜歡的一
    首古典詩詞並作賞析,然後配上現成曲調(亦可自創曲調),
    將古典詩詞改寫成白話文歌詞。並試著找出國外有沒有與此題
    材相類似的歌謠。

                            古詩今語新唱

                    名稱        作者          內容及賞析


    我最喜歡的
    一首古典詩



    我嘗試配合
    的曲調


    我改寫成的
    歌詞



                                                       36
   國外可相與
   闡發的歌謠




二、尋找在地的歌聲(建議時間:50 分鐘)

    歌謠創作是社會大眾文化演變的重要參考,其中通俗歌曲最
  能反映當代社會的潮流民情。試以台語歌曲為例,為配合電影演
  出而作的《桃花泣血記》   (王雲峰作曲,詹天馬作詞)   ,是第一首
  流行於全台灣的流行歌曲,時為民國 21 年。而後台灣作曲界四
  大金剛──邱再福、姚讚福、鄧雨賢、蘇桐譜出許多膾炙人口的
            、
  名曲,如〈雨夜花〉〈河邊春夢〉等。從日治時代流傳至今仍被
  廣為傳唱的,首推鄧雨賢的作品。
    鄧雨賢生於 1906 年,卒於 1944 年,是日治時期第二代的台
  灣人,是漢學底子深厚的客家子弟,祖上有一門三秀才的記錄。
  鄧雨賢所處的年代,正值台灣受日本殖民主義的統治,但他自幼
  酷愛民間戲曲,耳濡目染於鄉土樂曲,每每陶醉於客家子弟戲及
  閩南歌仔戲之中,深刻影響其往後的創作理念。
     鄧雨賢就讀於日治時期的台北師範學校(今國立台北教育大
  學)時期,學習多種西洋樂器,接受西式音樂的洗禮並樂在其中,
  而後擔任教職未滿五年便辭去工作,已成家的他憑著對音樂的熱
  愛,隻身前往日本學習音樂。
     自日本返台的鄧雨賢,曾於台中地方法院擔任翻譯的工作,
  不久之後成為當時第一大唱片公司「哥倫比亞」公司的專屬作曲
             、    、     、
  家,陸續發表〈望春風〉〈月夜愁〉〈四季紅〉〈雨夜花〉等名
  曲,是日治時期台語流行歌曲最重要的作曲家之一,無論外在環
  境如何變遷,鄧雨賢從未停止音樂創作,對三 O 年代的台語流行
  歌曲有直接的貢獻,被尊稱為「台灣的福斯特」  (福斯特被譽為
  美國民謠之父)。
    英年三十九歲即辭世的鄧雨賢,留下許多經典作品,如作品
  〈望春風〉便是一首傳唱海內外的歌謠。〈望春風〉曾被台大學
  生稱作是台大地下校歌,亦是台北市文化局「十大百年金曲」票
                        「
  選結果的第一名,聲樂家呂麗莉極喜愛這首歌:〈望春風〉是我
  心中排名第一的台語歌謠,是大眾音樂的經典之作,越陳越香。」
  這首由鄧雨賢作曲、李臨秋作詞的歌謠,因著動人的旋律與饒富
  意境的歌詞,令人一唱再唱,低迴不已。歌詞如下:

     獨夜無伴孚燈下   清風對面吹

                                  37
            十七八歲未出嫁   見著少年家
            果然標緻面肉白   誰家人子弟
            想要問伊驚歹勢   心內彈琵琶


            想要郎君做尪婿   意愛在心內
            等待何時君來採   青春花當開
            聽見外面有人來   開門該看覓
            月娘笑阮戇大呆   被風騙毋知

         歌詞內容在表達少女的懷春情態,以「風」始,以「風」結,文
         字含蓄真摯,寫出少女對愛情的熱情渴望及矜持羞澀。根據作詞
         者李臨秋表示,其創作靈感源自於《西廂記》中的: 「隔牆花影
         動,疑是故人來」,是知這首歌謠的戲劇效果脫胎於古典文學,
         加上鄧雨賢以傳統五聲音階譜曲,曲式結構設計簡潔而對稱,所
         以讓人容易哼唱上口,並很快地家喻戶曉。
           曲與詞的相得益彰,讓〈望春風〉以美麗的意境被傳唱不絕,
         歌謠中以心動但又從容的情緒鋪底,用幽默且不乏希望的畫面作
         結,曲風溫暖正向,十足貼近台灣人的情性,莫怪乎能成為台灣
         歌謠的代表作。

       【作業設計】
        1、每一首歌曲的背後,都有其時代背景及特色。請學生從國語、
          或台語、客語、原住民語中找出自己最喜歡的一首歌謠,並依
                  ,
          下列問題蒐集資料 完成 1000 字左右的書面報告及 3-5 分鐘的
          口頭報告:
        (1)你最喜歡的歌謠是哪一首?作曲、作詞者為誰?演唱者為
           誰?
        (2)請針對作曲者(或作詞者)作個人簡歷介紹,內容包括其人
           生平、學經歷、時代背景及創作歷程。
        (3)請針對歌謠作賞析,內容宜論及樂理、詞意、風格及後世評
           價。


教學評量   1、能觀摩他人的創作歷程,並嘗試自行創作歌謠,體會文字與音律
         的結合之妙。
       2、能組織讀書會並進行討論,分享他人的藝文心得及音樂喜好,體
         味「以樂會友」之趣。
       3、能紮實蒐集資料,憑藉資料的解析和報告的完成,領略本土歌謠
         特色,並了解近代歌謠流行趨勢。



                                         38
【教案二】

教案名稱    知音何處尋?

設 計 者   徐千惠

        一、引導學生思考,從「歌謠書寫」的主題可以看到哪些人們所喜歡
          的傳唱題材?
        二、以戲劇主題曲為歌謠蒐羅方向。引導學生欣賞詞曲創作的背景,
          與欲傳達的故事內容如何的貼切?並剖析詞曲創作的精彩之處。
教學目標
        三、引導學生思考,自己如果是一位伯樂,如何為某一主題尋找合適
          的歌謠?選取的理由為何?並請同學參與評賞。
        四、透過班級分享,讓同學們欣賞各式各樣的戲劇主題曲,為自己喜
          歡的作品介紹、發聲。

        一、講述引導(講述法、啟發法)
教學方法
        二、合作學習(比較法、討論法、演繹法、歸納法)


        壹、引導
教學活動
        一、情動於中的發抒
            人生在世,維持食、衣、住、行等基本需求是必要的。但是,
          只照顧到基本的吃、喝、拉、撒、睡,人們就得以滿足了嗎?
            人同時也是「感情的動物」 ,光照顧生理需求是不夠的,還要
          兼顧心理需求。《禮記‧ 禮運》云:
             何謂人情?喜、怒、哀、懼、愛、惡、欲,七者弗學而能。
          人與外界的互動,在不同階段、背景會有不同遭遇,引發的情緒
          反應往往需要一些發洩的出口,以調和五味雜陳的人生,讓六欲
         萌生的喜、怒、哀、樂有適當的抒發管道,才能不只求「活下去」,
         而且能活得「心甘情願」,活得「更有品質」。
           「歌謠」正是在這樣的需求下,於不同年代、不同區域,將
         人們心中的想望、感觸娓娓道來,一首接著一首。〈詩大序〉云:
            詩者,志之所之也。在心為志,發言為詩。情動於中而形
            於言,言之不足,故嗟嘆之;嗟嘆之不足,故詠歌之;詠
            歌之不足,不知手之舞之,足之蹈之也。
         這段文字將人們日後逐步發展出的詩歌、音樂、舞蹈、戲劇等藝
         術,歸結回最原始的起源——「情動於中」。
           「歌謠」透過詞、曲的結合,讓人們在詠歌、嗟歎的過程抒
         發了心靈感受,撫慰了七情錯綜交織的人生百感。不管高興、難
         過時,有些歌詞、歌聲就是能將自己心中的感覺說出來,讓自己

