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Where did they explore? What impact did
SOL: VUS.2 & VUS.3
Spanish – Caribbean, Central and exploration have on the
South America American Indians?
English – present day United Spanish – conflict over land
Unit I Review Sheet States English – conflict over land
French – present day Canada French – cooperation
New England Middle Southern In general – disease, death,
loss of territory
Colonies MA, RI, NY, NJ, PA, VA, NC,
in Region CT, NH, MD, DE SC, GA, The English Come
to the New World
Reasons Religious Economic Economic
for freedom & opportunity & opportunity
Why was slavery
settlemen economic religious
introduced into the
opportunity freedom
t colonies?
Politics Covenant House of Burgesses Growth of plantation
community; economy required large,
town meetings cheap labor supply –
indentured servants were
Economy Shipbuilding, Shipbuilding, Plantations, cash replaced by slaves (Middle
fishing, small farms, crops (tobacco), passage)
lumbering, trading Indentured servants
What impact did slavery
Society Puritans, Tolerant, Cavaliers; land have on life in the
religious status middle-class, ownership, ties to colonies?
intolerant of Quakers, England, Anglican
Conflict between North and
dissent Catholics church
South & eventually lead to
Civil War
SOL: VUS.4 – Unit 2 Review Sheet
Enlightenment Ideas of
John Locke
• All people are free, equal
and have natural rights
New Taxes to pay Proclamation French & Indian • There is a “social
for war and troops to of 1763 War contract” between the
protect the colonies people and the
– Stamp Act, Sugar No settlement Fought between the
government.
Act, tax on tea west of the French and the
Appalachian English for control of
Mts. the Ohio River valley
Boston Tea Party
Continental Congress – 1774
Protest against Common All colonies send representatives;
tea monopoly Sense first time the colonies acted together
Thomas
Paine,
challenged
Differences among colonists British rule
Concord and
Patriots Neutrals Loyalists Lexington – war
Declaration of
Wanted Tried to stay Remained begins with
independence, Independence skirmish between
uninvolved loyal to
Patrick Henry, Britain; British troops and
“Give me Written by minutemen.
Liberty or give Believed Thomas
me Death” taxation was Jefferson;
George justified
Washington
reflected Paine
and Locke’s
Why do the Americans win? ideas
Diplomatic Factors Military Factors
Ben Franklin & Treaty with France G. Washington; French army and navy
COLONIES ARE INDEPENDENT!
SOL: VUS.5 – Unit 2 Review
The Articles of Confederation Problems with Articles
Why established? Afraid of strong 1. Weak national government
central government (like Britain)
Constitutional
2. Congress has no power to tax or Convention
regulate commerce
3. No common currency
Ratification 4. Each state gets one vote
Federalists Anti-federalists
5. One Branch -- legislative Key issues & Resolutions
Shay’s Rebellion: showed weakness States vs. Federal power:
•Strong national •States should have
government that
shared power with
most of the power
Important People federal law is law of land; states
•Bill of Rights is have rights to govern themselves
the states necessary James Madison: “Father of the
Representation in Congress:
•Political factions Constitution”, author of Virginia Plan,
will check each took notes, lead debate Senate = representation
other
George Washington: chairman of the House of Reps – proportional rep.
• Bill of Rights is Convention, lent prestige to proceedings
unnecessary Slaves as population:
3/5 of a white person
Branches of government:
Creation of the Bill of Rights Legislative, executive and judicial
branches with checks and balances
First 10 Amendments; drafted by James Madison; He used
•Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason)
Basic human rights can not be violated by the government
•Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Thomas Jefferson)
Outlawed the established Church – no gov’t support
Political Developments Expansion
Manifest Destiny: America should stretch from Atlantic
Washington & Adams to Pacific
Election of 1800 – won by Louisiana Purchase: (1803) President Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson, first peaceful purchased from France, doubled the size of the U.S.
transfer of power from one party Lewis and Clark: explore the new territories that lay west
to another of the Mississippi River. Sacajawea served as their
guide and translator.
Monroe Doctrine: (1823) Europe can not have new
SOL: VUS.6 colonies in the western hemisphere, America will not
interfere in Europe
Texas Annexation: Americans in Texas revolt, battle of
the Alamo, Texas joins the Union (1845)
Unit 3 Review Mexican Cession: (1848) United States defeated
Development of Political Parties Mexico, acquired California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona,
and parts of Colorado and New Mexico.
Federalists Democratic Republicans
•led by John Adams and •led by Thomas Jefferson Age of Jackson
Alexander Hamilton, • believed in a weak
•believed in a strong •Expansion of democracy – don’t need to own property to
national government and
national government and vote; more men can vote
an agricultural economy.
industrial economy
•supported by farmers, •Aristocrat/Aristocracy: government in which power is
•supported by bankers artisans, and frontier given to those believed to be best qualified
and business interests in settlers in the South.
the Northeast. •Election of 1828 – first election with nominating
conventions, more common people vote; Jackson elected
Supreme Court Decisions -- Chief Justice •Spoils system : giving gov’t jobs to political supporters
John Marshall of Virginia
•presidential veto: President can stop passage of acts
Marbury v. Madison -- established the power of the
federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional (“judicial •Indian Removal/Trial of Tears: Indians forced to relocate
review”) to reservations or across the Mississippi
War of 1812 •Bank of the United States – Jackson vetoed the re-charter,
McCulloch v. Maryland prohibited the states from taxing
agencies of the federal government (“the power to tax is thought Bank was a tool of the rich, BUS failed
the power to destroy”) •Panic of 1837 -- economic depression after BUS failed
First Industrial Revolution Economic Differences
Railroads and Canals -- helped the
growth of an industrial economy and NORTH SOUTH
supported the westward movement
of settlers. Cotton Kingdom
•developed an agricultural
Eli Whitney – invented cotton gin; •developed an economy
led to the spread of the slavery- industrial economy • slavery-based system
based “cotton kingdom” based on of plantations in the Slavery
manufacturing lowlands
• favored high
Women’s Suffrage protective tariffs
•small subsistence
farmers in
•Seneca Falls Declaration – (1848) Appalachian Mts.
All men AND WOMEN are • strongly opposed high
created equal. tariffs,
•Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B.
Anthony – worked for women’s
rights before and after the Civil
War
Compromise and Conflict over Slavery
•Missouri Compromise: (1820) Missouri becomes a slave state, all
future states north of 36-30 will be free, those south will be slave
•Compromise of 1850: California entered as a free state, new
Slave Revolts territories acquired from Mexico would decide on their own.
•Nat Turner & Gabriel Prosser -- fed white
•Kansas-Nebraska Act: gave people in Kansas and Nebraska the
Southern fears about slave rebellions and led to
choice whether to allow slavery in their states (“popular
harsh laws in the South against fugitive slaves.
sovereignty”). Result = “Bleeding Kansas”
Abolitionists •Creation of the Republican Party: opposed the spread of slavery.
Grew stronger in the North •Dred Scott Decision: (1857) Supreme Court overturned efforts to
limit the spread of slavery
•Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin
•Lincoln – Douglas Debates: (1858) debates over U.S. Senate seat
•William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator
in Illinois; Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery into new states;
Douglas stood for “popular sovereignty.”