                                     39
 感覺是有伴的、受到支持的,有人和自己「同聲同氣」   。歌謠的作
 者,也可以藉由詞曲創作,為自己某一段經歷反省、沈澱;或是
 為某些故事主角的際遇發聲,讓人們透過歌謠緬懷他們的故事。
 文字與音樂的交融,代言了生命裡不同程度的酸甜苦辣,也撩動
 生命中不同階段的記憶心弦。
   可惜的是,因為年代久遠,我們現在品讀《詩經》   、樂府,曲
 調多已失傳,只能欣賞現存文字流露的生命力,揣想時人吟唱的
 當下心情。但光看詞句就能感動不已的作品,如果能知道當時曲
 調是如何搭配的,該有多好!《詩經‧ 小雅‧ 采薇》:
    昔我往矣,楊柳依依;今我來思,雨雪霏霏。
    行道遲遲,載渴載飢。我心傷悲,莫知我哀。
 征人為捍衛家園前往北方與玁狁對戰,即使萬般不捨,仍須離鄉
 背井。輾轉奔波,居無定所多年,終於返回魂牽夢縈的家鄉。昔
 日為了安定而選擇先過不安定的日子,對、錯如何判斷呢?看看
 現在的自己,物換星移後早已青春不再。人面對大環境,有時不
 得不犧牲小我,以成就更多人的利益。但是,怎樣判定值不值得
 呢?戰爭必要與否,究竟由誰決定?
   被詩句感動的讀者,不見得自己真有戰場上的廝殺經驗。但
              ,
 人們面對人生接踵而來的挑戰 不也如同一直身處各式各樣的 「戰
 場」之上?為了理想、為了生存,取捨之中付出的代價,午夜夢
             〈采薇〉的句子就如鼓聲般聲聲撼動
 迴,思索值得與否的問題時,
 著自己心房,這就是共鳴,就是情動於中時的發抒。當自己的心
 聲彷彿被明瞭,就不會覺得那麼無助、孤單。或如《詩經‧ 邶風‧
 擊鼓》所云:
    死生契闊,與子成說;執子之手,與子偕老。
 「為世間,情為何物?直教生死相許」(元好問        )
                      〈摸魚兒雁丘詞〉。
 〈擊鼓〉中這幾句願為愛情生死以之的詩句,直到千百年後,仍
 然可以成為一對對情侶攜手終生時的誓言,沒有時空隔閡。
   東漢末年,流傳民間諷刺桓、靈二帝的童謠:
    舉秀才,不知書。舉孝廉,父別居。寒素清白濁如泥,高
    第良將怯如雞。(劉大杰 1994 《中國文學發展史》,台
    匇:華正書局,頁 212)
 孩童也能琅琅上口的歌謠,栩栩如生的將當時的不公不義,透過
 短短的舉例作了簡單明瞭的批判。對於當時「黃鐘毀棄,瓦釜雷
 鳴」的政治生態,愈來愈顛倒是非黑白的澆薄世風,人們既不屑
  又無奈的心聲,藉由歌詞發發牢騷、稍吐不快。
二、超越時空的共鳴
    當視聽媒體開始蓬勃發展,打破時空限制,使詞曲能長久而
  完整的保存時,我們可以同幾千年前的王者一般,藉著許多歌謠
                               40
 觀風俗,知得失。體會溫柔敦厚的民情,義憤填膺的怒吼,或苦
 或甜的愛戀,或成或敗的理想追逐。就像即使填詞、譜曲、主唱
 者「退隱」歌壇多年甚至已逝,相隔數十寒暑,我們還是可以聽
 到     、
  「七年級生」「八年級生」哼著早在他們出生前就發行的歌謠:
           ,     ,
    任時光匆匆流去 我只在乎你 心甘情願感染你的氣息……
    (鄧麗君〈我只在乎你〉)
    經過多少失敗,經過多少等待,告訴自己要忍耐。掌聲響
    起來,我心更明白,你的愛將與我同在……(鳳飛飛〈掌
    聲響起〉)
    某年某月的某一天,就像一張破碎的臉,難以開口道再見,
    就讓一切走遠……(蔡琷〈恰似你的溫柔〉)
    天上的星星不說話,地上的娃娃想媽媽,天上的眼睛眨呀,
    媽媽的心啊,魯冰花……(曾淑勤〈魯冰花〉 )
    感恩的心,感謝有你,伴我一生,讓我有勇氣做我自己……
    (歐陽菲菲〈感恩的心〉)
    日思夜夢,為你一人,綿綿情意,夢醒變成空……(王識
    賢、陳亮吟合唱的〈雪中紅〉)
 太多太多三、四、五、六年級成長時膾炙人口的歌曲,藉由黑膠
 唱片、錄音帶、CD、mp3 等不同器材、媒介的保存,或不同時期
 的歌手重新翻唱,使不同年代的人可以為同一首歌感動良久。
   許多歌謠讓人琅琅上口,通常是旋律好聽好記,或是歌詞能
 讓人產生共鳴,進而成為當時傳唱不息的「流行」歌。一首「感
 人」的歌謠,少不了作曲人、作詞人的「天作之合」  ,如果還能找
 到掌握住詞曲精髓、唱工了得的演唱人,更是難得的絕配。傳唱
 到後來,似乎很難說得清「誰」是「誰」的知音。究竟是填詞、
 作曲、演唱人完美的演繹,傳神地掌握住眾人的心聲,成功地為
 眾人發聲而成為大眾的知音?還是傳唱歌謠的「百姓」們才是詞、
 曲、演唱者的知音,瞭解他們創作的精神,欣賞他們創作的成果,
 並一再地傳唱加以肯定?
   我們在成長的過程中,喜歡過不同的歌謠,哼唱過不少和自
 己特別有共鳴的詞曲創作。現在,我們來試試當一個「知音」。

貳、習作——共品佳「謠」
一、知音何處尋之一:刻骨銘心的「最佳主題曲」
    同學們成長的年代,電視、電影早已蓬勃發展。從小時候著
 迷的卡通影片,到後來從跟著大人看,漸漸變成和朋友們同步觀
 賞,或是自己偏愛的影集、連續劇、電影,都有配合演出的「主
   。主題曲響起,自然地讓人想起劇中的人物表現、情節對話。
 題曲」
 例如:

                              41
  1974 年至 1975 年,華視將北宋包拯審案故事,改編成由儀
銘主演的電視連續劇《包青天》     ,350 集的演出集數,無庸置疑的
呈現出人民對伸張正義、不畏強權的主題,及大公無私、還民公
道的主角形象的喜愛。主題曲由孫儀作詞,楊秉忠作曲,詹森雄
編曲,蔣光超主唱:
    開封有個包青天,鐵面無私辨忠奸。
    江湖豪傑來相助,王朝和馬漢在身邊。
    鑽天鼠身輕如燕,徹地鼠是條好漢。
    穿山鼠鐵臂神拳,翻江鼠身手不凡。
   錦毛鼠一身是膽,這五鼠義結金蘭。
   七俠和五義,流傳在民間。
當「開封有個包青天,鐵面無私辨忠奸。江湖豪傑來相助,王朝
和馬漢在身邊……」的歌聲響起,鐵面如墨,額上懸著一彎明月
的包公形象隨著歌聲浮現。當他正義凜然地斷案,無私無懼的開
鍘懲奸,觀眾們等的就是大快人心的這一刻。如膾炙人口的〈鍘
美案〉單元,當秦香蓮悲憤欲絕,至開封府擊鼓鳴冤,狀告忘恩
負義卻已成當朝駙馬的丈夫陳世美。陳世美為求榮華富貴,不惜
加害糟糠元配,接二連三犯下令人髮指的種種惡行。在公主等權
貴的阻撓下,   「公正廉明」的包公終究還秦香蓮一個公道,將陳世
美以虎頭鍘伺候。這些畫面都會隨著歌聲歷歷再現。人們傳唱的
同時,其實或多或少都表達了對戲劇主題、主角作為的認同或期
待。
   直至 1993 年,華視推出改由金超群主演的新版《包青天》  。
原本只是為了下一齣八點檔上映前作「熱身」    ,預定製作 15 集,
但播出後廣受觀眾喜愛,使劇組不斷延長故事,最後製播了 236
集,至 1994 年下檔。演出者雖變,但深受喜愛的主題曲繼續沿用,
但將原曲加快節奏,並改由胡瓜主唱。同時由黃安作詞、作曲、
演唱,詹宏達編曲的〈新鴛鴦蝴蝶夢〉片尾曲,隨著預告放送出
的歌聲:「昨日像那東流水,離我遠去不可留,今日亂我心,多煩
憂。抽刀斷水水更流,舉杯消愁愁更愁,明朝清風四飄流……。」
也藉由此劇的賣座傳遍大街小巷,男女老少琅琅上口。費玉清的
專輯也曾收錄此曲重新翻唱。包公斷案的主題在日後也不斷地有
製作單位重新拍攝,遍及兩岸三地。




                                 42
◎ 參考網址:包青天片頭曲
  http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=bf9seqDk7E8
◎ 參考網址:包青天片尾曲〈新鴛鴦蝴蝶夢〉
   http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=JT87KGgbXIw&feature=related




     又如香港無線電視翡翠台於 1980 年播映的劇集《上海灘》。
   這部以民國時期的上海為背景,描述上海幫會的人物情仇,男主
   角許文強與丁力、馮敬堯等人的恩怨情仇,與女主角馮程程的愛
   情故事。周潤發、趙雅芝、呂良偉主演。主題曲〈上海灘〉由顧
   嘉煇作曲、編曲,黃霑填詞,葉麗儀主唱,成為粵語流行曲的經
   典之作。劉德華、陳奕迅等人均曾再次翻唱:
      浪奔,浪流,萬里滔滔江水永不休。
      淘盡了,世間事,混作滔滔一片潮流。
      是喜,是愁,浪裡分不清歡笑悲憂。
      成功,失敗,浪裡看不出有未有。
      愛你,恨你,問君知否?似大江一發不收。
      轉千灣,轉千灘,亦未平復此中爭鬥。
      又有喜,又有愁,就算分不清歡笑悲憂。
      仍願翻,百千浪,在我心中起伒夠。
                     ,
   「淘盡了,世間事,混作滔滔一片潮流」「成功,失敗,浪裡看
   不出有未有」的歌詞,讓人很自然的聯想到明朝楊慎《廿一史彈
   詞‧臨江仙說三國》的句子:
                                                               43
   滾滾長江東逝水,浪花淘盡英雄。是非成敗轉頭空,青山
   依舊在,幾度夕陽紅。
清初,毛宗崗父子修訂《三國演義》,慧眼獨具的將此闕詞作為卷
頭詩。貼切的在小說開頭就將亂世英雄逐鹿天下,不管忠肝義膽
或是爾虞我詐,再怎麼叱吒風雲,一輩子走完了也一樣「是非成
敗轉頭空」的真相道出。使日後許多讀者都以為是羅貫中的作品。
三國也好,上海灘的幫派鬥爭也好,當青山、夕陽、江水都依舊
屹立著、照耀著、流動著,人的是非成敗轉眼早成過眼雲煙。或
是蘇軾〈念奴嬌赤壁懷古〉:
    大江東去,浪淘盡,千古風流人物。故壘西邊,人道是,
    三國周郎赤壁。 亂石崩雲,驚濤裂岸,捲起千堆雪;江山
    如畫,一時多少豪傑。
生時為名、為利、為生存種種理由爭奪不休,犧牲無數,到頭來
勝負長短也只成了白髮漁樵笑談、欷噓的過往。人生的疑問,即
使時空各異,但人同此心,心同此理,會產生相同的共鳴其實不
難想見。
   《上海灘》劇集由於廣受喜愛,香港無線電視於 1996 年再次
拍攝《新上海灘》 。北京則於 2006 年重拍,劇名亦為     ,
                            《新上海灘》
主題曲仍沿用顧嘉煇為該劇量身訂作的曲子,並請原唱葉麗儀重
唱國語版歌詞,由於主題曲填詞人黃霑已於 2004 年過世,改由何
厚華依廣東版詞義重新填詞。
    《新上海灘》片尾曲〈就算沒有明天〉則由飾演許文強、馮
程程的男、女主角黃曉明、孫儷合唱,丁薇作曲,何厚華填詞,
Echo 編曲。許多劇集主題曲因為歌者演唱實力精湛,將歌曲詮釋
得入木三分,而讓人們傳唱不已。亦有由劇中主角詮釋主題曲的
作法,許多劇集都曾嘗試。當主角合唱著:
   我們之間,就算沒有明天。回憶再明顯,終究消散成雲煙。
   用青春容顏,去交換愛戀。我也情願,無悔無怨……。
當觀眾將劇中角色投射到演員身上時,彷彿許文強和馮程程彼此
訴說著自己的心聲,演員的詮釋往往使歌曲具另一種說服力。




                               44
◎參考網址:《上海灘》片頭曲
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=enNB2MSdxOE&feature=related
◎參考網址:        《新上海灘》片頭曲
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=lMJzgdic36U&feature=related
◎參考網址:        《新上海灘》片尾曲〈就算沒有明天〉
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=VJUEz30jS9M&feature=related
【習作一】
(一)你最欣賞的主題歌曲是哪一首?(不限電影、電視劇,不限創
   作區域,請註明詞、曲作者,及演唱人)
(二)歌詞內容為何?(請列完整歌詞)曲調如何?(請提供影音檔
   或可參考的網路連結。同學若對自己的歌聲有自信,親自演
   唱、錄音存檔亦可)
(三)簡介歌詞所演繹的故事背景。
(四)敘述欣賞的原因。
【習作二】
   許多讓人們意猶未盡的主題,一再地重拍,一再地受到矚目,
                   ,
    產生了詮釋相同主題的不同主題曲 你覺得那一首歌謠最能貼
                            ,
    切呈現故事精神?或是和你最有共鳴?請淺介劇情 介紹歌詞
    內容,並說明感動你、讓你特別喜歡的原因。
◎說明:主題不限。例如兩岸三地極為喜歡,以金庸武俠小說為題材
    的劇集(       、     、    、
        《射雕英雄傳》《神雕俠侶》《鹿鼎記》《天龍八部》
    等……),沿生了許多的主題曲。同學可挑選自己特別喜歡的
    作品,加以介紹、評析。
◎進行方式:請同學自選主題曲,分組或團體報告分享。




                                                            45
(二)知音何處尋之二:慧眼獨具的「最佳主題曲」
【習作三】
      如果現在要你為一部電影、一齣劇集,找一首貼切反映情
         ,
   節的主題曲 你的最佳首選是什麼?請簡介你選擇的電影或電
   視劇的內容大意,再說明選擇那首歌作為主題歌的原因。
   例如:
      由唐澤壽明、江口洋介演出的日劇《白色巨塔》       ,挑選
   Amazing Grace〈奇異恩典〉這首傳唱甚廣的歌謠作為片尾主
   題曲。並選擇紐西蘭年僅十六歲的歌手 Hayley Westenra 演唱
   的版本(專輯名稱:“PURE”)   。當她清亮宛如天籟般的歌聲響
                                    46
               起:
               Amazing grace,               奇異恩典,
               how sweet the sound,         樂聲何等甜美,
               That saved a wretch like me, 拯救了像我這般無助的人,
               I once was lost,             我曾迷失,
               but now I'm found,           如今已被找回;
               Was blind,but now I see……」曾經盲目,如今又能看見……
               主角財前五郎以過人天賦,急切地想在醫界闖出名聲,成為人
               上人的雄心。在明爭暗鬥中逐漸變得冷漠、市儈,即使有精進
              的醫術,自己卻免不了病魔無情的糾纏,醒悟的同時,卻也          「蒙
              主恩召」。片尾曲的設計如神來之筆,將男主角逐漸迷失的過
              往,最後大徹大悟,終於帶著乾淨的靈魂離開人世的結局,烘
              托得恰到好處。
        ◎ 參考網址:日劇白色巨塔片尾曲(Hayley Westenra:Amazing Grace
        2005 年現場演唱)
        http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=1pK4PtJiOPE&feature=related




        ◎進行方式:請同學自選主題曲,分組或團體報告分享。



【教案三】

 教案名稱      流行音樂你我他

 設計者       梁淑玲




                                                                    47
       1、經由童謠、卡通歌曲的回想,溝通、聯絡不同世代的成長
         經驗與記憶,同時了解這些歌曲所擔負的時代任務。
       2、藉由民歌、流行歌曲、搖滾樂的演唱與觀察,體會青少年、
         壯年、老年世代的心靈之聲,同時觀察各暢銷專輯作詞者
教學目標
         以及著名樂團的風格獨特之處。
       3、經由流行歌曲的歌詞欣賞、分析,解讀時代精神與社會現
         象。並進一步探究流行歌曲除了娛樂,是否還有其它的重
         要存在意義?流行歌曲能影響時代嗎?

教學方法   講述教學、討論教學、欣賞教學、發現教學、合作學習

       活動一、詩 vs.歌 vs.謠
教學流程
       一、新詩 vs.歌詞
       (一) 請欣賞以下歌曲,觀察以新詩為歌詞的歌曲曲風與當代
           流行歌曲有何不同?
       余光中〈迴旋曲〉          、三毛〈一條日光大道〉
                  、鄭愁予〈錯誤〉          、
       三毛〈橄欖樹〉  、杜十三〈自彼次遇到你〉、席慕蓉〈出塞曲〉
       (二) 請參考下列詞家的意見,討論新詩與歌詞究竟有何不
          同?
       1、 李泰祥:
           人,一生若能懷著浪漫,並執著於他的夢想,生命一
           定美麗,動人而完整。透過詩與歌的摸索,彷彿觸摸
           到藝術家對人類的愛,和孙宙胸襟──是我音樂的泉
           源。               《自彼次遇到你》專輯)
                         (參見:
       2、好讀 v.s.夏宇(即李格弟)
       好讀:為什麼不是「夏孙」寫歌詞,   「李格弟」寫詩?
       夏宇:似乎是夏孙格格不入而李格弟深情款款……讓李格弟
          寫詩嗎?這是不錯的主意。讓夏孙寫歌嗎?我怕唱片
          公司的企劃再也不肯幫我寫簡譜或畫字數的 OOXX
          了,因為不知道在寫什麼,字太多都裝不進去,又都
          不押韻,而且根本找不到副歌。
       好讀:詩較傾向於視覺性及意象性,因此可以,也必須選擇
          以自己的節奏閱讀。歌則強調聽覺性及表演性,因此
          可以傳唱,並與他人分享。你在創作時,會考量兩者
          的差異嗎?
       夏宇:詩要說性則有說不盡的性:音樂性視覺性建築性繪畫
          性電影性舞蹈性生活性社會性乃至空無性禪性蘋果性
          芭樂性唯心唯物性……歌幸好不談「性」,談的是「位
          置」……張震嶽可以幹譙 (而且必須幹譙下去),王力

                                          48
    宏不可以,趙傳受傷辛曉琪療傷,王菲最好一以貫之
    什麼也不鳥……消費者根本完全識破而且要的就是這
    個。他們就是要買齊秦深情、陳昇浪蕩,而且不要他
    們改變……詩可以寫得不知道哪裡是刀柄哪裡刀鋒,
    但是歌你最好寫得像一把實實在在的小刀。
                        ,
 (參見〈夏宇 vs.李格弟:一手寫詩,一手寫詞〉《誠品好讀》45 期。)
3、楊澤:
   歌詞是「重複的邏輯」,重視「一詠三嘆」,強調重複
   性、反覆致意;詩卻重視「推理的邏輯」,欲用自己的
    文化修養及意境的繁複度說服讀者……多數學院派詩
    人歌詠孤獨絕望,卻沒有生活的才情,愈來愈像哲學
    家。相較之下,歌是一種表演形式,有「身體感」與
    「戲劇感」;身體感就是有「現場感」……
                      ,
(參見:楊澤〈庶民的聲音,從美國藍調到台語歌〉《誠品好讀》45 期。)


二、尋找我的青春年少
(一) 回味童謠
1、介紹童謠的類型:
    童謠是每個孩子成長過程中難以忘懷的記憶,或誦(如   〈城
    門雞蛋糕〉)或唱(如〈點仔膠〉),總帶點趣味、調皮,以
    閩南童謠為例,大致分為:搖籃歌、抒情敘事歌(怨父母、
    公婆、小姑、兄嫂、媒婆等)、數目歌、對口歌、逗趣歌、
    遊戲歌六類,各舉一例為證。 (參考馮輝岳《台灣童謠大家唸》)
2、作業設計:
(1) 請訪問父母、祖父母童年所唸或唱的童謠三首,以錄音
    呈現。
(2) 試著詢問這些童謠的故事及可能的遊戲方式,以書面記
    錄並錄影呈現。
(3) 你在小時候所唸或唱的童謠有那些?
(4) 觀察今日流傳下來的童謠,除了以下,可還有其他?
    A 趣味、遊戲 B 節令、天氣的解釋 C 諷刺人事(以動
    物為喻)


(二) 卡通歌曲大會串
1、卡通歌曲欣賞,例如:     、      、
            〈小飛俠〉〈無敵鐵金剛〉〈小蜜
   、
  蜂〉    、
    〈小甜甜〉〈龍龍與忠狗〉、
                〈小天使〉〈小英的故事〉
                     、      、
         、    、
  〈北海小英雄〉〈霹靂貓〉〈靈犬雪麗〉……
                    (參考:懷舊卡通)
2、分組討論報告:
                                        49
(1) 請問父母小時候看的卡通為何?其歌曲是?印象最深刻
    的是?
(2) 卡通歌曲與劇情的關係是否密切?這些卡通有什麼共同
    的主題與教育目的?
(3) 你成長階段所看的卡通或動畫有哪些?請分享一首卡通
    歌曲。例如:櫻桃小丸子、我們這一家、忍者亂太郎、龍
    貓……             (參考:魔鏡歌詞網 )
(4) 你所熟悉的卡通或動畫歌曲中,其主題面向有哪些?