Election of 1860 Secession several First Shots
Southern states seceded in
winner: Abraham Lincoln April 1861 – Fort
protest to Lincoln’s election
Sumter, SC
Opening confrontation
SOL: VUS.7 Unit 4 Review of the war
Major Events Key Leaders
Appomatox
•Battle of Antietam – (1862) early •Abraham Lincoln – President of the
Courthouse Union victory, which lead to: United States during the Civil War, insisted
that the Union be held together
April 1865 – Lee •Emancipation Proclamation– (1863)
surrendered to Grant all slaves in areas in rebellion are freed; end •Ulysses S. Grant -- Union military
of slavery is a northern aim commander, won victories over the South
•Battle of Gettysburg – (1863) turning •Robert E. Lee -- Confederate general of
point in the war the Army of Northern Virginia; opposed
secession,
•Gettysburg Address – United States is •Frederick Douglass -- Former slave &
one nation; Civil War is a struggle to restore abolitionist; urged Lincoln to recruit former
it slaves
Reconstruction
•Lincoln’s Ideas – Changes to the Constitution End of Reconstruction
Southern states had never Compromise of 1877 – Hayes/Tilden election
•13th Amendment: slavery is abolished
seceded; reconstruction
should be lenient •14th Amendment: – States were Economic and Social Impact
•Assassination of prohibited from denying equal rights under the •North and Mid-west: became strong and
law to any American. industrial; lead economic growth of US
Lincoln (April 1865)
•15th Amendment: all male citizens can •South – development of Jim Crow Laws;
•Congress’s Ideas – vote, regardless of “race, color, or previous devastated by the war. Farms, railroads, cities,
Radical Republicans take condition of servitude” (former slaves). and factories destroyed; remained poor,
over; want to punish the agriculture-based economy
South and civil rights for
•West – transcontinental railroad brings many
blacks settlers west of the Mississippi
SOL: VUS.8a,b
IMMIGRATION AND Old New
Unit 5 Review CITY GROWTH Pre-1871 1871 to 1921
Many Immigrants come to America northern & southern &
INDUSTRIALIZATION looking for better lives. western eastern
Europe Europe and
Technological change spurred Immigrants Asia
growth of industry primarily in contributed to
northern cities. industrial growth
• Railroads – Chinese
Factors leading to Industrial growth:
• Factories – textile and steel mills,
Natural Resources Government Policies Cheap Labor
• Coal Mining – Slavs, Italians, Poles
The Immigrant Experience
Inventions & Inventors Corporate Leaders Ellis Island – Statue of Liberty, ethnic neighborhoods
Corporation: limited liability Laissez-faire policies & “melting pot” – assimilating into American culture,
speak English, public schools
• Steel – Bessemer process land grants to railroads
Nativism – fear and resentment of immigrants,
• Electricity – Thomas Edison, the Carnegie – steel willing to work for low wages & bad conditions
light bulb & power
Rockefeller – oil Limiting Immigration
• Telephone – Alexander G. Bell
Morgan – banking •Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
• Airplane – Wright Brothers •Immigration Restriction Act of 1921
• Assembly line – Henry Ford Vanderbilt – railroads
City Growth
Railroad New Industrial cities: Chicago, Detroit,
Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York;
• Cowboys: took cattle on the manufacturing and transportation centers
WESTWARD EXPANSION “long drive” to market
Advantages of the cities: jobs; NYC
Intensified movement of settlers • Farmers: Homestead Act built the 1st subway
into the region between the (1862) – free land; former slaves
& Southerners; mechanical reaper Problems of the cities: housing
Mississippi River and the Pacific shortages, slums, tenements, sewage,
Ocean. • New states enter the union water, public transportation
SOL: VUS.8c,d Unit 6 Review
What is it? The Progressive Movement:
used government to reform problems
created by industrialization.
Goal # 2: Guaranteed economic opportunities through government
Who is Involved?
regulation
Theodore Roosevelt: “Square Deal”
Working Impact of labor unions Gains
Woodrow Wilson: “New Freedom” conditions for
labor
Muckrakers: writing about the problems
of industrialization dangerous, long Organizations •Limited work
hours, low wages, • Knights of Labor hours
What do the Progressives do? no job security, no • American Federation of Labor •Regulated
Goal # 1: Government controlled by the People benefits, company (Gompers) working
towns • American Railway Union (Debs) conditions
Level of Progressive • International Ladies’ Garment •Sherman Anti-
Government accomplishments Workers Union trust Act (outlaws
Strikes monopolies)
Local City manager & council • Haymarket Square •Clayton Anti-
system •Homestead Strike trust Act (unions
State referendum, recall, initiative •Pullman Strike legal)
Child labor The Bitter Cry of the Children Child labor laws
Elections primary election, secret
ballot, direct election of
senators (17th ) Different Ideas
Booker T. W.E.B. Du Bois
African Americans Washington
Goal # 3: Elimination of Social injustice •Jim Crow – laws that set up • believed in • believed
segregation equality through education was
Women’s suffrage (right to vote) • Plessy v. Ferguson – vocational meaningless
• Had strong leaders like Susan B. Anthony Supreme Court said education and without equality
• Women were encouraged to go to work “Separate but equal” is ok economic success
during World War I •supported political
• Eventually resulted in 19th • Ida B. Wells – fought • accepted social equality
Amendment to the Constitution against lynching separation • helped form the
• Great Migration – many NAACP
African-Americans move to
Northern cities
SOL: VUS.9a, b Unit 6 Review
United States has a new role in the world
International Latin America Pacific
Markets
Open Door Policy Spanish American Hawaii – US settlers
– John Hay; all War (1898)
overthrew monarch;
nations have equal • Puerto Rico – US
trade rights with annexed US annexed Hawaii
China • Cuba – US can
intervene
Philippines – US
Dollar Diplomacy annexed after
– Taft; invest in Latin Panama Canal – T.