活動二、民歌與搖滾樂
一、民歌再現風華(參考張釗維《誰在那邊唱自己的歌》)
(一) 介紹民歌的產生背景、發展階段與精神
(二) 民歌與我
1、請說出你所知道、喜歡且會唱的民歌(不限曲數)。
2、請分享你欣賞這首歌的心情與喜歡的原因。
3、訪問父母年輕時所琅琅上口的民歌及他們喜歡的原因。
    (不限曲數)
4、為什麼八○年代後的今日,民歌再度復活?試比較下表與
 當今傳唱的民歌的主題,並思考民歌的現代意義。
 1981 江夢姝、吳淑馨: (取樣自 1974-1980 所有民歌)
類別              百分比    類別      百分比
反映社會現實          4.3    ★男女愛情   45.6
鼓舞民族意識          2.0    即興創作    16.0
懷念(含對家鄉的思念)     11.8   人生寄語    15.3
★親情(含友情)    50.6
5、現代流行歌曲中,愛情的比例約七成,且多用  、
                      「愛」  、
                         「情」
  「戀」等字眼,請問民歌多用什麼方式來表達愛情?
二、搖滾樂與社會
(一) 請閱讀《聲音與憤怒:搖滾樂可能改變世界嗎?》,著
   重於搖滾樂與社會的互動做歸納報告。
(二) 在地的搖滾樂
1、請介紹你所知道的搖滾樂團,及其成立的宗旨或精神。
2、請介紹台灣搖滾樂的發展。


(三)作業指導:(三擇一)
1、【一曲情事知多少】
  席慕蓉於〈飄蓬〉(參見【附件一】)一文,說明〈出塞曲〉
  這首歌的緣起與她的身世記憶密切相關,使我們在聽歌
  時,更能體會她思鄉之情。請找一首你喜歡的民歌、台語
                                      50
  歌曲、客家歌曲、原民歌曲或流行歌曲,搜集各種資料,
  告訴我們一段關於這首歌的故事或報導,也可自己編寫一
  段心情故事。文長六百字以上。
2、【文類跨越意無限】
  方文山為自己的歌詞書寫了一段白話散文相佐,使歌曲聽
  起來愈發有味。(參見【附件二】)請你也為最喜歡的一首
  歌鋪寫成一段故事,使畫面、情節更清晰地展現在大家面
  前。文長不限。
3、【鳳凰花舞送離別】
    六月鳳凰,是畢業生展翅飛翔的季節,也是青春年歲最不
    捨的依戀,校園中的一切彷彿昨日,但明天的一切卻將不
    同……(請同學朗讀【附件三】,並搭配背景音樂〈故事的季節〉)
(1) 校園生活中最你印象深刻的三幅動態畫面是?
(2) 校園裡你經常駐足的地方是?你在那兒做些什麼?有著
    怎樣的回憶?
(3) 〈送別〉〈驪歌〉 〈今年夏天〉 〈永遠的畫面〉 〈朋友〉〈真
    夏的櫻花〉 〈明天也要作伴〉 〈放心去飛〉 〈隱形的翅膀〉
    〈城裡的月光〉 ……你覺得那些歌曲較適合當畢業歌曲?
    為什麼?
(4) 請各班推選出最佳畢業歌曲,於朝會時間上台演唱,並
    説明歌詞動人之處。
(5) 由該屆準畢業生舉行票選,作為今年畢業典禮之用。


活動三、流行歌曲歡唱 100
(一) 心情點唱機
1、情境設計:請以三百字述說身處以下情境的心情,內容須
          符合主角之身分、口吻。亦可增加其他情境,
          然必須公開提出,由同學、老師共同討論,訂
          出新的情境主題。
(1)   失戀歌聲
(2)   背叛友情
(3)   真心告白
(4)   女性意識
(5)   社會控訴諷刺
(6)   鄉土關懷
(7) 親子家庭倫理
(8) 茫然的異鄉生活
2、歌曲的建議:
    針對自己所提出的以及其他二種情境,各挑一首最適當的
                                     51
   歌曲為解藥,以三百字說明原因。
3、心情魔法師:
   請各組依歌曲與情境的合適性,及說明文字的充分性,進
   行評分,投票選出最佳心情魔法師,由他們演唱所提供的
   心情靈藥。
(二) 流行歌手 vs.社會經濟
                      、周杰倫於川震
1、偶像 vs.社會教育:羅大佑〈明天會更好〉
   的捐款、李連杰的災後救助與建設、賑災歌曲 〈永不放棄〉
  〈承諾〉 〈我們在一起〉等
2、我歌我歡唱
(1) KTV 文化:為何人人愛唱 KTV?欣賞胡彥斌〈男人 KTV〉
(2) 作業設計:參見【附件四】   ,請分享妳唱 KTV 的經驗,
    以及 KTV 在妳日常生活中的影響及重要性。
(3) 解讀星光大道現象:I am the superstar!
            民歌、老歌復甦,潘美辰、溫嵐又紅起來了
5、作詞者部落格介紹
    羅大佑──音樂聯盟網
    陳樂融自選輯
  林強的部落格
  陳明章音樂工作有限公司官方網站
  方文山的部落格  裝置藝術~有故事的收藏品
  陳震部落格


(三)當代詞家之王道風格:古典與拼湊
1、古典:
(1) 小調曲風:費玉清、鄧麗君
(2) 鎔鑄古典歌詞、畫面呈現:方文山、王力宏、陶喆、林
                     俊傑、邰正宵、黃安、張洪量
(3) 結合京劇:陳昇                     、王力宏
           〈One night in Beijing〉       、
                                    〈在梅邊〉
         陶喆〈Susan 說〉
2、拼湊:方文山、曹格、董事長……


(四) 作業設計:
   妳也聽音樂或廣播嗎?在我們的青春歲月裡,總有一段陪
   伴著成長的旋律,在心中久久不散,為何它如此令人難
  忘?或許給了我們勇氣,或許為茫然的未知給了解釋,也
  許只是宣洩心中隱隱的不滿……(參見凌性傑〈追得過一
   【附件五】),請寫一篇六百字以上文章,來書寫當下
  切〉
  的心情與所感。題目自訂。
                                            52
(五)分組報告:
1、歌曲 vs.競選語言:請觀察為何這些歌曲會使用在競選場
   合中?〈感恩的心〉 〈春天的花蕊〉
             、      〈伊是咱們的寶貝〉
                    、        、
   〈咱的台灣咱的家〉……
2、試舉幾首台語流行歌曲來看台語歌詞與曲風的轉變。
   那卡西、悲情→弦樂、進取、優雅與溫情……
3、山川自然原味──原住民歌曲介紹
   你認識這些原住民歌手嗎?請欣賞他們的代表歌曲,並想
  想原住民歌曲的旋律和主題,與一般流行歌曲有何不同?
  海洋藍調──胡德夫
  獵人搖滾──王宏恩
  海洋王子──陳建年
  流浪走唱──巴奈
  卑南姐妹──張惠妹
  野火吟唱──紀曉君
  請用四個字形容他們的歌曲風格:秀蘭瑪雅、動力火車、
  北原山貓
4、你所不知道的周杰倫與方文山:
(1) 周杰倫作詞的歌曲主題分析
        、       、
    〈蝸牛〉〈爸,我回來了〉〈聽媽媽的話〉
(2) 方文山、周杰倫合作的台語歌觀察
          、
    〈落雨聲〉〈到底誰是伊〉
5、歌詞中修辭技巧與意象使用的歸納分析:
(1) 請找出一位作詞者的所有作品,例如:余光中、許常德、
    林夕、陳樂融、馬兆駿、梁泓志、慎芝、李宗盛、林強、
    羅大佑、陳明章、十一郎、陳小霞、黃舒駿、姚若龍、陳
    珊妮、袁惟仁、陳綺貞、小蟲、黃國倫、方文山、吳克群、
    林俊傑、陳震、施人誠、藍小邪、TANK 呂建中……;
(2) 或者一位歌手的二張專輯;
(3) 或者根據【附件六】     《誠品好讀》票選出的 1982-1995、
    1996-2004 最愛好歌詞,進行修辭與意象的歸納分析,並
    做成投影片報告。
6、布袋戲人物出場曲的介紹與社會運用:
                  、       、
    例如〈苦海女神龍〉〈命運的青紅燈〉〈非常女〉等
7、流行樂團的介紹:樂團的特色、風格與精神
  例如:信樂團、五月天、董事長、飛輪海、蘇打綠、閃靈
     樂團……
8、流行歌曲 vs.連續劇 vs.廣告 vs.經濟景氣:量身訂做,抑
                                          53
                               、
            或找流行歌曲來搭?戲劇 廣告與歌手 魚幫水 水幫魚? ,   ,
        (1) 流行歌曲 vs.戲劇
            大陸劇──《水滸傳》             ,
                             〈好漢歌〉《三國演義》   〈臨江仙〉
            日劇 ──《求婚大作戰》                 、
                               〈明天好天氣〉《三十拉警報》
                  〈I believe〉
            韓劇──《王與我》      〈男人 KTV〉、
                 《歐巴桑向前衝》       〈眼淚笑了〉
            台劇──《昨夜星辰》               、
                             〈昨夜星辰〉《一簾幽夢》
                 〈一簾幽夢〉《玫瑰人生》、        〈玫瑰人生〉
            鄉土劇──《草山春暉》         、
                          〈草山的風〉《青龍好漢》
                 〈青龍好漢〉
            港劇──《楚留香》  〈楚留香〉《天龍八部》
                            、           、
                                  〈兩忘煙水裡〉
                《神雕俠侶》  〈神雕俠侶〉
        (2) 流行歌曲 vs.廣告
        (參考資料:              ,     ,797 期,
              〈流行歌手搶了廣告曲公司飯碗〉《商業周刊》
        003-03-03,P.123)
             張清芳〈天天年輕〉──黑人牙膏,
             郭富城、陳艾眉〈誰說我不在乎〉──機車廣告,
             鄭    怡〈心情〉──海鳥洗髮精