Roosevelt Spanish American
America; govt. will encouraged a revolt,
1914 – protect investments War
got treaty to build
Allies Central assassination of canal
Britain Germany Franz Ferdinand
Versailles
France Austria – Peace
Hungary US reaction to
Russia Conference Treaty of
World War I Versailles the Treaty:
United States is: neutral 1919
French & • disliked
Fourteen Points English punish League, fear of
But then: Germany involvement in
• Wilson’s plan to future wars
1. Germany’s unrestricted eliminate the causes of League of
submarine war fare Germany war Nations •Senate did not
loses created ratify treaty
2. Economic ties to Great Britain • self-determination
New national
1917 – United States enters the war: • freedom of the seas boundaries &
nations
“To make US sends: soldiers, • League of Nations
the world war materials • mandate system
safe for and food
democracy”
SOL: VUS. 9c
Causes of the Great Depression: Impact of the Great Depression
Depression Economy
1. Over speculation on stocks • unemployment and homelessness
with borrowed money Unemployment less money to spend
• bank failures and collapse of
2. Federal Reserve restricted financial system
the money supply fire workers people buy fewer goods • political unrest (militant labor
3. High tariffs create unions)
unbalanced foreign trade
companies have less profit • farm foreclosures and migration
(Hawley—Smoot)
• unemployment = one in four
workers
New Deal Programs: Alphabet Agencies
Goal Program What it did Franklin Roosevelt becomes
president (1933)
Works Progress Provides jobs and welfare
Relief – direct payment to Administration (WPA) to the unemployed “We have nothing to fear but fear itself.”
people for immediate help
Agricultural Raise crop prices by
Recovery – bring the nation Adjustment Act (AAA) reducing production Impact of the New Deal
out of depression over time
Made the government more
Federal Deposit Insure money in banks to involved in business, the economy,
Reform – correct unsound Insurance Corporation
(FDIC)
prevent bank runs/failures and everyday life
banking and investment practices More active in solving problems
Social Security Open up jobs by allowing
older worker to retire
SOL: VUS.10, 11 War in Europe & in Asia United States is officially
neutral & many Americans
Europe Asia/Pacific
are isolationist
• September 1, 1939 – •Japan attacks China US begins to send war
Germany invaded and Manchuria supplies to Britain:
Poland • US Refused to
Unit 7 Review 1. Cash and Carry
•Soviets invade Eastern recognize conquests &
Results of the war Europe imposed an embargo on
2. Bases for Destroyers
Soviets: control Eastern Europe; will • Germany overran oil and steel 3. Lend-Lease
led to COLD WAR France & western
Germany: divided in East (controlled • Japan attacks the
Europe United States FDR says: it’s like
by USSR) and West (US, France, Britain)
• Battle of Britain “lending a garden
Japan: occupied by US; adopted
democracy • 1941 – Germany hose to a next-door
Europe: in ruins, rebuilt with US invaded the USSR neighbor whose house
Marshall Plan is on fire”
United Nations formed to prevent Nuremberg Trials – war
future wars crimes trials of Nazis;
emphasized personal Pearl Harbor --
responsibility Dec. 7, 1941
Atomic Bomb – Hiroshima & Japan
Nagasaki; thousands killed surrendered “a date which will
War ENDED
Led to demand for Jewish live in infamy”
Truman hoped to save lives Homeland (Israel)
and end the war
War in Europe & in Asia
Actions during War
Europe/North Africa Asia/Pacific
Minority Participation – most Holocaust – Hitler’s
units segregated & minority units Final Solution for the Jews Allied Strategy: Defeat Allied Strategy:
suffered high casualties and won (genocide) Germany first island hopping
numerous medals for bravery Axis Strategy: defeat Japan’s strategy:
Who: Jews, Poles, Slavs,
• African Americans: most gypsies, “undesirables Soviets and Britain quickly conquer Pacific
served in support role, wanted to Key Battles quickly before US can
fight; Tuskegee Airmen; Geneva Convention – •El Alamein – prevented act
tried to ensure humane Germany’s spread into Key Battles
• Native Americans: Navajo treatment of POWs
code-talkers; unbreakable code Egypt •Midway: ends
Europe – followed rules • Stalingrad – forced Japanese
•Mexican Americans: served in Germany to retreat from advance/threat to
integrated units Asia – didn’t follow rules the USSR Hawaii
(Bataan Death March); •Iwo Jima/Okinawa:
• Japanese Americans: Nisei Japanese commit suicide • Normandy – began the
Regiments; earned many medals instead of surrender liberation of Europe; brought US closer to
Japan; very costly
Life at Home during World War II Role of Women
Success in the war required the total commitment of the
• Rosie the Riveter
nation’s resources. On the home front, public education
and the mass media promoted nationalism. • worked in factories/government jobs to
replace men who joined the army
Organizing Resources •joined the military in non-combat roles
Economic Resources Human Resources
• business and government worked • Selective Service – draft provided Role of African Americans
together personnel for the military
• migrated to cities to work in war
• Rationing – limiting the amount of • more women and minorities industries
scarce materials people could buy entered the workplace
• Double “V” campaign – victory over
• War bonds & income taxes were • all citizens contributed to the war racism and victory over Hitler
used to pay for the war effort: victory gardens, scrap drives,
war bonds
• Businesses changed from
peacetime to wartime production
Role of the Media
• government censored news of the war
• public campaigns (propaganda) kept
Americans focused on war effort
Treatment of Japanese Americans • Entertainment industry contributed by
producing plays, movies and shows that
• Japanese Americans on the West Coast were sent to
internment camps • boosted morale and support for
the war
• Why? fear of spies; long held racial prejudice
• portrayed the enemy in
• The Supreme Court upheld the internment in Korematsu
stereotypical ways
v. the United States
• eventually the government apologized and made financial
payments to survivors
Situation after World War II
Communists won the
United States Soviet Union Vietnam War 1945 Chinese Civil War
•democratic •Totalitarian • Communist North Vietnam
political government Soviets developed an atomic
attempted to take over South
institutions Vietnam bomb – new fear of nuclear war
•Communist 1949
• free market (socialist)
economic system economic system • US got involved to contain President Eisenhower adopted
communism policy of “massive retaliation”
Truman Warsaw Pact –
Doctrine – alliance of • John F. Kennedy began 1950 Korean War
containment; Soviets and troop build-up, after his
keep communism Eastern Europe assassination in 1963, Lyndon • Communist North Korean
from spreading Johnson increased the invaded South Korea
number of troops 1954
Formation of • US joined to contain
NATO – • US troops won lots of Communism
defensive alliance battles, but could not win by
of US and fighting a limited war • Chinese joined to protect
Western Europe communism
• Nation bitterly divided over
SOL: VUS.12 war; many supported military • ended in a stalemate – South
but there was lots of Korea is a separate, non-
opposition (esp. college communist nation
students)
• President Nixon tried Cuba – Fidel Castro leads
Vietnamization – turning war communist take-over; many flee
Unit 8 Review over to South Vietnamese to Florida
Results of World War II • Policy failed, South Vietnam Bay of Pigs – failed invasion of
Soviets: control Eastern Europe; will could not resist Soviet-backed Cuba by Cubans exiles
led to COLD WAR North
Germany: divided in East (controlled 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis;
•Nixon resigned because of Soviet missiles in Cuba; JFK
by USSR) and West (US, France,
Watergate Scandal
Britain) 1961 ordered Soviets to remove them;
Japan: occupied by US; adopted • 1975 – Vietnam united almost leads to nuclear war
democracy under communism before they were removed by
Europe: in ruins, rebuilt with US Soviets
Marshall Plan
United Nations formed to Soviet Union dissolved –
prevent future wars Cold War ended 1989
Cold War At Home
US Military Forces in Cold War
• Fear of Communism and nuclear
President John Kennedy’s (a WWII veteran) inaugural
war
address
• 1950s/1960s – American schools held
• pledged that the United States would “pay any price,
Duck and cover drills; the
bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any
government encouraged people to
friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival
build bomb shelters
and the success of liberty.”