伍、結語
  在某個時空裡所流行傳唱的歌謠,必然呈現出該時空下的庶民文化,從中可
窺知社會的變貌,了解一個時代的政治、文化特質。如美國六 O 年代反戰、高唱
自由的搖滾歌手、南非黑人歌手卡貝被官方關了廿七年後,仍堅持以抗議歌曲對
抗南非的種族隔離政策等,可見流行歌曲代表著某種集體需要,不僅是大眾文化
的表徵,能反映出社會群眾的心態趨向,也暴露出生活於這個地方的人與環境的
種種問題。
  當今台灣社會的現象,有種種顯著的變化:
  如台商進駐大陸公司、工廠日多,他們奔波於兩岸的生活狀況與留守台灣的
配偶、子女的心情,要如何反映在流行音樂上?
  外籍新娘的人口逐漸增多,成為台灣的新移民,她們的適應狀況如何?對下
一代的教養問題如何?歌謠創作者可予以關懷嗎?
  台灣社會高齡化,老人的安養問題如何解決?眾多的外勞照顧了台灣的老人
及稚子,她們思鄉的心情可有音樂人看到?
  環保意識落實多少?台灣的山、川、森林發出了怎樣的悲鳴?
  教育改革行之有年,孩子真正的聲音如何透過音樂而聽聞?

                                                   54
  台灣各族群的傳統歌謠要如何保留、傳唱?
  歌謠書寫應反映台灣特有的生命基調,宏觀到社會種種變遷,表現共同經驗
過的日子,也表達這一代台灣人的心聲,以多角度的題材創作,不只關注於市場
的需求,也照顧到迷茫的人心。
  翁嘉銘說:
   凡屬於土地的,再強的風也吹不盡;再高的牆也要爬上去,和陽光相會。48
又說:
   優秀的藝術作品給欣賞者所衍生的夢,不是對現實的漠不關心,而是對現
   實的反叛,掙脫社會的壓抑、苦悶、疏離等等困境,企圖構築烏托邦的夢
   境;在個人領域上,無論是描繪美感或刻劃俗惡,都力求拓寬人性的空間,
   丟掉無謂的包袱和枷鎖,追逐自由與幸福。
   說流行歌曲是「製夢工業」,其實並不是貶抑的說詞,但希望它生產的是多
   采多姿的夢,不是單一、愛情題材的幻夢,可以給大眾更廣闊、開放,更
   提昇現實內涵聲音的商品。49
  過去台灣歌謠曾受限於一時政治的高壓、新統治者的文化霸權,但歌謠仍能
在時代夾縫裡傳出閭巷心聲;而現代在市場需要考量下,有理想的歌謠創作者需
要克服無力感,激發和商業機制長期抗戰的勇氣,才能迎接台灣歌謠的新生。
  台灣面臨嶄新、多元的時代,不論是人口結構、社會現象及當代價值,都在
急遽變化中,台灣音樂人是否有責任透過歌聲加以檢視、反省和批判這一切?台
灣流行歌曲多年來的發展,已成為強勢的大眾文化,流行歌曲也應走上更自然、
更貼近生活的趨勢,而不是從錄音室裡誕生的一種商品而已。
  台灣歌謠要保有自己傳統的文化特色,表達當代的文化氛圍,呼應時代社會
的心聲,力求突破,不受限於商品性格,才能讓台灣歌謠擁有各世代、各年齡層
的聆賞者,並能在世界發聲,為他國人民所欣賞。
  台灣的社會型態正在全面城市化,大眾傳播媒體因有線電視、衛星電視的開
放,資訊網路日顯龐大多元。在緊張、忙碌的現代生活中,大眾漸了解休閒的重
要,視覺休閒領域富含商機,台灣歌謠在多元的資訊世界中,愈難擺脫商業體系
的吸納,商品性格成為歌謠的一部份,世界各地知名歌手常把台灣列入巡迴演唱
的一站,台灣儼然是國際歌壇的舞台。然而由於資訊傳達迅速,台灣的文化表現
常有各種「拼盤式」的錯覺,令人憂心我們的所在是否已淪為各國文化垃圾的傾
銷場?我們不禁要自問:我們的文化基調擁有完整的美學風格嗎?50
  現場演唱會是許多歌迷投注熱情的地方,現場呈現即時效果,儘管歌聲不若


48
   翁嘉銘《從羅大佑到崔健─當代流行音樂的軌跡》,頁 54。
49
   翁嘉銘《從羅大佑到崔健─當代流行音樂的軌跡》,頁 146、148。
50
        《認同與記憶》
   參考朱孟庠,      ,台北市:禾雅文化,1998.6。朱孟庠是台北眷村的孩子,師大美術
系畢業。從事美育教育。頁 155〈尋找台灣生命力的源頭〉作者認為:對自我生活的土地與歷史的
認知與了解,回顧與尋找未來,尋找健康的生命力的源頭,尋找共同的文化基調尋回凝聚台灣族群
心靈底層的精神寶藏,本土價值是必要的立足點,在本土價值的立足點上與普世的進步與公義的兼
容性。

                                              55
在錄音室幾經修飾的完美,配樂編曲可能稍嫌粗糙,但也最容易流露歌者真實的
性情和情緒,也成為歌謠傳播重要的方式。
  這是一個不同世代的歌手都有其表演舞台的年代,唱歌成為新國民運動,每
個人有一把號,各吹各的調。衷心盼望寫歌者透過音樂創作,引吭傳唱不輟,在
我們的土地上澆灌出台灣歌謠的新生命。最後
  感      謝
吳瓊雯老師
新店高中 302 班同學
北一女中一孝、一仁、一恭、二勤、二莊、三數、三真、三毅各同學
填寫「我的青春,我的歌‧ 不同世代的流行歌及民謠音聲紀錄」問卷,鼎助本文完
成。




                                    56
陸、歌謠書寫參考書目

【碩士論文】
顏文雄 1964 《台灣民謠研究》,台北市:中國文化學院
簡上仁 1990 《台灣福佬系民歌的淵源及發展研究》 ,台北市:師範大學音研所
                                  ,台北市:師
張純琳 1990 《臺灣城市歌曲之探討與研究 (民國二十~ 七十年)》
範大學音樂研究所
簡俊成 1990 《台北市青少年學生音樂欣賞行為之研究》     ,中壢市:中原大學企
業管理研究所
苗延威 1991 《鄉愁四韻──中國現代民歌運動之社會學研究》      ,台北市:台灣大
學社會學研究所
鄭淑儀 1992 《台灣流行音樂與大眾文化 (1982~1991 年)》,新莊市:輔仁大學
大眾傳播研究所
周倩漪 1992 《九十年代台灣流行音樂中的支配與反抗之聲──性別政治、主體
性與庶民文化》  ,東吳大學社會學系
張釗維 1992 《誰在那邊唱自己的歌:1970 年代台灣現代民歌發展史──建制、
正當性論述與表現形式的形構》  ,國立清華大學歷史研究所科技史組
張禎娟 1992 《台灣時令歌謠初探》,台北市:師範大學音研所
                                  ,台北:輔仁大學大眾
鄭淑儀 1992 《臺灣流行音樂與大眾文化(1982-1991 年)》
傳播研究所
柯永輝 1993 《解讀台灣流行音樂中的女性意涵》    ,台北市:國立政治大學新聞
研究所
陳俊斌 1993 《恆春調民謠研究》,台北市:藝術學院音研所
盧佑俞 1993 《台灣閩南語民歌與風俗研究》  ,台北市:師範大學中文所
方巧如 1994 《國內熱門搖滾樂團歌詞所建構之夢幻世界》  ,輔仁大學大眾傳播
研究所
柯永輝 1994 《解讀臺灣流行音樂中的女性意涵》  ,國立政治大學新聞研究所
蘇正偉 1994 《臺灣通俗歌曲之發展與影響──解嚴後(1987) 迄今(1993)之探
討》,中國文化大學藝術研究所
王家慶 1995 《從符號學詮釋批判台灣的流行音樂文化》  ,台南市:成功大學藝
術研究所
劉季雲 1996 《論校園民歌之發展----從民歌運動到文化工業》 ,台南市:成功大
學藝術研究所
朱龍祥 1996 《流行音樂歌曲歌迷偶像崇拜的行為與心態初探》,高雄:高雄醫
學院行為科學研究所
楊蕙菁 1997 《從「小虎隊」到「四大天王」─台灣流行音樂偶像崇拜現象》,
                                           57
台北:國立台灣大學中國文學研究所
陳雅潔 1998 《當代台灣本土流行音樂之後現代性初探》     ,台北市:東吳大學社
會學研究所
蘇振昇 1998 《台灣流行音樂中的愛情價值觀:1989-1998》,高雄市:中山大學
傳播管理研究所
方漵溱 2000 《日治時代台語創作歌曲之研究 1932-1939》,台南市:成功大學
藝研所
洪宏元 2000 《台灣閩南語流行歌謠語文研究》,新竹市:竹師台灣語言與語文
教育研究所
鍾信昌 2000 《台灣閩南語創作的兒歌研究》 ,台北市:北市師應用語言文學研
究所
鄭君仲 2000 《我迷,故我在──流行音樂樂迷和流行音樂文本互動關係之探
索》,台北市:世新傳播研究所
杜文靖 2000 《臺灣歌謠歌詞呈顯的臺灣意識》 ,台北:世新大學社會發展研究
所
                                》
黃裕元 2000 《戰後臺語流行歌曲的發展(1945~1971),桃園:國立中央大
學歷史研究所
李至和 2000 《九 Ο 年代台灣流行音樂中之原住民歌手形象分析》  ,台北:中國
文化大學新聞研究所
張智雅 2000 《偶像崇拜與青少年認同──以台灣流行音樂歌迷為例》 ,台北市:
慈濟醫學院社會工作研究所
蔡宜剛 2001 《搖滾樂在台灣之可能與不可能》,新竹市:清華大學社會學研究
所
簡妙如 2002 《流行文化,美學,現代性:以八、九 0 年代台灣流行音樂的歷
史重構為例》 ,台北市:政治大學新聞研究所