•Alger Hiss, Julius and Ethel
• “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what
Rosenberg were convicted of spying
you can do for your country.”
leading increased fears of
Millions of Americans served in the military during the communism at home
Cold War and their service not always popular
• Senator Joseph McCarthy falsely
Vietnam veterans received little support accused many people of being
communists – McCarthyism
•Foreign policy became a major
Fall of the Soviet Union lead to the end of the issue in presidential elections
Cold War
•Virginia benefited from heavy
Internal Problems External Pressure military spending, esp. Northern
Virginia and Hampton Roads
• Rising nationalism in • Ronald Reagan’s
Soviet Republics challenge to the moral
• increasing military legitimacy of the Soviet
expenditures to compete Union
with US • “Mr. Gorbachev, tear SOL: VUS.12
• market reforms down this wall”
• economic inefficiency • increased US military
• Gorbachev’s glasnost and economic pressures
(openness) & perestroika on the Soviet Union
(economic restructuring)
Unit 8 Review
SOL: VUS.13
Brown vs. Board of Education
Unit 9 Review
• Supreme Court decision that
National Association for the segregated schools are
Advancement of Colored unconstitutional & must be Virginia Response
People (NAACP) desegregated
•Massive resistance – closing
• challenged segregation in the • Made up of many cases, some public schools to avoid
courts including a Virginia case integration
• Thurgood Marshall – NAACP • establishment of private
Legal Defense Team academies that could remain
• Oliver Hill – Legal Defense segregated
Team in Virginia • “white flight” from urban
school systems
1963 1964 1965
March on Washington Civil Rights Act Voting Rights Act
• Martin Luther King gave his “I • prohibited discrimination on • outlawed literacy tests
have a dream speech” the basis of race, religion,
• sent federal registrars to the
• helped influence public national origin, and gender
South to register voters
opinion to support civil rights • desegregated public facilities
legislation • resulted in more African
American voters
• demonstrated the power of
non-violent, mass protest
President Lyndon Johnson worked
hard to get these two laws passed.
Changing Patterns of Immigration
Changing Role of Women
most new immigrants are from Asia and Latin
• more women in the workplace and Issues of working women America
working mothers
• need for affordable day Reasons for immigration
• more women in non-traditional roles care
1. political freedom
• Sandra Day O’Connor – first • equitable pay
woman on the Supreme Court 2. economic opportunity
• pink collar ghetto – low
• Sally Ride – first US female prestige, low paying jobs Effects of Immigration
astronaut
• Glass ceiling – perception 1. Bilingual education/English as a Second
• courts helped provide these that women’s career Language
opportunities advancement is not equal to 2. Changing public policy (ex: Cuba)
men
3. Politics/voting
Contributions of immigrants
1. Ethnic foods, music, arts
2. Role in labor force
Space Program
1960s – John F. Kennedy pledged New Technologies
increased support for space program
• Cable TV/24-hour News Better Communication/Access to
John Glenn – first American to orbit the (CNN) global information
earth
• Personal computers • telecommuting
Neil Armstrong – first man on the moon
(1969) • Cellular phones • distance learning
“That’s one small step for a man, one • World Wide Web • growth in white collar careers
giant leap for mankind” • breakthroughs in medical
research (Dr. Jonas Salk – polio
vaccine)
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