【博士論文】
劉文六 1975 《台灣民謠曲調研究》,台北市:文化大學歷史研究所
臧汀生 1989 《台灣民間歌謠研究》,台北市:政治大學中文所
曾子良 1989 《台灣閩南語說唱文學「歌仔」之研究及閩台歌仔敘錄與存目》,
東吳大學中文系


【期刊論文】
關尊賢 1942        ,
           〈童謠抄〉《民俗台灣》2 卷 12 號
                    ,
海島洋人 1943 〈大稻埕童謠抄〉《民俗台灣》3 卷 1 號
                ,
葉火塗 1943 〈童歌五首〉《民俗台灣》3 卷 6 號
                  ,
婁子匡 1949 〈台灣兒歌試探〉《自立晚報》
                       ,
黃得時 1950.12 〈關於台灣歌謠的搜集〉《台灣文化論文集》第六卷三、四期
                                         58
合刊
                           ,
許丙丁 1952 〈從台南民間歌謠說起〉《台南文化》2 卷 1 期
                                       ,
黃得時 1952 年 5 月出版、1984 年 6 月再版 〈台灣歌謠之形態〉《台灣文獻》
第 3 卷第 1 期
                 ,
黃傳心 1953 〈雲林民謠〉《雲林文獻》二卷 1—2 期
                      ,
林清月 1953 〈台灣歌謠拾零〉《台灣風物》3 卷 1 期
                           ,
呂訴上 1954 〈台灣流行歌的發祥地〉《台北文化》2 卷 4 期,頁 93-95
                           ,
黃得時 1955 〈台灣歌謠與家庭生活〉《台灣文獻》6 卷 1 期
                 ,
東方白 1958 〈台灣民謠〉《中央日報》
                            ,
賴建銘 1958 〈清代台灣歌謠 (上)(中)(下) 〉《台南文化》第 6 卷第 1 期、第 6
卷第 3 期、第 7 卷第 1 期
                              ,
介 逸 1959 〈日治時期及光復後的稻江童謠〉《台北文物》8 卷 1 期
                              ,
王登山 1959 〈台灣南部的民謠、童謠與四句〉《南瀛文獻》5 期
蔡懋堂 1960 〈近三十五年來的台灣流行歌〉     ,《台灣風物》 卷 5 期,頁 60-68
                                   11
                  ,
廖漢臣 1960 〈彰化縣之歌謠〉《台灣文獻》11 卷 3 期
                    ,
陳漢光 1962 〈台北市的新童謠〉《台灣風物》12 卷 4 期
                  ,
顏文雄 1964 〈台灣民謠簡史〉《中國一週》758 期
                      ,
介 逸 1968 〈天烏烏將落雨的今昔〉《台灣風物》18 卷 3 期
吳瀛濤                ,
      1968 〈台灣歌謠集〉《台灣風物》18 卷 1 期
歐陽荊              ,
      1970 〈台灣歌謠〉《台灣文獻》第 21 卷第 2 期
劉文六                      ,
      1972 〈台灣閩南民謠曲調研究〉《女師專學報》一期
許常惠                          ,
      1974 〈恆春民謠「思想起」之研究比較〉《東海民族學報》第一期
劉文六                      ,
      1975 〈台灣民謠曲調研究摘要〉《華學 45 期》
邱坤良              ,
      1979 〈陳達的歌〉《雄獅美術》95 期
莊永明                                ,
      1980 〈四月望雨傳心曲---台灣早期民族歌聲探微〉《大學雜誌》137 期
莊永明                  ,
      1980 〈桃花泣血記札記〉《雄獅美術》114 期
                    ,
莊永明 1981 〈丟丟銅仔之我見〉《台灣文藝》71 期
                    ,
明立國 1982 〈民歌概念之分析〉《民俗曲藝》18、19 期
                        ,
李獻璋輯校 1982.12 〈清代福佬話歌謠〉《台灣文藝》革新號第 25、26 合刊
                  ,
曹甲乙 1983 〈雜談七字歌仔〉《台灣風物》33 卷第 3 期,台灣省文獻會
                      ,
陳艷秋 1983 〈台灣民謠泰斗陳達儒〉《台灣文藝》80 期
                    ,
林 二 1983 〈閩南語歌曲演變〉《益世雜誌》31 期
王振義 1983-84 〈語言聲調和音樂曲調的關係-台灣閩南語歌謠的「詩樂諧和」
傳統研究(之一、二、三),  〉《台灣風物》33 卷第四期、34 卷第一期
吳正忠 1984 〈肯定與否定之間──訪羅大佑、談流行歌曲〉   ,     ,4
                                  《新月書刊》 期,
頁 10-14
                               ,
因是非 1984 〈什麼是台灣歌謠──談音樂發展的路向問題〉《台灣文藝》  ,
no.86,頁 155-160
                  ,
伍 牧 1984 〈流行音樂的探討〉《音樂與音響》,127,頁 25-27
                                               59
許常惠 1984                        ,
           〈台灣漢族民歌──民歌手陳冠華、賴碧霞〉《民俗曲藝》31 期
賴錦松 1985                    ,
           〈台灣民俗歌謠之源流與展望〉《屏師學報》3 期
羅肇錦等六人                    ,
           1986 〈為流行歌詞打分數〉《國文天地》,2:1,頁 24-29
黃榮村 1986                      ,
           〈從社會與心理的變遷看流行歌詞〉《國文天地》   ,頁 35
鄭志明 1987                  ,
           〈台灣勸善歌謠的社會關懷〉《民俗曲藝》45、46 期
王振義 1987                ,
           〈淺說閩南語社會的唸歌〉《台灣史研究暨史料發掘研討會論文
集》
曾子良 1988                         ,
           〈台灣閩南語說唱文學──歌仔的內容及其思想〉《民俗曲藝》54
期
陳兆南 1988.7.31 〈台灣歌仔略說〉,大華晚報副刊
張炫文 1988 〈                    ,
            「七字調」在台灣民間歌謠中的地位〉《民俗曲藝》54 期
鄭志明 1988 〈              ,
            「台灣歌仔」的研究盛會〉《民俗曲藝》54 期
譚 石 1990 〈台灣流行音樂的歷史方案〉  ,     ,        ,
                         《聯合文學》 第七卷第十期 頁 72-80
                     ,
翁嘉銘 1990 〈流行歌曲的商品觀〉《中國論壇》30 卷 8 期,頁 16-18
周榮杰 1990 〈台灣歌謠產生的背景(上、下),  〉《民俗曲藝》第 64、65 期
成葆齡、洪燕妮 1990 〈從〈鄉愁四韻〉到〈神采飛揚〉──細數校園民歌十五
  ,
載〉《大專人》   ,頁 10
                         ,
臧汀生 1990 〈台語流行歌曲與台灣社會〉《文學與社會》    。台北:台灣學生,
頁 225-297
趙庭輝 1990 〈解讀流行音樂歌者──「小虎隊」的商業包裝〉    ,《中國論壇》,30:
8,頁 19-22
張南生 1991 〈民歌沒落了!--從中國現代民歌看七0年代台灣知識分子與
          ,
流行文化的關係〉《聯合文學》  ,第七卷第十期,頁 112-114
                         ,
張釗維 1991 〈流行歌謠詞曲作家大事記初稿〉《聯合文學》      ,第七卷第十期,
頁 130-151
                                  ,
張小虹 1991 〈男人和女人:情歌、流行文化和性別越界〉《聯合文學》      ,No.82
                            ,
健 銘 1991 〈談台灣的「答嘴鼓」說唱藝術〉《民俗曲藝》71 期
                            ,
周純一 1991 〈四十年來台灣說唱音樂之檢討〉 收於《中國民族音樂學會第
一屆學術研討會論文集》     ,文建會
周純一 1991 〈                 ,
            「台灣歌仔」的說唱形式應用〉《民俗曲藝》71 期
唐 鎔 1991 〈羅大佑「光陰的故事」>,    《光華》,16 卷 11 期,頁 48-51
許常惠 1991 〈從「台東調」到「青蚵仔嫂」的蛻變談台灣福佬系民歌的保守
       ,
性與適應性〉《第四屆民族音樂學會議論文集》
                        ,
黃秀慧 1991.12.18 〈台語歌曲出頭天〉《自立晚報》15 版
廖炳惠 1991 〈九0年代流行歌曲中的城鄉意識──以陳明章和朱約信為例〉           ,《聯
合文學》  ,7:10,頁 115-118
                              ,
譚 石 1991 〈台灣流行音樂的歷史方案──一個初步的觀察〉     ,7:
                               《聯合文學》
10,頁 72-80
翁嘉銘 1991 〈台灣歌樂的小溪流域──對非主流歌謠的觀察及其存在的意義〉,
                                                 60
《聯合文學》7:6:頁 37-43
向 陽 1991 〈青春與憂愁的筆記──從台語歌謠的「悲情城市」中走出〉《聯    ,
合文學》,第七卷第十期
蔡明璋 1992 〈台語流行歌曲的社會印象分析〉    《中興大學社會系 40 週年特刊》
                            ,
                      ,
謝俊逢 1992 〈民俗文化中的民歌〉《復興崗學報》48 期
劉慧怡 1992 〈台灣閩南語說唱音樂--「唸歌仔」,   〉《傳習》10 期
蔡明璋 1992 〈台語流行歌曲的社會印象分析〉    ,中興大學社會系 40 週年特刊
                          ,
莊永明 1992.11.11 〈台灣流行歌曲六十年〉《自立晚報》19 版
                                  ,
翁嘉銘 1993 〈唐朝、Baboo、中國火──兩岸搖滾不孤獨〉《誠品閱讀》No.8
杜文靖 1993 〈失戀人的心聲「苦戀歌」, 〉《大家來唱台灣歌》   ,台北縣立文化
中心出版),頁 231
莊永明 1993.10 〈傳唱台灣〉,台北市:時報週刊,頁 51
                              ,載張炎憲等編《台灣史與台
莊永明 1993 〈台灣流型歌曲六十年(1932-1992)〉
灣史料》  ,台北市:自立報系出版部,頁 124
侯志欽 1994 〈尋找中國流行音樂的面貌:從鄧麗君到崔健和李宗盛〉《交流》 ,
14:頁 26-29
                           ,
張清郎 1994 〈來自鄉土的歌聲:台灣民歌〉《樂苑》19 期,台灣師範大學
                          ,
王順隆 1994 〈閩台「歌仔冊」書目‧ 曲目〉《台灣文獻》45 卷 3 期
吳 斐 1994 〈台灣流行文化的群眾魅力〉《交流》        ,   ,no.15,頁 30-33
吳正忠 1994 〈When is the band sound?從台灣合唱團的發展史談起〉《非古   ,
典》,1:頁 98-105
莊永明 1995 〈談福佬系歌謠看時代背景〉            ,載鄭英敏等編《鄉土音樂》      ,台北
高師大輔導研究所 1995 《青少年偶像崇拜、流行歌曲、流行用語之看法與態
度調查研究》  ,教育部訓委會委託專案
市教師研習中心編印,頁 16-17。
蘇正偉 1995 〈國語流行歌曲的歷史掃瞄〉《文訊》        ,   ,第 81 期,頁 20-22
吳正忠 1995 〈金玉其外,曲終人散──1994 年台灣流行音樂工業的回顧 (國語
   ,
篇)〉《非古典》 ,第 12 期,頁 160-166
                       ,
莊永明 1995 〈民謠心,台灣情〉《台灣光復五十週年系列活動紀念刊》   ,南投
中興新村
                                  ,
林谷芳 1995 〈藝術造詣與文化功能──兩個角度下看流行音樂〉《文訊月刊》   ,
頁 18-19
杜文靖 1995 〈光復後台灣歌謠發展史〉《文訊雜誌》,
胡紅波 1995 〈由民間文學觀點看《思想起》的演化〉   ,收入《台灣文化發展與
變遷學術研討會論文集》
                      ,
盧佑俞 1995 〈台灣閩南歌謠與民俗研究〉《國立台灣師範大學國文研究所集》
39 卷
                               ,
林怡伶 1996 〈複製或原真──主流與非主流音樂之事實與迷思〉《中外文學》,
290:頁 10-30
                                                       61
路寒袖 (江文瑜 整理)    1996 〈雅歌的春語──路寒袖談台語歌詞創作〉《中外     ,
文學》,第 25 卷第 2 期,1996 年 7 月,頁 130-138
王順隆 1996 〈                 ,
            「歌仔冊」書目補遺〉《台灣文獻》47 卷 1 期
江文瑜 1996 〈抓狂到笑魁──流行歌曲的選擇之社會語言學分析〉《中外文         ,
學》,290:頁 60-81
江文瑜、邱貴芬 1996 〈查某儂嘛要抓狂──當代台語流行女歌的後殖民女性主
          ,
義論釋與批判〉《中外文學》      ,25(2) :頁 23-48
瞿海源 1997 〈社會階層、文化認同與音樂喜好〉            ,張笠雲、呂玉瑕、王甫昌(編)
《九 O 年代的台灣社會──社會變遷基本調查研究系列二(上),頁 189-228,台 》
北:中研院社研所籌備處
王順隆 1997 〈從七種全本《孟姜女歌》的語詞.文體看「歌仔冊」的進化過
  ,
程〉《台灣文獻》48 卷 2 期
洪欣梵 1997 〈捲過台灣一場吉他與汗水的搖滾風暴〉 《影響》
                            ,   ,90 期,頁 79-82
                              ,
胡萬川 1997 〈從歌謠到流行歌曲一一個文化定位的正名〉《收入首屆《台灣
民間文學學術研討會》論文集
李筱峰 1997 〈時代心聲──戰後二十年的台灣歌謠與台灣的政治和社會〉《世 ,
新大學「台灣的文學與歷史」學術會議論文》
陳主顯 1997  《台灣俗諺語典(卷一):人生哲理》,台北市:前衛
竹碧華 1998                  ,
           〈台灣北部客家說唱音樂之研究〉《復興崗學報》63 期,台北政
治作戰學校
楊克隆 1998                     ,
           〈台灣戰後反對運動歌曲的壓抑與重生〉《台灣人文》2 期,頁
66-70
楊久穎 1998 〈當我們學會傾聽──電影、搖滾樂、青少年與次文化的風潮面貌〉 ,
《電影欣賞》 ,92 期,頁 65-75
張秀蓉 1999 〈牛津大學所藏有關台灣的七首歌謠 〉 《台灣風物》 卷 03 期
                            ,     43
蕭 蘋 1999 〈流行音樂與社會文化的價值:五種理論觀點的詮釋〉  ,中華傳播
學會 1999 年年會暨論文研討會,新竹關西
                            ,
黃櫻棻 1999 〈華語流行音樂的中國意象與消費〉《當代》   ,138 期,頁 94
洪宏元 1999 〈台灣閩南語流行歌謠語言韻律風格初探〉   ,竹師語文學報
王焜生 2000 〈美術設計在唱片工業的大張旗鼓──從羅大佑的唱片專輯談起〉      ,
《新潮藝術》    ,24 期,頁 84-87
何東洪、張釗維 2000 〈戰後台灣「國語唱片工業」與音樂文化發展軌跡──個
           ,
徵兆性的考察〉《文化產業:文化生產的結構分析》     ,張苙雲主編,台北:遠流,
頁 149-224
李筱峰 2001.10.25 〈戰後二十年的台灣歌謠與台灣的政治和社會〉 ,《時代心聲》
                                      ,
許倍毓 2002 〈從光復以後的台灣歌謠看台灣社會變遷(一九四九~二○○二)〉《真
理大學台灣文學系第二屆畢業論文(2002.5)》
                                     ,
王尹軒 2002 〈滾石不生苔,春去春又來/專訪滾石唱片總經理──段鍾潭〉《交
大友聲》,394 期,頁 54-59
                                                  62
                               ,
陳嬿文 2003 〈伍佰 VS 羅大佑 無法無天玩音樂〉《聯合文學》   ,19 卷 3 期,
頁 42-56
簡上仁 2004.11.3 〈臺灣民謠的生命力〉  ,臺師大校本部大禮堂演講稿
 《音樂與音響》vol.66 pp.73-76
楊錦郁 2000.9.22-9.24 〈薰著茶香的歌聲:訪莊永明談台灣歌謠的發展〉   (上)
(中)  (下),聯合報


【書目】
稻田尹 1944 《台灣歌謠集》       ,台北市:台灣藝術社
呂訴上 1961 《台灣電影戲劇史》       ,台北市:銀華
一 塵 1964 《台語影歌星浮沈錄》       ,台北:雨辰
史惟亮 1967 《論民歌》       ,台北市:幼獅文化
顏文雄 1967、1969 《台灣民謠(一) (二)》   ,台北市:中華大典編印會
Vougham Williams 原著,楊敏京校訂 1969 《民族音樂論》,台北市:愛樂
史惟亮 1971 《陳達和他的歌》       ,台北:希望
林二、簡上仁編 1979 《台灣民俗歌謠》        ,台北市:眾文
福建省文化局編 1980 《台灣民歌選》       ,上海市:人民出版社
臧汀生   1980 《台灣閩南語歌謠研究》 ,台北市:臺灣商務
廖漢臣   1980 《台灣兒歌》 ,南投:台灣省政府新聞處
莊 奴   1980 《歌緣──中國流行歌曲的故事》 ,台北市:台灣新生報
謝易霖   1980 《台灣民謠》 ,台北市:偉文
臧汀生   1980、1995 《台灣閩南語歌謠研究》,台北市:台灣商務
呂炳川   1982 《台灣土著族音樂》 ,台北市:百科文化
許常惠   1982 《台灣福佬系民歌》 ,台北市:百科文化
楊兆禎   1982 《台灣客係民歌》 ,台北市:百科文化
賴碧霞   1983 《台灣客家山歌──一個民間藝人的自述》 ,台北市:百科文化
陳 香 1983   《臺灣竹枝詞選集》 ,台北市:臺灣商務
朱介凡 1984   《中國歌謠論》 ,台北市:中華
許常惠 1984   《多采多姿的民俗音樂》 ,台北市:行政院文化建設委員會
林二、簡上仁     1984 《台灣民俗歌謠》,台北市:眾文
水 晶 1985   《流行歌曲滄桑記》台北市:大地
許常惠 1986   《現階段台灣民謠研究》 ,台北市:樂韻
許常惠 1987               》
           《民族音樂論述稿(一),台北市:樂韻
劉經庵 1987   《歌謠與婦女》 ,台北市:中國民俗學會
周添旺 1987   《創作台灣歌謠史》 ,台北市:麗歌唱片
廖漢臣 1988   《台灣兒歌註解》,台北市:東方文化
謝雲聲 1988   《台灣情歌集》,台北市:東方文化重印
簡上仁 1988   《台灣音樂之旅》台北市:自立晚報

                                                63
鄭恒隆   1989   《台灣民間歌謠》,台北市:南海
許常惠   1991   《台灣音樂史初稿》,台北市:全音
楊民康   1991   《中國民歌與鄉土社會》,吉林:吉林教育
簡上仁   1991   《台灣福佬系民歌的淵源及發展》 ,台北:自立晚報
方 翔   1991   《重回美好的五十年代-國內國語歌壇的清流》,台北市:海陽
莊裕安   1991   《音樂狂歡節》,台北:大呂
簡上仁   1992   《臺灣民謠》,台北市:眾文
簡上仁   1992   《台灣的囝仔歌一、二、三冊》,台北市:自立報系
簡上仁   1992   《陳冠華的臺灣福佬民間音樂》,台北市:文建會
翁嘉銘 1992 《從羅大佑到崔健──當代流行音樂的軌跡》台北市:時報
許常惠 1992 《民族音樂論述稿(二)            》
                             (三),台北市:樂韻
林芳如譯、Charles T. Brown 著 1993 《搖滾樂的藝術》,台北市:萬象
許常惠 1993 《民族音樂學導論》        ,台北市:樂韻
莊永明 1993 《台灣歌謠追想曲》        ,台北市:前衛
張釗維 1993 《誰在那邊唱自己的歌──一九七0年代台灣現代民歌發展史--建
制正當性論述與表現形式的形構》         ,台北市:時報文化
杜文靖 1993 《大家來唱台灣歌》        ,台北縣:台北縣文化中心
陳樂融 1994 《枕邊的音樂會》       ,台北市:麥田
康 原 1994 《臺灣囝仔歌的故事(1) 》,台北市:自立晚報
康 原 1994 《臺灣囝仔歌的故事(2) 》,台北市:自立晚報
鈴木清一郎著、馮作民譯 1994 《增訂台灣舊慣民俗信仰》  ,台北市:眾文
吳玲宜 1994 《台灣前輩音樂家群相》  ,台北市:大呂
莊永明、孫德銘 1994 《台灣歌謠鄉土情》  ,台北市:台灣的店
陳樂融 1994 《枕邊的音樂會》,台北市:麥田
方無行 1994 《搖滾黨紀》台北市:萬象
文 翰 1994 《流行音樂啟示錄》,台北市:萬象
吳清聖編 1994 《台灣流行音樂最佳百張專輯》   ,台北:唐山
彭倩文譯 1994 《搖滾樂社會學》 ,台北:萬象
楊澤主編 1994 《七零年代懺情錄》  ,台北:時報
孫德銘、莊永明 1994《台灣歌謠鄉土情》   ,孫德銘出版
李雲騰編 1994 《台灣創作歌謠 101 首》,台北:自印
胡萬川 1994 《大甲鎮閩南語歌謠》 ,台中縣:台中縣文化中心
                                     ,彰化:彰化
胡萬川 1994 《彰化縣民間文學集---歌謠篇,第 1、3、6、10 冊》
縣文化中心
簡榮聰 1994 《台灣農村民謠與詩詠》  ,台北市:台灣史蹟源流研究
                   ,
謝俊逢 1994 〈民俗文化中的民歌〉《民族音樂論集一》 ,台北市:全音
                               ,
王浩威 1995 〈台灣流行音樂的歷史方案-一個初步的觀察〉《台灣文化的邊
緣戰鬥》,台北:聯合文學出版社
杜文靖 1995 《說唱臺灣歌謠》,台中市:台中市教育會
                                            64
宋素鳳、翁桂堂譯、Jacques Attalic 著 1995 《噪音:音樂的政治經濟學》,台北
市:時報
許常惠 1996 《音樂史論述稿,臺灣音樂史初稿補充篇》          ,台北市:全音
樂譜出版社
莊永明 1996 《台灣歌謠追想曲》       ,台北市:前衛
陳郁秀 1996 《音樂台灣》  ,台北市:時報文化
陳郁秀 1996 《台灣音樂閱覽》      ,台北市:玉山社
洪萬隆 1996 《音樂與文化》    ,高雄市:復文
李岳奇 1996 《流行樂壇最前線──目擊唱片企畫實況》         ,台北市:遠流
翁嘉銘 1996 《迷迷之音──蛻變中的台灣流行歌曲》,台北市:萬象
澎湖縣文化中心 1997 《澎湖的褒歌》,澎湖縣:澎湖縣文化中心
何穎怡 1997 《女人在唱歌:部落與流行音樂裏的女性生命史》 ,台北市:萬象
劉國煒 1997 《老歌情未了》,台北市:華風文化
馬 清 1997 《搖滾樂》,台北市:揚智
曾慧佳 1997 《由流行音樂的歌詞演變來看台灣的社會變遷》 ,台北市:五南
余 光 1997 《西洋流行音樂辭典》,台北市:同聯
林央敏 1997 《故鄉台灣的情歌》,台北市:前衛
胡敏聰 1997 《澎湖縣的褒歌》,澎湖縣:澎湖縣立文化中心
江寶釵 1997 《嘉義市閩南語歌謠集》 ,嘉義市:嘉義市文化中心
簡上仁 1998 《台灣福佬系民謠──老祖先的台灣歌》 ,台北市:漢光文化
陳郁秀編 1998 《百年台灣音樂圖像巡禮》 ,台北市:時報文化
朱孟庠 1998 《認同與記憶》,台北市:禾雅文化
朱中愷 1998 《電影音樂地圖》,台北:商智
楊嘉編 1998 《創造一個夢:97 流行音樂年度鑑賞》,台北市:遠流
劉國煒 1998 《台灣思想曲》,台北:華風文化
羅基敏 1998 《當代台灣音樂文化省思》 ,台北市:揚智
曾慧佳 1998 《從流行歌曲看台灣社會》,台北市:桂冠
簡上仁 1999 《台灣民謠》,台北市:眾文
莊永明 1999 《台灣歌謠追想曲》,台北市:前衛
林正欣 1999 《流行音樂文化在台灣》,台北市:揚智
陳佩妤 1999 《網路是我的音樂城:上網下載免費音樂》 ,台北: Tips2000
黃明堅等 1999 《打造美麗人生─霖園生活廣場演講選輯》IV,台北市:月旦
莊永明 1999 《台灣歌謠追想曲》,台北市:前衛
胡萬川 1999 《外埔鄉、大安鄉閩南語歌謠》,台中縣:台中縣立文化中心
胡萬川 1999 《蘆竹鄉、桃園市閩南語歌謠》,桃園縣:桃園縣立文化中心
胡萬川 1999 《雲林縣閩南語歌謠》,雲林縣:雲林縣立文化中心
康 原 2000 《囝子歌》,台北市:晨星
郭政倫譯 2000 《搖滾樂的再思考》,台北市:揚智
羅悅全 2000 《秘密基地──台北的音樂地圖》,台北市:商周。
                                              65
楊麗祝 2000 《歌謠與生活──日治時期台灣的歌謠采集及其時代意義》,台北
市:稻鄉
曾慧佳 2000 《從流行歌曲看台灣社會》 ,台北市:桂冠
簡上仁 2001 《臺灣福佬語──語言聲調與歌曲曲調的關係及創作之研究》,台北
市:眾文
羅基敏 2001 《彈音論樂》,台北市:高談
楊久穎 2001 《女搖滾》,台北:貓頭鷹
葉龍彥 2001 《台灣唱片思想起》,台北市:博揚文化
陳 昇 2002 《一朝醒來是歌星》,台北市:圓神
洪敏聰   2003 《澎湖的水調──澎湖的褒歌續集》,澎湖縣:澎湖縣文化局
吳玲宜   2004 《台灣前輩音樂家群相》,台北市:大呂
翁嘉銘   2004 《搖滾夢土.青春海岸:海洋音樂祭回想曲》 ,台北市:滾石文化
顏綠芬   2006 《臺灣當代作曲家》,台北市:玉山社




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